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Aquatic Weeds in Pet Trade Format

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Aquatic Weeds in Pet Trade Format DRAFT 1 Aquatic plant invasion risks posed by the aquarium trade, aquarists and the internet trade in South Africa G.D. Martin* Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140 Abstract Submerged aquatic invasive plant species are increasingly being recognised as a major threat to South African water ways. Pet stores, aquarists and the internet mediated trade were investigated as vectors for submerged invasive macrophytes introductions into South Africa. Online and manually distributed surveys were used to determine the extent of movement of invasive as well as indigenous submerged plant species in South Africa. Thirty four pet stores and 23 aquarists were interviewed. Results showed that 47% of pet stores sold dense water weed (Egeria densa Planch (Hydrocharitaceae)), 38% sold Canadian water weed (Elodea canadensis Michaux (Hydrocharitaceae)), 43% hornwort (Cabomba caroliniana Grey (Cabombaceae)) and 68% spade leaf sword (Echinodorous cordifolius (L.) Griseb (Alismataceae)). Indigenous species were infrequently sold and traded as substitutes for potentially invasive plant species. 26% of pet store respondents could not successfully identify any submerged invasive species. Misidentification leading to the unintentional sale as well as lack of knowledge regarding preventative regulations was identified as areas of concern. Comparatively, aquarists could identify over 50 % of test species. They also kept a substantial proportion of prohibited species in their planted tanks or aquariums. Aquarists informed of the CARA and NEMBA regulation were predominantly unsatisfied with the regulations and voiced their opinions and recommendations of the regulations. The internet as yet poses an insignificant threat in South Africa as there are very few online South African vendors. 1 Introduction Invasive aquatic plants pose major threats to aquatic systems throughout the world, including South Africa. Numerous pathways of introduction are responsible for the distribution and spread of many of these species including the horticultural and aquarium trade, dumping of ballast water and more recently the internet trade. Historically, invasive species such as water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms- Laubach (Pontederiaceae)), flowering rush (Butomus umbellatus Linnaeus (Butomaceae) and water poppy (Hydrocleys nymphoides (Willd.) Bucherau (Limnocharitaceae) have been transported and traded due to their aesthetic and horticultural value, while others have been traded for their use in the aquarium trade such as hornwort (Cabomba caroliniana Grey (Cabombaceae)), dense water weed (Egeria densa Planch (Hydrocharitaceae)), Canadian water weed (Elodea canadensis Michaux (Hydrocharitaceae)), hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle (Hydrocharitaceae)) and tape grass (Vallisneria spiralis Linnaeus. (Hydrocharitaceae) (Cook, 1985). Despite stringent import and export regulations, in many countries the movement of potentially invasive plant species still occurs extensively. The majority of submerged invasive plants in South Africa, USA and New Zealand were introduced via the aquarium trade as ornamental aquarium plants (Dehnen-Schmutz et al. 2007; Champion and Clayton, 2000). For example it is highly likely that hydrilla was introduced into South Africa via the aquarium trade. Genetic analysis of South African hydrilla revealed that it is most closely related to hydrilla from Malaysia and Indonesia (Madeira et al. 2007). Regardless of their status as declared invaders in many countries they continue to be sold, particularly via the internet (Kay and Hoyle 2001). A more recent aid to introductory pathways is through the easy access that numerous consumers and traders have to the internet and e-commerce. There are numerous listings of online nursery catalogues that contain many invasive aquatic or wetland plants. In the USA, every aquatic wetland plant that is listed as a noxious weed can be found online, while twelve highly invasive species were found to be sold internationally over the internet (Kay & Hoyle, 2001). There are also inadvertent introductions of aquatic species such as whole plants fragments or rhizomes arriving in ballast water or carried by shipping containers (Ruiz & Carlton, 2003). A variety of unwanted hitchhikers can attach to a variety of objects, for example, species that 2 become attached to legally-imported consignments. One example in New Zealand is yellow floating heart (Nymphoides peltata Kuntze (Nymphaeaceae)), which was found in a Hamilton nursery that cultivated and sold a range of water lily species. The seed or rhizome of this weed species allegedly arrived as a contaminant on the imported water lily rhizomes and has since been spread to numerous lily growers (Champion and Clayton, 2000). Once in the country, invasive spread of invasive aquatic plants is exacerbated by two primary vectors: the general public as well as plant and aquarium trade dealers (Kay & Hoyle, 2001). In South Africa there are approximately 160 pet traders and aquarium traders registered with the Pet Traders Association (SA Pet Traders Association, 2008). Both the general public and plant dealers often misidentify and/or do not know the repercussions of the species they are dealing with, making them local level introductory vectors. The lack of knowledge regarding invasive species may result in less care given to the overflowing of ponds or the discarding of unwanted plants, which is often discarded into ponds, ditches, streams and rivers which can result in species escaping, establishment and spread. For example water hyacinth escaped from an overflowing garden pond and established into the Nahoon River, Eastern Cape province (pers. comm. Hill, 2008) South Africa’s rivers, dams, lakes and irrigation canals have been invaded by a number of aquatic floating macrophysics. In the response to the problem, a combination of programmes has been implemented to control the species to acceptable and manageable levels (Hill, 2003). As control methods of these floating macrophytes have improved, previously disturbed niches have become available for indigenous and introduced pioneer species to establish. Submerged invasive species also pose a significant threat to South African water ways but thus far have been left to spread with little or no control or mitigation. Spiked water milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L (Haloragaceae)) and dense water weed were recorded in South Africa in the late 1800 s and 1960 s respectively (SANBI, 2009), whereas Canadian water weed, spade-leaf sword and hydrilla have only been identified in South African water ways within the last 50 years (SANBI, 2009), Fan wort and red-cabomba have also been recorded but under cultivation and have not established in any systems yet. In South Africa it is illegal to possess, import, purchase, transport or introduce invasive species under the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act (CARA), 1983 (ACT No. 43 of 1983) and Agricultural Pests Act, 1983 (Act 36 of 1983) importation of plants and vegetative propagation material (Table 1). 3 Table 1: Plants currently categorised as declared weeds or that pose a threat to South African water ways and their current establishment status in South Africa. FAMILY Species COMMON NATURAL CONSERVATION STATUS CURRENT NAME DISTRIBUTION STATUS IN Under Conservation of SOUTH Agricultural Resources Act AFRICA (CARA), 1983 (ACT No. 43 of 1983) and Agricultural Pests Act, 1983 (Act 36 of 1983) importation of plants and vegetative propagation material Haloragaceae Myriophyllum Spiked Eurasia Invasive. Declared Weed: Established spicatum L. water- Category 1: (CARA (ACT No. milfoil 43 of 1983)) Importation prohibited (APA (Act 36 of 1983)) Hydrocharitaceae Egeria densa Dense Brazil Invasive. Declared Weed: Established Planch. water weed Category 1 (CARA (ACT No. 43 of 1983)). Importation prohibited (APA (Act 36 of 1983)) Hydrocharitaceae Hydrilla Hydrilla Australia It has become a very serious Established verticillata India pest in C & N America. none; (one location) (Linnaeus fill) Korea, Democratic SHOULD BE PROHIBITED People's Republic in South Africa, and eradicated of wherever it may occur in Korea, Republic of South Africa ( Henderson & Reunion (La Cilliers 2002) Réunion) Importation prohibited (APA (Act 36 of 1983)) Hydrocharitaceae Elodea Canadian North America Invasive. Declared Weed: Established canadensis water weed category 1 (CARA (ACT No. Michaux 43 of 1983)) Importation prohibited (APA (Act 36 of 1983)) Cabombaceae Cabomba Cabomba, Native to temperate None; should not be Cultivated, caroliniana fan wort and subtropical introduced into Southern not yet Grey America (Ørgard, Africa (Henderson & Cilliers established 1991) 2002). Importation prohibited (APA (Act 36 of 1983)) Cabombaceae Cabomba Red South America Importation prohibited (APA Cultivated, frucata Schult. cabomba (Ørgard, 1991) (Act 36 of 1983)) not yet established Alismataceae Echinodorous Spade-leaf Wetlands of Potentially invasive, sold in Established cordifolius (L.) sword Mexico and North aquarium trade (Henderson & (one location) Cilliers, 2002) Importation (pers. comm. 4 Griseb America prohibited (APA (Act 36 of D. Bellstedt) 1983)) Very little is known about the movement of aquatic plants in South Africa. Aquatic plants are bought and traded through various organisations and private companies throughout the country. Often these plants are incorrectly labelled and/or unknown. The aim of this study was to determine what role pet stores and planted tank
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