Fauna Survey at Gold Mining Exploitation Area of Pt Natarang Mining, Way Linggo Project Tanggamus District, Lampung Province, Sumatera
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FAUNA SURVEY AT GOLD MINING EXPLOITATION AREA OF PT NATARANG MINING, WAY LINGGO PROJECT TANGGAMUS DISTRICT, LAMPUNG PROVINCE, SUMATERA By Dr Jarwadi B. Hernowo Sasikirono Siregar PT INTERTEK UTAMA SERVICES 2011 FAUNA SURVEY AT GOLD MINING EXPLOITATION AREA OF PT NATARANG MINING, WAY LINGGO PROJECT TANGGAMUS DISTRICT, LAMPUNG PROVINCE, SUMATERA By Dr Jarwadi B. Hernowo Sasikirono Siregar INTRODUCTION Background PT. NATARANG MINING (NM) is one of company which held at gold mining exploitation project at Way Linggo, Tanggamus, Lampung. PT MN has licensed area statement of exploration approximately 10 524 ha, but area which has been permitted as exploitation around 39.21 ha at Way Linggo, Wonosobo Sub District, Tanggamus District. PT NM has concerned to minimize negative impact on environmental issue for developing of the property. The NM started with fauna survey at the project area to collect information and data in relation to fauna present and the status since beginning of the exploration project. To develop positive impact on exploitation of gold mining at the property is not only make technical and economic orientated, but also ecological reasons. From beginning state of exploitation planning, PT NM will comply with all regulations are used in Indonesia such as the biodiversity convention regarding to high biodiversity value of the exploration area. Objective of the Study The fauna survey at the exploitation area of PT NM at Way Linggo, Wonosobo sub district, Tanggamus district is to gain 1. Basic information and data are related with species diversity of wildlife at the site area 2. Local distribution and abundances of wildlife at exploitation area of PT NM 3. The status of wildlife at exploitation area of PT NM STUDY AREA The gold mining exploitation concession area of PT. NATARANG MINING (NM) is located in North West of Lampung Province at 5026`45” - 5047`00” latitude south and 104020`245” - 104036`00” longitude east). The topography of the project area is mostly hilly and mountainous. Very few at the property have flat area. The valley was very steep. The slope was mostly more than 45 %. The project area is dissected by numerous small streams. The biggest rivers flow from the project area is Semoung River. Some small stream flow at the property such as Way Tikus, Way Biawak Way Kancil, Way Kadal, Way Sapta and Way Linggo The drainage pattern of the rivers was dendritic. All of the river at PT NM concession flow to the West direction and joint with Indian Sea. According to Smith and Ferguson, Tanggamus District is classified to B rainfall type. The climate conditions is wet for about 8 months (>200 mm rainfall) and dry (<100 mm rainfall) for about 4 months of the year. The average annual precipitation was around 1458 mm and the average rainfall days each year was around 95 days. The dry season fall from June to September. Annual average temperature was 28.2 0 C and average humidity was around 85 %. The soil at the project area have 2 types of soil such as Dystropepts and Humitropepts. Dystropepts soil is dominant at the property and it is distribute at hilly area. The Humitropepts soil is relatively little distribution. The soil chemists and physically at project area were classified a fertile soil. Vegetation at the concession area is low land tropical rain forest in the hill area. Besides that vegetation types, the property was surrounded by people coffee plantation area. The forests which are occur at the mining concession area, it was after logged and the gaps were growing by pioneer species. Besides that forest also present secondary growth after ladang. Vegetation species which occurred at the tropical rain forest in hilly area and riparian of Way Semoung such medang pasir (Pseuduvaria reticulata), pasang heugis (Quercus gemmeliflora), suren (Pometia tomentosa), bendo (Artocarpus elastica), medang talas (Timonius wallichianus), bayur (Pterospermum javanicum) dan cengkehan (Cratoxylon sumatranum). But the vegetation present at secondary growth is dominated by semantung (Ficus padana), Mahang (Macaranga spp), and the shrubs were senduduk (Melastoma malabatricum), merdekaan (Eupatorium pallascens), and kirinyuh (Cromolena odorata). Forest structure and vegetation compositioni is important habitat factor of wildlife present at PT NM concession area. METHODS Location and Time The study was conducted at PT NM exploitation area in Tanggamus District, Lampung Province. At least 8 days field observation for get data and information related to wildlife diversity, from 08 – 16 March 2011. The observations were focused at forested area of Natarang Mining concession area. The location of sample plot is mostly covered by tropical low land forest at hill area. Besides that sampling area also at the people coffee plantation areas surround the property. Figure 1. Natarang Mining concession sampling site Table 1. Position of sample plot at PT NM concession area No Transect Coordinate Position Latitude South Longitude East 1 Transect 1 05°17'18.4" 104°25'02.7" 2 Transect 2 05°16'36.2" 104°24'24.7" 3 Transect 3 05°16'52.9" 104°24'23.9" 4 Transect 4 05°17'29.9" 104°24'52.2" 5 Transect 5 05°17'28.1" 104°24'30.0" 6 Transect 6 05°17'55.7" 104°24'34.7" 7 Herpet 1 Way Seumomg 05°17'29.3" 104°24'59.0" 8 Herpet 2 Way Biawak 05°17'31.1" 104°24'51.0" 9 Herpet 3 Way Tikus 05°17'17.5" 104°24'52.4" 10 Herpet 4 Kolam Lele 05°17'13.9" 104°24'39.0" 11 Herpet 5 Kolam Penampungan Air 05°17'06.3" 104°24'35.7" 12 Herpet 6 Camp 05°17'20.0" 104°24'35.0" Equipment and Materials Tools were used in this survey: Map of NM concession area, GPS, compass, chronometer, binocular, tele-lens camera, and field guide to the birds of Java and Bali (Mackinnon,1990), and field guide to the Mammals of Borneo (Payne at all, 1994). Field guide to the frogs of Borneo (Inger R F and R B Stuebing 2005.). Field guide to the Snake of Borneo (Stuebing R B and R F Inger 2005) Methods The wildlife inventory was carried out by transect method for mammals and combination with IPA count for birds. But for herpeto fauna used point at close to stream or pond. Six transect and Six point observations were made at PT NM concession area. The each length transect is 200 m and 300 m. The counting of individual numbers was based on direct visual contact or the animal track. Besides direct observation to wild animal, interview with local people was done to know about fauna occur at project area. Bird Census Six transects of 200-300 meter length in each, has been laid out the low land forest hill area of concession area of PT NM. At 50 m intervals along each transect, all bird calls or sightings within 50 m from the observer were recorded over 20 minute periods. This provided a quantitative measure of the relative abundance of species. Daily species lists have been prepared as an indication of the comprehensiveness of the inventory: fewer species will be added as the total list becomes more complete. Interviews Semi-structured interviews with local guides/inhabitants provided information to make more completely the data. Data analysis Data from the bird censuses were used to calculate the following ecological measures: Species Diversity Index The Shannon index (Magurran 1988) describes bird species diversity along the different transects: H = -Σ pi ln pi in which pi is the number of individuals of species divided by the total number of individuals. Species diversity is influenced by its components Species Richness (number of species in the sample) and Evenness (also called Equitability). The following formula was used: E = H/Hmax in which Hmax = - log 1/n (n = number of species in the sample). Similarity indices The Jaccard similarity index (S) (in Mueller-Dombois & Ellenberg 1974) shows the change in species composition among different samples (i.e., along the different transects): S = c / a+b+c in which a and b are numbers of species unique to samples 1 and 2 respectively, and c is species common to both. Dendrogram was used for analysis clustering birds community in each habitat at sampling site. Minitab SPSS 14 was used on help process clustering analysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION RESULTS Habitat The habitat types of wildlife/fauna has developed at PT NM concession area, such as low land forest hill area (log over area), Secondary re growth forest, open area (shrubs) and coffee plantation Most of fauna spcies, which are found the project area, it have correlated with occurred of the forest at the project area. Low land forest hill area is quite big portion as forest habitat type at the Natarang Mining concession area. Vegetation dominant at that habitat type such as Sterculia oblongata, Lithocarpus sp, Pseuduvaria reticulata and Nothaphoebe umbeliiflora The wildlife were found at the habitat type at least 25 species of bird and 7 mammals species also 12 of reptile. Most of wildlife species were found at low land forest of hill area is bird species. Figure 2. Example of composition and structure of lowland forest at hill area Secondary growth of low land forest at hill area is one habitat type occurred at the property areas. At the secondary growth forest dominated by pioneer species such as semantung (Ficus padana), mahang (Macaranga semiglobosa) and Macaranga triloba Figure 3. The vegetation composition of secondary growth forest The wildlife were found at the habitat type 23 species of bird and 6 mammals species and 8 of reptile. The wildlife habitat at PT Natarang Mining area was dominated by coffee plantation area.