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TMDWTS/2021 Meeting report Technical meeting on the future of decent and sustainable work in urban transport services (Geneva, 30 August–3 September 2021) Sectoral Policies Department Geneva, 2021 Copyright © International Labour Organization 2021 First edition 2021 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Licensing), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. Meeting report, Technical meeting on the future of decent and sustainable work in urban transport services (Geneva, 30 August–3 September 2021), International Labour Office, Sectoral Policies Department, Geneva, ILO, 2021. ISBN 978-92-2-034292-3 (print) ISBN 978-92-2-034293-0 (Web pdf) Also available in French: Rapport de réunion, Réunion technique sur l’avenir du travail décent et durable dans les services de transport urbain (Genève, 30 août–3 septembre 2021), ISBN 978-92-2-034304-3 (print), ISBN 978-92-2-034305-0 (Web pdf), Geneva, 2021, and in Spanish: Informe de la reunión, Reunión técnica sobre el futuro del trabajo decente y sostenible en los servicios de transporte urbano (Ginebra, 30 de agosto – 3 de septiembre de 2021), ISBN 978-92-2-034302-9 (print), ISBN 978-92-2-034303-6 (Web pdf), Genève, 2021. ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. Information on ILO publications and digital products can be found at: www.ilo.org/publns Printed by the International Labour Office, Geneva, Switzerland TMDWTS/2020 3 Contents Page Acronyms and abbreviations ............................................................................................................. 5 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 7 1. Urban passenger transport services .......................................................................................... 9 1.1. Relevant international issues........................................................................................ 9 1.2. Types of services and modal split ................................................................................. 11 1.3. Structure ...................................................................................................................... 12 1.4. Financing and economic conditions .............................................................................. 14 1.5. Global employment in the sector ................................................................................. 15 2. Drivers of transformative change in the world of work .......................................................... 18 2.1. Technological innovation ............................................................................................. 18 2.1.1. Digitalization .................................................................................................... 18 2.1.2. Automation ..................................................................................................... 21 2.2. Demographic shifts, urbanization and inclusion............................................................ 22 2.3. Climate change ............................................................................................................ 24 2.4. Globalization ................................................................................................................ 26 3. Decent and sustainable work ...................................................................................................... 29 3.1. Employment ................................................................................................................ 29 3.1.1. Creating sustainable enabling environments .................................................... 29 3.1.2. Job creation, job transformation, job loss ........................................................ 33 3.1.3. Access to employment and livelihood opportunities ........................................ 34 3.2. Social protection and conditions of work ...................................................................... 38 3.2.1. Social protection (social security) ..................................................................... 38 3.2.2. Diverse forms of work arrangements and conditions of work........................... 40 3.2.3. Inspection ........................................................................................................ 40 3.2.4. Occupational safety and health ........................................................................ 41 3.2.5. Working time arrangements ............................................................................ 43 3.2.6. Wages and earnings ......................................................................................... 43 3.3. Social dialogue and tripartism ...................................................................................... 44 3.4. International labour standards and fundamental principles and rights at work ............. 46 TMDWTS/2021 4 Page Appendices I. Percentage share of major transport means used to meet individual mobility needs in selected cities ................................................................................................................................ 49 II. Modal split of total public transport demand in selected cities ............................................. 51 III. Urban passenger transport lexicon for small-scale operations (non-exhaustive) .............. 52 IV. Employment in metro (subway) systems in selected cities .................................................... 54 V. ILO Sectoral brief: COVID-19 and urban transport services ................................................... 56 TMDWTS/2021 5 Acronyms and abbreviations app online application ATU Amalgamated Transit Union ETF European Transport Workers’ Federation EU European Union GLI Global Labour Institute ILO International Labour Organization ISIC International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities ITF International Transport Workers’ Federation ITU International Telecommunication Union OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD-ITF OECD International Transport Forum SDGs Sustainable Development Goals UITP International Association of Public Transport UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Programme TMDWTS/2021 7 Introduction At its 335th Session (March 2019), the Governing Body of the International Labour Office decided to endorse the proposed programme of global sectoral meetings for 2020–21 recommended by the sectoral advisory bodies, including a technical meeting on the future of decent and sustainable work in urban transport services. 1 At its 337th Session (October– November 2019), the Governing Body endorsed the proposed purpose of the meeting, 2 namely, to “discuss challenges and solutions relating to the future of decent and sustainable work in urban passenger transport operations and services, with the aim of adopting conclusions, including recommendations for future action”. 3 It further endorsed the proposed composition of the meeting, to include all Governments; eight Employer and eight Worker representatives appointed on the basis of nominations made by their respective groups of the Governing Body; advisers; observers; and official international organizations and non-governmental international organizations as observers. This report is published under the authority of the International Labour Office. It has been prepared as the basis for discussions at the Technical meeting on the future of decent and sustainable work in urban transport services, scheduled to be held from 30 August to 3 September 2021 in Geneva. This report, on urban passenger transport, focuses in particular on “public transport”, 4 “mobile” and “informal transport” workers. 5 In keeping with the purpose of the meeting, it excludes the study of the working conditions of urban freight transport services workers. Part 1 reviews the nature, structure
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