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Corales Pétreos (Scleractinia) De Las Islas Marías, Pacífico De México

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Corales Pétreos (Scleractinia) De Las Islas Marías, Pacífico De México Ciencias Marinas (2006), 32(2): 259–270 http://dx.doi.org/10.7773/cm.v32i21.1063 Corales pétreos (Scleractinia) de las Islas Marías, Pacífico de México Stony corals (Scleractinia) from the Marías Islands, Mexican Pacific TL Pérez-Vivar1, H Reyes-Bonilla2*, C Padilla3 1 Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado postal 70-305, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04510 México DF, México. 2 Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Apartado postal 19-B, CP 23080 La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. *E-mail: [email protected] 3 Centro Regional de Investigaciones Pesqueras Puerto Morelos, Instituto Nacional de la Pesca, Calle Matamoros No. 7 CP 77580 Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, México. Resumen Estudios recientes llevados a cabo en la costa occidental de México han dado a conocer un gran número de arrecifes o parches coralinos en la región, pero aún hay áreas poco conocidas. Una de ellas es el Archipiélago de las Islas Marías (21ºN), formado por cuatro islas: María Madre, María Magdalena, María Cleofas y San Juanito. El objetivo de este trabajo fue llevar a cabo una evaluación general de la situación de los corales del archipiélago por medio de la revisión del elenco sistemático de las especies, y del análisis de la estructura comunitaria y los patrones biogeográficos de la fauna. En agosto de 1997 se visitaron 21 sitios en la Isla María Madre y 2 en San Juanito, y en cada uno se realizó un transecto de video (150 m de largo) para denotar la zonación coralina y uno de línea (20 m de largo) para hacer análisis cuantitativos. Esa información fue complementada con revisiones de literatura y datos de ejemplares de museos de México y Estados Unidos. Una vez obtenido el elenco sistemático de corales de las islas, se calculó el nivel de similitud de la fauna con el de cinco regiones cercanas (incluyendo las Islas Revillagigedo y el margen continental entre 23ºN y 18ºN), y se condujeron análisis de ordenación. En el campo se observaron 13 especies de corales pétreos (incluyendo ocho nuevos registros), pero no se encontró a Porites baueri, especie nominalmente endémica de las Islas Marías. Las revisiones de museos arrojaron dos nuevos registros. Así, sumando la información se conocen 20 especies como residentes de la zona de estudio. En el archipiélago no se vieron arrecifes en sentido construccional pero había gran abundancia de coral, especialmente en la Isla María Madre. Las comunidades mostraban una clara zonación con Pocillopora en agua somera y Porites, Pavona y Psammocora en sitios profundos. Finalmente, el análisis biogeográfico indicó que la boca del Golfo de California representa una región clave para la inmigración de especies desde el Pacífico occidental, y las Islas Marías parecen jugar un punto nodal para la dispersión coralina hacia el norte. Palabras clave: Islas Marías, Scleractinia, Pacífico mexicano, arrecifes coralinos, biogeografía. Abstract Recent studies performed off the Pacific coast of Mexico have shown a large number of reefs or coral patches in the region, but information is still lacking for some areas. One of these is the Marías Archipelago (21°N), composed of four islands: María Madre, María Magdalena, María Cleofas and San Juanito. The objective of this paper was to make a general evaluation of the status of the corales in the archipelago by revising the systematic list of species and analyzing the community structure and biogeographic patterns of the fauna. Twenty-one locations at María Madre Island and two at San Juanito Island were visited in August 1997, and at each we conducted a video transect (150 m long) to describe zonation and a line transect (20 m long) for quantitative analyses. This information was complemented with literature reviews and data from specimens deposited in museums in Mexico and the United States. After obtaining the systematic list of corals from the islands, we compared the level of similarity of the fauna with that from five nearby regions (including the Revillagigedo Islands and the mainland from 23ºN to 18ºN), and ordination analyses were run. In the field we observed 13 species of stony corals (including eight new records), but did not find Porites baueri, a nominally endemic species from the Marías Islands. The museum revisions produced two new records. Thus, analyzing the full data set, 20 species are considered residents of the study area. There were no constructional reefs in the archipelago, but coral abundance was high, especially at María Madre Island. The communities showed a clear zonation, with Pocillopora in shallow water and Porites, Pavona and Psammocora in deeper localities. Finally, the biogeographic analysis indicated that the mouth of the Gulf of California represents a key area for species immigration from the western Pacific, and that the Marías Islands seem to act as a nodal point for coral dispersal to the north. Key words: Marías Islands, Scleractinia, Mexican Pacific, coral reefs, biogeography. 259 Ciencias Marinas, Vol. 32, No. 2, 2006 Introducción Introduction Trabajos recientes llevados a cabo en el Pacífico mexicano Recent studies conducted in the Mexican Pacific have han dado a conocer un gran número de localidades caracteriza- revealed a large number of sites characterized by the presence das por la presencia de arrecifes o parches coralinos, las cuales of reefs or coral patches, distributed along the coast and adja- están distribuidas a lo largo de la costa y en las islas oceánicas cent oceanic islands (Reyes-Bonilla 2003). Though there has adyacentes (Reyes-Bonilla 2003). Aunque los datos disponi- been a considerable increase in the data available, information bles se han incrementado sustancialmente, aún existen sitios is still lacking for some areas, among them the Marías Islands poco estudiados, entre ellos el Archipiélago de las Islas Marías. Archipelago. This complex is located to the west of the state Este conjunto insular está situado al oeste de la costa del of Nayarit (Mexico) and consists of four islands: María Estado de Nayarit, y está formado por cuatro islas: María Madre, María Magdalena, María Cleofas and San Juanito Madre, María Magdalena, María Cleofas y el islote de San (fig. 1). The region has a semiarid climate (García 1989), with Juanito (fig. 1). La región presenta un clima semiárido (García air temperatures of 18–22ºC in winter and 30–34ºC in summer 1989), con temperaturas del aire de 18ºC a 22ºC en invierno y (Vidal-Zepeda 1989). Sea surface temperature ranges from de entre 30ºC y 34ºC en verano (Vidal-Zepeda 1989). La tem- 24ºC to 28ºC, with a mean of 26.5ºC, and mean salinity is 34.5 peratura superficial del mar en la zona fluctúa entre 24ºC y psu (WOA 2001). The Marías Islands are located near 28ºC, con promedio de 26.5ºC, y la salinidad media es de 34.5 Banderas Bay, an important upwelling zone in the Pacific ups (WOA 2001). Las Islas Marías se encuentran cercanas a Ocean, where the mean phosphate (0.42 µM), silicate (2.8 µM) Bahía de Banderas, una importante zona de surgencia en el and nitrate (0.6 µM) values recorded indicate that it is one of Océano Pacífico que presenta valores medios de fosfatos (0.42 the areas with the highest concentration of nutrients in the µM), silicatos (2.8 µM) y nitratos (0.6 µM) que la hacen estar Mexican Pacific (WOA 2001). entre las zonas con mayor concentración de nutrientes en el The largest island (María Madre) has served as a high- Pacifico mexicano (WOA 2001). security prison since the early 20th century (Revueltas 1988), En la más grande de las islas (María Madre) se localiza un so access to the archipelago is restricted. Given the isolated penal de alta seguridad desde principios del siglo XX nature of these islands and the minimum exploitation to which (Revueltas 1988), por lo que el acceso al archipiélago está res- they have been subjected (the area was only used for the tringido. La condición de aislamiento de las islas aunada a la extraction of wood and salt between 1880 and 1905; Guzmán mínima explotación ejercida sobre sus recursos naturales (la 1959), the marine communities are in an excellent state of zona sólo fue usada para extracción de madera y de sal entre preservation (Small 1998), prompting the Mexican government 1880 y 1905; Guzmán 1959) ha hecho que sus comunidades to declare the archipelago a Biosphere Reserve (Diario Oficial marinas se encuentren en un excelente estado de conservación de la Federación, 27 November 2000). (Small 1998), y ello motivó a las autoridades federales de In the literature there are several secondary references to México a declarar al archipiélago como Reserva de la Biosfera the presence of corals in the archipelago (Wells 1988, Reyes- (Diario Oficial de la Federación, 27 de noviembre de 2000). Bonilla and López-Pérez 1998, Spalding et al. 2000), but there En la literatura existen varios registros secundarios sobre la are only two first-hand studies. Durham and Barnard (1952) presencia de corales en el archipiélago (Wells 1988, Reyes- collected one specimen of Pocillopora capitata Verrill, 1864 Bonilla y López-Pérez 1998, Spalding et al. 2000), pero hay (cited as P. robusta Verrill, 1870, a synonym; Reyes-Bonilla únicamente dos estudios de primera mano. Durham y Barnard 2002) at “Isabel Island or the Marías Islands”. Subsequently, (1952) recolectaron un ejemplar de Pocillopora capitata Squires (1959) documented the occurrence of seven species at Verrill, 1864 (citado como P. rob us ta Verrill, 1870, un sinó- nimo; Reyes-Bonilla 2002), en “la Isla Isabel o en las Islas Marías”. Posteriormente, Squires (1959) refirió la presencia de siete especies en el archipiélago, una de las cuales (Porites baueri Squires, 1959) es endémica. No existen más datos dis- ponibles, aunque Carriquiry y Reyes-Bonilla (1997) citaron a las especies de las islas dentro del listado de los corales de Nayarit, y Reyes-Bonilla et al.
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