Fauna Survey at Gold Mining Exploitation Area of Pt Natarang Mining, Way Linggo Project Tanggamus District, Lampung Province, Sumatera

FAUNA SURVEY AT GOLD MINING EXPLOITATION AREA OF PT NATARANG MINING, WAY LINGGO PROJECT TANGGAMUS DISTRICT, LAMPUNG PROVINCE, SUMATERA

By Dr Jarwadi B. Hernowo Sasikirono Siregar

PT INTERTEK UTAMA SERVICES 2011 FAUNA SURVEY AT GOLD MINING EXPLOITATION AREA OF PT NATARANG MINING, WAY LINGGO PROJECT TANGGAMUS DISTRICT, LAMPUNG PROVINCE, SUMATERA

By Dr Jarwadi B. Hernowo Sasikirono Siregar

INTRODUCTION

Background

PT. NATARANG MINING (NM) is one of company which held at gold mining exploitation project at Way Linggo, Tanggamus, Lampung. PT MN has licensed area statement of exploration approximately 10 524 ha, but area which has been permitted as exploitation around 39.21 ha at Way Linggo, Wonosobo Sub District, Tanggamus District. PT NM has concerned to minimize negative impact on environmental issue for developing of the property. The NM started with fauna survey at the project area to collect information and data in relation to fauna present and the status since beginning of the exploration project. To develop positive impact on exploitation of gold mining at the property is not only make technical and economic orientated, but also ecological reasons. From beginning state of exploitation planning, PT NM will comply with all regulations are used in Indonesia such as the biodiversity convention regarding to high biodiversity value of the exploration area.

Objective of the Study

The fauna survey at the exploitation area of PT NM at Way Linggo, Wonosobo sub district, Tanggamus district is to gain

1. Basic information and data are related with species diversity of wildlife at the site area 2. Local distribution and abundances of wildlife at exploitation area of PT NM 3. The status of wildlife at exploitation area of PT NM

STUDY AREA

The gold mining exploitation concession area of PT. NATARANG MINING (NM) is located in North West of Lampung Province at 5026`45” - 5047`00” latitude south and 104020`245” - 104036`00” longitude east). The topography of the project area is mostly hilly and mountainous. Very few at the property have flat area. The valley was very steep. The slope was mostly more than 45 %. The project area is dissected by numerous small streams. The biggest rivers flow from the project area is Semoung River. Some small stream flow at the property such as Way Tikus, Way Biawak Way Kancil, Way Kadal, Way Sapta and Way Linggo The drainage pattern of the rivers was dendritic. All of the river at PT NM concession flow to the West direction and joint with Indian Sea. According to Smith and Ferguson, Tanggamus District is classified to B rainfall type. The climate conditions is wet for about 8 months (>200 mm rainfall) and dry (<100 mm rainfall) for about 4 months of the year. The average annual precipitation was around 1458 mm and the average rainfall days each year was around 95 days. The dry season fall from June to September. Annual average temperature was 28.2 0 C and average humidity was around 85 %. The soil at the project area have 2 types of soil such as Dystropepts and Humitropepts. Dystropepts soil is dominant at the property and it is distribute at hilly area. The Humitropepts soil is relatively little distribution. The soil chemists and physically at project area were classified a fertile soil. Vegetation at the concession area is low land tropical rain forest in the hill area. Besides that vegetation types, the property was surrounded by people coffee plantation area. The forests which are occur at the mining concession area, it was after logged and the gaps were growing by pioneer species. Besides that forest also present secondary growth after ladang. Vegetation species which occurred at the tropical rain forest in hilly area and riparian of Way Semoung such medang pasir (Pseuduvaria reticulata), pasang heugis (Quercus gemmeliflora), suren (Pometia tomentosa), bendo (Artocarpus elastica), medang talas (Timonius wallichianus), bayur (Pterospermum javanicum) dan cengkehan (Cratoxylon sumatranum). But the vegetation present at secondary growth is dominated by semantung (Ficus padana), Mahang (Macaranga spp), and the shrubs were senduduk (Melastoma malabatricum), merdekaan (Eupatorium pallascens), and kirinyuh (Cromolena odorata). Forest structure and vegetation compositioni is important habitat factor of wildlife present at PT NM concession area.

METHODS

Location and Time The study was conducted at PT NM exploitation area in Tanggamus District, Lampung Province. At least 8 days field observation for get data and information related to wildlife diversity, from 08 – 16 March 2011. The observations were focused at forested area of Natarang Mining concession area. The location of sample plot is mostly covered by tropical low land forest at hill area. Besides that sampling area also at the people coffee plantation areas surround the property.

Figure 1. Natarang Mining concession sampling site

Table 1. Position of sample plot at PT NM concession area No Transect Coordinate Position Latitude South Longitude East 1 Transect 1 05°17'18.4" 104°25'02.7" 2 Transect 2 05°16'36.2" 104°24'24.7" 3 Transect 3 05°16'52.9" 104°24'23.9" 4 Transect 4 05°17'29.9" 104°24'52.2" 5 Transect 5 05°17'28.1" 104°24'30.0" 6 Transect 6 05°17'55.7" 104°24'34.7" 7 Herpet 1 Way Seumomg 05°17'29.3" 104°24'59.0" 8 Herpet 2 Way Biawak 05°17'31.1" 104°24'51.0" 9 Herpet 3 Way Tikus 05°17'17.5" 104°24'52.4" 10 Herpet 4 Kolam Lele 05°17'13.9" 104°24'39.0" 11 Herpet 5 Kolam Penampungan Air 05°17'06.3" 104°24'35.7" 12 Herpet 6 Camp 05°17'20.0" 104°24'35.0"

Equipment and Materials

Tools were used in this survey: Map of NM concession area, GPS, compass, chronometer, binocular, tele-lens camera, and field guide to the birds of Java and Bali (Mackinnon,1990), and field guide to the Mammals of Borneo (Payne at all, 1994). Field guide to the frogs of Borneo (Inger R F and R B Stuebing 2005.). Field guide to the Snake of Borneo (Stuebing R B and R F Inger 2005)

Methods

The wildlife inventory was carried out by transect method for mammals and combination with IPA count for birds. But for herpeto fauna used point at close to stream or pond. Six transect and Six point observations were made at PT NM concession area. The each length transect is 200 m and 300 m. The counting of individual numbers was based on direct visual contact or the animal track. Besides direct observation to wild animal, interview with local people was done to know about fauna occur at project area.

Bird Census Six transects of 200-300 meter length in each, has been laid out the low land forest hill area of concession area of PT NM. At 50 m intervals along each transect, all bird calls or sightings within 50 m from the observer were recorded over 20 minute periods. This provided a quantitative measure of the relative abundance of species. Daily species lists have been prepared as an indication of the comprehensiveness of the inventory: fewer species will be added as the total list becomes more complete.

Interviews Semi-structured interviews with local guides/inhabitants provided information to make more completely the data. Data analysis

Data from the bird censuses were used to calculate the following ecological measures:

Species Diversity Index The Shannon index (Magurran 1988) describes bird species diversity along the different transects: H = -Σ pi ln pi in which pi is the number of individuals of species divided by the total number of individuals. Species diversity is influenced by its components Species Richness (number of species in the sample) and Evenness (also called Equitability). The following formula was used:

E = H/Hmax in which Hmax = - log 1/n (n = number of species in the sample).

Similarity indices

The Jaccard similarity index (S) (in Mueller-Dombois & Ellenberg 1974) shows the change in species composition among different samples (i.e., along the different transects):

S = c / a+b+c in which a and b are numbers of species unique to samples 1 and 2 respectively, and c is species common to both.

Dendrogram was used for analysis clustering birds community in each habitat at sampling site. Minitab SPSS 14 was used on help process clustering analysis.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS

Habitat

The habitat types of wildlife/fauna has developed at PT NM concession area, such as low land forest hill area (log over area), Secondary re growth forest, open area (shrubs) and coffee plantation Most of fauna spcies, which are found the project area, it have correlated with occurred of the forest at the project area.

Low land forest hill area is quite big portion as forest habitat type at the Natarang Mining concession area. Vegetation dominant at that habitat type such as Sterculia oblongata, Lithocarpus sp, Pseuduvaria reticulata and Nothaphoebe umbeliiflora The wildlife were found at the habitat type at least 25 species of bird and 7 mammals species also 12 of reptile. Most of wildlife species were found at low land forest of hill area is bird species.

Figure 2. Example of composition and structure of lowland forest at hill area

Secondary growth of low land forest at hill area is one habitat type occurred at the property areas. At the secondary growth forest dominated by pioneer species such as semantung (Ficus padana), mahang (Macaranga semiglobosa) and Macaranga triloba

Figure 3. The vegetation composition of secondary growth forest

The wildlife were found at the habitat type 23 species of bird and 6 mammals species and 8 of reptile.

The wildlife habitat at PT Natarang Mining area was dominated by coffee plantation area. The wildlife has been identified occurred ad the habitat type composed 4 species of mammals 21 species of birds and 6 reptile species.

Figure 4. Coffee plantation et Natarang Mining concession area The open area which are grown by shrubs is one of wildlife habitat type present the property. Not many species of wildlife occurred at the habitat type. The wildlife found at the habitat types such as

Species Abundance

Base on direct observation and as well as interviews, species richness of wildlife/fauna in the project area is categories as medium level. Total species of wildlife were found 12 species of mammals, 50 birds species and 22 species of herpetofauna.

Table 2. Wildlife/Fauna species recorded at concession area of PT NM Wildlife Found at Low Found Secondary Found at Coffee Found at (Fauna) Land Forest Growth Forest Plantation Open Area Hill Area (Species) Area (species) (Species) (Species) Mammals 7 6 4 1 Birds 22 23 21 7 Herpetofauna 12 8 6 4

Mammals

Mammals species can be found in PT NM concession area at least is 12 species as recorded at table 3. The protected species of mammals that were found at the project area three species are: Slow Loris (Nycticebus coucang), Black Giant Squirrel (Ratufa bicolor), and Siamang Gibbon (Hylobates syndactylus),

(a) (b) Figure 5. Siamang Gibbon (Hylobates syndactylus) (a) and Black Giant Squirrel (Ratufa bicolor) (b)

(a) (b) Figure 6. (a) Slow Loris (Nycticebus coucang) and (b) Palm civet (Artrogalidia trivirgata)

Table 3. Mammals species were recorded at PT NM concession area

Family Local Name Common Name Found and Status Document Species Frequency

Tupaidae 1. Tupaia javanica Kekes Brown Treeshrew +2Rr NP DO, I, Loricidae 1. Nycticebus coucang* Kukang Slow Loris +1Vr P, VU DO, I Cercopithecidae 1. Macaca fascicularis Monyet Long Tailed Macaque +1Rr NP DO, H 2. Macaca nemestrina Beruk Pig Tailed Macaque +2Rr,+3Rr NP Iw, H 3. Presbytis melalophos Simpai/Cecah Sumatran Surili +1Rr, +3Rr NP, EN DO, FL,F Hylobatidae 1. Hylobates syndactyus* Siamang Siamang Gibbon +1Fr,+2 Fr P, EN DO, H Sciuridae 1. Lariscus insignis* Bajing tanah Three stripped ground Squirrel +1Rr,+2Rr P DO, Sf,F 2. Callosciurus notatus Bajing kelapa Plantain Squirrel +2 Rr NP DO, F 3. Rattufa bicolor* Jelarang Black Giant Squirrel +1Rr P, NT DO, F Muridae 1. Rattus tiomanicus Tikus belukar Malaysian wood Rat +3Rr,+4Rr NP DO, F, Sf Viveriidae 1.Arctogalidia trivirgata Musang Akar Small-toothed Palm Civet +1Rr,+3Rr NP DO, C, F Suidae 1. Sus barbatus Babi Jenggot Bearded Wild boar +2Rr NP, Ap II Fp. O Legend : 1. Low land Forest at hill area + = found at sampling area NP = Non Protected species Fr = frequently found 2. Secondary Growth Forest ++ = found at sampling site with abundance P = Protected species Rr = rarely found 3. Coffee Plantation Area - = not found at sampling site Sol = Solitary Vr = Very rare 4. Open area (shrubs area) ? = not found at sampling site but most probably found E = Endemic C = Carnivorous DO = direct observation Fl = Foliage feeder H = Herbivorous EN = Endangered Iw = interview Sf = Seed feeder F = Fruit eater Ap = Appendix VU = Vulnerable I = insectivorous Pp = Foot Print O = Omnivorous NT = Near threatened

During field observation, 4 species primates were found at the concession area of PT NM such as Siamang gibbon (Hylobates syndactylus), Long tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis), Pig tailed Macaque (Macaca nemestrina) and Sumatran Surili (Presbytis melalophos)

(a) (b)

(c) (d) Figure 7. Primates at PT NM concession area (a) Siamang gibbon (b) Pig tailed macaque (c) Sumatran Surili and (d) Long tailed macaque.

Dominancy

Family of mammals, which are dominant on number of species at sample plot is Scuiridae (squirrel family) and Cercopithecidae (monkey family) see figure 6. Those mammals species are herbivorous animals, it mean the main diet of that mammal species are vegetation

Relationship between famaly and number of species on mammals 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5

Number of species 0

Suidae Muridae Tupaidae Loricidae Sciuridae Viverridae Hylobatidae

Cercopithecidae Family

Figure 8. Relation between number mammal species and family at the project area

Figure 9. Plaintive squirrel (Callosciurus notatus) at secondary growth forest

Birds

Among the wildlife species can be found at the concession area of PT Natarang Mining, bids species is abundant at the number of species. The total species of birds found at the property are listed at table 4. The number birds protected species were found at the project area is 9 species such as crested serpent eagle (Spilornis cheela), changeable haw eagle (Spizaetus cirrhatus), black thighet falconet (Microhierax fringillarius), black hornbill (Anthracoceros malayanus), rhinoceros hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros), olive backed sunbird (Nectarinia jugularis), brown throated sunbird (Anthreptes malacensis) crimson sunbird (Aethopyga siparaja) and little spider hunter (Arachnothera longirostra).

Figure 10. Crested serpent eagle (Spilornis cheela)

Figure 11. Rhinoceros hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros)

Table 4. Bids species were found at PT Natarang Mining concession area Family Local Name Common Name Found and Status Document Species Frequency

Accipitridae 1. Spilornis cheela* Elang Ular Crested serpent Eagle +2Fr, P C 2. Spizaetus cirrhatus* Elang Brontok Changeable Haw Eagle +1Vr, P C 3.Microhierax fringilarius* Alap Capung Black thighet Falconet +2Rr P C Rallidae 1. Amaurornis phoenicurus Kareo padi White breasted Waterhen +3Rr NP I Columbidae 1 Streptopelia chinensis Tekukur Spotted Dove +3Rr,+4Rr NP Sf 2. Geopelia striata Perkutut Peaceful Dove +3Rr,+4Rr NP Sf Cuculidae 1. Cacomantis merulinus Wik-wik Plaintive Cuckoo +1Fr,+2Fr,+3Rr NP I 2. Cacomantis sepulcralis Wikwik uncuing Rusty breasted Cuckoo +1Rr NP I 3. Phaenicophaeus sumatranus Kadalan Chestnut breasted Malkoha +2Rr NP,NT I 4. Centropus sinensis Bubut besar Greater Coucal +3Rr NP C Caprimulgidae 1. Caprimulgus macrurus Cabak Savanna Nightjar +4Rr NP I Apodidae 1. Collocalia fuciphaga Walet Sarang putih Edible nest Swiftlet +2Rr+3Rr NP I 2. Collocalia esculenta Sriti Glossy-Swiftlet +1Fr,+2Fr,+3Fr NP I Hemiprocnidae 1. Hemiprocne longipennis Tapekong jambul Grey rumped Treeswift +1Rr+3Fr NP I Bucerotidae 1. Anthracoceros malayanus* Kangkareng hitam Black Hornbill +1Vr P,NT F 2. Buceros rhinoceros* Rangkong Rhinoceros Hornbill +1Rr P,NT F Capitonidae 1. Megalaima chrysopogon Takur Gendang Gold Whiskered Barbet +1Rr,+2Rr NP F 2. Megalaima australis Takur Tenggeret Blue eared Barbet +1Rr,+2Rr NP F, 3. Megalaima mystacophonos Takur Warna Warni Red throated Barbet +!Rr,+2Rr NP,NT F Picidae 1. Picus puniceus Pelatuk sayap merah Crimson winged Woodpecker +1Rr NP I 2. Picoides moluccensis Celadi tilik Sunda Woodpecker +3Rr NP I Eurylaimidae 1. Eurylaimus ochromalus Sempur Darat Black and Yellow Broadbill +2Rr NP I 2. Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchos Sempur Sungai Black and Red Broadbill +1Rr Hirundinidae 1. Hirundo tahitica Layang Batu Pacific Swallow +4Rr NP I Campephagidae 1. Hemipus hirundinaceus Jinjing Batu Black winged Flycatcher Shrike +2Rr NP I 2. Lalage nigra Kapasan Kemiri Pied Triller +3Rr NP I 3. Pericrocotus igneeus Seupah Hutan Scarlet minivet +2Rr NP,NT I Chloropsiedae 1. Aegithina virridissima Cipo hutan Green Iora +1Rr,+2Rr NP I 2. Chloropsis cochichinensis Cica daun sayap biru Blue winged Leaf bird +1Rr,+2Rr NP I Pycnonotidae 1. Pycnonotus atriceps Cucak kuricang Black headed Bulbul +1Rr,+2Rr NP F, I 2. Pycnonotus melanicterus Cucak emas Black crested Bulbul +1Fr,+2Fr,+3Rr NP F, I 3. Pycnonotus aurigaster Kutilang Sooty headed Bulbul +3Fr,+4Fr NP F, I 4. Pycnonotus brunneus Merbah Red eyed Bulbul +1Fr,+2Fr NP F, I Timaliidae 1. Macronous gularis Ciung air Striped Tit Babbler +2Rr NP I Turdidae 1. Enicurus leschenaulti Meninting White crowned Forktail +1Vr NP I 2. Copsychus saularis Kacer Magpie Robin +3Rr NP I Sylviidae 1. Orthotomus ruficeps Cinenen Ashy Tailorbird +1Rr,+2Rr,+3Rr NP I 2. Prinia flaviventris Curiak Yellow bellied prinia +3Rr+4Rr NP I 3. Prinia familiaris Ciblek Bar winged Prinia +3Fr+4Rr NP I Muscicapidae 1. Rhipidura javanica* Kipasan Belang Pied Fantail +3Rr P I Artamidae 1. Artamus leucorhynchos Kekep White-breasted Wood-Swallow +4Rr NP I Lanidae 1. Lanius schach Bentet Long-tailed Shrike +3Rr,+4Rr NP I Nectariniidae 1. Anthreptes malacensis* Br Madu Kelapa Brown throated Sunbird +2Rr P Hs, I 2. Aethopyga siparaja* Br Madu Merah Crimson Sunbird +1Rr+2Rr Hs, I 3. Nectarinia jugularis* Br Madu Kuning Olive backed Sunbird +3Rr P Hs, I 4. Arachnothera longirostra* Pijantung Little Spider Hunter +1Rr,+2Rr P Hs, I Dicaeidae 1. Dicaeum trigonostigma Cabe bunga api Orange bellied Flowerpecker +1Fr+2Fr+3Rr NP F, I 2. Prionochilus maculatus Pentis Kumbang Yellow breasted Flowerpecker +1Rr+2Rr NP F, I Ploceidae 1. Passer montanus Br Gereja Eurasian tree Sparrow +3Rr NP Sf 2 Lonchura punctulata Peking Scaly breasted Munia +3Rr NP Sf 3 Lonchura leucogastroides Bondol Jawa Javan Munia +3Rr NP Sf

Legend : 1. Low land Forest at hill area + = found at sampling area NP = Non Protected species Fr = frequently found 2. Secondary Growth Forest ++ = found at sampling site with abundance P = Protected species Rr = rarely found 3. Coffee Plantation Area - = not found at sampling site Sol = Solitary Vr = Very rare 4. Open area (shrubs area) ? = not found at sampling site but most probably found E = Endemic C = Carnivorous DO = direct observation Fl = Foliage feeder H = Herbivorous EN = Endangered Iw = interview Sf = Seed feeder F = Fruit eater Ap = Appendix NT = Near Threatened I = insectivorous Pp = Foot Print O = Omnivorous

(a) (b)

. (c) (d) Figure 12.Orange bellied.flowerpecker (Dicaeum trigonostigma) (a) and (b) Yellow breasted (Prionochilus maculatus) Red throated barbet (Megalaima mystacophonos) (c) and (d) Gold whiskered barbet (Megalaima chrysopogon)

Bird Structure

The bird’s structure communities at project area can be derived from trophic level or bird guild structure. The bird guild at sample area of Natarang Mining concession was recorded at table 5. Insectivores bird is dominant species at both sample area.

Table 5. Birds guild at sample area of PT Natarang Mining concession area No Guild Natarang Mining Concession Area (%) 1 Insectivorous 78.0 2 Frugivorous 22.0 3 Seed feeder 10.0 4 Carnivorous 12.5 5 Honey sucker 8.0

Dominancy

The dominant of bird species occur at the project area are black crested bulbul (Pycnonotus melanicterus), plaintive cuckoo (Cacomantis merulinus), red eyes bulbul (Pycnonotus brunneus), Orange bellied flowerpecker (Dicaeum trigonostigma) Sooty headed bulbul (Pycnonotus aurigaster) cave swiftlet (Collocalia esculenta), and grey rumped treeswift (Hemiprocne longipenis)

(a) (b)

(c) (d) Figure 13. Black crested bulbul (Pycnonotus melanicterus), (b) Red eye bulbul (Pycnonotus brunneus) (c) Grey rumped Treeswift (Hemiprocne longipennis) and Sooty headed bulbul (Pycnonotus aurigaster)

Bird Species Diversity

The bird species diversity at the sample area shown that index varied, but at coffe plantation and open area (shrubs area and tailing dam) resulted the lowest index and the highest index was forest transect 1 (table 6). The important factor influenced to the bird diversity is habitat diversity. The diversity of habitat is main factor to support availability of food resources, cover, shelter and nesting area. Those factors are needed for supporting live of bird

Table 6. Birds diversity index of sample transect at PT. NM concession area Species No. Transect H’ E Number 1 Base Camp 2.49 0.92 2 Transect 1 ( close to diesel storage tank) 2.81 0.96 3 Transect 2 (Talang Kecap I) 2.59 0.93 4 Transect 3 (Talang Kecap II) 2.79 0.97 5 Transect 4 (Way Tikus & Way Biawak) 2.51 0.95 6 Transect 5 (Secondary forest) 1.81 0.93 7 Transect 6 (coffee & shrubs Tailing Dam) 1.66 0.93 legend: H’ = diversity index E = equitabilty index

Similarity of Bird Community

The similarity of birds community at sample area of PT NM concession area shown at figure 14. Birds community clustering at sample area divided into 2 main cluster. There are cluster 1 is open area tailing dam (shrubs-coffee) – secondary forest and coffee plantation surround base camp. Cluster 2 is forest near diesel storage tank – talang kecap I and II also Way Tikus and Way Biawak (figure 14).

Bird Dendrogram Rescaled Distance Cluster Combine

C A S E 0 5 10 15 20 25 Label Num +------+------+------+------+------+

Transect 5 Forest 6 ─┬───────────────┐ Transect 6 Shrubs, 7 ─┘ ├───────────────────────────────┐ Base Camp surruound 1 ─────────────────┘ │ Transect 1 Forest 2 ───┬───────┐ │ Transect 2 Forest 3 ───┘ ├───────┐ │ Transect 4 Forest 5 ───────────┘ ├─────────────────────────────┘ Transect 3 Forest 4 ───────────────────┘

Figure 14. Dendrogram bird community at PT NM concession area

Herpetofauna (Reptiles and Amphibian)

Base on field observation, herpetofauna species has been found at PT Natarang Mining concession area 15 species of amphibian included at 6 family and 7 species of reptiles included 5 family. During the survey only found 1 species of snake is Boiga nigriceps. But interview with local people at the property is also present Sumatran Cobra (Naja sumatrana), Python (Python reticulatus). The commonest of reptile species was found at PT Natarang Mining concession area is common skink (Eutropis multifasciata), but the commonest amphibian was found at the property is river toad (Bufo asper).

Table 7. Herpetofauna species were found at PT NM concession area

Family Local Name Common Name Found and Status Document Species Frequency

Bufonidae 1. Bufo asper Kodok Puru Sungai River Toad +1Fr,+2Fr,+3Fr,+4Fr,+5Fr,+6Fr,+7Fr NP I 2.Bufo biporcatus Kodok Puru Hutan Forest crested Toad +5Vr NP I 3.Bufo melanostictus Kodok Buduk Sunda Common Sunda Toad +1Fr,+3Fr,+5Fr,+6Fr NP I 4.Leptophryne borbonica Kodok Jam Pasir Cross Toad +2Rr,+4Rr,+6Rr,+7Rr NP I Dicrologsidae 1. Fejervarya cancrivora Katak Sawah Rice field Frog +1Rr,+2Rr,+5Rr,+6Rr NP I 2. Fejervarya limnocharis Katak Tegalan Grass Frog +1Rr,+5Rr,+6Rr NP I 3. Limnonectes blythi Katak Batu Blyth’s river Frog +2Rr,+3Rr,+4Rr,+5Rr,+6Rr NP I 4. Limnonectes kuhlii Bangkong Tuli Kuhls Creek Frog +2Rr,+5Rr NP I Megopryidae 1. Megophrys nasuta Katak Tanduk Bornean Horned Frog +4Vr NP I Mycrohylidae 1. Mycrohyla sp Katak Mulut Sempit Narrow mouth Frog +2Vr NP I Ranidae 1. Huia sumatrana Kongkang Jeram Sumatran torrent Frog +3Rr,+4Rr,+6Rr NP I 2. Rana chalconota Kongkang Kolam White lipped Frog +1Rr,+3Rr,+5Rr,+6Rr NP I 3. Rana hosii Kongkang Racun Poisonous Rock Frog +3Rr,+4Rr,+5Rr NP I 4. Rana nicobariensis Kongkang Jengkerik Criket Frog +1Rr,+5Rr NP I Rhacophoridae 1. Polypedates leucomystax Katak Pohon Bergaris Four Line Tree Frog +1Rr+4Rr,+5Rr NP I Agamidae 1. Draco volans Klarap Common gliding lizard +2Rr,+3Rr,+4Rr,+7Rr NP I 2. Broncochela cristatela Bunglon Green crested Lizard +3Rr NP I Geckonidae 1. Gekko smithi Tokek hutan Forest Gecko +3Rr,+7Rr NP I 2. Cosymbotus platyurus Cicak pucat Flat tailed Gecko +1Rr NP I Scincidae 1. Eutrophis multifasciata Kadal Kebun Common Skink +1Fr,+2Fr,+3Fr,+4Fr,+5Fr,+6Fr,+7Fr NP I Lacertidae 1. Tackydromus sexlineatus Kadal ekor panjang Long tailed Lizard +3Fr NP I Colubridae 1. Boiga nigriceps Ular Cincin Black Headed Snake +2Vr NP C Legend : 1. Base Camp + = found at sampling area NP = Non Protected species Fr = frequently found 2. Way Tikus ++ = found at sampling site with abundance P = Protected species Rr = rarely found 3. Way Semoung - = not found at sampling site Sol = Solitary Vr = Very rare 4. Way Biawak ? = not found at sampling site but most probably found E = Endemic C = Carnivorous DO = direct observation Fl = Foliage feeder H = Herbivorous EN = Endangered Iw = interview Sf = Seed feeder F = Fruit eater Ap = Appendix NT = Near Threatened I = insectivorous Pp = Foot Print O = Omnivorous 5 Kolam Lele 6 Kolam Penampungan 7 Talang Kecap

Figure 15. common skink (Eutrophis multifasciata) at commonest reptiles species found at the property

Herpetofauna Diversity

The highest diversity of amphibian species occurs at habitat Lele pond and the lowest at Kolam penampungan (Water collected pond). It seem the diversity of amphibian species have relation with vegetation and availability of flow water.

Table 8. The Diversity and eveness index of herpetofauna at PT Natarang Mining concession area No Location H' E 1. Base Camp 1,89 0,86 2. Way Tikus 1,18 0,60 3. Way Seumong 1,74 0,73 4. Talang Kecap 1,24 0,64 5. Way Biawak 1,83 0,94 6. Kolam lele 2,20 0,89 7. Kolam Penampungam 0,54 0,26

Similarity of Herpetofauna Community

The herpetofauna similarity at sample area of PT NM concession area shown at figure 16 Herpetofauna community clustering at sample area divided into 3 main clusters. The cluster1 is Way Biawak, Kolam Penampungan –Way Tikus. C;uster 2 is Way Biawak, Kolam Penampungan-Way Tikus with Way Seumong & Talang Kecap. Cluster 3 is linkage between cluster 1,2 and base camp and kolam lele.

Dendogram Herpetofauna

C A S E 0 5 10 15 20 25 Label Num +------+------+------+------+------+

Way Biaw 5 ─┬───────────────────┐ Kolam Pe 7 ─┘ ├─────────────┐ Way Tiku 2 ─────────────────────┘ ├─────────────┐ Way Seum 3 ─────────────┬─────────────────────┘ │ Talang K 4 ─────────────┘ │ Camp 1 ─────┬───────────────────────────────────────────┘ Kolam le 6 ─────┘

Figure 16. Dendrogram herpetofauna community at PT NM concession area

(a) (b)

(c) Figure 17. Green crested lizard (Broncochela cristatela) (a) and Common gliding lizard (Draco volans) (b) also Black Headed Snake (Boiga nigriceps) (c) at secondary forest

(a) (b)

(e) (f) Figure 19. Fejervarya cancrivora (a), Fejervarya limnocaris (b), Limnonectes blythi (c), Limnonectes Kuhlii (d) Microhylla sp (e) and Rana hosei (f)

(a) (b)

DISCUSSION

Mammal

Wildlife species diversity at PT NM concession area is categories medium, but 33.3 % species of mammals is having status as protected animals Indonesia and 2 species have IUCN (red list) as endangered status such as siamang (Hylobates syndactylus) and Sumatran surili (Presbytis melalophos), one species has status Vulnerable like slow loris (Nycticebus coucang) and one species has status near threatened such as black giant squirrel (Ratufa bicolor). One species have status Appendix II CITES is barded wild-board (Sus barbatus). Those number of protected mammal’s species are quite high at the project area, PT NM should be consider to having plan for conserve the protected species of mammals.

Total number species of mammals can be found at the concession area around 10 % of total mammal’s species at Sumatra. Those numbers are having relation to covered forest at the concession area. Most of protected mammal’s species are forest dependent animals.

Bird

The diversity of bids species is quite high compare to mammals and reptiles. Factors which have influenced to bird species diversity is variety of habitat type, variation species vegetation and number of forest layer. The highest diversity of the bird was at low land hill forest compared with the other. It seems the forest has supported to availability of food resources, cover and shelter also nesting area.

The protected birds species are approximately 18 % of total birds species at PT NM concession area. Most of the bird’s species are having relation to forest habitat. Base on birds diversity and protected bird species at the project area, PT Natarang Mining should be consider to having plan for conserve birds biodiversity.

Herpetofauna

Number of Herpetofauna species can be found at PT NM concession area not small. One species of reptile have local distribution spread out over of the concession area is common skink (Euthropis multifasciata). The commonest amphibian species is ir river toad (Bufo asper).

Mostly herpetofauna species can be found at the concession area of PT Natarang Mining was insectivorous, except the black headed snake (Boiga nigriceps) is carnivorous.

CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

1. The wildlife/fauna has been found at the project area 12 species of mammals, 50 birds species and 22 species of herpetofauna. The diversity of wildlife was categorized medium, but significant high at bird species.

2. Among the wildlife has been identified, 3 species of mammals as protected species in Indonesia and 2 species of mammals as endangered status, 1 species as vulnerable and 1 species as near threatened. 9 species of birds present at the project area as protected bird.

3. PT Natarang Mining should be considered to the biodiversity of wildlife species where occurred at the concession area and it should have management plant for sustainable total wildlife at the project area.

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Magurran, A.E. (1988). Ecological diversity and its measurement. London & Sydney, Croom Helm,

Mackkinon J. 1990. Field Guide To The Birds Of Java and Bali. Gadjah Mada Press. Yogyakarta.

Mackkinon J, K Phillips and B. V Balen 1990. Burung-Burung Di Sumatera Kalimantan Jawa dan Bali. Puslitbang-Biologi LIPI. Bogor.

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