WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

JULV 1972 VOL. XXI No. 3 THE WORLD METEOROLOG ICAL ORGANIZATION (WMO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations. WMO was created: to faci litate international co-operation in the establi shment of networks of sta­ tions a nd centres to provide meteorological services a nd observations, to promote the establishment and maintena nce of systems fo r the rapid exchange of meteorological information, to promote standardization of meteorological observations and ensure the uniform publication of observations and statistics, to further the application of meteorology to aviation, shipping, water problems, agriculture and other human activities, to encourage research and training in meteorology. The World Meteorological Congress is the supreme body of the Organization . It brings together the delegates of all Members once every four years to determine general poli cies for the fulfi lment of the purposes of the Organization. " The Executive Committee is composed of 24 directors of national Meteorological Services serving in a n individual capacity; it meets at least o nce a year to supervise the programmes approved by Congress. Six Regional Associations are each cori1posed of Members whose task is to co-ordinate meteorological activities with in their respective regions. Eight Tec/111ical Commissions composed of experts designated by Members, are responsible for studying the special technical branches relating to meteorologica l observation, a nalysis, forecasting, research and the applications of meteorology.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE President: M. F . TAHA (Arab Republic of Egypt) First Vice-President: W. J. Gmss (Australia) Second Vice-President: J. BESSEM OULIN (France) Third Vice-President: P. KOTESWARAM (India) R egional Association presidents Africa(!): M. SECK (Senegal) North and Central America (IV): Asia (II): A . P. NAVAl (Iran) J. R. H. NoBLE (Canada) South America (III): South-West Pacific (V): S. BRAVO FLORES (Chile) K . R AJENDRAM (Singapore) Europe (VI): R. SCHNEIDER (Switzerland) Elected members F. A. A. AcQUAAH (G hana) B . J. MASON (U.K.) B . AzMY (Morocco) A. N YBERG (Sweden) E. Bo BINSKJ (Poland) M. SAMIULLAH (Pakistan) 0. CORONEL PARRA (Venezuela) E. SOssENBERGE R (Fed. R ep . of Germany) G. EcHEVERRJ OssA (Colombia) K . TAKAHASHJ (Japan) G. FEA (Italy) S. TEWUNGWA (Kenya, United Republic E . K. FEDOROV (U.S.S.R .) of T anzania, a nd Uganda) R. M . WHITE (U.S.A.)

TECHNICAL COMMISSION PRESIDENTS Aeronautical Meteorology: Hydrology: E. G . PoPov P. DUV ERGE Instruments and Methods of Observation: Agricultural Meteorology: W. BAlER V . D. RocKNEY Atmospheric Sciences: J. S. SAWYER Marine Meteorology: S. L . TIERNEY Basic Systems: 0. LtiNNQVIST (acting) Special Applications of Meteorology a nd Climatology: H. E. LANDSBERG The Secretaria t of the Organization is located at 41 Avenue Giuseppe-Motta, Geneva, Switzerla nd

135 135

Signed Signed contributions contributions do do not not necessarily necessarily represent represent the the views views of of the the Organization. Organization.

acknowledgement acknowledgement is is made. made.

Permission Permission to to publish publish extracts extracts from from the the WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin is is granted, granted, provided provided the the customary customary

publication publication date. date.

Contributions Contributions for for a a particular particular issue issue should should reach reach the the Editor Editor at at least least ten ten weeks weeks before before the the

Publication Publication date date is is normally normally 15 15 January, January, 15 15 April, April, 15 15 July July and and 15 15 October. October.

Case Case postale postale No. No. 1, 1, CH- 1211 1211 Geneva Geneva 20, 20, Switzerland. Switzerland.

Bulletin Bulletin should should be be addressed addressed to to the the Secretary-General, Secretary-General, World World Meteorological Meteorological Organization, Organization,

and and Russian. Russian. Annual Annual subscriptions subscriptions (see (see order order form) form) and and all all other other correspondence correspondence about about the the

The The WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin is is published published quarterly quarterly in in four four separate separate editions editions : : English, English, French, French, Spanish Spanish

Selected Selected by by Tamas Tamas list list Fenyes) Fenyes) of of WMO WMO publications publications ...... 202 202

{Photo {Photo WMO/INTERFOTO WMO/INTERFOTO MTI MTI Calendar Calendar of of coming coming events events ...... 201 201

00. 00. 00 00 ...... 00...... 00......

Members Members of of WMO WMO .. ..

200 200 (seep. (seep. 177). 177).

Reviews...... Reviews...... 195 195 survey survey of of Lakes Lakes Victoria, Victoria, Kyoga Kyoga and and Albert Albert

WMO WMO project project for for the the hydrometeorological hydrometeorological News News from from the the WMO WMO Secretariat Secretariat ...... 190 190

Entebbe, Entebbe, Uganda, Uganda,

at at

the the headquarters headquarters

of of the the and and News notes notes ...... 187 187

and and other other observing observing equipment equipment installed installed in in

Hydrology Hydrology ...... 179 179

on on the the cover cover shows shows

the the large large evaporation evaporation tank tank

Technical Technical co-operation co-operation ...... 170 170

an an area area and and reservoir reservoir planning. planning. The The picture picture

Meteorology Meteorology

and and ocean ocean

affairs affairs

......

168 168

poses, poses, including including studies studies of of the the water water balance balance of of

Meteorology Meteorology

and and the the environment...... environment...... 166 166 course course required required by by hydrologists hydrologists for for many many pur­

Global Global oration oration Atmospheric Atmospheric measurements measurements Research Research and and Programme Programme estimates estimates . . 163 163 are are of of

as as an an international international reference reference standard. standard. Evap­ Meteorological Meteorological training training and and research research ...... 159 159

ment ment of of an an evaporation evaporation pan pan which which could could serve serve

World World Weather Weather Watch Watch ...... 156 156

of of the the recommendations recommendations related related

to to the the

develop­

ordinary ordinary

session, session, Lucerne, Lucerne, April April 1972 1972 ...... 154 154

programme programme in in operational operational hydrology. hydrology. One One Regional Regional Association Association for for Europe Europe - Extra-

cycle cycle are are covered covered as as appropriate appropriate

in in

the the WMO WMO

nian nian S.S.R. S.S.R...... 148 148

Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological Service Service of of the the Ullrai- ensure ensure that that all all the the elements elements of of the the hydrological hydrological

Commission Commission for for Hydrology Hydrology took took steps steps to to Significant Significant weather weather in in 1971 1971 ...... 141 141

At At

its its fourth fourth session session

(see (see p. p.

179), 179), the the WMO WMO

The The Leipzig Leipzig Meteorological Meteorological Conference, Conference, 1872 1872 136 136

Page Page

THE THE PICTURE PICTURE ON ON THE THE COVER COVER TABLE TABLE OF OF CONTENTS CONTENTS

JULY JULY

1972 1972

VOL. VOL. XXI XXI No. No. 3 3 EDITOR: EDITOR: 0. 0. M. M. ASH ASH FORD FORD

[!!1~00 [!!1~00 ~D[[~[~~ ~D[[~[~~

DEPUTY DEPUTY SECRETARY-GENERAL: SECRETARY-GENERAL: K. K. LANGLO LANGLO

SECRETARY-GENERAL: SECRETARY-GENERAL: D D A. A. DAVIES DAVIES

WORLD WORLD METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION

136 136

141. 141. p. p. * * on on references references See See

Republic. Republic. Democratic Democratic German German the the of of Service Service Meteorological Meteorological the the of of director director is is Bohme Bohme Dr. Dr.

and and U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. the the of of Service Service Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological the the of of director director is is Fedorov Fedorov Academician Academician

the the of of initiative initiative the the on on organized organized was was It It shipping. shipping. for for information information weather weather of of vision vision

pro­ the the time, time, the the of of meteorology meteorology the the for for one one important important very very a a nevertheless nevertheless but but subject, subject,

particular particular one one only only with with dealt dealt which which 1853, 1853, in in Brussels Brussels in in held held experts experts meteorological meteorological of of

meeting meeting international international an an Conference, Conference, Maritime Maritime the the of of made made be be also also should should Mention Mention

Programme. Programme. Research Research Atmospheric Atmospheric Global Global the the lastly, lastly, and, and, Watch Watch Weather Weather

World World the the Sun, Sun, Quiet Quiet the the of of Years Years the the Year, Year, Geophysical Geophysical International International the the Year, Year,

Polar Polar International International First First the the as as efforts efforts international international such such to to also also and and 1951, 1951, in in (WMO) (WMO)

Organization Organization Meteorological Meteorological World World the the became became which which (IMO), (IMO), Organization Organization rological rological

Meteo­ International International the the to to rise rise gave gave co-operation co-operation This This geophysics. geophysics. and and meteorology meteorology

of of field field the the in in nations nations between between co-operation co-operation world-wide world-wide and and fruitful fruitful many-sided, many-sided, a a

of of development development the the in in forward forward step step far-reaching far-reaching and and important important an an constitute constitute 1870s 1870s the the

of of events events three three These These 1879. 1879. in in Rome Rome at at Congress Congress Meteorological Meteorological second second the the and and 1873 1873

in in Vienna Vienna at at Congress Congress Meteorological Meteorological first first the the as as such such 1970s, 1970s, the the in in fall fall also also tenaries tenaries

cen­ whose whose others, others, of of preparation preparation the the in in played played Conference Conference Leipzig Leipzig the the role role what what and and

conference conference the the of of sponsors sponsors the the by by forward forward put put were were problems problems of of sort sort what what show show They They

conference. conference. meteorological meteorological international international an an of of holding holding the the suggesting suggesting Bruhns Bruhns C. C. and and

* * Jelinek Jelinek C. C. Wild, Wild, H. H. by by (1) (1) letter letter circular circular a a from from quoted quoted are are paragraphs paragraphs These These

" " ...... congress congress a a such such of of organization organization successful successful the the ensure ensure to to governments, governments,

of of indeed, indeed, and, and, societies societies scientific scientific of of also also but but field, field, the the in in specialists specialists of of only only not not stipport stipport

the the on on rely rely can can we we that that sure sure are are we we and and congress, congress, meteorological meteorological international international an an at at tion tion

considera­ under under come come to to likely likely problems problems the the of of importance importance the the shows shows clearly points, points, other other

to to on on lead lead would would which which of of discussion discussion questions, questions, of of list list above-mentioned above-mentioned The The ...... " "

...... solution solution possible possible and and discussion discussion for for congress congress the the

before before laid laid be be might might that that questions questions some some below below out out set set to to advisable advisable it it think think nevertheless nevertheless we we

itself, itself, congress congress the the of of views views the the predetermining predetermining of of intention intention no no have have we we "Although "Although

...... conference conference logical logical

meteoro­ a a of of convening convening the the propose propose to to timely timely and and feasible feasible both both it it consider consider undersigned undersigned the the

that that 1872), 1872), Utrecht, Utrecht, observations, observations, meteorological meteorological of of system system uniform uniform a a on on Suggestions Suggestions paper paper

his his in in Ballot Ballot Buys Buys D. D. H. H. C. C. by by example, example, (for (for frequently frequently so so discussed discussed and and forward forward put put

been been have have suggestions suggestions Such Such countries. countries. different different in in use use in in procedures procedures and and methods methods the the of of

standardization standardization and and co-ordination co-ordination far-reaching far-reaching for for demand demand a a to to led led has has countries countries civilized civilized

all all by by shown shown research research meteorological meteorological in in interest interest increasing increasing the the time time present present the the "At "At

conference conference a a for for proposals proposals Early Early

attention. attention. serious serious of of worthy worthy is is 1872 1872 August August

in in Leipzig Leipzig at at held held Conference Conference Meteorological Meteorological international international large-scale large-scale first first the the view view of of

point point tllis tllis From From Services. Services. Meteorological Meteorological between between links links up up set set to to taken taken steps steps first first the the at at

look look a a have have to to context, context, this this in in interest, interest, of of is is It It centenary. centenary. its its celebrating celebrating be be shortly shortly will will

Organization, Organization, Meteorological Meteorological World World the the co-operation, co-operation, this this of of vehicle vehicle The The countries. countries. all all

of of Services Services Meteorological Meteorological by by practised practised been been long long has has co-operation co-operation International International

BoHME BoHME V. V. Dr. Dr. and and FEDORov FEDORov K. K. E. E. Academician Academician By By

1872 1872 CONFERENCE, CONFERENCE, METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL LEIPZIG LEIPZIG THE THE

137 137

(4) (4) discussion." discussion." for for basis basis a a as as used used

be be to to questions questions of of series series a a of of consisting consisting agenda agenda draft draft a a prepared prepared we we and and August August 14 14 on on

Leipzig Leipzig at at conference conference preparatory preparatory a a to to meteorologists meteorologists all all invite invite to to arranged arranged I I and and Jelinek Jelinek

Bruhns, Bruhns, result, result, a a As As understanding. understanding. mutual mutual a a to to came came soon soon we we and and Bruhns Bruhns Professor Professor with with

matter matter the the discuss discuss to to opportunity opportunity the the me me gave gave 1872 1872 of of spring spring the the in in abroad abroad trip trip My My

Saxony. Saxony. of of Institute Institute

Meteorological Meteorological the the of of and and Observatory Observatory Astronomical Astronomical Leipzig Leipzig the the of of director director Bruhns, Bruhns,

Professor Professor and and Vienna, Vienna, in in Institute Institute Geomagnetic Geomagnetic and and Meteorological Meteorological Central Central the the of of director director

Jelinek, Jelinek, Professor Professor particular, particular, in in meteorologists, meteorologists, various various with with correspondence correspondence my my in in out out it it

carrying carrying of of ways ways best best the the discussed discussed frequently frequently I I that that important important so so me me to to seemed seemed discussed, discussed,

often often so so been been had had which which project, project, This This held. held. was was congress congress meteorological meteorological international international an an

time time high high was was it it that that out out pointed pointed I I report report annual annual last last my my of of lines lines concluding concluding the the "In "In

remarked: remarked: himself himself Wild Wild occasion occasion this this On On cessful. cessful.

suc­ was was and and moment moment opportune opportune an an at at came came thus thus Wild Wild and and Jelinek Jelinek Bruhns, Bruhns, of of tiative tiative

ini­ The The .. .. forecasts forecasts weather weather for for basis basis the the formed formed which which charts charts synoptic synoptic plot plot to to possible possible

it it made made telegraph telegraph by by information information weather weather of of interchange interchange the the once once pressing pressing ticularly ticularly

par­ became became need need This This countries. countries. neighbouring neighbouring from from data data meteorological meteorological of of receipt receipt

systematic systematic the the for for need need a a also also was was There There observation. observation. of of methods methods of of perfecting perfecting the the and and

stations stations meteorological meteorological of of network network a a of of development development the the demanded demanded economy economy national national

the the of of interests interests the the countries countries all all In In observations. observations. meteorological meteorological of of dissemination dissemination and and

collection collection rapid rapid the the permitting permitting techniques techniques of of development development the the and and purposes purposes practical practical

different different for for weather weather and and climate climate on on data data of of collection collection for for demands demands increasing increasing the the

of of result result a a as as character character universal universal a a on on take take to to begun begun had had meteorology meteorology century century 19th 19th the the

of of middle middle the the By By events. events. chance chance not not were were out out them them carry carry to to attempts attempts various various the the and and

Services Services Meteorological Meteorological between between co-operation co-operation international international for for proposals proposals these these All All

(3) (3) efforts." efforts." their their direct direct should scientists scientists all all solution solution whose whose to to problems problems the the and and research, research,

scientific scientific of of results results the the publications, publications, observation, observation, of of methods methods instruments, instruments, of of use use the the of of

discussion discussion joint joint for for capitals capitals national national different different in in year year a a once once meet meet would would which which congress congress

this this to to representatives representatives send send would would nations nations All All Congress. Congress. Statistical Statistical the the of of lines lines the the

along along Physics Physics Terrestrial Terrestrial for for Congress Congress permanent permanent a a up up setting setting of of desirability desirability the the "on "on

agreement agreement general general was was there there that that concluded concluded also also Marie-Davy Marie-Davy H. H. E. E. and and Renou Renou J. J. E. E.

meteorologists meteorologists French French the the 1868, 1868, in in institutes institutes meteorological meteorological European European of of survey survey a a ing ing

Follow­ congress. congress. a a such such holding holding of of desirability desirability the the government government his his to to stressed stressed Institute, Institute,

Geomagnetic Geomagnetic and and Meteorological Meteorological Central Central Austrian Austrian the the of of director director Jelinek, Jelinek, Professor Professor

(3) (3) observations." observations." of of interchange interchange the the for for suitable suitable be be would would that that State State each each

in in stations stations weather weather various various the the at at use use in in methods methods the the system, system, common common a a up up setting setting of of

purpose purpose the the for for discuss, discuss, "To "To Europe Europe in in institutes institutes meteorological meteorological of of directors directors the the inviting inviting

of of task task the the given given be be should should Bureau Bureau Statistical Statistical Italian Italian the the that that decided decided 1867 1867 in in Florence Florence

at at held held Congress Congress Statistical Statistical international international the the at at participants participants The The (2). (2). observations observations

meteorological meteorological terrestrial terrestrial for for organization organization common common a a up up set set to to 1863 1863 in in Naturalists Naturalists

of of Congress Congress Swiss Swiss the the with with simultaneously simultaneously held held be be should should conference conference meteorological meteorological a a

that that success, success, without without albeit albeit suggested, suggested, Berlin, Berlin, in in Institute Institute Meteorological Meteorological Prussian Prussian the the

of of director director Dove, Dove, W. W. H. H. example, example, for for Thus, Thus, information. information. meteorological meteorological of of analysis analysis

and and measurement measurement of of methods methods co-ordinating co-ordinating at at aimed aimed conference conference meteorological meteorological tional tional

interna­ an an holding holding for for made made were were proposals proposals of of number number increasing increasing an an 1860 1860 After After

sea. sea. at at

made made observations observations meteorological meteorological of of standardization standardization the the as as problems problems meteorological meteorological

pressing pressing such such discussed discussed which which conference, conference, this this at at represented represented were were countries countries faring faring

sea­ major major The The meteorologist. meteorologist. and and astronomer astronomer Belgian Belgian the the Quetelet, Quetelet, of of E. E. manship manship

chair­ the the under under held held was was and and (U.S.A.) (U.S.A.) Maury Maury F. F. M. M. Lt. Lt. oceanographer, oceanographer, well-known well-known

138 138

Conference. Conference.

other other experimental experimental fields. fields. This This knowledge knowledge was was of of great great use use in in organizing organizing the the Leipzig Leipzig

a a set set of of instructions instructions on on making making observations, observations, and and carried carried out out research research into into climate climate and and

Society, Society, one one of of the the best-known best-known meteorological meteorological journals journals of of the the time. time. He He also also published published

his his successor, successor, Julius Julius von von Hann, Hann, edited edited the the journal journal of of the the Austrian Austrian Meteorological Meteorological

Austrian Austrian Central Central Meteorological Meteorological and and Geomagnetic Geomagnetic Institute Institute from from 1863 1863 to to 1873. 1873. He He and and

The The third third father father of of the the Leipzig Leipzig Conference Conference was was Professor Professor Jelinek, Jelinek, director director of of the the

which which furthered furthered recognition recognition of of Russian Russian achievements achievements in in the the meteorological meteorological field. field.

journal journal Meteorologiceskie Meteorologiceskie Sbornik, Sbornik, also also known known as as Wilds Wilds Repertorium Repertorium fiir fiir Meteorologie, Meteorologie,

some some of of the the foundations foundations for for the the work work of of the the Leipzig Leipzig Conference. Conference. Wild Wild was was editor editor of of the the

in in Russia Russia and and his his work work on on meteorological meteorological instruments instruments and and methods methods of of observation observation laid laid

logical logical Observatory. Observatory. He He played played a a decisive decisive role role in in establishing establishing meteorological meteorological institutes institutes

from1868 from1868 to to 1895 1895 and and during during this this period period founded founded the the Pavlovsk Pavlovsk Magnetic Magnetic and and Meteoro­

Professor Professor Wild Wild was was director director of of the the St. St. Petersburg Petersburg Central Central Geophysical Geophysical Observatory Observatory

belonged belonged to to the the classical classical school school of of meteorology meteorology and and geophysics. geophysics.

on on the the other other hand, hand, were were distinguished distinguished for for their their work in in work meteorology meteorology and and geography geography and and

for for the the publication publication of of the the reports reports on on these these congresses congresses and and committees. committees. Wild Wild and and Jelinek, Jelinek,

Professor Professor Heinrich Heinrich Wild Wild

Commission Commission for for the the Measurement Measurement of of the the Geographical Geographical Degree, Degree, he he was was made made responsible responsible

gresses gresses and and committees. committees. As As a a result result of of his his long long experience experience as as Secretary Secretary of of the the European European

took took an an active active part part in in organizing organizing the the Leipzig Leipzig Conference Conference and and various various subsequent subsequent con­

edited edited a a meteorological meteorological yearbook yearbook and and published published other other information information in in the the field. field. Bruhns Bruhns

observatory, observatory, he he was was responsible responsible for for running running the the Meteorological Meteorological Service Service of of Saxony. Saxony. He He

professor professor of of Leipzig Leipzig University University (1860-1881) (1860-1881) and and as as director director of of the the local local astronomical astronomical

Professor Professor Brulms Brulms was was well well known known for for his his work work in in astronomy astronomy and and geodesy. geodesy. As As a a

Organizers Organizers of of the the conference conference

preparation preparation of of the the conference. conference.

it it also also had had the the advantage advantage that that they they were were able able to to complement complement each each other's other's efforts efforts in in the the

from from countries countries which which up up to to then then had had had had considerable considerable success success in in the the field field of of meteorology, meteorology,

Not Not only only was was this this joint joint initiative initiative to to organize organize and and hold hold a a conference conference made made by by scientists scientists

139 139

difficulty difficulty no no be be should should there there that that procedure procedure a a warnings, warnings, storm storm of of issue issue the the for for information information

weather weather telegraphed telegraphed of of basis basis the the on on daily daily chart chart synoptic synoptic one one least least at at up up set set to to need need "The "The

(4): (4): above above cited cited report report

annual annual the the in in wrote wrote Wild Wild Thus, Thus, warnings. warnings. storm storm regards regards as as particular particular in in information, information,

weather weather of of exchange exchange the the concerning concerning point point important important extremely extremely an an raised raised exchange?" exchange?" (1) (1)

an an such such to to co-ordination co-ordination tighter tighter and and distribution distribution wider wider give give telegram telegram by by information information

weather weather of of exchange exchange the "Would "Would 25): 25): (item (item agenda agenda the the on on question question penultimate penultimate The The

data. data. observed observed of of publication publication and and collection collection the the

for for country country each each in in institutes institutes central central the the of of responsibility responsibility the the to to attention attention particular particular with with

24), 24), to to 22 22 (items (items countries countries individual individual in in services services meteorological meteorological of of organization organization the the was was as as

also discussed, discussed, also was was observations observations meteorological meteorological published published exchanging exchanging of of possibility possibility The The

Vienna. Vienna. at at later later and and Leipzig Leipzig at at examined examined thoroughly thoroughly were were points points other other many many and and values values

mean mean of of adoption adoption the the observations, observations, meteorological meteorological of of results results of of analysis analysis the the of of lems lems

prob­ The The agenda. agenda. conference conference the the on on 21 21 to to 2 2 items items under under figured figured screens) screens) thermometer thermometer !tt !tt

of of introduction introduction the the thermometers, thermometers, installing installing of of ways ways stations, stations, order order second second at at meters meters

baro­ aneroid aneroid of of use use the the example: example: (for (for observations observations meteorological meteorological making making of of methods methods

regarding regarding problems problems basic basic The The settled. settled. fully fully been been yet yet not not still still has has point point this this and and cussed cussed

dis­ was was meteorology meteorology into into system system metric metric the the introduce introduce to to need need the the programme programme Leipzig Leipzig

Wetterdienst) Wetterdienst) Deutscher Deutscher of of courtesy courtesy (Photo (Photo Wetterdienst) Wetterdienst) by by Deutscher Deutscher of of courtesy courtesy by by (Photo (Photo

Jelinek Jelinek Car! Car! Professor Professor Bruhns Bruhns Car! Car! Professor Professor

the the of of item item first first the tmder tmder example, example, For For today. today. attention attention attract attract still still questions questions these these of of

Many Many 1879). 1879). (Rome, (Rome, congress congress such such second second the the of of agenda agenda the the of of part part and and 1873), 1873), (Vienna, (Vienna,

Congress Congress Meteorological Meteorological international international first first the the of of agenda agenda the the for for basis basis the the formed formed quently quently

subse­ Conference Conference Leipzig Leipzig the the at at time time first first the the for for discussed discussed were were that that questions questions the the

Indeed, Indeed, problems. problems. meteorological meteorological pressing pressing most most the the concerning concerning discussion discussion for for ference ference

con­ the the to to put put questions questions 26 26 of of list list the the up up draw draw to to organizers organizers the the helped helped undoubtedly undoubtedly

stations, stations, meteorological meteorological of of networks networks organizing organizing in in experience experience personal personal with with together together

journals, journals, scientific scientific in in appeared appeared previously previously had had that that discussions discussions and and proposals proposals The The

conference conference the the at at discussed discussed Items Items

140 140

development development of of the the World World Weather Weather Watch Watch and and the the Global Global Atmospheric Atmospheric Research Research

This This lends lends extreme extreme urgency urgency to to such such tasks tasks of of international international co-operation co-operation as as the the

serious serious disturbance disturbance of of natural natural processes. processes.

before before unco-ordinated unco-ordinated action action taken taken on on a a large large scale scale by by individual individual States States could could lead lead to to

the the time, time, while while nowadays nowadays it it attracts attracts general general attention. attention. Comparatively Comparatively little little time time remains remains

of of mankind mankind on on the the natural natural environment environment troubled troubled only only the the most most advanced advanced thinkers thinkers of of

place place than than it it does does today. today. The The problem problem of of the the influence, influence, both both involuntary involuntary and and voluntary, voluntary,

A A hundred hundred years years ago ago the the world world appeared appeared to to the the human human race race to to be be a a much much simpler simpler

Conclusion Conclusion

programme programme of of research. research.

the the globe. globe. Only Only concerted concerted efforts efforts can can ensure ensure the the carrying carrying out out of of any any truly truly world-wide world-wide

and and uniform uniform supply supply of of information information on on the the state state of of the the atmosphere atmosphere and and the the ocean ocean all all over over

increasingly increasingly important. important. Each Each such such organization organization or or Service Service demands demands a a fast, fast, high high quality quality

Services Services and and scientific scientific research research organizations organizations belonging belonging to to different different countries countries becomes becomes

however, however, enormously enormously increased. increased. Thus Thus co-ordination co-ordination of of the the efforts efforts of of Meteorological Meteorological

the the same. same. The The volume volume of of work work and and its its importance importance to to every-day every-day human human activity activity have, have,

logical logical Services Services and and of of world-wide world-wide co-ordination co-ordination of of scientific scientific research research in in this this field field remain remain

has has lost lost none none of of its its pertinence. pertinence. The The aims aims of of international co-operation co-operation international between between Meteoro­

tion tion in in the the meteorological meteorological field field took took place, place, it it would would appear appear that that Wild's Wild's realistic realistic appraisal appraisal

At At the the present present time, time, a a hundred hundred years years after after events events these leading leading to to international international co-opera­

way way for for the the solution solution of of more more complicated complicated questions questions by by future future conferences." conferences." (5) (5)

in in spite spite of of the the lack lack of of general general agreement agreement in in one one area, area, then then surely surely such such a a success success paves paves the the

main main direction direction to to be be taken taken by by research. research. as as is is my my If, If, opinion, opinion, the the first first trial trial was was a a success, success,

to to mislead mislead the the conference conference on on the the priority priority to to be be given given to to scientific scientific problems problems and and on on the the

- ments ments and and methods methods of of observation observation is is difficult difficult to to reach, reach, then then it it is is easy easy for for disparate disparate opinions opinions

too too much much of of them. them. If If general general agreement agreement on on such such concrete concrete points points as, as, for for example, example, instru-

were were the the first first attempts attempts of of their their kind kind and and it it would would not not therefore therefore be be reasonable reasonable to to demand demand

the the Leipzig Leipzig Meteorological Meteorological Conference, Conference, and and its its executive executive organ organ the the permanent permanent committee, committee,

"We "We should should not not !ose_complete !ose_complete sight sight of of the the fact fact thaUhe thaUhe firsJ firsJ CQngr()ss, CQngr()ss, _ _ itspredeces~Ql" itspredeces~Ql"

this this criticism criticism as as follows: follows:

at at the the lack lack of of agreement agreement on on the the co-ordination co-ordination of of research research work. work. Wild Wild was was right right to to reject reject

were were not, not, of of course, course, without without their their defects, defects, and and provoked provoked some some criticism, criticism, levelled levelled mainly mainly

of of symbols. symbols. The The resolutions resolutions made made at at the the Leipzig Leipzig Conference Conference and and the the Vienna Vienna Congress Congress

standardization standardization of of methods methods of of observation observation and and analysis, analysis, such such as as the the use use of of a a single single set set

Conference Conference at at Leipzig Leipzig was, was, together together with with the the preparation preparation of of the the Vienna Vienna Congress, Congress, the the

Basically Basically the the most most important important achievement achievement of of the the first first international international Meteorological Meteorological

Achievements Achievements of of the the conference conference

Executive Executive Committee Committee of of the the World World Meteorological Meteorological Organization. Organization.

Meteorological Meteorological Committee, Committee, and and eventually eventually led led to to the the setting setting up up of of the the present-day present-day

the the second second international international Meteorological Meteorological Congress, Congress, which which established established an an International International

logical logical Congress Congress also also elected elected a a permanent permanent committee. committee. This This experiment experiment was was repeated repeated at at

Buys Buys Ballot, Ballot, director director of of the the Utrecht Utrecht Meteorological Meteorological Institute. Institute. The The Vienna Vienna Meteoro­

elected elected to to this this permanent permanent committee committee together together with with the the celebrated celebrated Dutch Dutch meteorologist, meteorologist,

the the task task of of preparing preparing the the congress. congress. The The organizers organizers of of the the Leipzig Leipzig Conference Conference were were

hold hold a a congress congress the the following following year year at at Vienna, Vienna, and and to to set set up up a a permanent permanent committee committee with with

resolutions resolutions of of the the meteorological meteorological congress congress ?" ?" it it was was unanimously unanimously decided decided at at Leipzig Leipzig to to

As As regards regards item item 26: 26: "What "What measures measures should should be be taken taken to to carry carry out out the the decisions decisions and and

of of the the atmosphere, atmosphere, and and this this should should lead lead to to elucidation elucidation of of the the correct correct laws laws of of the the weather." weather."

phenomena. phenomena. Only Only in in this this way way shall shall we we gradually gradually build build up up a a correct correct idea idea of of the the dynamics dynamics

in in carrying carrying out out in in future, future, is, is, I I consider, consider, very very closely closely tied tied up up with with the the theory theory or or weather weather

141 141

Annual. Annual. Americana Americana Encyclopedia Encyclopedia 1971. 1971. in in weather weather The The (1971): (1971): * * E. E. H. H. LANDSBERG, LANDSBERG,

below. below. reviewed reviewed are are

1971 1971 in in world world the the of of parts parts different different affected affected which which events events weather weather significant significant The The

Australia. Australia. and and Africa Africa Asia, Asia, America, America, North North of of continents continents the the over over areas areas large large

Ocean, Ocean, Indian Indian south-west south-west the the and and Pacific Pacific South South the the to to addition addition in in covered, covered, anomalies anomalies

Negative Negative Atlantic. Atlantic. South South the the and and Zealand Zealand New New and and Australia Australia eastern eastern America, America, North North of of

coast coast

west west the the Pacific, Pacific, North North the the Asia, Asia, far-eastern far-eastern India, India, north-east north-east Africa, Africa, north-west north-west

Europe, Europe, Atlantic, Atlantic, northern northern the the Greenland, Greenland, Canada, Canada, eastern eastern over over 1971 1971 in in predominated predominated

pressure pressure atmospheric atmospheric of of anomalies anomalies positive positive high high rather rather 1931-1960, 1931-1960, for for averages averages the the with with

comparison comparison In In circulation. circulation. index index zonal zonal low low with with 1968, 1968, since since existing existing patterns patterns the the to to

similar similar be be to to continued continued 1971 1971 in in pressure pressure atmospheric atmospheric of of distribution distribution global global The The

view. view. of of point point agricultural agricultural the the from from

good good

was was year year the the that that reported reported countries countries several several Furthermore, Furthermore, 1971. 1971. in in occurred occurred

consequences consequences economic economic extensive extensive or or life life human human of of loss loss heavy heavy with with event event weather weather no no

that that

mention mention received received reports reports the the of of one-third one-third about about that that note note to to interesting interesting is is It It

1971. 1971. November November to to 1970 1970 December December from from weather weather the the *of *of Landsberg Landsberg E. E. H. H. Dr. Dr. by by review review

the the to to

made made been been also also has has ·Reference ·Reference reports. reports. national national the the in in detailed detailed as as sequences, sequences,

con­

economic economic substantial substantial had had which which or or life life human human of of losses losses heavy heavy caused caused which which

conditions conditions weather weather exceptional exceptional the the to to mainly mainly relates relates It It onwards. onwards. 1967 1967 years years the the for for

Bulletin Bulletin WMO WMO the the in in issued issued surveys surveys similar similar of of continuation continuation a a is is world, world, the the over over all all

Services Services Meteorological Meteorological national national from from received received reports reports 62 62 on on based based review, review, This This

1971 1971 IN IN WEATHER WEATHER SIGNIFICANT SIGNIFICANT

Petersburg. Petersburg.

St. St.

1874. 1874. und und

1873 1873 fur fur

Zentralobservatoriums Zentralobservatoriums Physikalischen Physikalischen des des Jahresbericht Jahresbericht (1875): (1875): H. H. WILD, WILD, 5. 5.

38. 38. and and 46 46 Pp. Pp.

burg. burg.

Peters­ St. St.

1871. 1871.

fur fur Zentralobservatoriums Zentralobservatoriums Physikalischen Physikalischen des des Jahresbericht Jahresbericht (1873): (1873): H. H. WILD, WILD, 4. 4.

353-357. 353-357. pp. pp. 4, 4, Meteor. Meteor. fiir fiir Ges. Ges. Osterreichischen Osterreichischen der der Z. Z. gelangen. gelangen.

zu zu Dokuments Dokuments

meteorologischen meteorologischen der der Austausche Austausche rascheren rascheren einem einem zu zu und und Beobachtungssysteme Beobachtungssysteme

iibereinstimmenden iibereinstimmenden

einem einem zu zu um um Meteorologen, Meteorologen, der der Congress Congress einen einen Uber Uber (1869): (1869): C. C. JELINEK, JELINEK, 3. 3.

297-298. 297-298. pp. pp. 7, 7, Meteor. Meteor. fiir fiir Ges. Ges.

Osterreichischen Osterreichischen

der der Z. Z. Wien. Wien. zu zu Meteorologen-Congress Meteorologen-Congress den den Uber Uber (1872): (1872): W. W. H. H. DovE, DovE, 2. 2.

193-196. 193-196.

pp. pp.

7, 7,

Meteor. Meteor. fiir fiir

Ges. Ges. Osterreichischen Osterreichischen der der Z. Z. Versammlung. Versammlung. Meteorologen- abzuhaltenden abzuhaltenden Leipzig Leipzig

in in

(1872) (1872) J. J.

d. d.

August August im im einer einer zu zu Einladung Einladung (1872): (1872): C. C. JELINEK, JELINEK, H., H., WILD, WILD, C., C., BRUHNS, BRUHNS, 1. 1.

REFERENCES REFERENCES

meteorology. meteorology. in in co-operation co-operation international international of of tions tions

founda­ the the laid laid far-sightedly far-sightedly century, century, last last the the in in who, who, predecessors predecessors our our remember remember we we

that that respect respect and and gratitude gratitude with with is is it it tasks, tasks, herculean herculean these these out out carry carry to to begin begin we we As As

countries. countries. all all in in science science

of of

development development the the and and Services Services Meteorological Meteorological of of improvement improvement further further the the for for ities ities

possibil­ vast vast opens opens projects projects such such of of accomplishment accomplishment the the time, time, same same the the At At countries. countries.

all all of of

Services Services Meteorological Meteorological the the on on responsibility responsibility great great a a lay lay result result a a as as and and tion, tion,

co-opera­ widespread widespread and and effective effective of of degree degree high high a a demand demand projects projects Such Such Programme. Programme. EUROPE In general, weather conditions in Europe were not unfavourable from the economic viewpoint; in the Federal Republic of Germany there was a record cereal crop and an excellent quality of wine was produced. The wine quality in Switzerland was also excellent, approaching that produced in 1911 and 1947. Temperature: While in IRELAND, the UNITED KINGDOM and the central part of the u.s.s.R., January was exceptionally warm, low temperatures were experienced in FRANCE during the same month and cold weather in SPAIN caused freezing of rivers and damage to livestock and agriculture estimated at 30 000 million pesetas. February was unusually cold in the u.s.S.R. The lowest March temperatures ever recorded were experienced at the beginning of March in the NETHERLANDS, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY, FRANCE, SWITZERLAND and ITALY. Precipitation, floods and droughts: The year was exceptionally dry in the majority of countries in Europe. In ISRAEL, annual rain distribution was not favourable for agriculture; damage estimated at more than I£ 21 million was caused by droughts, floods, hail, frost and gales. In the u.s.s.R., heavy snowfall from 10 to 13 February, due to the southerly penetra­ tion of arctic air, blocked road and railway traffic in the western Caucasus. Heavy snowfalls and avalanches in February, March and April in FRANCE disrupted normal life and caused several accidents. SPAIN experienced the most abnormal spring of the century with heavy rains and storms following the worst drought in the past 30 years. In LEBANON, from 12 to 18 April, precipitation amounted to 200 to 400 mm (averages for April are 30 to lOO mm). In most parts of ISRAEL, April was the rainiest on record. On 12 April, 90 mm of rain fell in Jerusalem, the highest 24-hour value recorded inllO years. The heavy rains, hail and violent wind resulted in damage to fruit orchards in Lebanon and in the flooding of roads, bridges and houses in Israel.

In POLAND, on 6 June, 110 mm of rain fell in Wroclaw in two hours and caused losses estimated at 10 million zlotys. After excessive rainfall in June, the summer, as :~----a-result-of-prolonged-high~ pressure situations, was extremely hot and dry in many countries of central Europe. Very intensive drought and drying out of the soil occurred in Poland in July and August in association with unusually high temperatures, low humidity, increased insolation, and precipitation amounts reaching only 25 to 50 per cent of the normal values. Long dry periods in the FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY, such as had not been reported since the beginning of regular observation in 1881, resulted in deficiencies in the water supply, damage to forest growth, and restrictions to shipping on the Niederrhein, on which lower water-levels had only been recorded twice since 1818. Similar effects were experienced in AUSTRIA where drinking water supplies were severely reduced. In SPAIN, hail on 9 August destroyed in a few minutes the excellent harvest in the Le6n, La Vera and other areas and caused damage estimated at 4000 million pesetas. Summer drought caused forest fires in ITALY and various places were affected by cloud bursts and spouts in June, July, September and .October.

In the autumn, heavy rainfall associated with very high winds in NORWAY caused loss of human life and damage to property, crops, roads and forests; precipitation in the Tr0ndelag area was the highest for the past 50 years. In October the river Namsen was 6 m above the usual water level. From 2 to 4 November, damage caused by heavy rainfall (200 mm) and floods in H0yanger amounted to N.Kr. 12 million. In the central part of the u .s.s.R., precipitation from 15 to 17 October equalled the monthly values

142 and the snow cover of 20 to 40 cm was the highest on record for the season. In SPAIN, 16 people lost their lives in floods in Barcelona, on 22 September. In central Europe, however, the autumn was continuously dry in all areas. Storms: The period September to December was the stormiest for the past 30 years in NORWAY, between 61° and 66°N; 75 days were recorded with winds greater than Beaufort force 8, 47 days with wind force 9 and over, and 3 days with hurricane winds. In northern SWEDEN, westerly gales on 11 to 12 October, and on 3 and 11 November, caused damage to the forests estimated at Sw .Kr. 10 million.

ASIA Temperature: In the u.s.s.R., January temperatures in southern Siberia were 5° to 7°C above normal, while in central Siberia, on the contrary, February was go to l2°C colder than usual. Relatively warm weather in IRAN caused mid-February ava­ lanches in which 13 people were killed. In the u.s.s.R. unusual night frosts occurred in central Siberia from 27 to 30 July., In JAPAN, low temperatures with snow in April and May, frost in June· and cold weather in July and August, caused crop damage over a farming area of 1.55 million ha in Honshu and Hokkaido. In western Kazakhstan (u.s.s.R.) monthly temperatures in September were 4° to 6°C above normal and in December 6° to 9°C above normal, while in central Siberia November was very hot with a monthly temperature deviation reaching + 10°C. Precipitation and floods: Inlate January, the passage of aseries of cyclones caused heavy snowfalls in the far eastern parts of the u.s.s.R., which, for example in the town of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, amounted to 577 mm in a week, while the normal for a whole month is 6 mm. South of Lake Baikal, 10-day rainfall in July amounted to three to four times the normal for the month, resulting in river floods. In KOREA, heavy snow and tidal waves in January, hail in May and floods in July, caused the deaths of about 150 people and material losses valued at US $20 million. Severe drought struck the Okinawa area in JAPAN, where the total rainfall of 525 mm during the six-month period March to August reached only 41 per cent of the normal. Floods following heavy showers in western IRAN, in June, caused the deaths of 63 people in addition to material losses, and thousands were made homeless. In August, heavy monsoon rains caused floods in East PAKISTAN which affected 5.5 million people and caused severe damage to property and crops; 14 people were drowned and 500 cattle washed away; 55 people died from cholera which broke out in the wake of the floods. Heavy rainfall and extensive flooding of the Himalayan rivers in northern INDIA were due to the passage inland from the Bay of Bengal of seven monsoon depressions and eight low pressure areas between June and September. The loss of 1023lives was reported, 55 million people were affected and damage, the heaviest since 1953, was estimated at Rs. 5270 million. In INDONESIA, 100 people were killed due to floods and storms during the year, and severe damage to houses, farmland and cattle was reported. In HONG KONG the total rainfalls in March (1.1 mm) and November (trace) were the lowest for these months since 1884 and 1924 respectively, while the total of 175.1 mm in December was the highest on record; the daily total of 288.1 mm on 17 August was the highest recorded in August since records began in 1884. Storms and typhoons: In various parts of the u.s.s.R., on several dates in January, March and April, strong winds of 40-50 m sec-1 , sometimes associated with snow­ storms, caused disruption of railway and road traffic. Storms in central KOREA in February, in the south-west in June, and storms and tidal waves caused by typhoons Olive and Pally in August, caused 47 deaths; damage to houses, ships, roads and to

143

144 144

airport. airport. Cairo Cairo at at aircraft aircraft small small four four

of of collision collision the the caused caused winds winds high high March, March, 30 30 On On burnt. burnt. houses houses 350 350 and and injured injured 20 20

kiiied, kiiied, were were people people 3 3 which which in in caused caused were were fires fires places places many many In In June. June. and and April April March, March,

February, February, during during EGYPT, EGYPT, in in damage damage caused caused sandstorms sandstorms associated associated with with winds winds High High

February. February. and and

January January in in MADAGASCAR MADAGASCAR in in damage damage severe severe caused caused rains rains heavy heavy and and winds winds high high with with

Joe!le) Joe!le) and and Felicie Felicie (Edith, (Edith, these these of of three three Ocean; Ocean; Indian Indian the the of of part part south-western south-western the the

in in recorded recorded was was cyclones cyclones tropical tropical 11 11 of of passage passage The The cyclones: cyclones: tropical tropical and and Storms Storms

orchards. orchards.

citrus citrus of of inundation inundation and and bridges bridges and and roads roads to to damage damage lives, lives, 83 83 of of loss loss the the flooding, flooding,

extensive extensive causing causing rivers rivers and and streams streams of of rise rise rapid rapid a a in in resulted resulted August August 22 22 to to 19 19 from from

Midlands Midlands Cape Cape the the of of regions regions southern southern the the over over rains rains heavy heavy AFRICA AFRICA souTH souTH In In

autumn. autumn. previous previous the the

droughts droughts by by affected affected already already vegetation vegetation to to damage damage further further caused caused March March in in weather weather

dry dry exceptionally exceptionally REUNION, REUNION, On On years. years. ten ten in in drought drought worst worst the the experienced experienced KENYA KENYA

flooded. flooded. areas areas agricultural agricultural large large and and destroyed destroyed were were houses houses farm farm many many lives; lives; their their lost lost

people people three three which which in in collisions collisions transport transport of of number number a a caused caused December, December, in in again again and and

April, April, in in EGYPT, EGYPT, of of north north the the in in rain rain Widespread Widespread droughts: droughts: and and floods floods Precipitation, Precipitation,

· · September. September. and and

August August in in OaC) OaC) (around (around temperatures temperatures minimum minimum extreme extreme and and June June and and May May April, April, in in

recorded recorded were were temperatures temperatures maximum maximum extreme extreme MADAGASCAR, MADAGASCAR, In In Temperature: Temperature:

AFRICA AFRICA

harbour. harbour. Kong Kong Hong Hong of of bottom bottom the the to to 80 80 of of crew crew her her of of four four but but all all carried carried

ferry ferry Macau Macau Kong- Hong Hong the the of of capsize capsize The The damaged. damaged. or or sunk sunk were were ferries ferries harbour harbour

cross­ 6 6 and and craft craft small small 300 300 vessels, vessels, ocean-going ocean-going Twenty-eight Twenty-eight homeless. homeless. made made thousands thousands

and­ -injured, -injured, were were hundreds hundreds killed, killed, were were people people 100 100 Over Over Kong. Kong. Hong Hong in in record record on on

highest highest the the was was h- mm mm 513 513 be be to to estimated estimated rate, rate, , ,

instantaneous instantaneous maximum maximum the the and and 1

days, days, two two these these during during recorded recorded was was rain rain of of mm mm 341 341 of of total total A A latter). latter). the the recording recording

after after shortly shortly broken broken was was anemometer anemometer (the (the recorded recorded were were Shan, Shan, Mo Mo Tai Tai of of top top the the at at

knots knots 150 150 least least at at of of and and Observatory, Observatory, Royal Royal the the at at knots knots 121 121 of of gusts gusts Maximum Maximum 1962. 1962.

in in Wanda Wanda typhoon typhoon since since sustained sustained property property to to damage damage heaviest heaviest and and fatalities fatalities highest highest

the the caused caused Rose Rose typhoon typhoon August August 17 17 to to 16 16 on on KONG; KONG; HONG HONG of of mi mi n n 400 400 within within were were 9 9

1971, 1971, in in Sea Sea China China South South the the through through passing passing cyclones cyclones tropical tropical 19 19 Of Of losses. losses. economic economic

heavy heavy and and deaths deaths several several caused caused THAILAND, THAILAND, of of parts parts various various in in year year the the through through all all

experienced experienced floods floods and and rains rains depressions, depressions, Tropical Tropical damaged. damaged. were were harvest harvest for for ready ready

rice rice of of hectares hectares million million one one over over and and houses houses miilion miilion a a perished; perished; have have to to reported reported are are

cattle cattle of of head head 000 000 and and beings beings 50 50 human human 000 000 10 10 about about and and affected affected was was million million six six of of tion tion

popula­ A A rivers. rivers. the the of of flooding flooding caused caused tides tides high high with with combined combined inland inland rains rains heavy heavy

recorded; recorded; were were h- km km 175 175 of of wind wind highest highest and and mb mb 966, 966, of of

pressure pressure lowest lowest the the INDIA; INDIA; 1 1

of of coast coast Orissa Orissa the the on on km 000 000 20 20 about about of of area area extended extended an an

affected affected October, October, 30 30 on on 2 2

Bengal Bengal of of Bay Bay the the in in developed developed which which storm, storm, cyclonic cyclonic A A lines. lines. telecommunication telecommunication and and

trees trees to to damage damage and and 100 100 to to injuries injuries people, people, ten ten of of deaths deaths the the caused caused May May in in duststorms duststorms

and and hailstorms hailstorms PAKISTAN, PAKISTAN, West West In In 796landslides. 796landslides. and and inundated, inundated, farmland farmland of of ha ha 588 588 10 10

flooded, flooded, houses houses 000 000 18 18 destroyed, destroyed, houses houses 626 626 homeless, homeless, 000 000 25 25 injured, injured, 209 209 missing, missing, or or

dead dead people people 69 69 included included damage damage and and casualties casualties resulting resulting the the Kyushu; Kyushu; in in districts districts several several

affected affected rains, rains, heavy heavy and and winds winds high high with with associated associated mb, mb, 939 939 of of pressure pressure minimum minimum

a a with with Olive Olive typhoon typhoon August, August, 6 6 and and 5 5 On On boats. boats. fishing fishing 1800 1800 nearly nearly of of loss loss the the and and

15, 15, to to injuries injuries people, people, two two of of deaths deaths the the caused caused sec-1, sec-1, m m 30 30 to to gusting gusting winds winds with with ary, ary,

Janu­ 5 5 and and 4 4 on on JAPAN JAPAN in in Snowstorms million. million. $4 $4 US US at at estimated estimated was was fields fields cultivated cultivated

145 145

emergency emergency was was proclaimed proclaimed during during and and after after a a heavy heavy snow snow and and windstorm windstorm on on 16 16 to to

than than any any other other storms storms in in the the modern modern era; era; at at St. St. John's John's (Newfoundland) (Newfoundland) a a state state of of

February February 1971, 1971, caused caused more more road, road, rail rail and and air air transport transport dislocation dislocation at at London London (Ontario) (Ontario)

Storms: Storms: In In violent violent storms storms in in November November 1970 1970 and and again again in in January January CANADA, CANADA, and and

is is approximately approximately TT TT $120 $120 000.-. 000.-.

and and destroyed destroyed part part of of the the roadway roadway and and caused caused severe severe beach beach erosion. erosion. Estimated Estimated damage damage

flooding flooding and and tidal tidal surges surges associated associated with with heavy heavy rains rains affected affected east east the coast coast of of TRINIDAD TRINIDAD

to to reductions reductions of of 20 20 to to 25 25 per per cent cent of of the the banana banana and and sugar sugar harvest. harvest. On On 23 23 October, October,

In In the the an an abnormal abnormal drought drought from from June June to to October October contributed contributed FRENCH FRENCH ANTILLES ANTILLES

north-east north-east had had record record seasonal seasonal snowfall snowfall totals totals for for the the winter winter 1970-1971. 1970-1971.

cipitation cipitation was was above above normal normal in in the the Atlantic Atlantic coast coast states states north north of of Florida; Florida; parts parts of of the the

early early spring, spring, causing causing great great ecological ecological dislocation dislocation and and economic economic damage. damage. Annual Annual pre­

drought drought developed developed in in southern southern Florida Florida as as a a result result of of record record dryness dryness in in late late winter winter and and

Texas. Texas. The The middle middle Mississippi Mississippi valley valley and and Florida Florida were were dry dry most most of of the the year. year. Severe Severe

August, August, with with rainfall rainfall amounts amounts of of more more than than 200 200 mm mm falling falling in in central central and and southern southern

year, year, particularly particularly in in Texas Texas and and Oklahoma. Oklahoma. Generous Generous rain rain relieved relieved this this situation situation in in

In In the the south-west south-west of of the the u u serious serious drought drought developed developed in in the the first first half half of of the the .s.A., .s.A.,

a a major major problem problem in in Ottawa Ottawa and and Montreal. Montreal.

1970 1970 to to 21 21 April April 1971, 1971, and and was was as as deep deep as as 1.22 1.22 m m on on 8 8 March. March. Snow Snow removal removal became became

reported reported in in the the winter winter 1886-1887) 1886-1887) and and the the measurable measurable snow-cover snow-cover lasted lasted from from 4 4 December December

to to millions millions of of dollars. dollars. At At Ottawa Ottawa the the winter winter snowfall snowfall was was 4.45 4.45 m m (second (second to to the the 4.62 4.62 m m

(Photo (Photo D. D. W. W. Boyd) Boyd)

snowfalls snowfalls of of the the century century

experienced experienced the the heaviest heaviest

The The Ottawa-Montreal Ottawa-Montreal area area

Ottawa, Ottawa, March March 1971: 1971:

bridges, bridges, and and to to buildings buildings in in the the Halifax/Dartmouth Halifax/Dartmouth area area with with total total damages damages amounting amounting

heavy heavy rain rain from from hurricane hurricane Beth Beth caused caused considerable considerable damage damage to to crops, crops, to to highways highways and and

Precipitation, Precipitation, floods floods and and droughts: droughts: In In floods floods in in Nova Nova Scotia Scotia following following CANADA, CANADA,

in in September September and and October. October.

west, west, winter winter came came early early and and record record low low temperatures temperatures and and snowfalls snowfalls were were experienced experienced

in in the the east, east, with with Washington, Washington, D.C., D.C., having having its its warmest warmest October October for for a a century. century. In In the the

Portland Portland (Maine) (Maine) had had its its coldest coldest January January in in 100 100 years. years. October October was was especially especially warm warm

temperatures temperatures in in Florida, Florida, California California and and Arizona Arizona damaged damaged citrus citrus and and vegetable vegetable crops. crops.

Creek Creek Camp Camp (Alaska) (Alaska) is is a a new new absolute absolute minimum minimum temperature temperature record record for for Freezing Freezing u.s.A. u.s.A.

oc oc of of -35.4°C -35.4°C in in January, January, its its coldest coldest month month on on record; record; -62.1 -62.1 on on 23 23 January January at at Prospect Prospect

Temperature: Temperature: In In the the Fairbanks Fairbanks (Alaska) (Alaska) recorded recorded a a mean mean temperature temperature u.s.A., u.s.A.,

NORTH NORTH AND AND CENTRAL CENTRAL AMERICA AMERICA

146 146

broke broke windstorm windstorm and and rain rain heavy heavy a a afterwards, afterwards, Shortly Shortly population. population. of of centres centres larger larger the the

in in supplies supplies power power disrupting disrupting temporarily temporarily life, life, human human of of loss loss and and property property to to damage damage

incalculable incalculable and and widespread widespread caused caused snowstorm. snowstorm. the the by by It It June June in in affected affected already already

of of part part the the hit hit July July 8 8 on on earthquake earthquake severe severe A A phenomena: phenomena: exceptional exceptional CHILE CHILE Other Other

homeless. homeless. made made families families numerous numerous and and injured injured were were people people 18 18

cent; cent; per 16 16 to to fell fell humidity humidity and and 32aC 32aC to to rose rose temperature temperature the the December; December; 16 16 on on Plata Plata del del

Mar Mar struck struck h- km km 255 255 to to up up gusts gusts with with wind, wind, violent violent unusually unusually an an In In

, , ARGENTINA, ARGENTINA, 1

million. million. four four over over of of population population a a with with km 000 000 40 40 of of area area an an over over life life human human

2 2

of of loss loss some some and and damage damage economic economic and and material material much much causing causing Andes, Andes, the the and and CHILE CHILE

of of centre centre the the affected affected snowfall snowfall heavy heavy and and winds winds high high June, June, 21 21 and and 20 20 On On Storms: Storms:

country. country. the the of of areas areas central central the the into into systems systems frontal frontal of of penetration penetration the the to to owing owing 1971 1971 in in

marked marked less less was was years, years, five five past past the the during during of of areas areas considerable considerable affected affected has has which which CHILE CHILE

deficit deficit precipitation precipitation The The lost. lost. were were lives lives no no property, property, to to damage damage was was there there though though and and

record record on on highest highest the the of of one one was was in in river river Amazon Amazon the the of of flood flood annual annual The The BRAZIL BRAZIL

year. year. one one for for value value normal normal the the of of cent cent per per 70 70 represents represents and and

century century the the for for amount amount record record a a was was Aires Aires Buenos Buenos in in February February and and January January during during

mm mm 533 533 of of rainfall rainfall total total the the In In droughts: droughts: and and floods floods Precipitation, Precipitation, ARGENTINA, ARGENTINA,

AMERICA AMERICA SOUTH SOUTH

areas. areas. inhabited inhabited several several destroyed destroyed completely completely and and homeless homeless made made being being

people people of of thousands thousands in in resulted resulted September, September, 11 11 to to 9 9 from from across across cyclone cyclone same same HONDURAS HONDURAS

the the of of passage passage The The Coahuila. Coahuila. and and Tamaulipas Tamaulipas Yucatan, Yucatan, in in areas areas cultivated cultivated affected affected

8 8 ESSA ESSA

from from taken taken Edith, Edith, hurricane hurricane

of of photograph photograph Satellite Satellite

1971: 1971: September September 10 10

Honduras, Honduras,

floods, floods, and and rains rains heavy heavy associated associated with with and, and, September September 15 15 to to 6 6 from from over over MEXICO MEXICO

passed passed 49°W, 49°W, and and l3°N l3°N near near September September on on 5 5 formed formed Edith, Edith, depression depression Tropical Tropical

dollars. dollars. US US of of millions millions to to amounting amounting damage damage property property caused caused and and more more hundreds hundreds

injured injured people, people, 108 108 killed killed which which south south the the in in tornadoes tornadoes off off set set storms storms two massive massive two these these

from from fronts fronts cold cold trailing trailing The The Lakes. Lakes. Great Great the the to to plains plains central central the the from from February February 22 22

to to 20 20 on on again again and and February February 5 5 to to 4 4 on on Plains Plains Great Great central central the the in in halt halt a a to to traffic traffic most most

brought brought Blizzards Blizzards States. States. United United south-west south-west the the to to Canada Canada eastern eastern from from extended extended

trough trough wave wave long long a a as as u.s.A. u.s.A. the the in in month month stormy stormy very very a a was was February February January. January. 20 20

147 147

s. s. J. J.

years. years. two two last last the the over over mounted mounted campaign campaign education education public public intensive intensive an an

of of effectiveness effectiveness the the and and system system warning warning cyclone cyclone Bureau's Bureau's Weather Weather Australian Australian the the of of

accuracy accuracy the the to to attributed attributed was was life life of of loss loss small small The The . Queensland. central central and and western western in in

townships townships several several flooded flooded rains rains torrential torrential associated associated by by swollen swollen Rivers Rivers million. million. 12 12 $A $A

exceeded exceeded damages damages and and killed killed were were people people three three roofs; roofs; their their of of part part or or all all lost lost Townsville in in

houses houses destroyed; destroyed; were were Island Island Magnetic Magnetic on on houses houses the the of of cent cent per per 90 90 December; December; 24 24 on on

coast coast Queensland Queensland the the crossed crossed h- km km 192 192 to to up up winds winds with with years, years, 20 20 than than

more more for for tive tive 1 1

destruc­ most most the the of of one one Althea, Althea, Cyclone Cyclone life. life. of of loss loss no no was was there there although although property, property, to to

damage damage wind wind and and flood flood widespread widespread caused caused and and coastline coastline Australian Australian the the crossed crossed Australia Australia

Western Western over over three three and and region region Queensland Queensland the the in in cyclones cyclones four four March, March, to to January January From From

patches. patches. in in only only persisted persisted which which drought drought than than rather rather floods, floods, and and cyclones cyclones frequent frequent

unusually unusually the the were were over over events events weather weather AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA predominant predominant The The Storms: Storms:

million. million. 200 200 $A $A over over at at estimated estimated was was roads roads and and crops crops to to damage damage

and and lost lost were were lives lives 25 25 record; record; on on severe severe and and extensive extensive most most the the among among were were floods floods

February, February, and and January January in in of of parts parts several several In In mm. mm. 1900 1900 is is AUSTRALIA, AUSTRALIA, Tarawa Tarawa at at rainfall rainfall

annual annual mean mean months; months; 19 19 preceding preceding the the for for mm mm 4120 4120 with with compared compared mm mm 1010 1010 was was

Tarawa Tarawa at at rainfall rainfall total total the the 1971 1971 November November to to 1970 1970 May May from from period period 19-month 19-month the the In In

atolls. atolls. inhabited inhabited the the on on problems problems supply supply water water causing causing 1970, 1970, May May since since rainfall rainfall low low

Herald) Herald)

Morning Morning Sydney Sydney (Photo (Photo

streets streets city city

blocked blocked hailstorm hailstorm severe severe A A

1971: 1971: August August Sydney, Sydney,

persistently persistently been has has there there Equator Equator the the Near Near affected. affected. were were forests forests no~ no~ major major the the though though

fires, fires, forest forest through through losses losses some some in in resulted resulted February February and and January January during during ZEALAND ZEALAND

of of most most over over weather weather dry dry hot hot of of NEW NEW weeks weeks Six Six droughts: droughts: and and floods floods Precipitation, Precipitation,

1969. 1969. of of spring spring the the since since normal normal

above above consistently consistently been been have have temperatures temperatures seasonal seasonal In In Temperature: Temperature: ZEALAND ZEALAND NEW NEW

PACIFIC PACIFIC SOUTH-WEST SOUTH-WEST

time. time. short short rehitively rehitively a a in in recover recover probably probably will will vegetation vegetation the the

deep deep cm cm 5 5 is is layer layer the the where where sectors sectors in in though though permanently, permanently, lands lands pasture pasture damage damage

will will sectors sectors some some in in deposited deposited ash ash alkaline alkaline of of volume volume the the that that thought thought is is livestock. livestock. It It

and and crops crops to to damage damage widespread widespread caused caused winds, winds, high high and and rain rain heavy heavy by by followed followed

heat, heat, intense intense the the in in glaciers glaciers of of melting melting the the to to due due water water of of torrents torrents and and snow snow of of

avalanches avalanches dust, dust, and and ash ash volcanic volcanic of of Falls Falls m. m. 2600 2600 of of altitude altitude an an at at 73°13'W 73°13'W 43°53'S, 43°53'S,

at at August August 12 12 from from days days several several for for eruptions eruptions volcanic volcanic violent violent reported reported Chico Chico Chile Chile

and and Balmaceda Balmaceda Coyhaique, Coyhaique, Aysen, Aysen, at at observers observers Meteorological Meteorological situation. situation. serious serious

already already an an aggravated aggravated which which days, days, several several for for lasting lasting area, area, coastal coastal central central the the in in out out

148 148

permanent permanent representative representative of of the the Ukrainian Ukrainian S.S.R. S.S.R. with with WMO. WMO.

* * Dr. Dr. Bogatyr' Bogatyr' is is Chief Chief of of the the Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological Service Service of of the the Ukrainian Ukrainian S.S.R. S.S.R. and and

at at which which other other hydrometeorological hydrometeorological observations observations were were made. made. The The first first Ukrainian Ukrainian

tematically tematically the the information information obtained obtained from from 400 400 phenological phenological posts posts and and over over 200 200 posts posts

The The Crop Crop Weather Weather Service, Service, organized organized during during the the same same period, period, consolidated consolidated sys­

on on a a study study of of the the Republic's Republic's water water resources. resources.

synoptic synoptic maps maps was was begun begun 1921 1921 and, and, in in 1922, 1922, in in the the hydrometeorological hydrometeorological section section embarked embarked

short short time time the the organization organization of of a a network network of of stations stations and and services. services. The The compilation compilation of of

Ukraine. Ukraine. A A team team of of UkrMET UkrMET workers, workers, headed headed by by N. N. Danilevskij, Danilevskij, achieved achieved in in I. I. a a

constituted constituted the the organizational organizational basis basis of of the the State State Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological Service Service of of the the

The The UkrMET, UkrMET, established established by by decision decision of of the the Council Council of of People's People's Commissars, Commissars,

World World War, War, the the Civil Civil War War and and foreign foreign intervention. intervention.

small small network network of of observing observing posts posts and and stations stations did did not not survive survive the the results results of of the the first first

meteorological meteorological regime regime and and the the collection collection of of information information on on the the environment. environment. Even Even this this

of of the the country country would would not not be be possible possible without without studies studies of of the the climate climate and and the the hydro­

at at that that time, time, however, however, it it was was evident evident that that successful successful development development of of the the natural natural wealth wealth

enthusiasm enthusiasm the of of their their organizers, organizers, such such as as A. A. V. V. Klossovskij Klossovskij and and P. P. Brounov. Brounov. Even Even I. I.

which which belonged belonged to to various various departments, departments, in in many many cases cases owed owed their their existence existence solely solely to to

eenth eenth century; century; they they were were not not made made regularly, regularly, however, however, and and the the meteorological meteorological stations, stations,

Meteorological Meteorological observations observations were were already already being being made made in in the the Ukraine Ukraine in in the the eight­

which which came came to to be be called called UkrMET. UkrMET.

a a resolution resolution on on the the establishment establishment of of a a central central Meteorological Meteorological Service Service for for the the Ukraine, Ukraine,

Socialist Socialist Republic, Republic, the the Council Council of of People's People's Commissars Commissars of of the the Ukrainian Ukrainian S.S.R. S.S.R. adopted adopted

the the establishment establishment of of the the unified unified Meteorological Meteorological Service Service of of the the Russian Russian Soviet Soviet Federated Federated

On On 18 18 November November 1921, 1921, a a few few months months after after V. V. Lenin Lenin had had signed signed the the Decree Decree I. I. for for

Estciblishnfenl Estciblishnfenl lheHydrotnereorological lheHydrotnereorological of of service service

given given below. below.

logical logical Service Service of of the the Ukrainian Ukrainian S.S.R. S.S.R. during during the the past past 50 50 years, years, a a summary summary of of which which is is

900 900 persons persons in in all. all. Participants Participants heard heard a a report report on on the the activities activities of of the the Hydrometeoro­

staff staff members members of of the the Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological Service Service of of the the Ukrainian Ukrainian S.S.R.; S.S.R.; about about

representatives representatives of of its its republic republic and and territorial territorial departments, departments, and and by by present present and and former former

the the central central bodies bodies of of the the Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological Service Service of of the the U.S.S.R., U.S.S.R., by by leaders leaders and and

Ministers Ministers of of the the Ukrainian Ukrainian S.S.R. S.S.R. for for the the Protection Protection of of Nature, Nature, by by representatives representatives of of

Ukrainian Ukrainian S.S.R., S.S.R., B. B. Voltovskij, Voltovskij, Chairman Chairman of of I. I. the the State State Committee Committee of of Council Council the of of

Representatives, Representatives, A. A. A. A. Smirnov, Smirnov, Vice-President Vice-President of of the the Academy Academy of of Sciences Sciences of of the the

Gusev, Gusev, Chairman Chairman of of the the Executive Executive Committee Committee of of the the Municipal Municipal Council Council of of Workers' Workers'

of of the the Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological Service Service of of the the Council Council of of Ministers Ministers of of the the U.S.S.R., U.S.S.R., V. V. A. A.

ters ters of of the the Ukrainian Ukrainian S.S.R., S.S.R., Academician Academician E. E. K. K. Fedorov, Fedorov, Chief Chief of of the the Central Central Office Office

meeting meeting was was attended attended by by S. S. N. N. Andrianov, Andrianov, Deputy Deputy Chairman Chairman of of the the Council Council of of Minis­

the the Ukrainian Ukrainian Soviet Soviet Socialist Socialist Republic Republic was was held held in in Kiev Kiev on on 22 22 November November 1971. 1971. The The

A A meeting meeting celebrating celebrating the the 50th 50th anniversary anniversary of of the the Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological Service Service of of

* * T. T. K. K. By By BoGATYR' BoGATYR'

HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL SERVICE SERVICE OF OF THE THE UKRAINIAN UKRAINIAN S. S. S. S. R. R.

149 149

restored. restored. gradually gradually was was network network hydrometeorological hydrometeorological the the forces, forces, occupying occupying the the from from

liberated liberated was was territory territory Republic's Republic's the the As As workers. workers. its its of of efforts efforts the the to to thanks thanks saved saved was was

equipment equipment and and material material hydrometeorological hydrometeorological its its of of proportion proportion considerable considerable A A ments. ments.

require­ military military to to activities activities its its geared geared Service Service the the War, War, World World second second the the During During

enthusiasts. enthusiasts. other other many many and and

Akimovic Akimovic T. T. I. I. Polovko, Polovko, V. V. I. I. Ogievskij, Ogievskij, V. V. A. A. Dzerdzeevskij, Dzerdzeevskij, L. L. B. B. Tomaskevic, Tomaskevic, L. L. P. P.

Sambikin, Sambikin, M. M. M. M. Porickij, Porickij, V. V. I. I. Fedorov, Fedorov, V. V. A. A. Aganin, Aganin, A. A. M. M. Oppokov, Oppokov, V. V. E. E.

Danilov, Danilov, G. G. L. L. Sreznevskij, Sreznevskij, B. B. I. I. Danilevskij, Danilevskij, N. N. as as I. I. such such scientists scientists by by made made were were years years

pre-war pre-war the the during during Service Service the the of of development development the the to to contributions contributions Important Important

stations. stations. meteorological meteorological aeronautical aeronautical and and hydrometeorological hydrometeorological or or bureaux bureaux

weather weather had had also also towns towns other other certain certain and and These These Odessa. Odessa. and and Kharkov Kharkov Kiev, Kiev, in in tories tories

observa­ were were There There posts. posts. meteorological meteorological 1000 1000 over over and and posts posts gauging gauging 630 630 stations, stations,

flow flow 3 3 and and hydrological hydrological 27 27 meteorological, meteorological, 164 164 comprised comprised Service Service The The services. services. logical logical

hydrometeoro­ with with economy economy national national the the of of branches branches all all providing providing successfully successfully was was

Ukraine Ukraine the the of of Service Service Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological the the War, War, World World second second the the before before Just Just

1932. 1932. in in Kharkov Kharkov in in established established was was trained, trained, were were specialists specialists skilled skilled highly highly of of thousands thousands

which which at at Odessa), Odessa), in in (now (now Institute Institute Engineering Engineering Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological the the requirement, requirement,

this this fulfil fulfil to to experts; experts; qualified qualified highly highly of of services services the the for for called called Service Service meteorological meteorological

Hydro­ the the of of development development rapid rapid The The rivers. rivers. small small Republic's Republic's the the of of use use the the and and areas areas

Rog Rog Krivoy Krivoy the the and and Donbass Donbass the the of of irrigation irrigation the the marshes, marshes, Polesian Polesian the the Dnepr, Dnepr, Great Great

the the of of problems problems economic economic national national with with connected connected investigations investigations of of series series a a undertook undertook

S.S.R. S.S.R. Ukrainian Ukrainian the the

of of Service Service meteorological meteorological

Hydro­ the the of of Chief Chief

Bogatyr', Bogatyr', K. K. T. T. Dr. Dr.

which which Institute Institute Research Research Scientific Scientific Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological the the of of creation creation the the by by marked marked

was was 1930 1930 and and Kharkov, Kharkov, and and Odessa Odessa in in 1928, 1928, in in established established were were bureaux bureaux Weather Weather

Ukraine. Ukraine. the the in in research research scientific scientific of of and and Service Service the the of of development development further further the the

to to contributed contributed gatherings gatherings These These year. year. same same the the in in Moscow Moscow in in held held was was work, work, MET's MET's

Ukr­ of of appreciation appreciation high high which expressed expressed which Congress, Congress, Meteorological Meteorological third third country's country's

Our Our read. read. were were reports reports 50 50 over over and and experts, experts, lOO lOO by by attended attended was was meeting meeting The The 1925. 1925.

in in held held was was work, work, UkrMET's UkrMET's of of results results the the reviewed reviewed which which Conference, Conference, Geophysical Geophysical The Soviet Ukraine was rehabilitated, developed and strengthened within the family of fraternal republics in the Soviet Union, and the development of its Service went hand in hand with that of the country as a whole.

Current activities of the Service Our Service's most important achievement during its 50-year history is that, whereas in the past the activities of its hydrometeorologists were of a passive research nature, at the present time the Service has become an integral part of the Republic's national economy. The Service, through its active efforts to integrate hydrometeoro­ logical data in the national economy, is contributing to the fulfilment of production plans. The Ukrainian S.S.R. occupies an area of over 600 000 km2 and consists of 25 regions. The variation in hydrometeorological conditions in individual regions and parts of the Republic makes it extremely difficult to provide forecasts and warnings to national economic organizations. At present the Republic has 128 meteorological, 38 aeronautical meteorological, 13 agrometeorological, 11 hydrological, 8 lake, 16 ocean, 9 aerological and 7 other specialized stations, 2 weather bureaux, 7 hydrometeorological observatories, 23 regional hydrometeorological bureaux, the Crimean hail protection unit and 570 hydrological posts. All these units provide the national economy with hydrometeorological services. The Service itself possesses a fleet consisting of five large ocean-going weather vessels, which carry out observations on the oceans of the world in order to study ocean/atmosphere interaction, and several fishing vessels of the Logger type and 45 smalier-vessels: Scientific investigations of hydrometeorological conditions and studies for improving forecasting methods are carried out by the Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Research Institute. The activities of all the Service's sub-divisions are directed towards the study of the hydrometeorological regime and the task of providing the Republic's national economy with information and forecasts on the weather, the regime of rivers and reservoirs, growing conditions and crop development.

Agrometeorological services Basic instructions have been published in the form of manuals on the climate and the Ukraine's water resources, as well as agrometeorological manuals for each region and an agrometeorological handbook for the agronomist (the only one of its type, not only in our country, but in the world); and other similar works have been prepared and published for the everyday practical use of the country's hydrometeorologists. The many varied forms of agricultural production are assigned a special place in hydrometeoroiogical servicing; in this sector, extensive use is made of specialized reports and agrometeorological forecasts of growing conditions and crop development, as well as long-term forecasts of the average regional yields of winter wheat, maize, sugar-beet and sunflower seed. The preparation of these materials entails the use of data from meteoro­ logical stations and the large network of collective and State farm posts, aerial surveys of sown areas, etc. The network of departmental agrometeorological posts in the Ukraine has been considerably expanded within the context of measures taken to apply the results of meteorological observations to agricultural production through production itself. This network was established on the initiative of the Service with the support of the Republic's agricultural bodies; about 11 000 collective and State farm agrometeoro­ logical posts, under the direct methodological supervision of the Hydrometeorological

150

151 151

1954. 1954. in in transport transport road road for for initiated initiated were were phenomena phenomena

weather weather dangerous dangerous of of warnings warnings and and forecasts forecasts hydrological hydrological forecasts, forecasts, weather weather route route

Specialized Specialized services. services. hydrometeorological hydrometeorological from from benefit benefit also also transport transport road road and and Rail Rail

levels. levels. river river of of forecasts forecasts

long-term long-term on on based based are are floods, floods, high high during during property property protect protect and and lives lives human human guard guard

safe­ to to and and disasters, disasters, natural natural prevent prevent to to or or of of impact impact the the reduce reduce to to designed designed Measures Measures

Ukraine. Ukraine. the the in in production production power power electric electric planning planning for for basis basis a a as as used used are are values, values, flow flow

river­ mean mean on on data data than than rather forecasts, forecasts, hydrological hydrological time, time, present present the the At At regulation. regulation.

reservoir reservoir and and operations operations station station hydropower hydropower of of needs needs the the meet meet to to developed developed been been have have

teclmiques teclmiques forecasting forecasting New New yearly. yearly. increase increase industry industry supply supply power power the the to to Services Services

importance. importance. great great assumed assumed have have safety safety navigational navigational ensure ensure to to reports reports

daily daily and and forecasts forecasts Navigation Navigation fleet. fleet. river river the the servicing servicing for for information information of of volume volume

the the in in increase increase sharp sharp a a in in resulted resulted Dnepr Dnepr the the along along reservoirs reservoirs many many of of construction construction

The The 1924. 1924. in in initiated initiated was was fleet fleet river river the the of of servicing servicing hydrometeorological hydrometeorological The The

fleet. fleet. fishing fishing the the of of flagships flagships other other on on and and flotilla flotilla Ukraina Ukraina

Sovetskaja Sovetskaja the the of of groups groups operational operational by by done done been been has has work work Outstanding Outstanding oceans. oceans.

three three in in serviced serviced were were routes routes such such 280 280 1970, 1970, in in oceans; oceans; the the plying plying vessels vessels for for routes routes of of tion tion

recommenda­ the the included included have have services services these these years, years, recent recent In In Azov. Azov. of of Sea Sea the the and and Sea Sea

Black Black the the on on companies companies shipping shipping five five for for provided provided are are services services Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological

Service. Service. the the by by

forecast forecast not not were were cent cent per per one one about about only only aviation, aviation, for for dangerous dangerous were were which which observed observed

phenomena phenomena weather weather thousand thousand nine nine and and eight eight between between Of Of warnings. warnings. and and forecasts forecasts

unjustified unjustified to to due due were were cent cent per per one one than than less less Ukraine, Ukraine, the the in in airports airports at at weather weather to to due due

cancellations cancellations flight flight 000 000 40 40 than than more more the the of of example, example, for for 1970, 1970, in in that that is is offered offered services services

the the of of quantity quantity and and volume volume the the of of indicator indicator objective objective An An services. services. hydrometeorological hydrometeorological

sat sat Pas Pas

weathership weathership Research Research

supporting supporting in in improvement improvement steady steady a a for for calls calls development development This This increasing. increasing. also also is is routes routes

of of length length the the sharply; sharply; increasing increasing is is traffic traffic airline airline of of volume volume The The aviation. aviation. civil civil of of behalf behalf

on on work work hydrometeorological hydrometeorological its its is is activities activities Service's Service's the the in in part part important important An An

shipping shipping and and aviation aviation eivil eivil to to Services Services

region. region. each each for for yearbooks yearbooks of of form form the the in in

summarized summarized are are work work this this of of results results The The work. work. their their in in observers observers help help to to guides guides and and aids aids

other other of of number number a a and and brochures, posters posters brochures, published published has has Service Service the the of of Office Office Central Central

The The instruments. instruments. of of means means by by moisture moisture soil soil determine determine them them of of some some and and observations, observations,

phenological phenological and and crops crops winter winter of of wintering wintering the the temperature, temperature, air air cover, cover, snow snow nomena, nomena,

phe­ atmospheric atmospheric precipitation, precipitation, of of observations observations regular regular undertake undertake organs, organs, Service's Service's

152 152

thousands thousands of of workers. workers. The The various various sub-divisions sub-divisions of of the the Service Service are are staffed staffed by by over over

The The achievements achievements of of our our Service Service have have been been possible possible thanks thanks to to the the selfless selfless work work of of its its

assistance. assistance.

the the Republic's Republic's experts experts have have gone gone to to these these States States to to provide provide scientific scientific and and technical technical

various various sub-divisions sub-divisions of of the the Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological Service Service of of the the Ukraine, Ukraine, and and many many of of

Hundreds Hundreds of of specialists specialists from from the the developing developing countries countries have have received received training training in in the the

of of regional regional agreements. agreements.

tion tion have have taken taken place place through through WMO, WMO, the the IGY IGY and and IHD IHD programmes programmes and and on on the the basis basis

hydrometeorological hydrometeorological organizations organizations of of other other States States and and extensive extensive exchanges exchanges of of informa­

(IHD). (IHD). Since Since 1920, 1920, regular regular exchanges exchanges of of publications publications have have been been carried carried out out with with the the

International International Geophysical Geophysical Year Year (IGY) (IGY) and and the the International International Hydrological Hydrological Decade Decade

Ukraine Ukraine has has participated participated in in all all conferences conferences organized organized within within the the framework framework of of the the

tions, tions, both both within within the the framework framework of of the the United United Nations Nations and and on on a a regional regional level. level. The The

The The Service Service is is an an active active participant participant in in all all international international hydrometeorological hydrometeorological organiza­

tected tected area area was was 13 13 times times less less than than in in a a non-protected non-protected area area of of the the same same size. size.

region region over over an an area area of of 110 110 000 000 ha. ha. In In 1970 1970 alone alone the the damage damage caused caused by by hail hail in in the the pro­

Protection Protection of of valuable valuable agricultural agricultural crops crops against against hail hail is is carried carried out out in in the the Crimean Crimean

air air and and river river pollution pollution has has been been initiated. initiated.

Regular Regular observations observations of of concentrations concentrations of of pollutants pollutants are are made, made, and and work work on on forecasting forecasting

Observations Observations of of air, air, river river and and ocean ocean pollution pollution have have been been organized organized in in the the Republic. Republic.

discharge discharge in in rivers, rivers, etc. etc.

wind, wind, and and for for temperature temperature and and wind wind sounding, sounding, determining determining the the speed speed of of ocean ocean currents, currents,

and and dissemination dissemination of of information; information; new new instruments instruments for for measuring measuring cloud cloud height, height, visibility, visibility,

phototelegraphic phototelegraphic (facsimile) (facsimile) link link between between operational operational sub-divisions sub-divisions for for the the collection collection

meteorological meteorological observation observation data data at at observation observation points points for for input input into into computers; computers; a a

elements elements and and for for agrometeorological agrometeorological computations; computations; equipment equipment for for punching punching hydro­

at at Feodosija Feodosija

Marine Marine hydrological hydrological station station

tronic tronic computers computers for for the the advance advance calculation calculation of of certain certain weather weather and and hydrological hydrological regime regime

250-300 250-300 km; km; equipment equipment for for the the reception reception and and processing processing of of satellite satellite information; information; elec­

special special meteorological meteorological radar radar units units for for observing observing the the state state of of the the weather weather within within a a radius radius of of

various various sub-divisions sub-divisions with with the the following following equipment equipment and and facilities facilities for for their their practical practical work: work:

improvement improvement of of our our Service. Service. Implementation Implementation of of these these decisions decisions provided provided the the Service's Service's

the the Ukrainian Ukrainian S.S.R. S.S.R. adopted adopted special special decisions decisions for for the the development development and and technical technical

In In 1963 1963 the the Council Council of of Ministers Ministers of of the the U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. and and the the Council Council of of Ministers Ministers of of

Recent Recent developments developments

153 153

serves. serves. it it which which

farms farms and and enterprises enterprises organizations, organizations, the the and and sub-divisions sub-divisions Service's Service's the the between between achieved achieved

understanding understanding mutual mutual greater greater and and established established was was co-operation co-operation closer closer anniversary; anniversary;

the the of of celebration celebration and and preparation preparation the the during during disseminated disseminated was was possibilities, possibilities, its its and and ments ments

achieve­ its its Service, Service, the the about about information information Public Public Service. Service. the the of of staff staff the the all all to to presented presented

was was anniversary anniversary 50th 50th the the of of honour honour in in designed designed badge badge commemorative commemorative special special A A

Kiev. Kiev. in in artists artists

best best the the of of participation participation the the with with concert concert a a by by followed followed was was meeting meeting The The Service. Service. the the of of

members members staff staff former former 550 550 to to sent sent were were greetings greetings Personal Personal individuals. individuals. from from and and Service Service

the the of of units units from from bodies, bodies, official official from from received received were were congratulations congratulations of of Messages Messages

others. others.

and and Service Service Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological the the of of departments departments territorial territorial and and republic republic the the of of

heads heads the the and and Srnirnov, Srnirnov, A. A. A. A. Academician Academician S.S.R.; S.S.R.; Ukrainian Ukrainian the the of of Economy Economy Water Water

the the and and Improvement Improvement Land Land for for Minister Minister Garkusa, Garkusa, A. A. N. N. Fedorov; Fedorov; K. K. E. E. Academician Academician

by by speeches speeches acclaimed acclaimed warmly warmly celebrations celebrations anniversary anniversary fiftieth fiftieth the the at at Participants Participants

Conclusion Conclusion

technology. technology. modern modern by by offered offered possibilities possibilities the the all all exploring exploring

by by future future the the in in services services hydrometeorological hydrometeorological its its of of efficiency efficiency the the improve improve to to endeavour endeavour

will will it it and and economy, economy, national national the the helping helping actively actively of of task task the the to to efforts efforts its its all all devoted devoted has has

Ukraine Ukraine the the of of Service Service Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological the the history, history, 50-year 50-year its its Throughout Throughout

Union. Union. Trade Trade Workers' Workers' Aviation Aviation the the of of Committee Committee Republican Republican Ukrainian Ukrainian

the the and and S.S.R. S.S.R. Ukrainian Ukrainian the the of of Service Service Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological the the of of Administration Administration

the the by by workers workers 411 411 to to awarded awarded were were Testimonials Testimonials .. .. persons persons 104 104 to to awarded awarded were were Union Union

Trade Trade Workers' Workers' Aviation Aviation the the of of Committee Committee Central Central the the and and Service Service meteorological meteorological

Hydro­ the the of of Administration Administration Central Central the the of of Testimonials Testimonials persons. persons. 59 59 to to U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. the the of of

Service Service Hydrometeorological the the of of worker worker Outstanding Outstanding of of title title the the awarded awarded efficiency, efficiency, and and

output output high high their their and and Ukraine Ukraine the the of of Service Service Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological the the of of workers workers by by

performed performed work work fruitful fruitful and and long long the the noting noting U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. the the of of Ministers Ministers of of Council Council the the

under under Service Service Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological the the of of Administration Administration Central Central the the of of Chief Chief The The

meteorology. meteorology.

agro­ in in services services their their for for S.S.R. S.S.R. Ukrainian Ukrainian the the of of worker worker Honoured agricultural agricultural Honoured of of title title

the the awarded awarded were were workers workers six six Another Another S.S.R. S.S.R. Ukrainian Ukrainian the the of of Soviet Soviet Supreme Supreme the the of of

Presidium Presidium the the of of testimonials testimonials with with 12 12 another another and and service service exemplary exemplary and and long long for for monials monials

testi­ with with workers workers its its of of 12 12 rewarded rewarded S.S.R. S.S.R. Ukrainian Ukrainian the the of of Soviet Soviet Supreme Supreme the the of of

Presidium Presidium the the of of Decree Decree a a Service, Service, the the of of atmiversary atmiversary fiftieth fiftieth the the of of occasion occasion the the On On

Labour. Labour. Communist Communist of of Sub-division Sub-division of of title title important important the the awarded awarded

been been have have groups groups 109 109 U.S.S.R.; U.S.S.R.; the the of of Service Service Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological the the of of worker worker

Outstanding Outstanding of of title title the the awarded awarded been been have have workers workers 400 400 Ukraine; Ukraine; the the and and U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R.

the the of of Economy Economy National National the the of of Achievements Achievements of of Exhibits Exhibits at at diplomas diplomas and and medals medals

silver silver and and gold gold and and Union, Union, Soviet Soviet the the of of medals medals and and orders orders awarded awarded been been have have Service Service

Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological the the of of members members staff staff 300 300 over over years, years, 10 10 past past the the During During

Service Service Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological the the of of staff staff to to Awards Awards

Institute. Institute. Research Research Scientific Scientific Ukrainian Ukrainian the the of of staff staff the the

on on are are science science of of candidates candidates 50 50 and and doctors doctors Six Six training. training. secondary secondary general general or or special special

received received have have observers observers and and technicians technicians all all of of cent cent per per 80 80 About About education. education. higher higher partial partial

or or higher higher a a possess possess and and posts posts engineering engineering occupy occupy these these of of cent cent per per 95 95 persons; persons; 5000 5000 REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR EUROPE EXTRAORDINARY SESSION, LUCERNE, APRIL 1972

An extraordinary session of the Regional Association for Europe (RA VI) was held in Lucerne, Switzerland, from 19 to 26 April 1972. The session was organized on the initiative of the president of RA VI, Mr. R. Sclmeider, with two objects in mind: that it would be advantageous for Members of the Region to meet more frequently than once every four years, and that a trial should be made of organizing a session in such a way that its work could be accomplished in one week instead of two. In view of the novelty of this idea, the main features of the organization of the session are summarized below.

Organization of the session A number of documents were prepared by invited experts or Member countries about six months before the beginning of the session and were submitted to Members of RA VI for comments. The comments received were used by the Secretariat in preparing, as appropriate, draft texts for the General summary of the work of the session or draft resolutions for most of the agenda items. The drafts were circulated as addenda to the original documents l:mcl served to assist working committees in their discussion of the items; the reports on each item were then submitted directly to a plenary session for approval. This procedure permitted completion of the work in one week, at a cost of less than half that of an ordinary session. Most of the 30 delegations present were satisfied with the new procedure although it was admitted that it had some shortcomings and could be further improved.

The session adopted 16 resolutions and 12 recommendations and decided to appoint two new working groups and one rapporteur to report to the next ordinary session of the association scheduled for early 1974.

The brief present report cannot do justice to the many important subjects discussed by the association; interested readers are referred to the abridged report of the session which will be published shortly.

Decisions of the session The meteorological observing system in Europe is in general satisfactory but the association was concerned about a possible future reduction in the present number of ocean weather stations in the North Atlantic and expressed the view in a recommenda­ tion that any reduction in this number would have "serious adverse effects on the provi­ sion of meteorological services for the North Atlantic and Europe". In another recom­ mendation the association urged that the launching of a European geostationary satellite be planned in the light of the requirements of the First GARP Global Experiment (1976-1977).

Thanks to a session of its Working Group on Meteorological Telecommunications, held in Paris two months previously, the association was able to approve several resolu­ tions and recommendations in this field, mainly dealing with telecommunications

154 procedures, exchange and distribution of processed information and improvements to the reception of surface and upper-air data from other WMO Regions.

The problems connected witl1 exchange of climatological data, for use in various applications, caused considerable discussion and the association finally decided to establish a small working group to study the requirement for a possible exchange within theRegion of a limited amount of basic and processed climatological data for applied purposes.

The question of pollution of the environment aroused great interest and the present provisional network of regional air pollution stations was recognized in a formal resolu­ tion of the association which also urges its Members to continue their efforts to establish additional stations, for instance by making use of their national network of actino­ metric stations.

The report on activities in the field of agricultural meteorology was noted with appreciation and the association agreed that many agricultural meteorological problems are of a regional nature. In order to identify the problems in this field which are of special interest to Members of Region VI, and to give advice on specific questions raised by Members, a Working Group on Agricultural Meteorology was set up and requested to report well ahead of the next session.

Under the item on hydrology, the association considered the report of its Working Group on Hydrometeorology, taking into account the decisions of Sixth Congress with regard to WMO's future activities in operational hydrology. The session was also informed of the decisions of the fourth session of the Commission for Hydrology (see p. 179). Considering also that the regional problems in operational hydrology require the co-operation of all services in the Region dealing with hydrological matters, the asso­ ciation decided to replace the above-mentioned working group by a Working Group on Hydrology and invited all Members of the Region to participate in the work of this new group.

The association expressed considerable interest in the activities reported ·under the headings of education and training, and technical co-operation. In a resolution on the UNDP inter-country project in Europe, the association listed five subjects for regional seminars for which there is an urgent requirement and requested the Secretary-General to formulate in due course suitable requests to UNDP.

Conclusion

As usual, one afternoon was devoted to scientific lectures and the president of the association was requested to make similar arrangements for the next session. He will no doubt take into account the suggestions made by some delegations to arrange for the lectures to be spread over a longer period of time rather than concentrated in one after­ noon.

At the closing session the vice-president, Mr. K·. I. Stantchev, expressed the feelings of all participants when he thanked the president of the association and the Swiss authorities for the excellent arrangements made for the session and not least for the warm hospitality, which included a trip by train to Locarno. The session also demon­ strated that the presence of a large number of meteorologists does not necessarily have a favourable influence on the weather in Lucerne ! K.L.

155 World Weather Watch

North Atlantic Ocean Station Conference The seventh ICAO Conference on Joint Financing of the North Atlantic Ocean Stations (NAOS) met at the ICAO European Office in Paris from 7 to 23 March 1972. The purpose of the conference was to arrange the future of the network of ocean weather vessels which had been maintained in the North Atlantic for aviation purposes under a series of joint financing agreements dating from 1949. The conference was attended by plenipotentiary delegations from the seven nations operating ships in the North Atlantic and from eight nations making cash contributions to the scheme under the present (1954) agreement. Observers were present from five other nations, some of which are voluntary contributors even though not signatories to the Agreement, from two non-governmental aviation organizations, lATA and IFALPA, and from WMO. The governments signatory to the Agreement currently share in maintaining full meteorological services at nine stations distributed across the Atlantic (one is now served on a half-time basis). Some 20 vessels are assigned to this service. While the ocean vessel network was originally set up to provide weather, com­ munication, navigation, and search-and-rescue services to transatlantic aviation, the present high density of jet traffic makes little direct use of these facilities. Winds at flight level may be obtained from aircraft reports (AIREPS) (the potential density of these AIREPS is so great that to make the number of observations manageable it is necessary to select only certain flights to make regular reports). The use of predetermined flight tracks precludes much independent route planning. Direct aircraft to shore com­ munications are now assured, and Poppler and inertial navigation systems make the ocean vessels unnecessary as navigation aids. No case has yet arisen where an ocean station vessel has aided a ditched jet airliner, suggesting that the reliability of the air­ craft makes such precautions unnecessary. As a result, the direct aeronautical benefits have diminished materially since the inception of the scheme. At the same time, the surface and upper-air observations from these ships have been used increasingly in general forecasting by European and North American Meteoro­ logical Services and their continuation is viewed as vital to maintenance of current forecast services. Numerical analysis and prediction techniques, in particular, demand reasonably uniform data coverage over land and oceans. Recognizing this shift in use of the ocean station data, certain signatories to the Agreement felt that the current system of assessing charges placed undue emphasis on aeronautical benefits. Some 80 per cent of the cost-sharing scheme is based on the number of North Atlantic crossings of aircraft of each signatory, and 20 per cent is based on meteorological benefits, com­ puted by an arbitrary formula. The conference was called to consider the future of the scheme in the light of this shift in benefits. The conference examined the continuing need for the technical services performed by the NAOS vessels and concluded that the usefulness of the non-aeronautical meteoro­ logical services had increased somewhat. It was noted that in addition to providing vital data for numerical analysis and forecast techniques (and thus also assisting aero­ nautical forecasting), the ocean station vessels served as relay stations for maritime

156 safety, urgency, and distress calls, as well as for relay of ships' meteorological observa­ tions. The ocean station vessel weather and wave data are being used increasingly for ship-routeing teclmiques, and the oceanographic uses of NAOS data have increased with mounting interest in oceanic environmental questions. Considerable attention was paid to alternative means of providing the meteoro­ logical observations at present obtained by the ocean station vessels. The principal alternatives are merchant ships equipped and staffed to make both surface and upper­ air observations and satellite systems to measure temperature profiles, upper winds, cloudiness, sea-surface temperature, etc. The conference envisaged (after 1975) a combined system of satellite observations, a smaller number of North Atlantic ocean stations, an increased number of surface and upper-air observations from merchant ships, observations from buoys and increased use of AIREPS. However, it was felt that a conclusive evaluation of the various new techniques could not be usefully under­ taken before some time in 1974. Since the need for the meteorological services will continue, it was recommended that the present 1954 NAOS Agreement should be extended until 30 June 1975. It was recommended that at that time a new Agreement should come into force, to be co-ordinated and administrated by WMO in recognition of the fact that the primary function of the NAOS network had become the provision of basic meteorological services. It was recognized that it was imperative to broaden the base of contributions to the system; contributions should be sought from all Members of either WMO or ICAO receiving tangible benefits from the North Atlantic ocean station programme. To accomplish the replacement of the 1954 Agreement, the conference recommended that WMO advise, as a matter of urgency, whether it can take over the co-ordinating and administering role. In the event of a positive response, WMO should develop a draft joint financing agreement by November 1973. To assess the status of alternative and complementary techniques, WMO would be requested to hold a World Weather Watch informal planning meeting on North Atlantic Ocean Stations during January or February 1974; this would define the technical requirements for the North Atlantic system in subsequent years within the framework of the World Weather Watch. Finally, the conference recommended that a large scale plenipotentionary conference be con­ vened later in1974 by ICAO, in conjunction with WMO, to finalize a new joint financing agreement to take effect on 1 July 1975. It is envisaged that at that time WMO would be the co-ordinating and administering agency of the new scheme.

Voluntary Assistance Programme Since the inception of the WMO Voluntary Assistance Programme (YAP) in 1968, 447 projects have been approved for circulation to Members of WMO. Of these projects over 50 per cent (272) have been approved for implementation by the contributions of donor Members in equipment and services or by the use of the Voluntary Assistance Fund. In order to take full advantage of the offers made by individual donor Members, the Secretary-General has proposed a co-operative programme to improve the upper­ air observing networks in the tropical areas of Africa, South America, Asia and the South-West Pacific by amalgamating separate donations into complete projects. This · proposal was unanimously approved by representatives of the major donor Members to the YAP at a meeting held in the WMO Secretariat, on 17 and 18 Apri11972. The meeting further developed this co-ordinated approach to the implementation of WWW with particular attention not only to improving the upper"air observing networks, but also to remedying the shortcomings in the global telecommunication system. In

157

158 158

tables, tables, rational rational more more of of lishment lishment

estab­ the the for for guidelines guidelines forth forth set set to to able able only only was was time, time, limited limited of of because because but, but, bulletins bulletins

meteorological meteorological of of headings headings abbreviated abbreviated the the in in use use for for designators, designators, -Geographical -Geographical

B B Table Table and and designators, designators, Data Data A- Table Table present present the the considered considered also also meeting meeting The The

GTS. GTS. the the over over transmission transmission for for used used be be to to messages messages addressed addressed the the of of

headings headings abbreviated abbreviated for for format format a a established established and and categories categories four four into into classified classified be be could could

messages messages addressed addressed that that felt felt It It rationalized. rationalized. be be could could headings headings abbreviated abbreviated present present

the the how how considered considered group group The The (France). (France). Nicod Nicod G. G. Mr. Mr. of of chairmanship chairmanship the the under under

1972, 1972, May May to to 2 2 from from 5 5 Geneva Geneva in in held held was was (CBS), (CBS), Systems Systems Basic Basic for for Commission Commission the of of

System System Telecommunication Telecommunication Global Global the the on on Group Group Working Working the the of of sub-group sub-group a a Bulletins, Bulletins,

Meteorological Meteorological of of Headings Headings Abbreviated Abbreviated on on Group Group Study Study the the of of meeting meeting first first The The

bulletins bulletins meteorological meteorological of of headings headings Abbreviated Abbreviated

bauds) bauds) (50 (50 circuit circuit teleprinter teleprinter Radio Radio - Sofia Sofia - Amman Amman

transmission) transmission) (facsimile (facsimile circuit circuit Cable Cable - Copenhagen Copenhagen - Bracknell Bracknell

Europe Europe VI- Region Region

facsimile) facsimile) data data bauds- (50 (50 circuit circuit Cable Cable - Tokyo Tokyo - Khabarovsk Khabarovsk

bauds) bauds) (50 (50 circuit circuit teleprinter teleprinter Radio Radio - Rangoon Rangoon - Bangkok Bangkok

bauds) bauds) (50 (50 circuit circuit teleprinter teleprinter Radio Radio - Tehran Tehran - Karachi Karachi

Asia Asia Region Region II-

bauds) bauds) (50 (50 circuit circuit teleprinter teleprinter Radio Radio - Dakar Dakar - Casablanca Casablanca

Africa Africa Region Region I-

1972. 1972. April April of of end end the the to to

up up Secretariat Secretariat the the in in received received been been had had networks networks telecommunication telecommunication regional regional various various

tl:le tl:le in in circuits circuits point-to-point point-to-point operated operated newly newly on on information information following following The The circuits. circuits.

point-to-point point-to-point introduce introduce to to efforts efforts Members' Members' of of result result a a as as especially especially (GTS), (GTS), system system tion tion

telecommunica­ global global the the of of implementation implementation the the in in made made been been has has progress progress Further Further

system system telecommunication telecommunication Global Global

property. property. and and life life human human threatening threatening weather weather dangerous dangerous of of

warnings warnings issuing issuing for for useful useful particularly particularly be be will will network network new new The The observations. observations. their their of of

transmission transmission efficient efficient and and rapid rapid ensuring ensuring country, country, the the in in stations stations synoptic synoptic nine nine the the up up

link link will will amplifiers, amplifiers, two two and and transceivers transceivers nine nine of of consisting consisting equipment, equipment, The The Service. Service.

Meteorological Meteorological national national the the to to over over handed handed officially officially was· was· AP AP V V the the under under provided provided

equipment equipment telecommunications telecommunications 1972, 1972, January January in in Honduras Honduras in in ceremony ceremony a a At At

Honduras Honduras in in network network telecommunications telecommunications New New

effectively. effectively. more more used used

be be can can Members Members donor donor by by offered offered support support separate separate the the that that so so WWW WWW the the menting menting

imple­ in in approach approach co-ordinated co-ordinated the the expand expand to to action action initiated initiated already already has has General General

Secretary­ The The regions. regions. other other assisting assisting in in taken taken be be should should approach approach similar similar a a that that

considered considered meeting meeting the the GATE, GATE, to to importance importance particular particular of of projects projects concern concern Members Members

donor donor by by offers offers the the co-ordinating co-ordinating for plans plans initial initial the the Although Although 1974. 1974. of of summer summer the the for for

planned planned being being is is which which (GATE) (GATE) Experiment Experiment Tropical Tropical Atlantic Atlantic GARP GARP the the for for ments ments

require­ the the to to attention attention special special gave gave meeting meeting the the implementation, implementation, for for priorities priorities proposing proposing

159 159

countries countries developing developing in in Services Services Meteorological Meteorological that that view view the the supported supported panel panel The The

item. item. this this on on discussions discussions panel's panel's the the in in participated participated and and paper paper a a submitted submitted (U.S.A.) (U.S.A.) souri souri

Mis­ of of University University the the of of McQuigg McQuigg J. J. Professor Professor field. field. this this in in personnel personnel meteorological meteorological

train train to to need need urgent urgent the the considered considered panel panel the the development, development, economic economic and and social social to to logy logy

meteoro­ of of applications applications the the of of importance importance the the of of realization realization increasing increasing the the of of view view In In

centres. centres. meteorological meteorological

national national and and regional regional from from principle principle in in come come would would participants participants and and weeks weeks four four to to

two two from from vary vary might might courses courses such such of of duration duration The The data. data. of of retrieval retrieval and and storage storage and and

data, data, of of control control quality quality processing, processing, data data meteorological meteorological data, data, satellite satellite meteorological meteorological of of

use use the the prediction, prediction, weather weather numerical numerical as as such such fields fields in in training training workshop workshop or or classroom classroom

systematic systematic organizing organizing by by programme programme training training WMO WMO the the to to contribution contribution positive positive more more

a a make make perhaps perhaps could could centres centres these these that that however however felt felt It It work. work. meteorological meteorological tional tional

opera­ of of aspects aspects all all in in training training practical practical or or on-the-job on-the-job for for opportunities opportunities unprecedented unprecedented

provide provide could could centres centres meteorological meteorological regional regional and and world world the the that that agreed agreed panel panel The The

methods. methods. research research to to introduction introduction An An entitled entitled be be would would which which publication publication the the in in inclusion inclusion

for for material material suitable suitable collect collect to to requested requested was was Secretary-General Secretary-General The The work. work. original original

and and stage stage learning learning the the between between transition transition the the facilitate facilitate would would book book a a Such Such research. research.

of of stages stages initial initial the the called called be be might might what what and and ideas ideas new new of of assimilation assimilation and and prehension prehension

com­ the the between between gap gap the the bridge bridge would would which which booklet booklet a a have have to to countries, countries, developing developing

the the in in particularly particularly useful, useful, very very be be would would it it that that agreed agreed panel panel The The methods. methods. research research in in

students students training training for for workbook workbook a a prepare prepare should should WMO WMO that that made made was was proposal proposal A A

compendium. compendium. the the of of

editor editor general general the the be be will will meteorology, meteorology, dynamic dynamic on on section section his his completed completed already already has has

who who Wiin-Nielsen, Wiin-Nielsen, Aksel Aksel Professor Professor fields. fields. these these in in experts experts individual individual by by written written be be will will

atmosphere, atmosphere, the the and and ocean ocean the the of of interaction interaction and and forecasting forecasting long-range long-range hydrology, hydrology,

climatology, climatology, meteorology, meteorology, tropical tropical and and aeronautical aeronautical synoptic, synoptic, physical, physical, dynamic, dynamic,

includes includes which which compendium, compendium, the the of of sections sections various various The The advanced. advanced. well well are are logists logists

meteoro­ operational operational for for notes notes lecture lecture of of compendium compendium a a of of preparation preparation the the for for Plans Plans

(Sweden). (Sweden). Nyberg Nyberg A. A. Dr. Dr. of of

chairmanship chairmanship the the under under 1972 1972 April April 15 15 to to 11 11 from from Cairo Cairo in in session session sixth sixth its its held held Training Training

and and Education Education Meteorological Meteorological on on Experts Experts of of Panel Panel Committee Committee Executive Executive The The

Training Training and and Educ;:ation Educ;:ation Meteorological Meteorological on on Experts Experts of of Panel Panel

research research and and training training Meteorological Meteorological

1972. 1972. in in possible possible as as soon soon as as form form numerical numerical in in information information

meteorological meteorological processed processed and and data data of of exchange exchange the the for for needed needed those those and and 1974, 1974, by by

data data their their of of collection collection the the for for facilities facilities telecommunication telecommunication associated associated the the and and network network

synoptic synoptic basic basic regional regional the the complete complete to to decision decision the the was was meeting meeting this this of of outcome outcome chief chief

The The taken. taken. be be could could Experiment Experiment Tropical Tropical Atlantic Atlantic GARP GARP the the of of beginning beginning the the before before

operation operation full full in in them them have have to to measures measures that that so so systems systems telecommunication telecommunication and and observing observing

WWW WWW the the of of components components the the of of implementation implementation of of state state the the review review to to was was objective objective

main main Its Its 1972. 1972. March March 4 4 to to 2 2 from from City City Guatemala Guatemala in in held held was was kind, kind, its its of of seventh seventh

the the America, America, Central Central in in Services Services Meteorological Meteorological national national of of directors directors of of meeting meeting A A

America America Central Central in in Services Services Meteorological Meteorological of of directors directors of of Meeting Meeting should each have at least one meteorologist specialized in this field. The possibility of providing WMO fellowships for training such specialists was considered. The shortage of facilities for training personnel in agrometeorology was discussed. It was agreed that in establishing new centres account should be taken of the climatic and agricultural conditions in the prospective host countries. The panel endorsed the recommendation of the fifth session of the Commission for Agricultural Meteorology that WMO should prepare a compendium oflecture notes for training agrometeorological technicians. The success of the session was due in no small measure to the assistance and facilities provided by the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt and particularly by Mr. M. F. Taha, Chairman, Board of Directors of the Egyptian Meteorological Authority, who spared no effort to make the stay of the panel both fruitful and enjoyable.

Conference in Caracas, December 1971 A conference of Ministers of Education and Ministers responsible for the promotion of science and technology in relation to development in Latin America and the Caribbean was held in Caracas-Caraballeda from 6 to 15 December 1971. The session was organized by Unesco with the co-operation of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) and the Organization of American States (OAS), with the gener­ ous collaboration of the Government of the Republic of Venezuela. The conference outlined the basis for the future development and the integration of education in the Latin American and Caribbean region. Among the 32 recommenda­ tions adopted was one concerning the introduction of meteorological instruction in ordinary and specialized secondary education courses. The syllabus would include basic notions on phenomenology and on atmospheric processes and the applications of meteorology to the development and economy of the community. Another recommenda­ tion of interest to meteorology concerns teaching and research in the marine sciences with regard to the production and utilization of foodstuffs for the growing population of the continent, and to non-replaceable resources, navigation, and weather forecasting.

Instruments and Methods of Observation International rocketsonde comparisons The first phase of the international comparison of sensors and telemetry for meteoro­ logical rockets was held at Wallops Island, U.S.A., from 15 to 24 March 1972. Teams of experts from France, Japan and the U.S.A. participated in the comparison with pay­ loads of their own design. These payloads were of the radiosonde type descending on parachutes after separation at apogee and were in current use to measure temperature and wind in the higher atmosphere up to about 70 km. The programme called for ten sets of comparison flights, seven during the day and . three at night. Two rockets of each set were launched within approximately five minutes and the third about 30 minutes later; the order of launching the different types of rocket was rotated from set to set. The rockets were tracked by two high-precision radars. The results showed that, in spite of some deviations to the plan, there were in all seven good comparisons between U.S.A. and Japan, five between U.S.A. and France and four with all three systems, two each day and night. A report on the comparison is now being prepared by Mr. R. Leviton, rapporteur to the Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation. Arrangements are in hand for selecting a site for the second series of rocketsonde comparisons in 1973.

160

161 161

1972. 1972. March March 4 4

to to February February 28 28 from from Australia, Australia, Aspendale, Aspendale, in in held held was was Pacific) Pacific) (South-West (South-West V V tion tion

Associa­ Regional Regional of of Ozone Ozone Atmospheric Atmospheric on on Group Group Working Working the the of of session session first first The The

ozone ozone Atmospheric Atmospheric

Society. Society. Meteorological Meteorological American American

bythe bythe course course due due in in published published be be will will proceedings proceedings full full the the 128), 128), p. p. 2, 2, No. No. XXI, XXI, Vol. Vol.

Bulletin, Bulletin, (see (see symposium symposium first first the the of of case case the the in in as as that, that, understood understood is is preprints. preprints. of of It It

volume volume the the in in available available already already are are symposium symposium the the at at presented presented papers papers the the of of Most Most

before. before. than than better better much much problems problems other's other's each each understand understand

to to able able were were present present users users and and specialists specialists instrument instrument the the of of many many result result a a as as that that doubt doubt

no no be be can can There There meetings. meetings. such such at at case case the the usually usually is is than than depth depth greater greater in in developed developed

discussions discussions that that in in arrangement arrangement excellent excellent an an be be to to proved proved This This panels. panels. by by led led sions sions

discus­ for for provided provided been been had had time time considerable considerable symposium, symposium, the the of of planning planning the the In In

control. control. weather weather and and services services disaster-warning disaster-warning better better for for pressure pressure

and and basis, basis, global global a a on on services services meteorological meteorological for for support support greater greater environment, environment, man's man's

protect protect to to action action government government increasing increasing forecast forecast Suomi Suomi V. V. Professor Professor topic, topic, last last this this On On

1980s. 1980s. the the of of needs needs the the and and design, design, equipment equipment in in advances advances recent recent users, users, instrument instrument

of of problems problems requirements, requirements, data data as as topics topics such such with with dealt dealt sessions sessions working working The The

Programme. Programme.

Research Research Atmospheric Atmospheric Global Global the the of of impact impact possible possible the the to to referred referred and and co-operation co-operation

international international affected affected had had Watch Watch Weather Weather World World the the of of introduction introduction the the how how showed showed

report report The The Ashford. Ashford. M. M. Mr. Mr. by by 0. 0. presented presented was was this this absence, absence, unavoidable unavoidable Davies' Davies'

Dr. Dr. in in system; system; observing observing global global a a in in required required co-operation co-operation of of kinds kinds the the on on WMO, WMO, of of

Secretary-General Secretary-General Davies, Davies, A. A. D. D. Dr. Dr. by by report report a a included included ceremony ceremony opening opening The The

countries. countries.

ten ten about about from from applications applications meteorological meteorological in in and and instruments instruments in in experts experts well-known well-known

many many including including participants, participants, 200 200 approximately approximately were were There There quality. quality. environmental environmental to to

regard regard with with especially especially users, users, the the of of needs needs the the meet meet to to systems systems observing observing present present the the of of

adequacy adequacy the the discuss discuss to to disciplines disciplines various various in in specialists specialists for for opportunity opportunity an an provide provide to to was was

symposium symposium the the of of purpose purpose The The WMO. WMO. with with co-operation co-operation in in Society Society Meteorological Meteorological

American American the the by by 1972, 1972, March March 30 30 to to 27 27 from from U.S.A., U.S.A., California, California, Diego, Diego, San San in in convened convened

was was instrumentation instrumentation and and observations observations meteorological meteorological on on symposium symposium second second The The

Instrumentation Instrumentation and and Observations Observations Meteorological Meteorological on on Symposium Symposium

session. session. sixth sixth the the to to

report report his his in in inclusion inclusion for for president the the to to given given were were guidelines guidelines certain certain and and considered considered

were were reference reference of of terms terms and and structure structure the the changing changing for for proposals proposals Some Some commission. commission.

the the of of work work future future the the was was discussed discussed question question important important most most The The instruments. instruments. new new

on on information information exchanging exchanging for for mechanism mechanism the the and and programme programme discussion discussion scientific scientific the the

specifically specifically made; made; were were 1973) 1973) August August (Helsinki, (Helsinki, CIMO CIMO of of session session sixth sixth the the for for Plans Plans

groups. groups. working working and and rapporteurs rapporteurs the the by by made made being being progress progress the the reviewed reviewed group group The The

' ' present. present. were were sium, sium,

sympo- the the at at representative representative Secretary-General's Secretary-General's the the Ashford, Ashford, M. M. 0. 0. Mr. Mr. and and members members

five five the the of of Four Four below). below). (reported (reported Instrumentation Instrumentation and and Observations Observations Meteorological Meteorological

on on Symposium Symposium AMS AMS the the during during day day one one for for informally informally met met (CIMO) (CIMO) Observation Observation

of of Methods Methods and and Instruments Instruments for for Commission Commission the the of of Group Group Working Working Advisory Advisory The The

Group Group Working Working Advisory Advisory

162 162

stratosphere stratosphere and and the the quasi-biennial quasi-biennial oscillation. oscillation.

and and mesosphere, mesosphere, wave wave motions motions and and turbulence turbulence at at these these levels, levels, sudden sudden warmings warmings of of the the

were were regarded regarded as as of of special special interest interest included included the the general general circulation circulation of of the the stratosphere stratosphere

by by meteorological meteorological rockets rockets and and high-level high-level radiosondes. radiosondes. Theoretical Theoretical problems problems which which

In In regard regard to to (a), (a), interest interest was was expressed expressed in in improving improving the the network network of of observations observations

(b) (b) neutral neutral and and ion ion chemistry chemistry including including that that of of the the mesosphere mesosphere and and stratosphere. stratosphere.

placed placed were: were: (a) (a) the the dynamics dynamics and and structure structure of of the the stratosphere stratosphere and and mesosphere; mesosphere;

In In the the field field of of meteorology, meteorology, the the particular particular problems problems upon upon which which emphasis emphasis was was

magnetosphere; magnetosphere; the the terrestrial terrestrial and and planetary planetary atmospheres. atmospheres.

solar solar sources sources of of plasma plasma and and radiation; radiation; the the interplanetary interplanetary medium medium and and heliosphere; heliosphere; the the

which which will will be be concerned concerned with: with: monitoring monitoring of of relevant relevant aspects aspects of of the the sun sun and and atmosphere; atmosphere;

groups, groups, the the commission commission will will co-ordinate co-ordinate its its work work through through six six co-ordinating co-ordinating committees committees

working working arrangements arrangements of of the the commission. commission. Instead Instead of of operating operating through through 12 12 working working

At At this this meeting meeting an an important important decision decision was was taken taken to to reorganize reorganize completely completely the the internal internal

and and in in interplanetary interplanetary space. space.

phenomena phenomena which which arise arise from from the the sun's sun's radiation radiation and and its its variations, variations, both both in in the the atmosphere atmosphere

to to co-ordinate co-ordinate the the activities activities of of a a number number of of scientific scientific unions unions which which have have interests interests in in the the

was was held held in in London London from from 6 6 to to 9 9 1972. 1972. March IUCSTP IUCSTP is is a a commission commission set set up up by by ICSU ICSU

A A meeting meeting of of the the Inter-Union Inter-Union Commission Commission on on Solar-Terrestrial Solar-Terrestrial Physics Physics (IUCSTP) (IUCSTP)

Inter-Union Inter-Union Commission Commission on on Solar-Terrestrial Solar-Terrestrial Physics Physics

available available elsewhere. elsewhere.

advantage advantage in in also also including including selected selected surface surface ozone ozone data data since since such such data data were were not not regularly regularly

ozone ozone distribution distribution as as well well as as total total ozone ozone data, data, and and felt felt that that there there would would be be considerable considerable

Ozone Ozone Data Data Center Center at at Toronto Toronto in in processing processing and and publishing publishing Umkehr Umkehr data data and and vertical vertical

The The working working group group paid paid tribute tribute to to the the valuable valuable work work performed performed by by the the World World

1972. 1972.

the the International International Ozone Ozone Commission Commission which which will will meet meet in in Arosa Arosa (Switzerland) (Switzerland) in in August August

view view of of the the potential potential value value of of this this modification, modification, it it should should be be brought brought to to the the attention attention of of

(New (New Zealand) Zealand)

D. D. C. C. Thompson Thompson

M. M. S. S. Magno Magno (Philippines), (Philippines),

W. W. D. D. Komhyr Komhyr (U.S.A.), (U.S.A.),

tariat), tariat),

R. R. D. D. Bojkov Bojkov (WMO (WMO Secre­

R. R. N. N. Kulkarni Kulkarni (Australia), (Australia),

Ozone. Ozone. Left Left to to right: right:

Group Group on on Atmospheric Atmospheric

Session Session of of RA RA V V Working Working

Aspendale, Aspendale, Australia: Australia:

ozone ozone spectrophotometer, spectrophotometer, which which had had been been developed developed in in the the U.S.A., U.S.A., and and agreed agreed that that in in

The The group group was was informed informed of of a a modification modification to to simplify simplify the the electronics electronics of of the the Dobson Dobson

the the existing existing instruments instruments in in Regions Regions II II (Asia) (Asia) and and V. V.

· · Singapore Singapore and and at at Base Base Scott (Antarctica), (Antarctica), and and strongly strongly recommended recommended inter-calibration inter-calibration of of

installation installation of of Dobson Dobson ozone ozone spectrophotometers spectrophotometers in in French French Polynesia, Polynesia, in in Indonesia Indonesia or or

in in the the approximate approximate vicinity vicinity of of longitude longitude 150°E, 150°E, the the working working group group encouraged encouraged the the

Recognizing Recognizing the the desirability desirability of of obtaining obtaining compatible compatible total total ozone ozone data data from from stations stations

163 163

Series. Series. Publications Publications

GARP GARP the the in in 1972, 1972, September September about about in in publication, publication, for for edited edited being being now now are are and and

conference conference the the of of course course the the during during prepared prepared were were topics topics these these all all for for reports reports Draft Draft

coupling. coupling. cryospheric cryospheric

and and hydrologic hydrologic coupling, coupling, ocean ocean layer, layer, boundary boundary turbulent turbulent interaction: interaction: boundary boundary Lower Lower

phenomena; phenomena; mesoscale mesoscale near-surface near-surface and and fronts fronts

waves, waves, gravity gravity turbulence, turbulence, internal internal convection, convection, and and clouds clouds interactions: interactions: dynamical dynamical Internal Internal

Radiation; Radiation;

topics: topics: following following the the on on centred centred discussions discussions Their Their 1972. 1972. March March 27 27

to to 20 20 from from Leningrad, Leningrad, Observatory, Observatory, Geophysical Geophysical Main Main the the at at met met specialists specialists 50 50 Some Some

processes. processes. sub-grid-scale sub-grid-scale of of parameterization parameterization the the on on conference conference study study a a organized organized

Experimentation Experimentation Numerical Numerical on on Group Group Working Working the the models, models, numerical numerical for for schemes schemes tion tion

parameteriza­ satisfactory satisfactory evolve evolve to to needed needed work work additional additional for for action action of of plan plan a a establish establish

to to and and priorities, priorities, set set to to field, field, this this in in knowledge knowledge of of state state the the survey survey to to order order In In

flow. flow. macroscale macroscale the the to to relate relate energetics energetics their their how how of of understanding understanding an an and and

processes processes physical physical the the of of knowledge knowledge adequate adequate an an on on based based be be must must it it successful successful be be to to

and and parameterization, parameterization, called called is is process process mathematical mathematical This This model). model). the the in in available available

are are which which parameters parameters of of terms terms (in (in statistically statistically macroscale macroscale the the on on effect effect their their express express to to

necessary necessary is is it it Hence, Hence, observations. observations. global global and and models models numerical numerical of of scale scale resolution resolution

feasible feasible any any than than smaller smaller is is action action of of scale scale whose whose and and energy energy of of sinks sinks and and sources sources as as

consider consider to to important important processes processes other other many many are are there there but but features, features, circulation circulation scale scale

large­ the the of of fields fields mass mass and and wind wind the the explicitly explicitly treat treat models models numerical numerical example, example, For For

GARP. GARP. for for models models numerical numerical advanced advanced of of development development further further for for required required techniques techniques

physico-mathematical physico-mathematical and and numerical numerical improve improve to to studies studies and and experiments experiments field field GARP GARP the the

of of planning planning the the for for needed needed experimentation experimentation numerical numerical both both stimulate stimulate to to designed designed is is

and and (JOC) (JOC) Committee Committee Organizing Organizing GARP GARP Joint Joint the the of of Experimentation Experimentation Numerical Numerical on on

Group Group Working Working the the by by organized organized is is (GARP). (GARP). It It Programme Programme Research Research Atmospheric Atmospheric

Global Global the the of of part part important important an an is is experimentation experimentation numerical numerical of of programme programme The The

processes processes sub-grid-scale sub-grid-scale of of Parameterization Parameterization

Programme Programme Research Research Atmospheric Atmospheric Global Global

fields. fields. other other in in

scientists scientists of of activities activities the the which limit limit which problems problems towards towards directed directed are are discipline discipline one one in in ments ments

develop­ that that ensuring ensuring in- and and physics, physics, solar-terrestrial solar-terrestrial up up make make that that disciplines disciplines different different

many many the the in in workers workers together together bringing bringing in in interest interest much much shown shown has has IUCSTP IUCSTP The The

Service. Service. Day Day World World International International the the and and Centres Centres bata bata World World

the the with with conjunction conjunction in in disciplines disciplines of of range range wide wide a a in in programmes programmes measurement measurement routine routine

stimulate stimulate and and co-ordinate co-ordinate to to seeks seeks This This Environment). Environment). Sun-Earth Sun-Earth the the of of (Monitoring (Monitoring

MONSEE MONSEE as as known known programme programme a a in in organized organized are are physics physics solar-terrestrial solar-terrestrial of of study study the the for for

data data relevant relevant of of availability availability the the ensuring ensuring towards towards commission commission the the of of activities activities The The

exhausts. exhausts. rocket rocket and and aircraft aircraft by by pollution pollution from from resulting resulting levels levels these these of of

chemistry chemistry the the on on effects effects man-made man-made to to directed directed also also was was Attention Attention included. included. all all were were

vapour vapour water water and and oxides oxides nitrogen nitrogen Ozone, Ozone, maintained. maintained. are are they they which which in in manner manner the the and and

movement movement their their - mesosphere mesosphere and and stratosphere stratosphere the the of of constituents constituents minor minor the the of of all all of of

distribution distribution three-dimensional three-dimensional the the included included (b) (b) under under study study for for projects projects of of list list The The

164 164

sondes sondes will will also also be be tested tested in in such such a a way way as as to to supply supply wind wind profiles profiles in in this this area. area.

derivation derivation of of wind wind fields fields in in the the GATE GATE area. area. Carrier Carrier balloons balloons deploying deploying Omega Omega drop­

humidity humidity sounders sounders will will be be operated operated and and constant-level constant-level balloons balloons will will be be tracked tracked for for

research research satellites satellites are are planned planned in in connexion connexion with with which which advanced advanced temperature temperature and and

geostationary geostationary (U.S.A.) (U.S.A.) and and polar-orbiting polar-orbiting satellites satellites (U.S.A., (U.S.A., U.S.S.R.); U.S.S.R.); additional additional

was was made made known known that that It It plans plans are are proceeding proceeding satisfactorily satisfactorily for for the the operational operational

be be available. available.

systems systems are are firmly firmly committed committed and and there there is is a a high high that that probability at at least least two two more more will will

ships. ships. Six Six aircraft aircraft capable capable of of operating operating in in the the area area of of intensive intensive study study of of the the convective convective

(SCOR) (SCOR) have have offered offered to to assist assist in in exploring exploring the the possibilities possibilities for for the the use use of of additional additional

Oceanographic Oceanographic Commission Commission (IOC) (IOC) and and Scientific Scientific Committee Committee on on Oceanic Oceanic Research Research

or or six, six, will will be be notified notified by by the the end end of of 1972. 1972. Representatives Representatives of of the the Intergovernmental Intergovernmental

is is also also a a good good chance chance that that the the availability availability of of additional additional vessels, vessels, perhaps perhaps as as many many as as five five

is is likely likely that that 6 6 of of the the It It 14 14 full-time full-time ships ships will will be be equipped equipped with with weather weather radar. radar. There There

for for the the whole whole period period of of GATE GATE together together with with an an additional additional two two during during the the last last phase. phase.

At At the the time time of of the the TEB TEB session, session, responses responses indicated indicated that that 14 14 ships ships would would be be available available

ment ment as as approved approved by by JOC JOC and and TEB. TEB.

3 3 long-range long-range jet jet aircraft) aircraft) would would be be needed needed to to achieve achieve completely completely the the goals goals of of the the experi­

proposal proposal states states that that 27 27 ships ships (9 (9 with with meteorological meteorological radar) radar) and and 12 12 aircraft aircraft (including (including

for for countries countries to to make make definite definite resource resource commitments commitments to to support support the the experiment. experiment. The The

The The design design proposal proposal for for GATE GATE (to (to be be published published shortly) shortly) has has served served as as the the basis basis

Resources Resources needed needed and and available available for for GATE GATE

tributing tributing significant significant resources resources to to GATE), GATE), with with the the support support of of the the WMO WMO Secretariat. Secretariat.

countries) countries) under under the the aegis aegis of of the the TEB TEB (consisting (consisting of of representatives representatives of of countries countries con­

Scientific Scientific Management Management Group Group (ISMG) (ISMG) (consisting (consisting of of experts experts seconded seconded from from participating participating

The The operational operational planning planning for for the the experiment experiment is is being being carried carried out out by by the the International International

will will also also provide provide a a great great deal deal of of information information on on the the nature nature of of the the tropical tropical atmosphere. atmosphere.

their their dynamic dynamic manifestations manifestations in in numerical numerical models models (through (through parameterization), parameterization), and and

base base more more realistic realistic numerical numerical treatment treatment of of these these sub-grid-scale sub-grid-scale dynamical dynamical systems systems and and

Successful Successful completion completion will will of of GATE GATE provide provide the the physical physical understanding understanding on on which which to to

vations vations will will be be made made over over a a smaller smaller area area to to the the south-west south-west of of Dakar Dakar (the (the B-scale). B-scale).

and and tlfe tlfe adjoining adjoining land land areas areas to to 95°W 95°W and and 47°E. 47°E. Within Within this this area, area, more more intensive intensive obser­

loos loos overall overall GATE GATE area area (the (the so-called so-called A-scale) A-scale) covers covers the the Atlantic Atlantic Ocean Ocean from from to to 20°N 20°N

especially especially their their dynamic dynamic relationships relationships to to the the larger-scale larger-scale flow flow and and its its variability. variability. The The

dynamics dynamics and and thermodynamics thermodynamics of of the the large large organized organized tropical tropical convective convective systems systems and and

mid-June mid-June to to mid-September mid-September 1974, 1974, was was proposed proposed by by JOC JOC as as an an effort effort to to understand understand the the

field field experiment experiment of of the the GARP GARP entreprise. entreprise. GATE, GATE, planned planned for for implementation implementation from from

p. p. 168) 168) that that the the GARP GARP Atlantic Atlantic Tropical Tropical Experiment Experiment (GATE) (GATE) will will be be the the first first major major

Readers Readers of of the the WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin will will recall recall from from previous previous articles articles (see (see Vol. Vol. XX, XX, No. No. 3, 3,

as as chairman; chairman; the the full full report report as as since since been been published published as as GARP GARP Special Special Report Report No. No. 6. 6.

Experiment Experiment Board Board (TEB), (TEB), held held in in Geneva Geneva from27 from27 to to 29 29 April1972, April1972, with with Dr. Dr. B. B. J. J. Mason Mason

This This is is a a very very brief brief report report of of the the discussions discussions at at the the third third session session of of the the Tr9pical Tr9pical

GARP GARP Atlantic Atlantic Tropical Tropical Experiment Experiment

tion tion for for the the meeting meeting assisted assisted materially materially in in its its success. success.

Geophysical Geophysical Observatory, Observatory, and and his his colleagues colleagues in in Leningrad. Leningrad. Their Their thoughtful thoughtful prepara­

arrangements arrangements were were kindly kindly made made by by Professor Professor M. M. Budyko, Budyko, director director of of the the I. I. Main Main

Group Group on on Numerical Numerical Experimentation, Experimentation, acted acted as as eo-chairmen eo-chairmen for for the the conference. conference. Local Local

Professor Professor B. B. Bolin, Bolin, chairman chairman of of JOC, JOC, and and Dr. Dr. A. A. Robert, Robert, chairman chairman of of the the Working Working

165 165

R. R. S. S.

France. France. 16, 16, Paris Paris 75 75 Montmorency, Montmorency, de de 51, Boulevard Boulevard 51,

address: address: following following the the to to transferred transferred is is Secretariat Secretariat ICSU ICSU the the 1972 1972 July July 1 1 From From

Secretariat Secretariat ICSU ICSU

programme. programme. oceanographic oceanographic the the define define to to framework framework international international an an lish lish

estab­ to to vital vital now now is is it it that that suggested suggested and and components components oceanographic oceanographic the the strengthen strengthen to to

SCOR SCOR of of interest interest the the indicated indicated SCOR SCOR from from representative representative The The TEB. TEB. the the of of session session

third third the the of of report report forthcoming forthcoming the the in in contained contained be be will will available available information information The The

materializing. materializing. is is GATE GATE in in component component oceanographic oceanographic substantial substantial a a that that appears appears It It

programme programme oceanography oceanography GATE GATE

.. .. objectives objectives GARP GARP primary primary the the meet meet to to requirements requirements

data data on on information information detailed detailed further further provide provide to to able able been been has has JOC JOC after after possible possible as as

soon soon as as experts experts data data of of meeting meeting a a for for arrange arrange to to requested requested was was ISMG ISMG internationally. internationally.

assembled assembled be be should should and and could could set set data data synoptic synoptic basic basic the the least least at at that that agreed agreed was was It It

centre centre data data GATE GATE

GATE. GATE. for for planned planned ships ships the the using using region, region, B-scale B-scale the the in in 1972 1972 in in expedition expedition

pre-GATE pre-GATE major major a a planning planning is is U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. the the addition, addition, In In tests. tests. such such opportunities for for opportunities

several several provide provide to to appear appear 1973 1973 in in schedules schedules Ship Ship stations. stations. ship ship on on used used those those especially especially

systems, systems, data data representative representative of of tests tests intercalibration intercalibration for for discussed discussed were were Possibilities Possibilities

testing testing Advance Advance

network. network. A-scale A-scale the the to to contributed contributed be be could could

ships ships the the that that so so equipment equipment lend lend to to countries countries other other of of offers offers by by benefit benefit could could ment ment

equip­ no no but but ships ships with with countries countries whereby whereby arrangements arrangements co-operative co-operative of of possibility possibility the the

explore explore to to and and commitments, commitments, firm firm submitted submitted yet yet not not have have that that countries countries from from resources resources

additional additional solicit solicit to to urgency urgency of of matter matter a a as as WMO WMO of of Secretary-General Secretary-General the the asked asked

also also TEB TEB objectives. objectives. scientific scientific primary primary the the meeting meeting of of light light the the in in situation situation resources resources

current current the the review review to to JOC JOC requested requested and and provided, provided, be be can can area area GATE GATE the the within within

stations stations ocean ocean 21 21 of of minimum minimum a a that that basis basis the the on on planning planning the the with with proceed proceed to to ISMG ISMG

the the requested requested TEB TEB The The requirements. requirements. resource resource minimum minimum meeting meeting of of prospects prospects good good

the the at at encouraged encouraged was was TEB TEB the the date, date, to to indicated indicated commitments commitments the the of of view view In In

network. network. observing observing large-scale large-scale the the of of completion completion for for important important especially especially is is

instruments instruments simple simple with with ships ships more more some some of of availability availability the the particular, particular, In In aircraft. aircraft.

jet jet long-range long-range another another as as such such resources resources additional additional important important few few a a with with together together

provided provided be be can can stations stations ocean ocean 21 21 only only if if met met be be still still could could GATE GATE of of aims aims main main the the · ·

that that indicated indicated but but above above stated stated requirements requirements the the confirmed confirmed committed committed far far so so resources resources

of of light light the the in in proposal proposal design design experiment experiment the the of of ISMG ISMG the the by by re-assessment re-assessment A A

programmes. programmes.

assistance assistance various various under under countries countries donor donor from from available available is is stations stations upper-air upper-air 14 14 some some

for for equipment equipment where where Africa, Africa, in in especially especially implemented, implemented, being being are are stations stations Land Land

requirements. requirements. GATE GATE meet meet will will signals signals Omega Omega using using system system finding finding

wind­ the the that that confirmed confirmed have have tests tests area; area; GATE GATE the the for for needed needed be be will will that that stations stations

navigation navigation Omega Omega the the of of implementation implementation for for satisfactorily satisfactorily proceeding proceeding are are Plans Plans Meteorol.ogy and the environment

Air pollution At the kind invitation of the U.S. Government, the Executive Committee Panel of Experts on Meteorological Aspects of Air Pollution held its third session at the Division of Meteorology of the U .S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Raleigh, N. C., from 10 to 14 April 1972. Professor C. E. Junge, director of the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz, was elected chairman of the panel after the resignation of Mr. R. A. McCormick, who had very ably guided its work for three years. As at earlier sessions, the most important item on the agenda was the WMO network of stations for the measurement of background air pollution. The panel noted that the interest of Members in this programme had increased significantly over the past year; no less than 57 regional air pollution stations in 23 countries have already been identified, and there are plans for an additional 27 stations. The session examined measures to encourage the establishment of stations in areas not yet covered, mainly in the southern hemisphere. It was felt that, at this stage of development, highest priority should be given to standardization of the output of the network, and it was accordingly suggested that an expert be appointed to visit the countries where stations are being established to assist in standardizing observational techniques and station data output. It was further noted that six Members had indicated an interest in establishing base­ line air pollution stations. Detailed guidance on the operation of such stations is now being prepared for publication as Part II of the WMO operations manual for sampling and analysis techniques for chemical constituents in air and precipitation. Drafts of various chapters, prepared in accordance with recommendations made at the WMO meeting of experts on atmospheric chemistry measurements (Uppsala, July 1971) were examined. Recognizing that well-established and reliable methods could be recommended for only 50 per cent of the data derived from baseline stations, the panel agreed that Part II of the Manual would consist of two sections: one on established methods for taking observa­ tions, and the other on observational techniques which are still being developed; a detailed work plan was established for the early completion of this part of the Manual. The panel also reviewed the current activities of WMO in air-pollution matters, and made special reference to the need for further co-ordirlation and clarification of the terms of reference of various working groups active in this field. Action taken by the WMO Secretariat in preparation for the UN Conference on the Human Environment was considered with interest. In view of the likely recommendations of this conference on the subject of man's impact on climate, the panel drew attention to the need for estab­ lishing suitable machinery for the co-ordination of all relevant WMO activities. Under the guidance of Mr. McCormick the participants at the session enjoyed a visit to the installations of the EPA in the Raleigh area and listened to a series of briefings by various experts about the current work in the field of air pollution. In a seminar arranged by the North Carolina State University in Raleigh, the representative of the Secretariat, Dr. C. C. Wallen, gave a lecture on WMO's involvement with and prepa­ rations for the UN Conference on the Human Environment. In closing the session, Professor Junge, on behalf of the participants, thanked Mr. McCormick for his contributions over the three years he had acted as chairman of· the panel and for the very kind hospitality the participants had enjoyed during this session.

166

167 167

Philippines. Philippines. the the in in Institute Institute Research Research Rice Rice International International the the of of

biologists biologists and and

agronomists agronomists consult consult to to Asia Asia south-east south-east to to mission mission recent recent his his of of advantage advantage

took took

Robertson Robertson

Mr. Mr. task task this this with with connexion connexion In In irrigation. irrigation. supplementary supplementary including including

rice, rice,

dry-land dry-land

rain-fed rain-fed of of varieties varieties specific specific of of production production the the for for suitable suitable areas areas defining defining

factors factors

climatological climatological the the of of knowledge knowledge present present of of review review a a prepare prepare to to upon upon called called is is He He

production. production. rice rice

affecting affecting factors factors meteorological meteorological on on rapporteur rapporteur as as (Canada) (Canada) Robertson Robertson

W. W.

G. G.

Mr. Mr.

appointed appointed has has CAgM CAgM of of president president the the WMO, WMO, of of President President the the of of approval approval

the the with with and and

Biometeorology, Biometeorology, Agricultural Agricultural on on Group Group Co-ordinating Co-ordinating Inter-agency Inter-agency the the

with with

consultation consultation

After After completed. completed. been been have have 1971) 1971) October. October. (Geneva, (Geneva, (CAgM) (CAgM) logy logy

Meteoro­

Agricultural Agricultural for for Commission Commission the the of of session session fifth fifth the the by by proposed proposed rapporteurs rapporteurs

sixteen sixteen the the

appointing appointing and and groups groups working working nine nine the the organizing organizing of of formalities formalities The The

meteorology meteorology Agricultural Agricultural

contribution. contribution. CAeM CAeM the the for for work work preparatory preparatory the the with with charged charged be be to to is is which which

aerodromes aerodromes

at at

instruments instruments and and observations observations with with concerned concerned group group working working CAeM CAeM

the the of of

reference reference of of

terms terms the the within within largely largely falls falls conference conference the the of of matter matter subject subject The The

session. session.

this this

approve approve to to asked asked been been has has Committee Committee Executive Executive The The CAeM. CAeM. of of session session

extraordinary extraordinary an an

with with

meeting meeting conjoint conjoint a a warrant warrant to to as as important important so so be be to to vicinity vicinity its its and and

aerodrome aerodrome The The on on

1973) 1973) (late (late Conference Conference Navigation Navigation Air Air ICAO ICAO eighth eighth the the for for proposed proposed

agenda agenda the the of of

content content the the felt felt group group the the and and aviation aviation to to service service meteorological meteorological

of of

provision provision

the the to to fundamental fundamental is is ICAO ICAO and and WMO WMO between between co-operation co-operation Active Active

System. System. Forecast Forecast Area Area the the on on Group Group Working Working CAeM CAeM the the by by out out

carried carried be be

should should

system system forecast forecast area area the the of of implementation implementation of of status status present present the the of of

study study

a a proposed, proposed,

are are developments developments further further before before that, that, advised advised group group the the meteorology, meteorology,

aviation aviation

work in in work

day-to-day day-to-day more more the the concerning concerning matters matters In In rapporteur. rapporteur. a a of of services services

the the

through through

field field this work in in work the the of of abreast abreast keep keep CAeM CAeM that that Committee Committee Executive Executive the the to to

recommended recommended has has

group group The The atmosphere. atmosphere. high high the the into into emissions emissions aircraft aircraft of of effect effect the

publicinterestis publicinterestis and and scientific scientific considerable considerable of of pollution pollution atmospheric atmospheric of of aspect aspect An An

revision. revision. this this with with deal deal to to CAeM CAeM of of group group working working small small a a of of formation formation

the the

approve approve

to to

asked asked been been has has Committee Committee Executive Executive the the presentation; presentation; of of form form the the of of

and and

contents contents

the the of of

review review a a necessitated necessitated climatology climatology in in computers computers of of use use large-scale large-scale the the

and and

requirements requirements

aviation aviation changing changing that that recognized recognized group group the the summaries, summaries, climatological climatological

Aeronautical Aeronautical

12.4- Chapter Chapter to to regard regard With With required. required. is is texts texts the the between between alignment alignment

where where

report report

and and

12.2 12.2 and and 12.1 12.1 Chapters Chapters with with together together drafted drafted been been had had that that text text new new

the the

study study

should should

practices, practices, documentation documentation and and Briefing Briefing 3, 3, 12. 12. Chapter Chapter on on Group Group Working Working

the the

that that

considered considered

group group The The ICAO. ICAO. with with collaboration collaboration close close in in CAeM CAeM by by done done be be

to to work work

important important

this this enable enable to to Committee, Committee, Executive Executive the the by by consideration consideration for for project, project,

special special a a up up drew drew

group group the the and and (ICAO) (ICAO) Organization Organization Aviation Aviation Civil Civil International International

the the and and

WMO WMO to to

common common material material contain contain which which 12.2 12.2 and and 12.1 12.1 Chapter Chapter of of revision revision

the the on on

placed placed

was was

priority priority high high particular, particular, In In priority. priority. of of be be to to 12 12 Chapter Chapter of of parts parts

different different

four four the the

of of review review the the considered considered group group the the and and aviation, aviation, to to service service logical logical

meteoro­ of of

fabric fabric whole whole the the determine determine 12) 12) (Chapter (Chapter Regulations Regulations Technical Technical WMO WMO

commission. commission. the the of of session session fifth fifth

the the

of of

recommendations recommendations and and resolutions resolutions the the of of light light the the in in CAeM CAeM of of rapporteurs rapporteurs and and

groups groups

working working

the the

of of programmes programmes the the review review to to was was session session the the of of purpose purpose main main The The

Duverge. Duverge.

P. P. Mr. Mr.

CAeM, CAeM, of of president president the the of of chairmanship chairmanship the the under under 1972, 1972, March March 3 3

to to

February February 28 28

from from Geneva Geneva in in Secretariat Secretariat WMO WMO the the at at session session first first its its held held (CAeM) (CAeM)

Meteorology Meteorology

Aeronautical Aeronautical fpr fpr Commission Commission the the of of Group Group Working Working Advisory Advisory The The

meteorology meteorology Aeronautical Aeronautical

168 168

the the first first meeting meeting of of the the group group which which is is foreseen foreseen for for early early 1973. 1973.

IGOSS. IGOSS. Many Many members members of of the the group group were were assigned assigned specific specific tasks tasks in in preparation preparation for for

needed needed for for the the group group to to start start the the actual actual design design and and development development of of technical technical systems systems of of

from from 13 13 to to 17 17 March March 1972, 1972, to to determine determine the the various various preliminary preliminary studies studies and and inquiries inquiries

port port System. System. A A number number of of experts experts from from the the joint joint group group met met in in the the WMO WMO Secretariat, Secretariat,

tems, tems, such such as as the the World World Weather Weather Watch Watch and and the the Marine Marine Meteorological Meteorological Services Services Sup­

arrangements arrangements required, required, taking taking into into account account other other international international programmes programmes and and sys­

identifying identifying appropriate appropriate data-processing data-processing centres, centres, and and proposing proposing the the various various international international

reviewing reviewing these these various various requirements requirements and and of of developing developing suitable suitable schemes schemes of of data data flow, flow,

Technical Technical Systems Systems Design Design and and Development Development and and Service Service Requirements Requirements has has the the task task of of

which which they they should should be be collected. collected. The The joint joint IOC/WMO IOC/WMO Group Group of of Experts Experts on on IGOSS IGOSS

types types of of data, data, the the ocean ocean or or sea sea areas areas from from which which they they are are wanted wanted and and the the frequency frequency with with

and and more more as as one one of of the the essential essential features features of of IGOSS IGOSS is is the the diversity diversity of of requirements requirements for for

logs logs used used for for the the and and exchange storage storage of of data. data. A A which which problem seems seems to to emerge emerge more more

exchange exchange and and processing processing of of data data concerned, concerned, and and the the international international codes codes and and formats formats of of

Station Station System System (IGOSS), (IGOSS), the the international international arrangements arrangements regarding regarding the the acquisition, acquisition,

which, which, together, together, should should describe describe the the various various parts parts of of the the Integrated Integrated Global Global Ocean Ocean

national national groups groups or or task task teams teams are are engaged engaged in in the the preparation preparation of of the the necessary necessary documents documents

As As mentioned mentioned previously previously (see (see WMO WMO Bulletin, Bulletin, Vol. Vol. XXI, XXI, No. No. 1, 1, p. p. 54), 54), various various inter­

Integrated Integrated Global Global Ocean Ocean Station· Station· System System

Meteorology Meteorology and and ocean ocean affairs affairs

on on the the Human Human Environment Environment for for the the activity activity of of CoSAMC. CoSAMC.

will will also also be be invited invited to to consider consider possible possible implications implications of of the the results results of of the the UN UN Conference Conference

and and change change on on human human activities activities and and of of possible possible effects effects of of man man on on climate. climate. The The group group

activities, activities, and and to to consider consider application application aspects aspects both both of of the the effects effects of of climatic climatic fluctuations fluctuations

environment, environment, to to advise advise on on applications applications of of meteorology meteorology and and climatology climatology to to planning planning

Germany), Germany), will will be be to to keep keep under under review review studies studies of of atmospheric atmospheric effects effects on on ecology ecology and and

tasks tasks of of this this group, group, under under the the chairmanship chairmanship of of Professor Professor H. H. Flohn Flohn (Federal (Federal Republic Republic of of

Applications Applications of of Meteorology Meteorology and and Climatology Climatology to to Environmental Environmental Problems. Problems. The The main main

the the commission commission felt felt that that it it would would be be desirable desirable to to establish establish a a new new Working Working Group Group on on

tions tions of of Meteorology Meteorology and and Climatology Climatology (CoSAMC) (CoSAMC) by by Sixth Sixth Congress, Congress, the the president president of of

In In the the light light of of the the responsibilities responsibilities assigned assigned to to the the Commission Commission for for Special Special Applica­

Special Special applications applications of of meteorology meteorology and and climatology climatology

meteorology meteorology was was published published in in May May 1972 1972 as as WMO WMO Technical Technical Note Note No.l19 No.l19 (see (see page page 193). 193).

The The report report of of the the Working Working Group Group on on Agrometeorological Agrometeorological Aspects Aspects of of Micro­

production. production. Similar Similar reports reports will will be be issued issued once once or or twice twice a a year. year.

throughout throughout the the world world available available to to assist assist developing developing countries countries in in increasing increasing agricultural agricultural

sion sion was was to to find find ways ways of of making making the the extensive extensive agrometeorological agrometeorological knowledge knowledge accumulated accumulated

agencies agencies and and in in looking looking to to the the future, future, considered considered that that an an important important task task of of the the commis­

CAgM CAgM session. session. He He welcomed welcomed the the increased increased collaboration collaboration with with other other international international

had had only only three three years years instead instead of of the the usual usual four four to to complete complete their their work work before before the the next next

now now ready ready to to begin begin work work on on their their assignments, assignments, but but drew drew attention attention to to the the fact fact that that they they

with with great great pleasure pleasure that that n~embers n~embers 66 66 experts, experts, of of working working groups groups and and rapporteurs, rapporteurs, were were

activities activities of of CAgM CAgM since since his his election, election, was was distributed distributed in in May May 1972. 1972. The The president president noted noted

The The first first report report of of the the new new president president of of the the commission, commission, Dr. Dr. W. W. Baier, Baier, on on the the

169 169

on on conference conference international international an an for for work work preparatory preparatory in in made made been been had had progress progress good good

that that showed showed pollution pollution marine marine on on sub-committee sub-committee the the from from report report The The rescue. rescue. and and search search

and and appliances, appliances, life-saving life-saving radio-communications, radio-communications, vessels, vessels, fishing fishing of of safety safety protection, protection,

fire fire equipment, equipment, and and design design ship ship pollution, pollution, marine marine cargoes, cargoes, and and containers containers navigation, navigation,

of of safety safety on on sub-committees sub-committees from from reports reports of of considerations considerations included included agenda agenda The The

Office. Office. Meteorological Meteorological Kingdom Kingdom United United the the of of White White A. A. G. G.

Captain Captain by by meeting meeting the the at at represented represented was was WMO WMO 1972. 1972. March March 24 24 to to 20 20 from from London London

in in held held was was Committee Committee Safety Safety Maritime Maritime IMCO IMCO the the of of session session twenty-fifth twenty-fifth The The

Committee Committee Safety Safety Maritime Maritime

necessary. necessary. are are sequences sequences wave wave and and waves waves of of groups groups of of studies studies further further that that cluded cluded

con­ sub-committee sub-committee the the and and stressed stressed were were systems systems wave wave of of crossing crossing the the by by caused caused seas seas

confused confused of of shipping shipping to to dangers dangers potential potential The The water. water. shallow shallow of of effects effects and and waves waves and and

wind wind of of coincidence coincidence steepness, steepness, wave wave with with dealing dealing report report the the of of sections sections those those in in interested interested

mainly mainly was was session session The The Ships. Ships. affecting affecting Forces Forces External External of of Study Study the the for for Group Group hoc hoc

Joint Joint ad ad the the of of session session fourth fourth the the of of report report the the considered considered also also sub-committee sub-committee The The

Members. Members. by by analysed analysed

and and collected collected be be to to continue continue should should questionnaires questionnaires completed completed of of form form the the !n !n icing icing of of

reports reports that that recommended recommended sub-committee sub-committee The The analysed. analysed. been been yet yet not not had had but but collected collected

data data the the of of some some in in included included was was information information Meteorological Meteorological problem. problem. the the combat combat

to to how how on on vessels vessels fishing fishing of of skippers skippers to to recommendations recommendations drafting drafting with with concerned concerned those those

and and ice, ice, of of removal removal or or prevention prevention occurrence, occurrence, the the on on information information background background senting senting

pre­ those those standards, standards, stability stability IMCO IMCO amend amend to to need need consequent consequent the the on on and and accretion accretion

ice ice on on data data of of collection collection the the of of results results the the on on reporting reporting those those categories; categories; three three into into falling falling

papers papers on on based based was was problem icing icing ship ship the the of of discussion discussion A A ships. ships. of of superstructures superstructures on on

accretion accretion ice ice of of aspects aspects meteorological meteorological the the on on rapporteur rapporteur CMM CMM the the Shellard, Shellard, C. C. H. H. Mr. Mr.

by by meeting meeting the the at at represented represented was was WMO WMO 1972. 1972. February February 25 25 to to 21 21 from from London London in in held held

was was Vessels Vessels Fishing Fishing of of Safety Safety on on Sub-Committee Sub-Committee IMCO IMCO the the of of session session twelfth twelfth The The

Vessels Vessels Fishing Fishing of of Safety Safety on on Sub-Committee Sub-Committee

Organization Organization Consultative Consultative Maritime Maritime Inter-Governmental Inter-Governmental

1972. 1972. October October in in Tokyo Tokyo in in session session sixth sixth its its at at commission commission 'the 'the

by by adoption adoption for for submitted submitted be be will will which which recommendation recommendation draft draft a a in in incorporated incorporated were were

regions regions polar polar for for summaries summaries climatological climatological marine marine of of preparation preparation the the for for procedures procedures

modified modified for for Proposals Proposals purpose. purpose. this this for for suitable suitable more more considered considered were were data data station station

Fixed Fixed changes. changes. climatic climatic of of study study the the for for adequate adequate yet yet not not were were available available present present at at

data data of of variability variability and and amount amount the the that that agreed agreed but regions regions polar polar in in climates climates determine determine to to

required required data data marine marine the the assessed assessed The panel panel The correspondence. correspondence. by by started started already already work work the the

complete complete to to April1972, April1972, 21 21 to to 17 17 from from Geneva Geneva in in Secretariat Secretariat WMO WMO the the in in met met Republics, Republics,

Socialist Socialist Soviet Soviet of of Union Union the the and and Kingdom Kingdom United United the the America, America, of of States States United United the the

Africa, Africa, South South Argentina, Argentina, from from experts experts five five of of consisting consisting panel, panel, Polar Polar so-called so-called The The

task. task. this this in in Climatology Climatology Marine Marine on on Group Group Working Working

CMM CMM the the assist assist to to climatology climatology polar polar with with conversant conversant experts experts of of advice advice the the seek seek to to

president president its its requested requested therefore therefore commission commission The The oceans. oceans. the the of of characteristics characteristics changing changing

seasonally seasonally the the and and data data of of paucity paucity the the as as summaries, such such summaries, climatological climatological marine marine of of tion tion

prepara­ the the in in problems problems special special present present regions regions Antarctic Antarctic and and Arctic Arctic the the that that recognized recognized

was was it it (CMM), (CMM), Meteorology Meteorology Marine Marine for for Commission Commission the the of of session session first first the the At At

meteorology meteorology Marine Marine

170 170

stations, stations, 3 3 radar radar stations, stations, 3 3 actinometric actinometric stations, stations, 2 2 automatic automatic picture picture transmission transmission

stations, stations, 359 359 precipitation precipitation stations, stations, 6 6 surface surface synoptic synoptic stations, stations, 6 6 upper-air upper-air synoptic synoptic

33 33 hydrometeorological hydrometeorological stations, stations, 40 40 agrometeorological agrometeorological stations, stations, 145 145 climatological climatological

installation installation of of the the following following types types and and number number of of stations: stations: 109 109 hydrological hydrological stations, stations,

for for computing computing facilities facilities for for training training and and research research programmes. programmes. Experts Experts assisted assisted in in the the

logical logical and and hydrological hydrological observing observing networks, networks, for for tropical tropical storm-detection storm-detection networks networks and and

equipment equipment and and supplies, supplies, primarily primarily for for large-scale large-scale projects projects to to improve improve hydrometeoro­

WMO/UNDP WMO/UNDP expenditure. expenditure. The The remaining remaining 45 45 per per cent cent was was spent spent for for the the purchase purchase of of

in in developing developing their their Meteorological Meteorological Services Services accounted accounted for for about about 30 30 per per cent cent of of the the total total

WMO WMO experts experts working working in in an an advisory advisory or or operational operational capacity capacity to to assist assist governments governments

Development Development of of Meteorological Meteorological Services Services

remaining remaining 6 6 per per cent cent are are no no longer longer associated associated with with meteorology meteorology in in the the country. country.

Service Service or or in in a a related related capacity, capacity, and and 4 4 per per cent cent are are receiving receiving additional additional training; training; the the

the the last last five five years years shows shows that that 90 90 per per cent cent are are working working in in meteorology meteorology either either in in the the national national

Information Information provided provided on on 422 422 fellows fellows who who returned returned from from training training abroad abroad during during

101 101 from from Region Region VI. VI.

205 205 from from Region Region II, II, 267 267 from from Region Region Ill, Ill, 433 433 from from Region Region IV, IV, 91 91 from from Region Region V V and and

training. training. The The trainees trainees were were distributed distributed geographically geographically as as follows: follows: 839 839 from from Region Region I, I,

eight eight per per cent cent received received formal formal classroom classroom instruction instruction and and 12 12 per per cent cent received received on-the-job on-the-job

359 359 studied studied abroad abroad under under fellowships fellowships and and 212 212 attended attended technical technical conferences. conferences. Eighty­

20 20 per per cent cent over over the the last last two two years; years; of of these, these, 1365 1365 received received training training from from WMO WMO experts, experts,

During During the the year, year, 1936 1936 students students received received training training in in meteorology, meteorology, an an increase increase of of

programmes. programmes.

expenditure expenditure and and for for an an additional additional amount amount of of over over US US $0.4 $0.4 million million under under WMO's WMO's own own

assistance. assistance. accounted accounted for for It It about about 25 25 per per cent cent of of the the US US $5.8 $5.8 million million WMO/UNDP WMO/UNDP

technical technical conferences, conferences, continued continued to to be be one one of of the the most most important important forms forms of of technical technical

Meteorological Meteorological training, training, including including training training by by WMO WMO experts, experts, fellowships fellowships and and

Meteorological Meteorological training training

presented presented below. below.

questionnaires questionnaires on on various various aspects aspects of of the the programme. programme. The The main main features features of of the the report report are are

fellowship fellowship training training during during the the past past five five years, years, were were requested requested to to complete complete and and return return

which which received received technical technical assistance assistance during during the the year, year, or or had had fellows fellows returning returning from from

Executive Executive Committee. Committee. As As previous previous in years, years, the the permanent permanent representatives representatives of of countries countries

co-operation co-operation programme programme during during 1971 1971 was was presented presented to to the the twenty-fourth twenty-fourth session session of of the the

The The results results of of an an evaluation evaluation of of technical technical assistance assistance under under the the WMO WMO technical technical

EVALUATION EVALUATION OF OF 1971 1971 ACTIVITIES ACTIVITIES

Technical Technical co-operation co-operation

vention vention of of pollution pollution from from ships, ships, contingency contingency planning planning and and salvage. salvage.

more more comprehensive comprehensive manual manual containing containing information information on on other other aspects aspects such such as as the the pre­

dealing dealing with with oil oil spillages spillages and and agreed agreed that that this this volume volume should should eventually eventually form form part part of of a a

appropriate appropriate editing, editing, a a draft draft manual manual containing containing practical practical information information on on means means of of

maritime maritime pollution pollution in in 1973. 1973. The The committee committee also also considered considered and and approved, approved, subject subject to to stations and 1 automatic weather station. Experts also assisted in the improvement of meteorological telecommunication facilities in a number of countries. Projects worth approximately US $4 million were being implemented under the Voluntary Assistance Programme (YAP). In 48 countries, projects involving the pro­ vision of equipment and serviceS were completed or offers for equipment had been received and implementation had been approved. Further information about YAP will be found on p. 157.

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Country and inter-country programming The new procedures for the programming of UNDP assistance to individual coun­ tries (country programmes) and groups of countries (inter-country programmes) were described in an earlier issue of the WMO Bulletin (Vol. XXI, No. 1, p. 21). Following these procedures, 19 countries submitted their country programmes to the Governing Council of the UNDP in January 1972 and all the programmes were approved by the Council. The programmes cover a period of three to five years coinciding generally with the countries' development plans. The detailed development of the individual projects included in the country programmes have been taken up and the projects will be approved by the administrator of the UNDP or the resident representative in the country con­ cerned. About 16 more country programmes were finalized for approval by the June 1972 session of the Governing Council of the UNDP. Projects in the field of meteoro­ logy and operational hydrology are included in 23 of the 35 country programmes approved so far. Special mention should be made of two large-scale projects in the country programme of Madagascar (for cyclone warning and agro-hydrometeorological networks in the Lake Alaotra basin) and one large-scale project in the Khmer Republic for strengthening the national Meteorological Service). As regards inter-country programming, WMO proposals for inter-country projects in the different regions, mainly based on recommendations of the regional associations, were sent to the four regional bureaux of the UNDP in December 1971. After extensive discussions (in which WMO participated) with the individual agencies, at the meetings of the resident representatives in the different regions and after consultations with the governments concerned, these programmes are expected to be finalized early in Sep­ tember 1972; they will generally cover the period 1973-1977.

Country programmes Colombia Colombia is a mountainous country in the tropics and thus has a wide range of climatic conditions; it is very hot over 84 per cent of the country, temperate over 8 per cent, cold over 6 per cent and extremely cold over 2 per cent. The rainfall also varies considerably, being extremely heavy on the Pacific coast and predominantly arid on the Guajira peninsula. To provide its users with adequate meteorological and hydrological data for the planning of future economic development projects, particularly the development of water resources and hydro-electricity, Colombia requested UNDP assistance to create a Colombian Meteorological and Hydrological Service through consolidation and improve­ ment of existing services and facilities which have been spread among several govern­ mental and private organizations, and through the addition of new facilities and

171 application of advanced teclmiques. After approval by the UNDP Governing Council, this large-scale UNDP/WMO project became operational in May 1968. The accomplishment of various project objectives has been reported in previous issues of the Bulletin. The unified Colombian Meteorological and Hydrological Service was created in January 1969, the network of meteorological and hydrological stations has been expanded and improved, and standardized procedures have been gradually introduced for the systematic collection of the data, which are being processed and published. Laboratory and workshop facilities for the calibration, maintenance and repair of equipment have been established and personnel have received formal training through fellowships and on-the-job training from the experts. By the end of 1971, 112 meteorological, 84 hydrological and 229 precipitation stations had been established or rehabilitated and an additional 45 meteorological, 80 hydrological and 350 precipita­ tion stations are programmed to be established or improved in 1972. Four Colombian nationals have completed training and eight are studying under UNDP fellowships, while 18 are studying under YAP fellowships. The contributions which the Meteorological and Hydrological Service can make to the development of the national economy are being fully recognized by the govern­ ment of Colombia. The persistent rains from October 1970 to the middle of May 1971 caused widespread flooding which accentuated the importance of the hydrometeoro­ logical programmes. River floods caused much loss of life and damage estimated at two per cent of the gross national product in 1970. For these reasons the government of Colombia has requested the further expansion of the project and the establishment of a flood forecasting and warning system for the entire country.

Indonesia (West lrian) The Indonesian province of West Irian covers the western half of the island of New Guinea including the fringing satellite islands. It is a heavily forested mountainous area in which many of the 500 000 indigenous population still live under very primitive conditions. During the second World War, in which West Irian served as an important operations base, meteorological facilities and services were established, particularly on the off-shore island of Biak; they continued to be in use for more than a decade but during political difficulties and changes of administration in the early 1960s the equip­ ment and facilities fell into disrepair and all but ceased operation. Through a special Fund of the United Nations for the Development of West Irian (FUNDWI), which was set up to assist the Government of Indonesia in the economic and social development of West Irian, a large programme of assistance projects admin­ istered by the UNDP and executed by various UN agencies began in 1967. One of these projects is for the rehabilitation of meteorological services and facilities in West Irian. The FUNDWI contribution to the project, which was actually started in 1969, exceeds US $200 000 and is mostly for equipment and the services of a project manager. Dr. L. S. Mathur (India) was appointed to this post and' began a seven-month mission in January 1970 at which time most of the equipment had been delivered to the project. A second six-month mission was completed by Dr. Mathur in May 1972 by which time the project accomplishments included the complete rehabilitation of eight out of seven­ teen observatories, the establishment of a new radiowindjradiosonde station at Biak, the reconditioning of a weather radar and commencement of aviation meteorological services also at Biak. Observers are being trained entirely by counterpart personnel and close relations are maintained with the FUNDWI aviation project executed by ICAO. The project manager will return for a third visit in 1973 and it is hoped that by the end of that year all observing stations will be fully operational and that current difficulties

172

173 173

Tehran. Tehran. in in hub hub telecommunication telecommunication regional regional

a a of of establishment establishment the the and and data data of of collection collection national national the the for for facilities facilities of of provement provement

im­ the the in in assisting assisting and and advising advising is is He He 1973. 1973. July July until until last last to to expected expected assignment assignment an an

on on 1970 1970 July July since since country country the the in in serving serving been been has has telecommunications, telecommunications, meteorological meteorological

in in expert expert Germany), Germany), of of Republic Republic (Federal (Federal Doehlemann Doehlemann G. G. W. W. G. G. Mr. Mr. three. three. to to Iran Iran

in in experts experts WMO WMO of of complement complement present present the the brought brought instruments instruments meteorological meteorological and and

meteorology meteorology marine marine in in experts experts of of 1971, 1971, of of end end the the towards towards Tehran, Tehran, in in arrival arrival The The

economy. economy. the the of of sectors sectors specific specific

to to services services developing developing to to and and facilities facilities telecommunication telecommunication and and observational observational porting porting

sup­ the the improving improving to to devoted devoted being being are are efforts efforts Current Current meteorologists. meteorologists. of of number number this this

times times three three for for call call will will nation nation the the of of requirements requirements expanding expanding the the years years ten ten within within that that

estimated estimated is is (U.K.). (U.K.). Gordon Gordon H. H. A. A. Mr. Mr. It It expert, expert, WMO WMO a a of of 1971 1971 and and 1965 1965 between between

missions missions two two during during trained trained were were 28 28 Department, Department, the the in in meteorologists meteorologists I I Class Class 40 40

of of establishment establishment current current the the Of Of forecasting. forecasting. practical practical in in and and levels levels postgraduate postgraduate and and

Biak Biak at at (above) (above) launching launching

radiosonde radiosonde and and (left) (left) radar radar

weather weather Reconditioned Reconditioned

Irian: Irian: West West

graduate graduate the the at at training training on on placed placed been been has has enmhasis enmhasis years years recent recent In In community. community. the the

of of sectors sectors various various to to services services of of development development the the in in progress progress considerable considerable made made has has and and

experts experts WMO WMO several several of of assistance assistance and and advice advice the the from from benefited benefited has has Department Department logical logical

Meteoro­ Iranian Iranian the the ago ago decade decade a a than than more more little little establishment establishment formal formal its its Since Since

Iran Iran

Pacific. Pacific. South-West South-West

data-sparse data-sparse the the in in countries countries all all to to also also but but whole whole a a as as Indonesia Indonesia and and itself itself Irian Irian West West to to

only only not not benefit benefit of of be be will will world world the the of of part part remote remote rather rather this this from from data data meteorological meteorological

reliable reliable and and Regular Regular resolved. resolved. been been have have will will data data of of dissemination dissemination and and collection collection the the in in

174 174

Geneva. Geneva. WMO, WMO, Secretary-General, Secretary-General, the the from from obtained obtained be be may may information information Further Further

months months 12 12 of of contract contract t t Initial Initial = =

188. 188. p. p. on on footnote footnote See See ** **

UNDP UNDP by by approval approval to to Subject Subject * * = =

months months 12 12 English English 1973 1973 January January instructor* instructor* Senior Senior

Centre) Centre) Training Training Meteorological Meteorological (Regional (Regional Nigeria-

French French months months 15 15 1972 1972 October October Hydrologist* Hydrologist*

basin) basin) river river Niger Niger the the on on system system warning warning and and forecasting forecasting (Flood (Flood Guinea/Mali-

1972 1972 of of meteorology meteorology synoptic synoptic

t t months months 36 36 English English half half Second Second in in Instructor Instructor

Research) Research)

and and Training Training Meteorological Meteorological for for Institute Institute African African (East (East Community- African African East East

* * telecommunications telecommunications

meteorological meteorological countries countries

t t years years 4 4 English English 1973 1973 January January in in Expert Expert Asian Asian Various Various

projects projects Inter-country Inter-country

t t years years 4 4 Spanish Spanish 1973 1973 Early Early manager manager Project Project

Service) Service) Meteorological Meteorological the the of of (Development (Development Uruguay-

French French months months 12 12 October.1972 October.1972 Hydrometeorologist Hydrometeorologist

French French months months 18 18 1972 1972 October October Agrometeorologist Agrometeorologist

Service) Service) Meteorological Meteorological national national the the of of (Strengthening (Strengthening Tunisia-

telecommunications telecommunications

meteorological meteorological

English English months months 3 3 1972 1972 October October in in Expert Expert Thailand Thailand

1972 1972 of of organization organization logical logical

English English months months 3 3 half half Second Second meteoro- in in Expert Expert Lesotho Lesotho

possible possible telecommunications telecommunications ea! ea!

t t years years 2 2 French French as as soon soon As As meteorologi- in in Expert Expert Guinea Guinea

possible possible

English English months months 12 12 as as soon soon As As programmer programmer Computer Computer

possible possible

English English months months 12 12 as as soon soon As As radiation radiation in in Expert Expert

possible possible

English English months months 12 12 as as soon soon As As Micrometeorologist Micrometeorologist

Training) Training) and and Research Research for for Institute Institute (Meteorological (Meteorological Egypt-

t t Spanish Spanish years years 5 5 1972 1972 of of End End manager manager Project Project

Service) Service) Meteorological Meteorological national national the the of of (Development (Development Republic- Dominican Dominican

possible possible

Spanish Spanish as as months months soon soon 12 12 As As Agrometeorologist Agrometeorologist Chile Chile

English English months months 21 21 1974 1974 January January

and and and and

English English months months 3 3 1972 1972 Septembei· Septembei· Agrometeorologist Agrometeorologist Ceylon** Ceylon**

French French months months 15 15 1973 1973

May May Agrometeorologist Agrometeorologist

possible possible forecasting forecasting

t t French French years years 2 2 as as soon soon As As in in Instructor Instructor

1972 1972 of of

t t French French years years 2 2 half half Second Second manager manager Project Project

Institute) Institute) Research Research and and Training Training ( ( Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological Algeria-

projects projects Country Country

needed needed commencement commencement

Language Language Duration Duration of of Date Date post post of of Nature Nature Country Country

PROGRAMMES PROGRAMMES CO-OPERATION CO-OPERATION TECHNICAL TECHNICAL WMO WMO IN IN VACANCIES VACANCIES The expert in instruments, Dr. D. M. Simidchiev (Bulgaria), is advising on the establishment of workshop facilities for the calibration, maintenance and repair of conventional and electronic instruments and training local personnel in these fields. The assignment to Iran of Mr. K. T. McLeod (Canada), former president of the WMO Commission for Maritime Meteorology, makes him the first expert in marine meteorology appointed under the WMO technical co-operation programme. He is assisting in the planning and establishment of a marine weather advisory service and in the initial stages has concentrated on surveying all marine activities and determining their requirements for meteorological information and advice. The establishment of marine observing stations, coastal radio stations and other communication facilities figures high on his list of priorities, as does the training of observers, supervisors and marine forecasters. The importance of agriculture to the economy of Iran has led to the recognition of the need to develop meteorological services to agriculture and a two-month mission by Mr. J. Lomas (Israel) is to be carried out later this year to assist in the preparation of a long-term plan for the establishment of such services.

Philippines The Republic of the Philippines, consisting of more than 7000 separate islands extending between 5°N and 21 oN, is affected by typhoons and tropical rains which cause flooding and soil erosion. The climate is quite varied, however, partly because of the high backbone of mountains which rise more than 2900 m above sea level; brief periods of .drought can occur in some areas. The importance of an adequate Meteorological Service to meet the problems posed by typhoons, flooding and soil erosion is well recog­ nized in this country where agriculture plays the major role in the economy. A Meteoro­ logical Service has in fact existed in the Philippines in varying forms for over 100 years. A large-scale WMO/UNDP project for meteorological research and training has been operational since 1968; its purpose is to strengthen meteorological facilities needed to support the development of agriculture, hydro-electric power, commercial aviation and inter-island shipping and to minimize the disruption of the economy due to calamities resulting from the frequent typhoons and floods. In this project, which is scheduled to be completed in mid-1973, assistance has been given in establishing an Institute of Meteo­ rology attached to the Weather Bureau and a Department of Meteorology in the Uni­ versity of the Philippines. The Institute and the Department will meet all training needs of meteorological personnel and will carry out research in various fields of applied meteorology. To date, four students have been awarded M.S. degrees in meteorology and 14 are studying for the degree in 1972. At the Institute, 23 students have completed Class II training and 150 Class Ill or Class IV training. Special courses have also been given for 17 agrometeorological observers and 6 radiosonde operators. Research has been carried out in hydrometeorology (flood forecasting), typhoon forecasting, agrometeo­ rology, cloud and precipitation physics and numerical weather prediction applicable to the Philippines. Four experts are now working on the project: Mr. A. H. Gordon (U.K.), project manager; Mr. M. M. Obradovich (Yugoslavia), expert in hydrology; Mr. A. L. Snia­ dowski (Poland), expert in meteorological instruments, and Mr. P. Feteris (U.S.A.), expert in data processing. Expert missions in tropical meteorology, agrometeorology and radar meteorology have already been completed.

175 A major milestone was reached with the installation of an IBM 1130 computer in the building which houses the Philippine Weather Bureau. The equipment started operating at the end of February 1972 and from the first day has been in continuous use by staff and students of the Department of Meteorology of the University of the Phil­ ippines. The computer will be used primarily for research in applied meteorology by

Philippines: Mrs. A. Fontano (left) is the chief government counterpart in electronic data processing and programming for the new computer installed in the Weather Bureau students as part of the curriculum leading to the degree of Master of Science from the University of the Philippines, but it wiii also be used by research workers in the Institute of Meteorology attached to the Philippine Weather Bureau. The computer constitutes the most costly single item contributed to the project by UNDP. Mr. P. Feteris, WMO expert in data processing, supervised the installation and checked the conversion of a number of data-processing programmes for use by the machine.

Rwanda The small state of Rwanda, situated on the edge of Lake Kivu adjoining Zaire, Burundi, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania, is one of the most densely populated nations in Africa (128 inhabitants per km2); even though it is mountainous its economy is based primarily on agriculture.

The climate is temperate in spite of the country being in the equatorial zone. The temperature ranges between 13°C and 30°C during the year with a mean temperature of 18°C. The periods from February· to May and November to December are charac­ teristically rainy while from June to October it is dry.

Recognizing the importance of meteorology in supporting the national economy, the Government of Rwanda has worked since its independence to establish a national Meteorological Service with assistance from UNDP and WMO. From1962 to 1964 the first WMO expert (Mr. A. J. Foissy, France) served jointly in Rwanda and Burundi to assist the governments in creating national services and in training personnel. In 1965, the second WMO expert (Mr. A. Arrieu, France) began a mission that is stiii contin­ uing; he has assisted in the organization and development of the national Meteoro­ logical Service, the recruitment of fellows for study abroad and the training of meteoro­ logical observers. Seventeen fellowships have been awarded under UNDP and five under VAP or bilateral assistance. Two-fifths of the personnel called for in the develop­ ment plan established by the expert have been trained, two-fifths are now in training and

176

177 177

During During the the first first half half of of the the project project efforts efforts were were concentrated concentrated on on completing completing the the network network

This This project, project, which which started started in in August August 1967, 1967, is is scheduled scheduled to to finish finish in in August August 1972. 1972.

East East Africa: Africa: Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological survey survey of of Lakes Lakes Victoria, Victoria, Kyoga Kyoga and and Albert Albert

Inter-country Inter-country programmes programmes

The The project project is is expected expected to to be be approved approved by by the the UNDP UNDP Governing Governing Council Council in in June June 1972. 1972.

the the necessary necessary conditions conditions to to promote promote research research in in theoretical theoretical and and applied applied meteorology. meteorology.

the the World World Weather Weather Watch Watch and and in in the the development development of of the the River River Plate Plate basin, basin, and and to to create create

a a service service consistent consistent with with national national needs, needs, to to satisfy satisfy its its international international responsibility responsibility under under

large-scale large-scale project project to to develop develop further further the the Meteorological Meteorological Service, Service, to to enable enable it it to to provide provide

Since Since 1969, 1969, assistance assistance has has been been given given in in the the preparation preparation of of a a request request for for a a UNDP UNDP

UNDP UNDP fellowships. fellowships.

logy logy and and aeronautical aeronautical meteorology. meteorology. Eighteen Eighteen nationals nationals have have studied studied abroad abroad under under

sions sions to to advise advise and and assist assist in in the the fields fields of of meteorological meteorological instruments, instruments, agricultural agricultural meteoro­

government government on on the the organization organization of of the the Service, Service, and and three three experts experts have have had had short short mis­

ening ening the the national national Meteorological Meteorological Service. Service. Since Since that that time time two two experts experts have have advised advised the the

sponsible sponsible for for meteorological meteorological services services in in Uruguay, Uruguay, requested requested assistance assistance in in 1957 1957 in in strength­

The The General General Directorate Directorate of of Meteorology, Meteorology, which which is is the the governmental governmental agency agency re­

policy policy decisions decisions and, and, with with regard regard to to air air transport, transport, for for current current operations. operations.

indispensable indispensable not not only only for for long- and and medium-range medium-range planning planning but but also also for for immediate immediate

Hydro-electric Hydro-electric power power production production and and air air transport transport make make meteorological meteorological information information

plans plans which which are are strongly strongly oriented oriented towards towards natural natural resource resource development development and and tourism. tourism.

Meteorology Meteorology has has become become increasingly increasingly important important in in Uruguay's Uruguay's national national development development

periods periods of of exceptionally exceptionally heavy heavy rainfall rainfall (2400 (2400 mm mm in in 1914). 1914).

are are periods periods of of prolonged prolonged drought drought (in (in 1892, 1892, the the average average rainfall rainfall was was only only 440 440 mm) mm) or or

north-east north-east (1200 (1200 mm) mm) with with considerable considerable variation variation from from year year to to year. year. Occasionally Occasionally there there

the the mean mean annual annual precipitation precipitation increases increases from from the the south south (Montevideo, (Montevideo, 950 950 mm) mm) to to the the

temperature, temperature, humidity humidity is is normally normally high high and and rainfall rainfall may may occur occur at at any any time time of of the the year year -

advection advection of of maritime maritime or or continental continental air. air. Sudden Sudden wind wind shifts shifts cause cause abrupt abrupt changes changes in in

Weather Weather conditions conditions in in Uruguay Uruguay are are variable variable in in all all seasons, seasons, depending depending largely largely on on the the

Uruguay Uruguay

programmes programmes that that can can benefit benefit the the country. country.

Rwanda Rwanda to to evaluate evaluate its its water water resource resource potential potential and and to to plan plan appropriate appropriate development development

Lake Lake Victoria Victoria hydrometeorological hydrometeorological project project (see (see below). below). These These two two projects projects will will enable enable

meteorological meteorological development development in in the the Kagera Kagera basin; basin; the the second second involves involves R R wanda wanda in in the the

Burundi Burundi and and the the United United Republic Republic of of Tanzania, Tanzania, is is aimed aimed at at hydrological hydrological and and agro­

large large inter-country inter-country projects projects have have been been approved. approved. The The first, first, to to be be carried carried out out with with

Agrometeorological Agrometeorological and and hydrometeorological hydrometeorological activities activities will will soon soon be be initiated. initiated. Two Two

Development Development Fund. Fund.

tion tion centre centre and and facsimile facsimile reception reception equipment equipment for for installation installation at at Kigali Kigali under under the the New New

providing providing single-side-band single-side-band transceivers transceivers to to connect connect observing observing stations stations with with the the collec­

WMO WMO also also assisted assisted Rwanda Rwanda in in developing developing its its telecommunications telecommunications facilities facilities by by

replace replace the the foreign foreign operational operational experts. experts.

1977 1977 or or 1978 1978 there there should should be be adequate adequate trained trained management management and and professional professional staff staff to to

and and facilities facilities to to operate operate an an effective effective observing observing and and data-collection data-collection programme programme and and by by

one-fifth one-fifth are are being being recruited. recruited. By By 1974, 1974, Rwanda Rwanda is is expected expected to to have have adequate adequate personnel personnel

178 178

area. area. the the for for system system warning warning and and forecast forecast flood flood preliminary preliminary a a up up set set to to and and model model forecast forecast

flood flood mathematical mathematical the the of of characteristics characteristics the the define define to to area, area, catchment catchment the the in in stations stations

rainfall/evaporation rainfall/evaporation and and limnimetric limnimetric hydrometric, hydrometric, of of networks networks existing existing strengthen strengthen

to to was was phase phase first first the the of of purpose purpose the the that that recalled recalled be be may may attained. attained. fully fully were were tives tives It It

objec­ its its and and 1971 1971 December December 31 31 on on concluded concluded successfully successfully was was basin basin river river Niger Niger the the on on

system system warning warning and and forecasting forecasting flood flood a a establishing establishing for project project the the of of phase phase first first The The

basin basin river river Niger Niger the the on on system system warning warning and and forecasting forecasting Flood Flood Mali: Mali: Guinea/ Guinea/

Nile. Nile. the the of of waters waters the the of of

use use and and storage, regulation regulation storage, the the for for negotiations negotiations intergovernmental intergovernmental subsequent subsequent for for work work

ground­ the the provide provide to to and and development, development, and and conservation conservation planning, planning, their their of of purposes purposes for for

basin basin Nile Nile Upper Upper the the of of resources resources water water the the of of assessment assessment physical physical the the in in governments governments

participating participating the the assist assist to to be be would would phase phase second second this this of of objectives objectives long-range long-range The The

catchments). catchments). index index from from (particularly (particularly data data hydrometeorological hydrometeorological of of analysis analysis

and and publication publication collection, collection, evapotranspiration, evapotranspiration, methods, methods, energy-budget energy-budget by by mination mination

deter­ evaporation evaporation to to pertaining pertaining aspects aspects hydrometeorological hydrometeorological the the on on work work continue continue to to (c) (c)

benefits; benefits; optimum optimum of of objectives objectives

with with system system a a as as considered considered Albert, Albert, and and Kyoga Kyoga Victoria, Victoria, Lakes Lakes of of regulation regulation the the on on

elements elements hydrological hydrological and and meteorological meteorological of of influence influence the the of of patterns patterns alternative alternative test test to to (b) (b)

countries); countries); riparian riparian the the all all in in

rivers rivers and and lakes lakes main main the the (including (including basin basin Nile Nile Upper Upper the the in in interaction interaction hydrosphere hydrosphere

atmosphere­ the the representing representing model model mathematical mathematical a a in in inclusion inclusion their their for for Nile Nile Upper Upper the the

of of balance balance water water the the of of components components hydrological hydrological and and meteorological meteorological the the evaluate evaluate to to (a) (a)

objectives: objectives: immediate immediate following following the the achieve achieve to to duration duration years' years' five five of of project project

phase phase second second a a for for UNDP UNDP the the to to request request a a of of submission submission the the considering considering are are and and work work

this this continuing continuing in in assistance assistance technical technical further further for for need need the the evaluating evaluating are are governments governments

participating participating seven seven The The years. years. several several for for continue continue must must catchments catchments index index the the from from data data

of of interpretation interpretation and and collection collection the the and and evapotranspiration evapotranspiration and and evaporation evaporation of of mination mination

deter­ the the findings, findings, these these of of reliability reliability the the increase increase to to However, However, years. years. two two last last the the in in

obtained obtained data data of of analysis analysis an an on on based based Albert Albert and and Kyoga Kyoga Victoria, Victoria, Lakes Lakes the the of of balance balance

water water the the of of made made been been have have will will estimates estimates preliminary preliminary project, project, the the of of end end the the By By

basin. basin. Victoria Victoria Lake Lake the the of of logy logy

climato­ and and aerology aerology including including atmosphere, atmosphere, the the in in and and surface surface the the at at balance balance energy energy and and

balance; balance; water water of of evaluation evaluation the the for for basins basins representative representative of of use use data; data; transpiration transpiration

evapo­ and and evaporation evaporation of of interpretation interpretation hydrology; hydrology; statistical statistical data; data; meteorological meteorological

hydro­ and and hydrological hydrological of of processing processing and and collection collection topics: topics: following following the the covered covered

consultants, consultants, international international four four with with 1972, 1972, February February 18 18 to to 14 14 from from Entebbe Entebbe in in held held

these, these, of of last last The The seminars. seminars. internal internal of of organization organization the the through through also also and and fellowships, fellowships,

through through out out carried carried been been has has staff staff counterpart counterpart of of training training important important very very The The

Victoria. Victoria. Lake Lake of of studies studies the the of of completion completion for for essential essential is is which which river river Kagera Kagera the the in in flow flow

water water the the of of analysis analysis an an making making in in used used be be will will stations stations existing existing the the from from and and these these from from

collected collected data data The The basin. basin. Kagera Kagera the the in in installed installed be be will will stations stations hydrometeorological hydrometeorological

and and meteorological meteorological new new where where Rwanda Rwanda and and Burundi Burundi of of territories territories the the into into project project

the the of of extension extension an an approved approved UNDP UNDP the the of of Council Council Governing Governing the the 1971 1971 June June In In

.. .. Nile Nile Upper Upper the the of of

regulation regulation and and utilization utilization the the for for Victoria Victoria Lake Lake of of balance balance water water the the determining determining of of aim aim

the the with with data data meteorological meteorological and and hydrological hydrological the the of of analysis analysis and and interpretation interpretation tion, tion,

collec­ the the on on been been has has emphasis emphasis the half, half, second second the the During During 260). 260). p. p. 4, 4, No. No. XX, XX, Vol. Vol.

Bulletin, Bulletin, (see (see Albert Albert and and Kyoga Kyoga Victoria, Victoria, Lakes Lakes of of tributaries tributaries and and rivers rivers several several in in tions tions

installa­ cable-car cable-car making making and and stations, stations, observing observing meteorological meteorological and and hydrological hydrological of of

179 179

in in activities activities WMO WMO elements. elements. hydrological hydrological basic basic all all for for processing processing and and transmission transmission data data

observation, observation, of of methods methods and and instruments instruments concerning concerning efforts efforts standardization standardization International International

fields: fields: functional functional following following the the in in activities activities of of increase increase an an foresees foresees plan plan

the the Members, Members, of of Services Services Hydrological Hydrological of of needs needs the the to to pqrticular pqrticular in in Responding Responding

CHy CHy of of activities activities Future Future

hydrology. hydrology. operational operational in in

activities activities WMO's WMO's of of strengthening strengthening the the on on Congress Congress Sixth Sixth of of decision decision the the to to response response

in in devised devised commission commission the the which which (OHP), (OHP), Programme Programme Hydrology Hydrology Operational Operational

WMO WMO a a of of implementation implementation the the for for designed designed commission, commission, the the of of action action of of plan plan

consolidated consolidated and and comprehensive comprehensive a a of of part part form form will will rapporteurs rapporteurs and and groups groups working working The The

adopted. adopted. were were recommendations recommendations 14 14 and and rapporteurs, rapporteurs, 39 39 and and groups groups working working 7 7 establishing establishing

resolutions, resolutions, 46 46 than than less less No No Services. Services. Hydrological Hydrological 30 30 from from experts experts included included WMO WMO

of of Members Members 32 32 from from delegations delegations the the history, history, commission's commission's the the in in time time first first the the For For

hospitality. hospitality. the the of of perfection perfection the the matched matched

which which secretariat, secretariat, local local the the of of efforts efforts untiring untiring the the by by ensured ensured further further was was success success Its Its

meeting. meeting. the the of of success success the the for for conditions conditions right right the the provide provide to to helped helped undoubtedly undoubtedly This This

hydrologists. hydrologists. and and meteorologists meteorologists Argentine Argentine the the from from surprises surprises pleasant pleasant and and kindnesses kindnesses

innumerable innumerable received received participants participants the the arrival, arrival, their their of of moment moment the the from from Service; Service; logical logical

Meteoro­ Argentine Argentine the the hosts, hosts, the the for for word word empty empty no no was was Hospitality Hospitality America. America. South South

of of country country hospitable hospitable this this of of capital capital magnificent magnificent the the in in session session fourth fourth its its held held (CHy) (CHy)

Hydrology Hydrology for for Commission Commission the the Argentina, Argentina, of of Government Government the the of of invitation invitation the the At At

1972) 1972) April April Aires, Aires, Buenos Buenos session, session, (Fourth (Fourth

Hydrology Hydrology for for Commission Commission

Hydrology Hydrology

area. area.

the the in in population population the the of of floods floods from from protection protection the the for for measures measures on on advised advised (Romania) (Romania)

Podani Podani D. D. M. M. Mr. Mr. while while personnel, personnel, field field technical technical and and observers observers to to training training practical practical

and and courses courses gave gave (France) (France) Chemineau Chemineau F. F. Mr. Mr. Mali, Mali, and and Guinea Guinea in in mission mission months' months'

six­ his his During During successor. successor. his his designate designate to to made made being being are are arrangements arrangements and and 1971 1971 in in

late late manager manager project project as as assignment assignment his his terminated terminated (Czechoslovakia), (Czechoslovakia), Soucek Soucek V. V. Mr. Mr.

ments. ments.

govern­ the the to to transferred transferred be be will will system system the the for for responsibility responsibility operational operational the the time time which which

at at season, season, flood flood 1973 1973 the the by by installed installed be be will will system system the the project, project, II II Phase Phase the the for for plan plan

work work the the to to According According floods. floods. recurring recurring annually annually the the to to due due losses losses reduce reduce to to taken taken be be to to

measures measures protective protective of of plan plan master master a a and and facilities facilities telecommunication telecommunication associated associated the the with with

phase, phase, first first the during during defined defined as as system, system, warning warning and and forecasting forecasting flood flood fully-developed fully-developed

a a establishing establishing of of purpose purpose the the for for duration duration years' years' two two of of project project II II Phase Phase a a for for request request

a a UNDP UNDP the the to to submitted submitted Mali Mali and and Guinea Guinea of of Governments Governments the the 1971, 1971, late late In In

stations. stations. observing observing

of of network network expanded expanded the the in in collected collected data data the the utilizing utilizing refined refined further further be be would would model model

forecast forecast the encouraging, encouraging, were were results results the the while while that, that, conclusion conclusion the the to to led led trials trials These These

metre. metre. a a half half to to up up of of variations variations water-level water-level for for cm cm 7 7 been been having having days days three three of of periods periods

for for Bamako Bamako for for forecasts forecasts water-level water-level of of error error square square mean mean the the results, results, encouraging encouraging

with with season season flood flood 1971 1971 the the during during conducted conducted were were system system the the of of trials trials Operational Operational this field; initiated long ago by CHy and other technical commissions, will continue in a systematic manner and with a greater concentration of effort. Promotion, by internationally organized projects, of new advanced methods of data collection and of hydrological analysis for operational purposes. Such projects will be organized by WMO with full international or selective multi-national participation. The selection for the latter will be based either on expressed interest or regional grouping within particular climatic regions. Information on established solutions to institutional and organizational problems encoun­ tered by hydrological services and on the importance and impact of such services on a national economy provided in particular for the benefit of developing countries. Supporting activities, such as the preparation of the International Hydrological Glossary, UDC, education and training of hydrologists, sponsoring of symposia and collaboration with other international organizations on problems of interest to hydrological services.

The activities listed above apply to all hydrological elements agreed upon by Sixth Congress. However, taking into account the instructions of Congress, the commission discussed the extent to which WMO should be involved in the fields of soil moisture, groundwater and quality of water. Bearing in mind the activities of other international organizations, the commission decided to recommend limits to the involvement ofWMO, particularly in problems of groundwater and of water quality.

The main attention of the commission in the future, as in the past, will be turned to provision of standardization and guidance material. The commission's approach to all elements of the hydrological cycle is becoming increasingly comprehensive and systematic and, for the first time in international co-operation in hydrology, an attempt is being made to arrange intercomparisons of hydrometric instruments. Good progress in an international project on intercomparison of hydrological conceptual models for purposes of operational hydrological forecasting during the last inter-sessional period encouraged the commission to propose and develop other intercomparison projects, one in co-oper­ ation with the Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation, aiming at the development of an interim reference international evaporation pan, particularly needed by hydrologists for the derivation of evaporation design data for reservoir planning.

The highest degree of standardization of practices is ensured by the WMO Technical Regulations. Welcoming the adoption by Sixth Congress of Volume Ill of these Regula­ tions - Operational Hydrology, prepared by the commission, the fourth session recom­ mended amendments to these and a new chapter on Meteorological services/or hydrology for inclusion in Volume I of Technical Regulations. It also approved a rearranged outline of, and many amendments to, the widely used Guide to Hydrometeorological Practices*. In view of the volume of work involved in the implementation of the Operational Hydro­ logy Programme by the commission, the session considered changes in its system of work and in particular in that of some of its working groups. For the next inter-sessional period, some of the commission's working groups are composed entirely or partially ofrapporteurs, each of whom has received his individual and concrete terms of reference, entrusted to him directly by the commission; hence his personal responsibility and interest are enhanced and the selection of appropriate expertise for each subject to be covered by the working group is facilitated for all concerned. These working groups have been set up to study: the Guide and Technical Regulations relating to CRy; meteorological instruments and methods of observation for hydrological purposes; hydrological instru­ ments and methods of observation; data treatment; hydrological forecasting; and hydro­ logical design data for water resources projects.

* To be re-issued as Guide to Hydrological Practices.

180

181 181

J. J. N. N.

WMO. WMO. by by attention attention appropriate appropriate receiving receiving is is environment, environment, the the of of components components vital vital the the of of

one one hydrosphere, hydrosphere, the the in in water water that that stated stated be confidently confidently may may environment. environment. his his about about It It

worried worried increasingly increasingly becoming is is man man when when time time a a at at co-operation co-operation international international fruitful fruitful

of of decade decade a a concluded concluded indeed indeed session session this this session, session, first first commission's commission's the the after after years years

ten ten exactly exactly almost almost Held Held history. history. its its in in milestone milestone another another as as members members commission's commission's the the

of of memory memory the the in in remain remain will will Aires Aires Buenos Buenos in in spent spent weeks weeks hydrological hydrological two two The The

Programme. Programme. Hydrology Hydrology Operational Operational WMO WMO the the duplicate duplicate not not should should programme programme

this this Congress Congress of of decision decision the the with with accordance accordance in in that, that, proviso proviso the the with with competence, competence,

CRy CRy and and WMO WMO from from benefit benefit would would which which projects projects those those on on Programme Programme Hydrological Hydrological

International International Unesco Unesco proposed proposed the the in in IHD, IHD, the the of of end end the the after after co-operate, co-operate, should should WMO WMO

that that recommended recommended commission commission The The hydrology. hydrology. in in co-operation co-operation international international of of plan plan

long-term long-term a a discuss discuss and and IHD IHD the the evaluate evaluate to to conference conference international international an an of of IHD, IHD, the the

of of termination termination the the at at in in 1974, 1974, WMO WMO and and Unesco Unesco by by convening convening joint a a of of possibility possibility the the

noted noted commission commission The The Projects. Projects. WMO/IHD WMO/IHD on on Reports Reports pi1blications: pi1blications: WMO WMO of of series series

special special a a in in published published been been have have which which of of results results the the IHD, IHD, the the within within projects projects WMO WMO of of

number number large large a a of of completion completion the the and and Secretariats Secretariats Unesco Unesco and and WMO WMO the the between between lished lished

estab­ been been has has which which co-operation co-operation and and understanding understanding mutual mutual of of spirit spirit the the satisfaction satisfaction

great great with with noted noted Unesco. Unesco. with with it it in in It It collaboration collaboration and and IHD IHD the the in in participation participation its its

co-operation: co-operation: inter-agency inter-agency of of field field largest largest WMO's WMO's detail detail in in examined examined commission commission The The

ICID. ICID. and and ISO ISO IAHS, IAHS, particular particular in in organizations, organizations,

non-governmental non-governmental and and IAEA IAEA WHO, WHO, FAO, FAO, Commissions, Commissions, Regional Regional UN UN as as such such family, family,

UN UN the the of of organizations organizations of of number number large large a a concerns concerns and and growing growing constantly constantly is is tion tion

co-opera­ this this that that satisfaction satisfaction with with noted noted competence. competence. of of field field its its It It within within organizations organizations

international international other other with with co-operation co-operation WMO WMO considered considered finally finally commission commission The The

commission. commission. the the of of session session next next the until until evaluated evaluated really really be be

not not could could it it from from experience experience stages stages initial initial its its in in only only still still is is process process this this as as that that recognized recognized

was was it it but but commission, commission, the the by by welcomed welcomed was was Members Members all all of of Services Services Hydrological Hydrological of of

representatives representatives to to Hydrology Hydrology on on Groups Groups Working Working Association Association Regional Regional WMO WMO the the of of ing ing

open­ The The 182). 182). (seep. (seep. Services Services Hydrological Hydrological national national and and ACOH ACOH between between munication munication

com­ of of channels channels adequate adequate establish establish to to need need the recognized recognized commission commission the the hand hand other other

the the on on CRy; CRy; of of work work the the inhibit inhibit way way any any in in not not would would body body this this of of existence existence the the that that

agreed agreed was was Region. Region. WMO WMO each each It It from from alternates) alternates) their their (or (or Services Services Hydrological Hydrological of of

directors directors two two of of composed composed (ACOH)- Hydrology Hydrology Operational Operational for for Committee Committee Advisory Advisory the the

body­ high-level high-level a a of of Congress Congress by by establishment establishment the the welcomed welcomed commission commission The The

Decade. Decade. Hydrological Hydrological International International

the the of of end end the the after organizations organizations international international other other with with co-operation co-operation WMO WMO by by ularly ularly

partic­ and and Members Members of of Services Services Hydrological Hydrological with with WMO WMO of of communication communication of of channels channels

co-operation, co-operation, regional regional of of problems problems by by session session the the at at generated generated was was discussion discussion Lively Lively

co-operation co-operation international international and and Regional Regional

input. input.

new new and and continuity continuity both both ensure ensure to to as as so so members members new new several several with with reappointed reappointed Group, Group,

Working Working Advisory Advisory an an and and (Canada), (Canada), Clark Clark H. H. R. R. Mr. Mr. president, president, vice- elected elected unanimously unanimously

a a by by work work its its of of monitoring monitoring and and direction direction the the in in assisted assisted be be will will commission, commission, the the of of

president president as as re-elected re-elected unanimously unanimously was was who who (U.S.S.R.), (U.S.S.R.), Popov Popov G. G. E. E. Professor Professor

hydrology. hydrology. in in training training and and UDC, UDC, glossary), glossary), (international (international terminology terminology

basins, basins, experimental experimental and and representative representative purposes, purposes, hydrological hydrological for for techniques techniques mapping mapping

and and maps maps transfer, transfer, information information and and design design network network hydrological hydrological on on appointed appointed also also were were

rapporteurs rapporteurs groups, groups, working working above above the the in in included rapporteurs rapporteurs thirty thirty to to addition addition In In Advisory Committee ·for Operational Hydrology (First session, Geneva, May 1972)

The decisions of Sixth Congress on the strengthening of the Organization's activities in the field of operational hydrology took into consideration the need for the views of Hydrological Services (or equivalent agencies) of Members to be brought to the attention of the Congress and the Executive Committee. For this purpose Congress established the Advisory Committee for Operational Hydrology (ACOH), which is composed of twelve directors of Hydrological Services, two from each WMO Region, the president of CHy being an ex-officio member to ensure good liaison between this high-level body and the commission.

The first session of the committee was held in Geneva from 1 to 6 May 1972 with the participation of directors of Hydrological Services, or their alternates, from Argentina, Brazil, El Salvador, Israel, Kenya, Malaysia, Nepal, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Thailand and the U.S.A., together with the president of CHy, Professor E. G. Popov (U.S.S.R.). Mr. W.A.E. George (Nigeria) was elected chairman and Messrs. J. Otnes (Norway) and M. C. Fuschini Mejia (Argentina) vice-chairmen of the committee. The session was particularly concerned with the availability to Hydrological Services of WMO standardization material in the field of operational hydrology. The Technical Regulations and the Guide to Hydrometeorological Practices were considered to be of the utmost importance for these Services and the committee recommended a survey of the application of this material in national activities in operational hydrology. The com­ mittee considered that a wider application may be achieved by organizing regional seminars on standardized practices.

The committee also discussed ways and means of increasing direct technical assistance to Hydrological Services in developing countries and of improving the training of their personnel. In this connexion the committee recognized the need to supply these Services with detailed information on established solutions to institutional and organizational problems encountered in the field of operational hydrology and on the impact of Hydro­ logical Services on the development of national economies. The committee recommended that this information be collected by WMO and made available to all countries in the form of a casebook.

The committee appointed several small groups from among its members to deal with the above and other questions and to prepare proposals for action at its next session. One such group is also to assist the Executive Committee in the preparation of a study, requested by Congress, on the need for changes in the WMO Convention in connexion with WMO activities in hydrology in general and those of ACOH in particular.

Last, but not least, the committee discussed the need for improvement of channels of communication between WMO and Hydrological Services of Members, both on regional and global levels. It adopted a recommendation to the Executive Committee expressing the view that it would be desirable for a hydrological representative to be designated in each country for the purpose of assisting the permanent representative in channelling communications with WMO on international programmes of interest to Hydrological Services and in expressing the views of these services on international collaboration in the field of operational hydrology.

There is no doubt that already the results of tllis first session of ACOH indicate its importance for the international co-operation of Hydrological Services within the struc­ ture and facilities of WMO and the sincere wish of all ACOH members to contribute to such co-operation.

182

183 183

conditions. conditions. normal normal

to to

return return

the the of of

indication indication an an give give

to to

and and drought drought the the of of extent extent area! area! the the determine determine to to used used is is

network network

same same

This This

regions. regions.

drought drought

potential potential of of identification identification early early of of way way a a provide provide

to to

used used is is rainfall rainfall

monthly monthly of of

registration registration

the the on on watch watch continuing continuing A A areas: areas: drought drought of of identification identification The The

severity. severity. drought drought of of degrees degrees various various to to

corresponding corresponding

deficiency deficiency of of

level level

the the

and and alone alone

deficiency deficiency rainfall rainfall to to related related is is which which definition definition a a

adopt adopt

to to

possible possible

is is it it

scale scale

this this on on

drought drought of of

extent extent the the of of Because Because scale: scale: continental continental a a on on drought drought of of Definition Definition

provided. provided.

is is time time and and area area both both in in continent continent Australian Australian the the

over over

evaporation evaporation

and and

rainfall rainfall of of

variation variation and and distribution distribution the the of of description description A A environment: environment: Australian Australian The The

headings: headings: following following the under under presented presented is is subject subject The The

droughts. droughts. of of effects effects the the alleviate alleviate to to adopted adopted procedures procedures on on and and conditions conditions

drought drought

broad-scale broad-scale forecasting forecasting and and identifying identifying in in experience experience wide wide has has Australia Australia

(Australia)) (Australia)) Body Body N. N. (D. (D.

drought drought continental continental of of alleviation alleviation and and forecasting forecasting identification, identification, The The

contemplated. contemplated. is is media media computer-readable computer-readable on on data data of of recording recording direct direct

future, future, near near the the

In In

diagrams. diagrams. and and graphs graphs of of plotting plotting the the for for and and etc. etc. yearbooks, yearbooks, of of

publication publication the the

for for

used used be be also also will will which which bank bank data data computerized computerized a a in in tapes tapes magnetic magnetic on on

storage storage final final

for for

controlled controlled quality quality and and coded coded edited, edited, tapes, tapes, punched punched to to reduced reduced be be will will

data data

field field the the

all all

method, method, semi-automatic semi-automatic the the In In duplicate. duplicate. in in microfilmed microfilmed being being after after

intervals, intervals,

20-year 20-year

after after removed removed be be to to generally generally archives, archives, in in stored stored are are forms forms and and charts charts

Original Original

storage. storage.

and and publication publication for for presentation presentation data data raw raw reliable reliable a a to to leading leading control, control,

quality quality

for for

processed processed first first are are occurrence occurrence ice ice and and temperature temperature water water levels, levels, water water on on

data data with with

tapes tapes

punched punched and and charts charts recorders' recorders' analogue analogue readings, readings, Observers' Observers' system. system.

semi-automatic semi-automatic

a a

to to system system processing processing manual manual a a from from transition transition of of state state a a in in now now is is ity) ity)

Author­ Water Water

Netherlands Netherlands (the (the Rijkswaterstaat Rijkswaterstaat the the at at processing processing data data Hydrological Hydrological

(Netherlands)) (Netherlands)) Rijkswaterstaat Rijkswaterstaat Made, Made, der der van van W. W. (J. (J.

bank bank a data data a to to data data hydrological hydrological of of flow flow The The

modelling. modelling. flow flow

stream­

for for inputs inputs

precipitation precipitation improved improved of of acquiring acquiring the the be be will will hydrology hydrology operational operational

for for

expected expected

advances advances fruitful fruitful most most the the of of One One displayed. displayed. are are systems systems computer computer the the

from from

derived derived

be be to to

products products sample sample The The phenomena. phenomena. flash-flood flash-flood identifying identifying for for radar radar

of of

use use

the the

including including reviewed reviewed are are plans plans Research Research experiments. experiments. the the in in participating participating

centres centres

forecast forecast

river river the the at at uses uses forecasting forecasting for for precipitation precipitation basin basin mean mean of of estimates estimates

radar radar

deriving deriving for for

discussed discussed are are Methods Methods described. described. is is system system processing processing and and computing computing

The The

meteorology. meteorology.

and and hydrology hydrology in in radar radar of of application application digital digital the the implementing implementing

on on

focusing focusing

resources resources and and manpower manpower of of concentration concentration unified unified and and large large a a constitutes constitutes

D/Radex D/Radex

D/Radex. D/Radex. as as known known be be to to experiments" experiments" radar radar "digitizing "digitizing as as U.S.A. U.S.A. the the

in in

stations stations radar radar

(10-cm) (10-cm) WSR-57 WSR-57 four four at at conditions conditions operational operational under under out out carried carried be be

will will

evaluation evaluation The The

tested. tested. being being now now is is and and completion completion nearing nearing is is system system munication munication

data-com­ and and

processing processing radar-signal radar-signal automated automated an an effort, effort, of of years years many many After After

(U.S.A.)) (U.S.A.)) Divilio Divilio M. M. F. F. and and Hudlow Hudlow D. D. (M. (M.

hydrology hydrology operational operational in in data data radar radar digital digital of of Use Use

below. below. given given Hydrology, are are Hydrology, for for Commission Commission the the of of activities activities

the the of of

aspects aspects

important important several several covering covering these, these, of of Summaries Summaries discussed. discussed. and and presented presented

were were

papers papers

scientific scientific six six Hydrology Hydrology for for Commission Commission the the of of session session fourth fourth the the At At

Hydrology Hydrology for for

Commission Commission the the of of session session fourth fourth the the at at lectures lectures Scientific Scientific

184 184

studies, studies, but but also also to to undertake undertake new new surveys. surveys.

sequences sequences thus thus obtained, obtained, it it will will not not only only be be possible possible to to carry carry out out the the required required hydrological hydrological

checked checked and and analysed, analysed, and and entered entered on on punched punched cards cards or or magnetic magnetic tapes. tapes. With With the the aid aid of of the the

evaporation, evaporation, hydrometric, hydrometric, gauging, gauging, phreatometric) phreatometric) with with the the corresponding corresponding statistics, statistics, well well

of of establishing establishing the the fullest fullest possible possible network network of of hydrological hydrological stations stations (rainfall, (rainfall, rain-recording, rain-recording,

A A description description of of the the field field and and laboratory laboratory work work which which has has already already been been done done the the with object object

pastureland pastureland suitable suitable for for intensive intensive agriculture agriculture and and stock-raising. stock-raising.

area area from from a a poor poor natural natural pastureland pastureland used used for for extensive extensive stock stock -raising -raising into into an an artificial artificial

ment, ment, FAO FAO and and the the Interamerican Interamerican Development Development Bank, Bank, with with the the aim aim of of transforming transforming the the

bourhood bourhood of of the the Federal Federal Capital, Capital, on on the the basis basis of of an an agreement agreement between between the the Argentine Argentine Govern­

The The reason reason for for undertaking undertaking an an overall overall study study of of this this area, area, situated situated in in the the immediate immediate neigh­

flooding. flooding.

number number of of small small basins basins situated situated to to the the south-east south-east of of the the former, former, practically practically all all subject subject to to

comprising comprising the the basin basin of of the the river river Samboromb6n, Samboromb6n, the the lower lower basin basin of of the the river river Salado Salado and and a a

The The basic basic geographical, geographical, climatic climatic and and hydrological hydrological characteristics characteristics

of of an an area area of of 100 100 000 000 km 2 2

This This study study consists consists of of three three parts: parts:

M. M. Raffo Raffo (J. (J. (Argentina)) (Argentina))

Hydrological Hydrological study study of of the the Low Low Pampas Pampas ( ( Pampa Pampa Deprimida) Deprimida) of of Buenos Buenos Aires Aires province province

and and with with much much smaller smaller risk risk of of error error and and much much greater greater rapidity. rapidity.

thus thus been been possible possible to to solve solve data-processing data-processing problems problems without without increasing increasing staff staff numbers numbers

and and the the collator, collator, makes makes possible possible a a very very substantial substantial reduction reduction of of computer computer time. time. has has It It

The The combined combined use use of of the the machine-processing machine-processing shop, shop, and and in in particular particular of of the the sorter sorter

data data manually. manually. The The engineers engineers have have been been trained trained as as programmers. programmers.

The The machine machine workshop workshop is is manned manned almost almost exclusively exclusively by by staff staff who who previously previously processed processed

In In principle, principle, the the entire entire staff staff has has been been re-trained re-trained in in automatic automatic processing processing methods. methods.

many many years years to to come. come.

regimes regimes are are stored stored is is the the punched punched card: card: there there will will be be enough enough room room for for stacking stacking them them for for

tapes tapes are are used, used, but but the the medium medium on on which which the the valuable valuable data data concerning concerning these these difficult difficult

Salinity Salinity and and discharge discharge data data are are processed processed simultaneously. simultaneously. Magnetic Magnetic discs discs and and

answers answers to to questions questions put put to to it it by by the the users. users.

total total annual annual water water and and salt salt yield, yield, etc. etc. The The computer computer can can also also be be used used to to provide provide the the

daily daily discharges, discharges, annual annual hydrological hydrological tables tables with with daily daily discharges, discharges, average average daily daily salinities, salinities,

its its basic basic natural natural data: data: monthly monthly rainfall rainfall bulletins, bulletins, monthly monthly hydrological hydrological bulletins bulletins with with

available, available, the the Tunisian Tunisian Hydrological Hydrological Service Service has has succeeded succeeded in in producing producing automatically automatically

By By means means of of a a careful careful study study of of the the objectives objectives to to be be attained attained and and of of the the resources resources

to to be be found found in in large large towns towns in in the the developed developed countries. countries.

devoted devoted to to the the Service Service are are limited limited and and the the available available equipment equipment is is very very different different from from that that

Hydrological Hydrological Service Service of of a a developing developing country country is is provided provided by by Tunisia Tunisia where where the the funds funds

A A good good example example of of adjustment adjustment to to the the use use of of a a computer computer for for data data processing processing by by the the

(J. (J. Claude, Claude, R. R. Kallel Kallel and and Colombani Colombani J. J. (Tunisia)) (Tunisia))

Service Service

The The use use of of a a computer computer and and machine-processing machine-processing methods methods by by the the Tunisian Tunisian Hydrological Hydrological

in in the the Australian Australian situation situation is is described. described.

possible possible to to plan plan more more realistic realistic relief relief operations. operations. The The range range of of alleviation alleviation procedures procedures utilized utilized

Drought Drought alleviation: alleviation: Once Once a a drought drought condition condition has has been been defined defined in in quantitative quantitative terms terms it it is is

possible possible to to make make a a statistical statistical assessment assessment of of the the possibilities possibilities of of drought drought cessation. cessation.

procedure procedure for for forecasting forecasting the the onset onset or or cessation cessation of of a a drought drought condition. condition. However, However, it it is is

forecasting forecasting of of precipitation precipitation are are further further developed developed it it is is not not possible possible to to use use a a deterministic deterministic

The The possibilities possibilities of of drought drought forecasting: forecasting: Until Until the the procedures procedures for for long-term long-term meteorological meteorological

185 185

years. years.

four four

next next the the

for for

WAR WAR CO CO of of president president elected elected

was was

(U.K.) (U.K.)

thington thington

Wor­ B. B.

E. E.

Dr. Dr. rivers. rivers.

Danube Danube the the

and and

Rhine Rhine the the from from data data available available

using using

quality, quality,

water water

in in

trends trends

long-term long-term

on on

project project a a

for for study study

pilot pilot a a begin begin to to agreed agreed

Eriksson Eriksson E. E.

·Professor ·Professor

material. material.

preliminary preliminary

some some

compiled compiled

already already had had who who Keller, Keller, R. R.

Professor Professor to to given given

was was lalces lalces

man-made man-made

large large of of

register register

world world a a compiling compiling of of task task

The The

prepared. prepared.

been been

had had draft draft first first

a a which which for for

water, water, with with

dealing dealing organizations organizations

international international of of

catalogue catalogue

a a

of of

revision revision the the was was

considered considered activities activities

future future Among Among

character. character. in in

multidisciplinary multidisciplinary

are are

which which

programmes programmes

those those

in in

only only

involved involved become become to to was was AR AR

COW COW

that that taken taken

was was

view view

the the

committee, committee,

the the of of

activities activities

the the to to regard regard With With

CHy. CHy. of of

session session

fourth fourth

the the of of results results

the the on on

and and

Programme Programme

Hydrology Hydrology Operational Operational WMO WMO the the on on

reported reported

tive tive

representa­

WMO WMO

The The

WAR. WAR. CO CO of of

activities activities future future and and present present the the and and

organizations organizations

international international

with with

co-operation co-operation

concerning concerning topics topics matters, matters,

organizational organizational to to

addition addition

in in

containing, containing,

agenda agenda an an

examined examined

committee committee the the (U.S.A.) (U.S.A.) Ackerman Ackerman

William William

Mr. Mr.

of of

chairmanship chairmanship the the Under Under

1972. 1972.

May May 6 6

to to 4

from from Rome Rome in in headquarters headquarters

ICSU ICSU

at at held held

was was

AR) AR)

(COW (COW

Research Research

Water Water on on

Committee Committee Scientific Scientific the the of of session session plenary plenary seventh seventh The The

Research Research Water Water on on Committee Committee Scientific Scientific

consideration. consideration. under under

area area the the over over precipitation precipitation of of values values

observed observed

of of

distribution distribution

the the

and and

values values

forecast forecast

between between comparison comparison the the of of given given is is example example An An

· ·

night). night).

the the for for cent cent

per per

77 77

and and

interval interval

day-time day-time

first first the

for for

cent cent per per (81 (81 correct correct are are

cent cent per per

79 79

average average on on

that that

shows shows

forecasts forecasts the the of of

Verification Verification

obtained. obtained. are are results results

satisfactory satisfactory very very

used, used, is is

model model

simplified simplified a a

when when

even even that that shown shown

has has forecasts forecasts these these making making in in Experience Experience

temperature. temperature.

and and

pressure pressure

vapom vapom

saturation saturation the the

between between

relationship relationship

the the

gives gives

which which

equation equation

Clausius-Clapeyron Clausius-Clapeyron

the the

using using

obtained obtained

is is

formula formula The The

used. used.

is is

air air

of of

column column

each each from from

precipitation precipitation

of of

fall fall

of of rate rate the the for for formula formula a a calculations calculations the the In In

200mb). 200mb).

and and

500 500 700, 700, 850, 850,

(1000, (1000,

levels levels

five five for for summed summed is is precipitation precipitation of of amount amount The The

loss. loss. without without and and

instantaneously instantaneously

falls falls

precipitation. Precipitation Precipitation precipitation. as as considered considered is is moisture moisture condensed condensed All All

up-currents. up-currents. vertical vertical

in in

particles particles air air

of of

ascent ascent

the the

from from

resulting resulting

air, air,

the the of of

cooling cooling adiabatic adiabatic by by caused caused mainly mainly is is Precipitation Precipitation

km. km.

300 300 being being

squares squares the the

of of

sides sides the the

of of

length length the the

network, network, uniform uniform a a for for made made are are calculations calculations The The

precipitation. precipitation. of of

means means areal areal

i.e. i.e. scale, scale, large large a a on on considered considered is is precipitation precipitation The The

made: made: are are

assumptions assumptions

basis basis following following the the calculation, calculation, of of method method the the In In

wind-speed. wind-speed. and and

geopotential geopotential

temperature, temperature,

cover cover

forecasts forecasts the the

rainfall, rainfall,

to to

addition addition

In In hours. hours. 36 36 is is elements elements all all

for for

validity validity of of

period period

overall overall the the and and

intervals intervals

12-hour 12-hour

two two for for made made are are Calculations Calculations

Asia. Asia. of of

part part

and and

Europe Europe

of of

whole whole

the the

includes includes

forecast forecast the the

by by covered covered area area The The U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. the the of of Centre Centre

Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological

the the at at

precipitation precipitation

of of forecasts forecasts operational operational for for used used

is is

dynamics, dynamics,

thermo­

and and

hydrodynamics hydrodynamics of of

equations equations primitive primitive the the on on based based method, method, ·This ·This

U.S.S.R.) U.S.S.R.) Kadysnikov, Kadysnikov, M. M. (V. (V.

precipitation precipitation forecasting forecasting for for method method hydrodynamic hydrodynamic A A

immdations. immdations. consequently consequently and and floods floods

forecasting forecasting of of

methods methods and and

sub-basins, sub-basins, and and

basins basins the the of of

balances balances hydrological hydrological

the the

runoff, runoff,

underground underground

and and

surface surface of of

studies studies

evapotranspiration, evapotranspiration,

and and surfaces surfaces free free from from

evaporation evaporation of of

regimes regimes

of of

determination determination the the

years, years, 50 50

past past

the the

during during occurred occurred have have which which

rainstorms rainstorms

100 100

the the of of

analysis analysis the the

i.e., i.e.,

begun, begun,

already already studies studies

hydrometeorological hydrometeorological the the lastly, lastly, includes, includes, It It

186 186

advected advected at at the the full full wind wind speed. speed. · ·

Equation Equation (5) (5) involves involves the the simplifying simplifying

assumption assumption that that cloud cloud and and precipitation precipitation droplets droplets are are

0 0

0 0

g. g.

g g

1r 1r

......

1J 1J

...... +- and and Ra Ra

V V ·qVdp ·qVdp =- V V ·cVdp ·cVdp (5) (5)

Po Po

Po Po

b b

0 0

g g

g g

{)t {)t {)t {)t

r r

f f + + - - Sa Sa

dp dp = = - dp dp -

(4) (4) 1 1 1 1 {)q {)q {)c {)c

Po Po Po Po

45) 45) should should be be amended amended as as follows: follows:

article article The The computation computation and and use use of of large-scale large-scale water water balances balances (Bulletin, (Bulletin, Vol. Vol. XXI, XXI, No. No. 1, 1, pp. pp. 41-

Corrigendum: Corrigendum: Mr. Mr. H. H. L. L. Ferguson Ferguson informs informs us us that that the the equations equations quoted quoted on on page page 42 42 in in the the

of of Hydrology, Hydrology, ·Howbery ·Howbery Park, Park, Wallingford, Wallingford, Berks., Berks., U.K. U.K.

Papers Papers or or applications applications for for subscriptions subscriptions should should be be sent sent to: to: Dr. Dr. J. J. Rodda, Rodda, C. Institute Institute

because because of of health. health. ill ill

Secretary-General Secretary-General of of the the IAHS, IAHS, Professor Professor L. L. J. J. Tison Tison (Belgium) (Belgium) who who has has had had to to retire retire

(U.K.). (U.K.). The The Bulletin Bulletin of of the the IAHS, IAHS, now now in in its its 17th 17th year, year, was was edited edited previously previously by by the the

advances advances in in the the sciences sciences involving involving fresh fresh waters, waters, under under the the editorship editorship of of Dr. Dr. John John C. C. Rodda Rodda

international international symposia symposia each each year. year. also also It It published published a a quarterly quarterly Bulletin Bulletin concerned concerned with with

IAHS IAHS provides provides a a forum forum for for discussion discussion of of hydrological hydrological research research and and organizes organizes several several

Scientific Scientific Unions Unions (ICSU). (ICSU). (See (See also also WMO WMO Bulletin, Bulletin, Vol. Vol. XXI, XXI, No. No. 1, 1, p. p. 47). 47). The The

with with 69 69 member member countries, countries, is is one one of of the the largest largest unions unions of of the the International International Council Council of of

associations associations which which constitute constitute the the International International Union Union of of Geodesy Geodesy and and Geophysics Geophysics which, which,

The The International International Association Association of of Hydrological Hydrological Sciences Sciences (IAHS) (IAHS) is is one one of of the the seven seven

Bulletin Bulletin of of the the IAHS IAHS

General General of of WMO WMO to to participate participate in in the the forthcoming forthcoming session. session.

termination termination of of its its first first phase. phase. The The committee committee unanimously unanimously agreed agreed to to invite invite the the Secretary­

first first and and second second phases phases of of the the Central Central American American hydrometeorological hydrometeorological project project and and the the

Costa Costa Rica, Rica, in in October October 1972. 1972. This This session session will will study study various various questions questions relating relating to to the the

Finally, Finally, the the collllllittee collllllittee decided decided to to hold hold its its third third extraordinary extraordinary session session in in San San Jose, Jose,

American American Economic Economic Council. Council.

Committee Committee on on Water Water Resources Resources as as an an intergovernmental intergovernmental advisory advisory body body of of the the Central Central

The The committee committee also also studied studied the the possibility possibility of of obtaining obtaining recognition recognition of of the the Regional Regional

through through the the appropriate appropriate channels. channels.

Central Central American American hydrometeorological hydrometeorological project project and and approved approved it it for for submission submission to to UNDP UNDP

management, management, the the collllllittee collllllittee studied studied a a draft draft paper paper on on a a second second phase phase of of the the UNDP/WMO UNDP/WMO

services services required required for for the the development development of of the the water water resources resources of of the the isthmus isthmus and and their their

In In discussing discussing the the need need to to continue continue to to consolidate consolidate and and to to expand expand further further the the facilities facilities and and

progress progress made made in in hydrology hydrology and and meteorology meteorology in in connexion connexion with with its its regional regional objectives. objectives.

The The committee committee reviewed reviewed the the reports reports of of the the national national committees committees and. and. analysed analysed the the

committees committees on on hydiometeorology hydiometeorology with with the the co-operation co-operation and and assistance assistance of of WMO. WMO.

the the importance importance of of consolidating consolidating the the activities activities developed developed by by the the national national co-ordinating co-ordinating

by by Eng. Eng. Jose Jose F. F. Reyes Reyes Arriola, Arriola, Ministry Ministry of of Communication Communication of of Guatemala, Guatemala, who who stressed stressed

committee, committee, held held in in Guatemala Guatemala City, City, from from 28 28 February February to to 4 4 March March 1972, 1972, was was opened opened

meteorological meteorological project, project, which which became became operational operational in in 1967. 1967. The The sixth sixth session session of of the the

counterpart counterpart body body for for the the implementation implementation of of the the UNDP/WMO UNDP/WMO Central Central American American hydro­

The The Central Central American American Regional Regional Committee Committee on on Water Water Resources Resources was was set set up up as as a a

Central Central American American Committee Committee on on Water Water Resources Resources

187 187

interest. interest. general general of of theme theme meteorological meteorological

a a on on conference conference short short a a by by followed followed headquarters headquarters WMO WMO at at ceremony ceremony official official an an with with

September September 10 10 on on Geneva Geneva in in resume resume then then will will celebration celebration formal formal The The held. held. was was Congress Congress

1873 1873 the the where where Sciences Sciences of of Academy Academy the the at at September September 7 7 on on ceremony ceremony official official an an be be

also also will will there there meteorology; meteorology; of of science science the the of of possibilities possibilities future future and and state state present present ment, ment,

develop­ the the of of aspects aspects various various on on conference conference scientific scientific a a include include will will Vienna Vienna in in brations brations

cele­ The The September. September. 12 12 on on Geneva Geneva in in culminate culminate and and 1973 1973 September September 4 4 on on Vienna Vienna in in

open open will will which which celebrations celebrations the the for for arrangements arrangements detailed detailed making making is is Secretariat Secretariat WMO WMO

the the of of and and Governments Governments Swiss Swiss and and Austrian Austrian the the of of representatives representatives of of composed composed mittee mittee

com­ co-ordinating co-ordinating A A occasion. occasion. the the publicize publicize to to 1973 1973 throughout throughout activities activities of of number number

a a in in engage engage will will Organization Organization the the Furthermore, Furthermore, WMO. WMO. of of seat seat the the Geneva, Geneva, in in and and

IMO, IMO, of of birthplace birthplace the the Vienna, Vienna, in in ceremonies ceremonies by by marked marked be be will will itself itself centenary centenary The The

1973. 1973. in in IMO/WMO IMO/WMO of of centenary centenary the the celebrate celebrate to to decided decided been been accordingly accordingly has has It It

system. system. Nations Nations United United the the within within agency agency

specialized specialized of of status status the the accorded accorded was was which which body body intergovernmental intergovernmental an an as as (WMO) (WMO)

Organization Organization Meteorological Meteorological World World the the into into transformed transformed effect, effect, in in was, was, it it when when 1951 1951 in in

exist exist to to ceased ceased IMO IMO applications. applications. practical practical its its and and meteorology meteorology of of science science the the of of ment ment

develop­ the the encouraging encouraging and and meteorology meteorology in in collaboration collaboration international international ensuring ensuring for for

CENTENARY CENTENARY

centenary centenary the the with with

connexion connexion in in use use for for

IMO-WMO IMO-WMO

designed designed emblem emblem Special Special

machinery machinery effective effective most most a a as as 1951 1951 until until inception inception its its from from interruption interruption without without served served

. . Services, Services, Meteorological Meteorological national national of of directors directors the the of of composed composed body body governmental governmental

non­ a a was was which which IMO, IMO, world. world. the the of of Services Services Meteorological Meteorological national national the the between between

co-operation co-operation formal formal of of century century a a of of beginning beginning the the marked marked thus thus it it and and (IMO) (IMO) zation zation

Organi­ Meteorological Meteorological International International the the born born was was Congress this this From From Austria. Austria. Vienna, Vienna,

in in held held was was Congress Congress Meteorological Meteorological International International first first the the that that 1873 1873 in in was was It It

/WMO /WMO IMO IMO centenary centenary

notes notes and and News News The other special WMO activities in 1973 will include a centenary issue of the WMO Bulletin which will contain a history of the IMO/WMO. Public information kits will be distributed to the news media to ensure appropriate dissemination of information about the centenary celebrations. An official centenary emblem has been designed for use on the letterhead of official WMO stationery, on WMO greeting cards and as part of the design of a cachet for franking postal matter dispatched from the Secretariat. It is expected that many Members will issue commemorative stamps in honour of the cen­ tenary. It is also likely that national celebrations will be arranged by various Members, mainly in connexion with World Meteorological Day, the theme for which in 1973 is One hundred years of international co-operation in meteorology. The papers of the scientific conference in Vienna will be published as a WMO Technical Note and there are plans for the design and sale of an appropriate commemorative medal through commercial channels. It is also expected that the IMO/WMO centenary in 1973 will be celebrated in different ways by other international organizations and, in particular, by the United Nations and specialized agencies.

Award to Dr. P. Koteswaram On 8 January 1972, His Excellency the Chancellor of the Andhra University, Waltair, India, conferred the honorary degree of Doctor of Science on Dr. P. Kotes­ waram, Director General of Observatories in India since 1969. Dr. Koteswaram is well known in international meteorological circles for his research on tropical meteorology and for his services to WMO. He was elected third Vice-President of the Organization in 1971 and he is also the chairman of the Executive Committee Panel of Experts on Tropical Cyclones. On behalf of his many friends in WMO, we offer Dr. Koteswaram our warm congratulations on this new honour.

Ceylon Meteorological Society The Ceylon Meteorological Society was founded on 2 September 1971 with the aims of promoting the study of meteorology and its applications and of helping the public and other users of meteorology to acquire a greater understanding and appreciation of the subject. The Society publishes a quarterly journal containing articles on meteorology and related sciences with a section including processed meteorological data, tide tables and other useful information. The inaugural issue of the Journal of the Ceylon Meteoro­ logical Society (January 1972) contains an introductory article, Meteorology in the service of mankind, by the founder and president of the Society, Mr. G. S. Jayamaha, and a number of goodwill messages, to which we would like to join our congratulations and best wishes for the future. The journal, published with the support of the Ministry of Industries and Scientific Affairs, is available from the Ceylon Meteorological Society, 26 Clifford Place, Colombo 4, Ceylon *,at Rs. 5.- per copy.

Bulletin of the Indian Meteorological Society Since January 1971 the Indian Meteorological Society (IMS), has been publishing a quarterly bulletin in English under the title Vayu Mandal (meaning The Atmosphere). The articles contained in the first four issues cover various aspects of air pollution,

*Editor's note: F'rom 22 May 1972, the official name of this country is Republic of Sri Lanka (Ceylon).

188

189 189

obtained. obtained. be be may may

details details further further whom whom from from Mainz, Mainz, 23, 23, Saarstrasse Saarstrasse Chemie, Chemie, fi.ir fi.ir Institut Institut Max-Planck Max-Planck

Director, Director, Junge, E. E. C. C. Professor Professor to to 1972 1972 December December 31 31 by by submitted submitted be be should should Papers Papers

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available: available: now now also also are are following following the the Bulletin, Bulletin, the the of of issues issues previous previous in in announced announced as as

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India. India. Delhi-3, Delhi-3, New New Road, Road, Lodi Lodi Observatory, Observatory,

The The c/o c/o Mandal, Mandal, Vayu Vayu Editor, Editor, the the to to addressed addressed be be should should correspondence correspondence All All

venture. venture. new new this this

in in

success success continued continued for for colleagues colleagues his his and and Koteswaram Koteswaram Dr. Dr. to to wishes wishes best best our our offer offer We We

start. start.

lively lively very very a a to to off off got got indeed indeed has has literature literature meteorological meteorological the the to to addition addition recent recent

This This

News. News. and and Notes Notes !MS !MS and and Editor Editor the the to to Letters Letters containing containing issue issue each each in in sections sections

are are

there there articles, articles, major major such such to to addition addition In In Congress. Congress. Meteorological Meteorological World World Sixth Sixth

the the of of

Koteswaram, Koteswaram, P. P. Dr. Dr. Editor, Editor, the the by by account account an an also also is is there there meteorology; meteorology; applied applied

of of

branches branches other other and and meteorology meteorology agricultural agricultural meteorology, meteorology, aeronautical aeronautical climatology, climatology,

tornadoes, tornadoes, hydrology, hydrology, monsoons, monsoons, observations, observations, meteorological meteorological cyclones, cyclones, tropical tropical News from the WMO Secretariat

Secretary-General's visits People's Republic of China- Following the decision of WMO, announced on 25 February 1972, to recognize the representatives of the People's Republic of China as the only legitimate representatives of China within the Organization, the Secretary­ General received an invitation from the authorities of the country to pay a visit to Peking. The Secretary-General proceeded to Peking from Bangkok, where he was on an official mission when the invitation was received, and arrived in Peking via Hong Kong and Canton on 20 March. During his stay there he was received by Mr. Chi Peng-Fei, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, and had prolonged

Peking, 23 March 1972: The Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Mr. Chi Peng-Fei, (right) greeting Dr. D. A. Davies, Secretary-General of WMO. Centre, Mr. Meng Ping, director of the Central

discussions with Mr. Meng Ping, director of the Central Bureau of Meteorology, and with many senior officials of the Ministry and Bureau. The discussions, which were very constructive and encouraging and which were conducted in a very friendly and co-operative atmosphere, enabled the Secretary-General to explain in detail the pro­ cedures and activities of the Organization and to answer many related questions. He found time to visit the Summer Palace and the Palace Museum (the Forbidden City) and attended an evening performance of a modern Chinese ballet. He received warm hospitality in many other ways. He left Peking on 24 March and returned to Geneva on 26 March. On his way to Peking and also on the return journey, the Secretary-General made brief halts at Kwangchow (Canton). He took the opportunity to meet some of the staff of the local meteorological office (Kwangtung Bureau of Meteorology) and to visit places of interest. The fact that the Secretary-General's visit was the first visit to Peking of any mem­ ber of the United Nations system since the recognition by the United Nations of the representatives of the People's Republic of China as the only legitimate representative of China, created considerable interest and was widely commented on in the international press.

190

191 191

a a holds holds Gebhart Gebhart Dr. Dr. Department. Department. Research Research and and Training Training Education, Education, the the of of Branch Branch

Research Research the the in in officer officer scientific scientific as as 1972 1972 March March 13 13 on on appointed appointed was was Gebhart Gebhart R. R. Dr. Dr.

Branch. Branch. Personnel Personnel the the of of chief chief of of post post the the to to promoted promoted was was Fellague Fellague M. M. Mr. Mr.

and and Branch, Branch, Budget Budget and and Finance Finance the the of of chief chief as as Cook Cook Mr. Mr. replace replace to to Branch Branch Personnel Personnel

the the of of chief chief of of post post the the from from transferred transferred was was Weber Weber A. A. Mr. Mr. 1972, 1972, April April 15 15 On On

future. future. the the in in happiness happiness

every every family family his his and and him him wishing wishing in in join join to to want want all all will will They They Geneva. Geneva. in in headquarters headquarters

the the to to visitors visitors many many the the among among and and Secretariat Secretariat WMO WMO the the in in friends friends many many has has Cook Cook Mr. Mr.

publications. publications. WMO WMO of of promotion promotion sales sales successful successful very very a a behind behind spirit spirit moving moving the the

also also was was he he side, side, financial financial the the on on responsibilities responsibilities major major his his to to addition addition In In service. service. his his

on on demands demands new new the the of of challenges challenges the the to to positively positively respond respond to to able able always always was was he he siasm, siasm,

enthu­ and and competence competence perseverance, perseverance, his his to to Thanks Thanks duties. duties. and and workload workload Cook's Cook's Mr. Mr.

in in increase increase substantial substantial a a in in resulted resulted inevitably inevitably WMO WMO of of activities activities the the in in expansion expansion

rapid rapid the the period period this this During During 1972. 1972. April April 15 15 on on retired retired Branch, Branch, Budget Budget and and Finance Finance

the the of of chief chief Cook, Cook, H. H. E. E. A. A. Mr. Mr. WMO, WMO, with with service service of of years years 20 20 than than more more After After

changes changes Staff Staff

occasion. occasion. the the on on present present guests guests other other and and participants participants the the to to address address an an

delivered delivered and and April1972 April1972 19 19 on on Lucerne Lucerne at at (Europe) (Europe) VI VI Association Association Regional Regional of of session session

extraordinary extraordinary the the of of opening opening attended the the attended Secretary-General Secretary-General The The Switzerland-

April. April. 15 15 on on Geneva Geneva to to returned returned and and questions, questions,

of of number number a a on on WMO WMO of of President President the the with with discussions discussions hold hold to to Cairo Cairo to to visit visit short short a a

paid paid Secretary-General Secretary-General the the April April 13 13 on on London London Leaving Leaving Egypt- of of Republic Republic Arab Arab

school. school. training training the the and and computer computer new new the the as as well well

as as on on carried carried being being activities activities scientific scientific major major the the of of some some shown shown was was and and WMO, WMO, with with

Kingdom Kingdom United United the the of of representative representative permanent permanent Mason, Mason, B. B. Dr. Dr. of of J. J. invitation invitation the the at at

April April 12 12 on on Bracknell Bracknell at at Office Office Meteorological Meteorological the the visited visited Secretary-General Secretary-General The The

residence. residence. Minister's Minister's

Prime Prime the the at at members members ACC ACC all all for for luncheon luncheon a a was was country country host host the the by by offered offered

hospitality hospitality official official the the Among Among presided. presided. Waldheim, Waldheim, Kurt Kurt Mr. Mr. Nations, Nations, United United the the of of

Secretary-General Secretary-General appointed appointed recently recently the the which which at at ACC ACC the the of of session session first first the the was was

This This latter. latter. the the at at Department, Department, Relations Relations External External and and Administration Administration the the of of chief chief

Munteanu, Munteanu, R. R. Mr. Mr. by by L. L. and and meeting meeting former former the the at at Department, Department, Co-operation Co-operation Technical Technical

the the of of director director Parthasarathy, Parthasarathy, K. K. Mr. Mr. by by accompanied accompanied was was He He respectively. respectively. April April 11 11

to to 10 10 on on and and April April 7 7 on on (IMCO) (IMCO) Organization Organization Consultative Consultative Maritime Maritime Governmental Governmental

Inter­ the the of of headquarters headquarters the the at at held held Nations, Nations, United United the the of of (ACC) (ACC) Co-ordination Co-ordination

on on Committee Committee Administrative Administrative the the and and (UNDP) (UNDP) Programme Programme Development Development Nations Nations

United United the the of of (IACB) (IACB) Board Board Consultative Consultative Inter-Agency Inter-Agency the the of of sessions sessions the the attend attend to to

London London visited visited Secretary-General Secretary-General the the 1972, 1972, April April 13 13 to to 5 5 From From Kingdom- United United

Observatory. Observatory. Royal Royal the the of of director director Bell, Bell, G. G. J. J. Mr. Mr.

from from Peking Peking to to visit visit his his for for preparations preparations the the in in assistance assistance considerable considerable received received he he

Kong Kong Hong Hong in in stay stay short short his his During During Peking. Peking. to to way way his his on on day day same same the the on on Kong Kong Hong Hong

in in arrived arrived and and March March 16 16 on on Bangkok Bangkok left left Secretary-General Secretary-General The The Kong- Hong Hong

ECAFE. ECAFE. of of Secretary Secretary Executive Executive Nyun, Nyun, U U with with discussions discussions had had also also He He ECAFE. ECAFE.

and and WMO WMO between between developed developed been been had had which which co-operation co-operation excellent excellent the the to to referred referred

and and March March 15 15 on on ceremony ceremony the the at at statement statement a a made made He He March. March. 27 27 to to 15 15 from from held held

session session twenty-eighth twenty-eighth its its during during observed observed was was which which (ECAFE), (ECAFE), East East Far Far the the and and Asia Asia

for for Commission Commission Economic Economic UN UN the the of of commemoration commemoration anniversary anniversary twenty-fifth twenty-fifth the the

attend attend to to 1972 1972 March March 14 14 on on Bangkok Bangkok in in arrived arrived Secretary-General Secretary-General The The Thailand- doctor's degree in meteorology from the University of Munich. Prior to his appoint­ ment with WMO he was teaching and conducting research at the Technical University of Munich. Dr. N. G. Leonov was appointed on 6 May 1972 to the post of chief of the Data­ Processing Division of the World Weather Watch Department. Dr. Leonov holds a diploma of engineer in meteorology. He has been engaged in research work in synoptic meteorology and aerology at the Central Institute of Meteorology in Moscow since 1947, with a period (1960-1964) as scientific officer in the WMO Secretariat. In 1970 he was elected president of the Commission for Synoptic Meteorology (now Basic Systems). On 1 July 1972, Mr. J. Forestier was appointed as telecommunications/electronics officer in the Operational and Facilities Division of the World Weather Watch Depart­ ment. Mr. Forestier holds a diploma of engineer in meteorology with further specializa­ tion in telecommunications. He was in charge of the organization of the regional tele­ communication hub of the Main Trunk Circuit (WWW) and of the Telecommunication C~11tg~ of the ]vfeteorQ[ogie NatiQ_fl(l/t!_ill_ ~ct_fis_.

Recent WMO publications Annual Report of the World Meteorological Organization, 1971. WMO- No. 320. Pp. xii + 183; illustrated. In English, French, Russian and Spanish. Price: Sw. fr. 20.-. The Annual Report for 1971 follows the same pattern as in the previous two years. A brief general review of the activities of the Organization (Part 1) is followed by more detailed consideration of the four main programmes and of other activities. Eight pages of photographs illustrate the text and the report is completed by 15 annexes and a subject index. Some of the main aspects of the progress described in this report are mentioned briefly below. The main preoccupations of the Organization during 1971 were to consolidate the progress made in the programmes launched by the Fifth World Meteorological Congress in 1967 and to establish, during the Sixth Congress, the plans and budget for further progress in these programmes during the period 1972 to 1975. Considerable efforts were made by WMO Members during 1971 to implement the global observing, data-processing and telecommunication systems under the World Weather Watch programme. The links between all the world meteorological centres and the regional telecommunication hubs were all in operation and much progress was made in developing and equipping the national meteorological centres. Support to the Global Atmospheric Research Programme (GARP) formed the major part of the WMO Research activities and, in particular, the planning of the two GARP sub-programmes- the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment and the First GARP Global Experiment- was further advanced. Developments in the WMO programme on the Interaction of man and his environ­ ment were related particularly to the projects, meteorological aspects of ocean affairs, operational hydrology and environmental pollution. The Commissions for Agricultural Meteorology and for Aeronautical Meteorology held sessions in Geneva. The basic papers and other shorter contributions prepared by WMO for the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm, June 1972) were published in a special environmental report. Meteorology and the human environment was the theme chosen for World Meteorological Day 1971. Aid under the various components of the Technical co-operation programme was provided to 94 WMO Members. New procedures for country and inter-country pro­ gramming of UNDP assistance were applied from the middle of 1971. During the year,

192

193 193

U.S.A. U.S.A. Gifford, Gifford, A. A. F. F. and and U.K.; U.K.; Forsdyke, Forsdyke, G. G. A. A. U.S.S.R.; U.S.S.R.; Berlyand, Berlyand, E. E. M. M. from from

contributions contributions with with Netherlands, Netherlands, Schmidt, Schmidt, H. H. F. F. and and U.S.A.; U.S.A.; Pack, Pack, H. H. D. D. France; France;

Facy, Facy, U.K.; U.K.; L. L. Eggleston, Eggleston, J. J. A. A. E. E. (chairman); (chairman); Canada Canada Munn, Munn, E. E. R. R. of of consisting consisting

Sciences, Sciences, Atmospheric Atmospheric for for Commission Commission the the of of Chemistry Chemistry Atmospheric Atmospheric and and Pollution Pollution

Atmospheric Atmospheric on on Group Group Working Working the the of of members members the the by by prepared prepared was was report report This This

20.-. 20.-. fr. fr. Sw. Sw. Price: Price:

Spanish. Spanish. and and Russian Russian French, French, English, English, in in + + summaries summaries with with English, English, In In 116. 116. x x Pp. Pp.

319. 319. No. No. WMO- 121. 121. No. No. Note Note Technical Technical pollution. pollution. air air of of forecasting forecasting and and Dispersion Dispersion

forecasts. forecasts. of of wording wording the the for for rules rules down down

laying laying and and phenomena phenomena atmospheric atmospheric of of forms forms various various the the defining defining terminology, terminology, strict strict

a a developing developing of of necessity necessity the the to to attention attention draws draws also also author author The The forecasts. forecasts. purpose purpose

general~ general~ of of verification verification for for procedures procedures some some containing containing appendices appendices and and bibliography, bibliography,

short short a a recommendations, recommendations, and and conclusions conclusions few few a a verification, verification, of of methods methods possible possible and and

forecast forecast of of types types various various the the of of consideration consideration a a Services, Services, Meteorological Meteorological different different in in

verification verification forecast forecast for for available available material material the the of of analysis analysis brief brief and and review review a a contains contains

report report The The verification. verification. forecast forecast of of methods methods on on Meteorology Meteorology Synoptic Synoptic for for mission mission

Com­ the the to to rapporteur rapporteur as as Dobryshman Dobryshman Professor Professor by by prepared prepared was was report report This This

10.-. 10.-. fr. fr. Sw. Sw. Price: Price: Spanish. Spanish. and and Russian Russian French, French,

English, English, in in + + summaries summaries with with English, English, In In 51. 51. x x Pp. Pp. 303. 303. No. No. WMO- 120. 120. No. No.

Note Note Technical Technical DoBRYSHMAN. DoBRYSHMAN. M. M. E. E. By By techniques. techniques. verification verification forecast forecast of of Review Review

publications. publications. recent recent of of bibliography bibliography limited limited a a and and 1968-1969 1968-1969 in in research research meteorological meteorological

micro­ of of centres centres main main the the list list appendices appendices Two Two development. development. future future its its and and subject subject

the the of of aims aims the the discusses discusses part part third third The The involved. involved. sciences sciences and and processes processes the the of of terms terms

in in problems problems agricultural agricultural practical practical of of analysis analysis an an is is II II Part Part sciences. sciences. animal animal and and plant plant

atmosphere, atmosphere, soil, soil, the the of of context context the the within within pollutants pollutants atmospheric atmospheric and and dioxide, dioxide, carbon carbon

water, water, heat, heat, momentum, momentum, radiation, radiation, of of transfer transfer and and distribution distribution the the in in involved involved processes processes

physical physical the the all all reviews reviews Note Note this this of of part part first first The The place). place). take take processes processes zoological zoological and and

biological biological the the wherein wherein Earth Earth and and atmosphere atmosphere between between layer layer boundary boundary (the (the ecosphere ecosphere the the

within within place place taking taking processes processes meteorological meteorological and and physical physical the the of of microscale microscale the the on on tion tion

examina­ detailed detailed the the with with concerned concerned science science the the as as here here considered considered is is Micrometeorology Micrometeorology

(U.S.A.). (U.S.A.). Lemon Lemon R. R. Dr. Dr. of of E. E. chairmanship chairmanship the the under under 1969 1969 in in Geneva Geneva in in met met which which

Meteorology, Meteorology, Agricultural Agricultural for for Commission Commission the the of of Micrometeorology Micrometeorology of of Aspects Aspects logical logical

Agrometeoro­ on on Group Group Working Working the the of of report report the the comprises comprises Note Note Technical Technical This This

10.-. 10.-. fr. fr. Sw. Sw. Price: Price: Spanish. Spanish. and and Russian Russian French, French, English, English, in in maries maries

+ + sum­ with with English, English, In In 74. 74. xiv xiv Pp. Pp. 298. 298. No. No. WMO- 119. 119. No. No. Note Note Technical Technical

SMITH. SMITH. P. P. L. L. by by Edited Edited problems. problems. agricultural agricultural to to micrometeorology micrometeorology of of application application The The

1971. 1971. of of end end the the by by 136 136 to to increased increased Organization Organization the the

of of Membership Membership Territories, Territories, Member Member as as Miquelon Miquelon and and Pierre Pierre St. St. and and Islands Islands Comoro Comoro

the the and and State State Member Member a a as as Yemen Yemen of of Republic Republic Arab Arab the the of of accession accession the the With With

world. world. the the of of parts parts different different in in ficilities ficilities training training for for requirements requirements the the mine mine

deter­ to to tmdertaken tmdertaken were were Surveys Surveys notes. notes. lecture lecture of of compendia compendia and and training training specialized specialized

for for syllabi syllabi containing containing issued issued were were publications publications of of number number a a addition, addition, In In programme. programme.

assistance assistance technical technical the the of of part part large large a a formed formed meteorology meteorology in in training training and and Education Education

1971. 1971. of of

end end the the by by col'npleted, col'npleted, been been had had or or implemented, implemented, being being were were 211 211 1968-1971, 1968-1971, during during

Programme Programme Assistance Assistance Voluntary Voluntary the the under under approved approved projects projects 374 374 the the Of Of component. component.

Fund Fund Special Special the the under under executed executed being being were were projects projects 16 16 meteorology; meteorology; of of fields fields various various

in in study study for for awarded awarded were were fellowships fellowships 360 360 and and out out carried carried were were missions missions expert expert 146 146

194 194

No. No. 1, 1, pp. pp. 49-53 49-53 (CAeM) (CAeM) and and pp. pp. 34--37 34--37 (CAgM). (CAgM).

October October 1971. 1971. Short Short accounts accounts of of the the sessions sessions were were given given in in WMO WMO Bulletin, Bulletin, Vol. Vol. XXI, XXI,

These These reports reports contain contain summaries summaries of of the the work work of of the the sessions sessions held held in in Geneva Geneva in in

Sw. Sw. fr. fr. 20.-. 20.-.

+ + WMO- No. No. 318. 318. Pp. Pp. xii xii 69. 69. English, English, French, French, Russian Russian and and Spanish. Spanish. Price: Price:

Commission Commission for for Agricultural Agricultural Meteorology- Abridged Abridged final final report report of of the the fifth fifth session. session.

Sw. Sw. fr. fr. 20.-. 20.-.

+ + WMO- No. No. 322. 322. Pp. Pp. xii xii 141. 141. English, English, French, French, Russian Russian and and Spanish. Spanish. Price: Price:

Commission Commission for for Aeronautical Aeronautical Meteorology- Abridged Abridged final final report report of of the the fifth fifth session. session.

ber ber 1971. 1971.

the the programme programme and and a a table table showing showing Members' Members' contributions contributions to to YAP YAP up up to to 31 31 Decem­

This This year's year's report report includes, includes, in in addition, addition, general general remarks remarks on on the the overall overall situation situation of of

Assistance Assistance Programme Programme (V (V AP) AP) projects projects approved approved for for circulation circulation in in the the year year in in question. question.

This This is is the the fourth fourth annual annual report report issued issued to to give give information information on on new new Voluntary Voluntary

In In English, English, French, French, Russian Russian and and Spanish. Spanish. Price: Price: Sw. Sw. fr. fr. 12.-. 12.-.

+ + including including projects projects approved approved for for circulation circulation in in 1971. 1971. WMO- No. No. 323. 323. Pp. Pp. xi xi 232. 232.

World World Weather Weather Watch: Watch: Consolidated Consolidated report report on on the the Voluntary Voluntary Assistance Assistance Programme Programme

An An account account oftheseminarwas oftheseminarwas given given in in WMO WMO Bulletin, Bulletin, XX, XX, Vol. No. No. 2, 2, pp.123-124. pp.123-124.

ships, ships, principles principles of of environmental environmental assessment, assessment, and and methods methods in in agrometeorology. agrometeorology.

logical logical conditions conditions of of Central Central America America and and the the Caribbean, Caribbean, agroclimatological agroclimatological relation­

turers, turers, are are given given under under the the following following headings: headings: the the scope scope of of agrometeorology, agrometeorology, meteoro­

lectures lectures given given by by the the director director of of the the seminar, seminar, Mr. Mr. L. L. P. P. Smith, Smith, and and by by the the invited invited lec­

(North (North and and Central Central America), America), held held in in Barbados Barbados in in November November 1970. 1970. The The texts texts of of the the

logy logy with with special special reference reference to to tropical tropical areas areas of of Regions Regions Ill Ill (South (South America) America) and and IV IV

This This publication publication contains contains the the Proceedings Proceedings of of the the Seminar Seminar on on Agricultural Agricultural Meteoro~ Meteoro~

Sw. Sw. fr. fr. 35.-. 35.-.

+ + Agricultural Agricultural meteorology. meteorology. WMO- No. No. 310. 310. Pp. Pp. xviii xviii 357 357 .. .. In In English. English. Price: Price:

be be found found in in WMO WMO Bulletin, Bulletin, Vol. Vol. XIX, XIX, No. No. 3, 3, pp. pp. 165-167. 165-167.

given given by by consultants, consultants, invited invited lecturers lecturers and and participants. participants. A A report report of of the the seminar seminar will will

The The Proceedings Proceedings contains contains the the texts texts of of the the introductory introductory addresses addresses and and of of the the lectures lectures

methods methods and and equipment equipment for for data data processing. processing.

mentary mentary climatology climatology and and statistical statistical theory theory as as well well as as questions questions dealing dealing with with modern modern

for for various various development development projects. projects. The The programme programme of of work work covered covered aspects aspects of of ele­

improve improve their their capability capability in in providing providing climatological climatological advice advice and and information information necessary necessary

1970, 1970, was was to to assist assist the the Meteorological Meteorological Services Services of of developing developing countries countries in in Africa Africa to to

United United Nations Nations Development Development Programme Programme and and held held in in Cairo Cairo from from 10 10 to to 22 22 January January

The The purpose purpose of of this this seminar, seminar, organized organized by by WMO WMO under under its its participation participation in in the the

In In English. English. Price: Price: Sw. Sw. fr. fr. 15.-. 15.-.

+ + Processing Processing for for Climatological Climatological Purposes Purposes in in Africa. Africa. WMO- No. No. 317. 317. Pp. Pp. vii vii 328. 328.

Proceedings Proceedings of of the the Regional Regional Seminar Seminar on on Modern Modern Methods Methods and and Equipment Equipment for for Data Data

wise wise references references to to the the relevant relevant literature literature are are given given at at the the end end of of each each chapter. chapter.

of of atmospheric atmospheric diffusion diffusion investigations investigations in in the the U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. is is given given in in the the appendix; appendix; other­

environments; environments; and and forecasting forecasting for for air-pollution air-pollution applications. applications. A A detailed detailed description description

practice; practice; plume plume rise; rise; transport transport and and dispersion dispersion in in non-urban non-urban environments environments and and in in urban urban

The The five five chapters chapters cover cover a a general general discussion discussion of of progress progress in in dispersion dispersion theory theory and and

195 195

bottom bottom

arbitrary arbitrary of of case case the the in in also also but but shapes shapes arbitrary arbitrary complex complex for for only only not not understood understood well well

is is

waves waves

non-periodic non-periodic and and periodic periodic to to response response harbour harbour and and known, known, well well quantitatively quantitatively as as

sidered sidered

con­

be be can can

slopes slopes gentle gentle relatively relatively over over breaking breaking wave wave of of problem problem The The solutions. solutions.

analytical analytical

closed-form closed-form by by

than than rather rather use use computer computer systematic systematic and and techniques techniques numerical numerical in in

solution solution

find find to to seem seem

would would topography topography bottom bottom complex complex over over waves waves dispersive dispersive explosion-generated explosion-generated

of of

propagation propagation

the the

addition, addition, In In decreases. decreases. depth depth water water as as reliable reliable less less becomes becomes method method the the

but but

data data

experimental experimental with with correlation correlation empirical empirical through through predicted predicted reasonably reasonably be be can can

explosion explosion of of

depth depth

and and yield yield

given given a a from from resulting resulting train train wave wave gravity gravity the the water, water, deep deep for for that, that,

concludes concludes

author author

The The

explosions. explosions. by by generated generated gravity-waves gravity-waves water water of of characteristics characteristics theoretical theoretical

pertinent pertinent

most most

the the

presents presents Mehaute, Mehaute, Le Le B. B. by by waves waves water water Explosion-generated Explosion-generated article, article, first first The The

hydrobiology. hydrobiology. and and hydrogeology hydrogeology glaciology, glaciology,

engineering, engineering,

coastal coastal

and and

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will will

scope, scope,

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selection selection their their volume, volume, this this in in contained contained articles articles five five the the difficulties, difficulties, these these standing standing

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congratulated. congratulated. be be to to are are contributors contributors fellow fellow his his and and Gray Gray Dr. Dr.

worldwide. worldwide. also also

but but Canada Canada within within only only not not readers, readers, many many to to useful useful prove prove should should

Handbook Handbook

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hydrology. hydrology.

of of science science the the of of nature nature interdisciplinary interdisciplinary the the illustrate illustrate clearly clearly which which

section section

each each of of

end end the the

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hydrology hydrology

international international for for

plans plans long-term long-term the the in in prominently prominently figures figures which which and and effort effort international international and and

national national

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still still demands demands which which subject subject a a subject, subject, important important very very this this on on end end

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is is use. use. It It land land of of hydrology hydrology the the finally, finally, and, and, analyses analyses regression regression and and frequency frequency

transportation, transportation,

sediment sediment on on sections sections follow follow Then Then flow. flow. base base and and use use land land geology, geology, of of effects effects

the the

consideration consideration

into into taking taking basin, basin, river river a a from from yield yield water water total total of of estimation estimation the the of of

discussion discussion

a a by by

followed followed are are cycle cycle hydrological hydrological the the of of components components the the with with dealing dealing sections sections The The

snowmelt. snowmelt.

with with

associated associated flow flow peak peak and and measurement; measurement; flow flow and and hydraulics hydraulics river river and and flows, flows, flood flood

predict predict to to

analyses analyses frequency frequency flood flood and and routeing routeing flood flood hydrograph, hydrograph, unit unit formulae, formulae, empirical empirical

featuring featuring

events, events, rainfall rainfall and and flows flows peak peak discussed; discussed; are are hydrographs hydrographs vyhich vyhich in in

runoff, runoff, surface surface

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dealing dealing sections sections following following the the in in pursued pursued further further are are cycle cycle hydrological hydrological the the of of

components components

individual individual The The wells. wells. of of hydraulics hydraulics and and design design the the and and movement movement water water

procedures, procedures,

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through through

flow flow of of

mathematics mathematics and and physics physics the the wherein wherein section, section, next next the the in in

acknowledged acknowledged

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infiltration infiltration of of

understanding understanding an an of of importance importance The The interception. interception. on on section section short short a a and and

vegetation, vegetation, and and

snow snow surfaces, surfaces, water water free free from from evaporation evaporation on on section section comprehensive comprehensive a a

follows follows

Then Then

snowpack. snowpack. maximum maximum and and maximization maximization and and transposition transposition presentation, presentation,

and and analysis analysis

data data

measure1)1ent, measure1)1ent, processes, processes, including including precipitation, precipitation, to to devoted devoted are are pages pages 111 111 outlined, outlined, cycle cycle

hydrological hydrological the the and and defined defined is is hydrology hydrology which which in in section section introductory introductory short short a a Following Following

hydrologist. hydrologist.

practising practising the the at at and and levels, levels, graduate graduate first-year first-year and and undergraduate undergraduate advanced advanced the the

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in in students students of of training training and and teaching teaching the the at at aimed aimed is is It It data. data. of of

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application. application.

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terms, terms, mathematical mathematical in in defined defined when when which, which, processes processes hydrological hydrological of of

principles principles

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encompasses encompasses Handbook Handbook The The text. text. published published the the in in incorporated incorporated been been have have tions tions

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sponsored sponsored 1966 1966 in in seminar seminar a a for for prepared prepared originally originally was was Handbook Handbook the the of of content content The The

10.00. 10.00. $Can. $Can. Price: Price: Canada. Canada. 7, 7, Ottawa Ottawa Road, Road, Montreal Montreal Canada, Canada, of of

Council Council Research Research National National from: from: order order by by Available Available tables. tables. and and

figures figures numerous numerous pages; pages;

+ +

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xxxviii xxxviii 1970. 1970. Decade) Decade) Hydrological Hydrological International International the the for for Committee Committee National National

(Canadian (Canadian Ottawa Ottawa GRAY. GRAY. M. M. Donald Donald Editor-in-chief: Editor-in-chief: Hydrology. Hydrology. of of Principles Principles the the on on Handbook Handbook Reviews Reviews

196 196

c.c.w. c.c.w.

duction duction to to meteorology meteorology in in general general and and its its applications applications to to agriculture agriculture and and related related fields. fields.

The The book book should should be be useful useful to to any any layman layman who who reads reads German German and and is is interested interested in in an an intro­

are are performed. performed.

very very thorough thorough account account of of meteorological meteorological instruments instruments and and of of how how meteorological meteorological observations observations

and and weather weather conditions conditions and and how how modern modern weather weather forecasting forecasting is is carried carried out. out. He He also also gives gives a a

logy logy in in chapters chapters describing describing the the heat heat and and water water balance balance of of the the atmosphere, atmosphere, wind, wind, circulation circulation

agriculture, agriculture, however. however. Before Before discussing discussing these, these, the the author author introduces introduces the the whole whole field field of of meteoro­

The The book book does does not not deal deal only only with with these these special special applications applications of of weather weather and and climate climate to to

by by shelters, shelters, and and of of mitigating mitigating unsuitable unsuitable weather weather conditions. conditions.

readable readable form form ways ways and and means means of of avoiding avoiding frost frost damage, damage, of of improving improving microclimatic microclimatic conditions conditions

and and storehouses. storehouses. In In the the field field of of practical practical applications applications the the author author also also describes describes in in an an easily easily

typical typical climates climates to to be be found found not not only only in in forests forests and and gardens gardens but but also also in in glass-houses, glass-houses, cellars cellars

has has also also described, described, in in a a manner manner to to be be easily easily grasped grasped by by the the farmer farmer and and the the horticultur.ist, horticultur.ist, the the

due due to to collection collection of of cold cold air air in in low-lying low-lying basins, basins, and and the the influence influence of of topography topography on on wind. wind. He He

to to local local topographical topographical and and micro-scale micro-scale conditions conditions such such as as the the climate climate of of slopes, slopes, frost frost conditions conditions

has has managed managed to to explain explain in in a a popular popular fashion fashion many many of of the the complex complex and and special special problems problems related related

field, field, particularly particularly in in the the topoclimatological topoclimatological aspects aspects of of agriculture agriculture and and horticulture, horticulture, the the author author

relation relation to to agriculture, agriculture, horticulture horticulture and and viticulture. viticulture. With With his his outstanding outstanding experience experience in in this this

enriched enriched the the meteorological meteorological literature literature with with this this popular popular handbook handbook on on weather weather and and climate climate in in

WMO WMO Commission Commission for for Agricultural Agricultural Meteorology, Meteorology, Professor Professor Dr. Dr. J. J. van van Eimern, Eimern, has has recently recently

The The well-known well-known specialist specialist in in agricultural agricultural meteorology meteorology and and former former vice-president vice-president of of the the

239 239 pages; pages; 99 99 figures; figures; 26 26 tables. tables. Price: Price: DM DM 29.-. 29.-.

farmers, farmers, gardeners gardeners and and vine-growers). vine-growers). By By Josefvan Josefvan ErMERN. ErMERN. Stuttgart Stuttgart (Eugen (Eugen Uhner) Uhner) 1971. 1971.

Wetter Wetter und und Klimakunde Klimakunde fiir fiir Landwirtschaft, Landwirtschaft, Garten- und und Weinbau. Weinbau. (Weather (Weather and and climate climate for for

engineering engineering implications implications will will become become more more evident. evident. R. R. H. H. CLARK CLARK

of of engineering engineering techniques techniques increases, increases, new new ways ways of of looking looking at at the the processes processes will will develop develop and and

reaching, reaching, and and the the authors authors are are optimistic optimistic that, that, as as knowledge knowledge of of biological biological flow flow processes processes and and

basic basic flow flow phenomena. phenomena. The The scope scope of of the the problem problem presented presented by by hydro hydro bionics bionics is is complex complex and and far­

heat heat transfer); transfer); rheological rheological characteristics; characteristics; flow flow systems systems (intestinal (intestinal and and digestive, digestive, excretory); excretory); and and

of of biological biological flow flow processes processes from from the the following following viewpoints: viewpoints: functional functional (propulsion, (propulsion, mass mass and and

of of flows flows in in living living systems systems precedes precedes a a systematic systematic examination examination of of the the engineering engineering implications implications

and and systems systems and and to to the the advancement advancement of of fluid fluid mechanics mechanics techniques. techniques. A A brief brief review review of of the the role role

study study of of biological biological flow flow processes processes can can be be relevant relevant to to the the design design of of new new engineering engineering flow flow devices devices

to to useful useful engineering engineering applications. applications. The The article article illustrates illustrates how how a a systematic systematic engineering-oriented engineering-oriented

the the concept concept of of hydrobionics hydrobionics through through discussion discussion of of examples examples of of biological biological flows flows which which can can lead lead

bionics- A A perspective perspective on on technological technological implications implications of of biological biological flows flows the the authors authors introduce introduce

A. A. K. K. C. C. Wong, Wong, T. T. K. K. Hung, Hung, M. M. H. H. Weissman, Weissman, A. A. S. S. Ahuja, Ahuja, and and K. K. P. P. Stark. Stark. In In Hydro­

to to engineering engineering remains remains largely largely unexplored unexplored and and is is the the subject subject of of the the fifth fifth article article by by G. G. Bugliarello, Bugliarello,

of of biological biological knowledge, knowledge, the the question question of of whether whether the the study study of of biological biological phenomena phenomena is is of of value value

While While there there is is increasing increasing evidence evidence that that engineering engineering techniques techniques can can add add to to the the advance advance

for for seepage seepage studies. studies.

for for practical practical application application and and design design examples examples including including the the use use of of the the electric electric analogue analogue method method

abutments abutments is is dealt dealt with with by by presenting, presenting, not not only only the the mathematical mathematical theory, theory, but but also also techniques techniques

design. design. Steady Steady seepage seepage beneath beneath concrete concrete dams, dams, through through earth earth dams dams and and around around concrete concrete

the the basic basic type type of of seepage seepage flow flow and and the the main main seepage seepage problems problems to to be be taken taken into into account account in in

of of dam dam building, building, the the author author gives gives a a short short account account of of the the development development of of seepage seepage theory, theory, reviews reviews

surface surface water water and and should should be be of of special special value value to to hydraulic hydraulic engineers. engineers. From From the the point point of of view view

The The fourth fourth article, article, Seepage Seepage through through dams, dams, R. R. by by R. R. Chugaev, Chugaev, is is also also in in the the scope scope of of sub­

interest interest to to hydraulicians. hydraulicians.

thorough thorough description description of of concentration concentration measuring measuring techniques.· techniques.· This This article article will will be be of of particular particular

tion tion of of the the concentrations concentrations of of the the various various species species in in the the fluid fluid phase, phase, the the authors authors also also give give a a

in in this this field. field. Acknowledging Acknowledging that that the the most most important important result result of of a a dispersion dispersion process process is is the the varia­

a a great great many many theoretical theoretical and and experimental experimental results results which which describe describe the the present present state state of of knowledge knowledge

The The article article on on Dispersion Dispersion in in porous porous media, media, by by J. J. J. J. Fried Fried and and M. M. A. A. Combarnous, Combarnous, presents presents

fluctuations fluctuations of of temperate temperate glaciers. glaciers.

ments, ments, the the ice-flow ice-flow law, law, general general assumptions assumptions and and equations, equations, strains strains and and stresses, stresses, sliding sliding and and

his his review review of of this this progress progress to to a a discussion discussion of of the the dynamics dynamics ·of ·of glaciers, glaciers, field field including measure­

a a broad broad interdisciplinary interdisciplinary science. science. In In his his article article on on The The glacial glacial theory, theory, L. L. A. A. Lliboutry Lliboutry restricts restricts

Progress Progress in in glaciology glaciology has has been been significant significant during during the the past past decade decade and and has has developed developed into into

phenomenon) phenomenon) has has proven proven most most useful useful for for understanding understanding many many natural natural phenomena phenomena in in the the ocean. ocean.

topography. topography. The The study study of of the the theoretical theoretical aspects aspects of of explosion-generated explosion-generated waves waves (a (a man-made man-made

197 197

research. research. recent recent of of results results the the account account into into taken taken has has author author

the the which which in in phenomena, phenomena, atmospheric atmospheric various various the the of of lines, lines, conventional conventional on on description, description, full full

fairly fairly a a of of consists consists meteorology, meteorology, theoretical theoretical to to devoted devoted is is which which work, work, the the of of part part first first The The

text. text. the the of of part part main main the the understand understand to to order order

in in paragraphs paragraphs additional additional these these read read to to necessary necessary not not is is it it however, however, physics; physics; with with familiar familiar more more

are are who who readers readers for for intended intended are are which which developments, developments, certain certain describing describing print, print, distinctive distinctive in in

paragraphs, paragraphs, additional additional are are There There over-simplifications. over-simplifications. introducing introducing not not time time same same the the at at and and

physics physics of of knowledge knowledge previous previous any any requiring requiring not not but but reader reader well-informed well-informed the the by by understood understood

easily easily be be to to as as way way a a such such in in questions questions complex complex fairly fairly with with dealing dealing in in succeeded succeeded has has author author the the

readers: readers: of of variety variety wide wide a a to to addressed addressed is is and and reading reading pleasant pleasant makes makes text text the the Finally, Finally, quality. quality.

outstanding outstanding of of and and colour colour in in them them of of many many illustrations, illustrations, numerous numerous the the and and figures, figures, clear clear the the

printing, printing, and and binding binding the·elegant the·elegant volume- entire entire the the of of layout layout attractive attractive the the by by fascinated fascinated be be

immediately immediately will will reader reader The The meteorology. meteorology. of of importance importance the the of of realization realization fuller fuller a a to to tribution tribution

con­ a a make make certainly certainly will will which which and and circulation circulation wide wide for for intended intended book book a a have have we we Here Here

70.-. 70.-. FFr. FFr. Price: Price: diagrams. diagrams. and and figures figures numerous numerous pages; pages; 164 164 1972. 1972.

Eyrolles) Eyrolles) (Editions (Editions Paris Paris Visscher), Visscher), de de (A. (A. Brussels Brussels DEVUYST. DEVUYST. Paul Paul By By meteorology). meteorology).

applying applying and and interpreting, interpreting, (Understanding, (Understanding, meteorologie meteorologie la la appliquer appliquer interpreter, interpreter, Comprendre, Comprendre,

C.M.T. C.M.T.

· · source. source. reference reference good good a a as as serve serve should should book book this this

uses uses other other amongst amongst and and throughout throughout presentation presentation consistent consistent a a maintained maintained have have authors authors The The

indexes. indexes. subject subject geographical geographical as as well well as as index index author author general general a a with with concludes concludes volume volume The The

region. region. particular particular a a of of study study further further facilitate facilitate to to references references of of list list date date

up-to­ an an has has chapter chapter each each a.nd a.nd diagrams diagrams and and tables tables maps, maps, by by illustrated illustrated freely freely is is text text The The

Schulze). Schulze). R. R. (B. (B. Africa Africa southern southern

and and Ranaivoison) Ranaivoison) R. R. and and Griffiths Griffiths F. F. (J. (J. Madagascar Madagascar Torrance), Torrance), D. D. (J. (J. Zambia Zambia and and Rhodesia Rhodesia

Malawi, Malawi, Bultot), Bultot), (F. (F. Burundi Burundi and and Rwanda Rwanda Griffiths), Griffiths), F. F. by by J. J. (all (all Mozambique Mozambique highlands, highlands, pian pian

Ethio­ the the Africa, Africa, eastern eastern of of climates climates the the to to devoted devoted are are chapters chapters seven seven remaining remaining The The Congo. Congo.

and and Zaire Zaire of of half half northern northern the the and and Guinea Guinea equatorial equatorial Cameroon, Cameroon, southern southern Nigeria, Nigeria, coastal coastal

of of vegetation vegetation luxuriant luxuriant the the to to rise rise gives gives that that climate climate the the tables tables climatological climatological 40 40 over over with with

and and detail detail considerable considerable in in describes describes Griffiths) Griffiths) F. F. J. J. and and Bultot Bultot (F. (F. zone zone wet wet equatorial equatorial the the on on

chapter chapter The The Gabon. Gabon. and and Congo Congo Zaire, Zaire, of of half half southern southern the the and and Nigeria, Nigeria, and and Leone Leone Sierra Sierra of of

part part large large a a Cameroon, Cameroon, central central Sudan, Sudan, southern southern Republic, Republic, African African Central Central Dahomey, Dahomey, Togo, Togo,

Ghana, Ghana, Coast, Coast, Ivory Ivory Guinea, Guinea, comprising comprising and and wet-zone wet-zone equatorial equatorial the the and and semi-arid semi-arid the the between between

tropics", tropics", dry dry and and "wet "wet the the as as to to referred referred zone, zone, extensive extensive an an covers covers 7 7 Chapter Chapter 6. 6. chapter chapter of of

subject subject the the is is (ITCZ), (ITCZ), zone zone convergence convergence inter-tropical inter-tropical the the of of movement movement of of limit limit northern northern the the

to to close close is is which which zone zone a a Sudan, Sudan, the the to to Senegal Senegal from from extending extending and and desert desert the the of of south south the the to to

immediately immediately zone zone semi-arid semi-arid the the of of climate climate The The boundaries. boundaries. its its within within weather weather and and climates climates

African African West West the the of of most most experiences experiences it it shape shape and and location location size, size, its its of of virtue virtue by by explains, explains, editor editor

the the as as since, since, Nigeria Nigeria of of study study special special a a to to devoted devoted is is chapter chapter separate A A Africa. Africa. of of Horn Horn the the of of

areas areas semi-arid semi-arid and and arid arid the the with with concerned concerned is is 4 4 chapter chapter while while Sea; Sea; Red Red the the to to Sahara Sahara the the from from

stretching stretching area area desert desert northern northern the the of of characteristics characteristics climatic climatic the the describes describes Soliman) Soliman) H. H. K. K.

and and Griffiths Griffiths F. F. 3 3 chapter chapter belt; belt; (J. (J. coast coast north north the the of of climate climate Mediterranean Mediterranean the the with with deals deals

chapter chapter second second The The soils. soils. and and vegetation vegetation conditions, conditions, weather weather general general of of descriptions descriptions brief brief

includes includes also also and and climates climates African African the the to to introduction introduction general general excellent excellent an an is is 1 1 Chapter Chapter

editor. editor. the the by by written written all all are are they they below, below, indicated indicated otherwise otherwise as as except except

elements; elements; climatic climatic individual individual the the of of discussion discussion a a finally finally and and climatic description description climatic general general a a then then

climate, climate, particular particular the the of of causes causes the the of of discussion discussion a a first first pattern- similar similar a a follows follows chapter chapter

Each Each zone. zone. each each to to devoted devoted is is book book the the of of chapter chapter separate separate a a and and presentation presentation logical logical and and

convenient convenient a a both both be be to to proves proves This This boundaries. boundaries. climatic climatic significant significant across across 'cutting 'cutting without without

though though boundaries boundaries political political incorporating incorporating necessarily necessarily also also cases cases some some in in but but relationships, relationships, ture ture

rainfall/tempera­ on on or or months) months) wet wet of of number number amount, amount, rainfall rainfall annual annual example, example, (for (for patterns patterns

rainfall rainfall of of basis basis the the on on mainly mainly identified, identified, been been have have zones zones broad broad Twelve Twelve individually. individually. zones zones

these these describe describe to to then then and and characteristics characteristics climatic climatic similar similar approximately approximately of of zones zones into into continent continent

the the divide divide to to types, types, climatic climatic the the of of causes causes the the of of elucidation elucidation better better a a and and coherence coherence for for need, need,

the the seen seen has has Griffiths Griffiths Professor Professor continents. continents. the the all all of of largest largest second second the the Equator, Equator, the the astride astride

symmetrically symmetrically so so situated situated continent continent large large this this in in experienced experienced climates climates of of variety variety interesting interesting

and and extensive extensive the the on on information information of of wealth wealth a a contains contains which which series series Climatology Climatology of of Survey Survey

World World the the of of volume volume new new this this welcome welcome will will climatology climatology of of students students and and Climatologists Climatologists

Dfl225.-. Dfl225.-. Price: Price: tables. tables. 350 350 illustrations; illustrations; 263 263 pages; pages; 604 604 1972. 1972. Company) Company) ing ing

Publish­ (Elsevier (Elsevier York York New New London, London, Amsterdam, Amsterdam, GRIFFITHS. GRIFFITHS. F. F. by by J. J. Edited Edited Africp. Africp. of of

Climates Climates 10- Volume Volume LANDSBERG. LANDSBERG. E. E. H. H. Editor-in-chief: Editor-in-chief: Climatology. Climatology. of of Survey Survey World World The second part, entitled Applied meteorology, gives a clear picture of the increasing importance of the applications of meteorology in the present-day world. The firstrchapters are devoted to observational networks and telecommunications, leading to forecasting and drawing the attention of the reader to the importance of correct interpretation and utilization of fore­ casts. The author goes on to review a large range of applications with particular stress on problems relating to the direct interaction between man and his environment: pollution of the atmosphere, the influence of atmospheric elements on the human organism and, lastly, questions which have arisen only in the last few years concerning urban and indoor climates. s. L.

Modern Hygrometry. By A. PANDE. Bombay (Somaiya Publications PVT Ltd.) 1970. 273 pages; many diagrams and tables. Price: Rs 42.00. This is a clear and highly informative monograph in which the author presents the most important topics of a complex subject in a concise and well-balanced manner. In 12 chapters he deals with the principles of humidity measurement, conventional and modern instrumentation, humidity standards, humidity generators and humidity control. A short introduction in which the basic terms are explained is followed by a general description of humidity-measuring instruments and a more thorough treatment of the dry- and wet-bulb, dew-point and various electrical hygrometers. The description of each instrument comprises a fairly complete coverage of the subject, from its basic principles through the mode of con­ struction, its sensitivity and accuracy, followed by a brief critical study of its characteristics. In chapter VI, the author introduces the gravimetric method of water-vapour measurement, and in later chapters he describes coulometric hygrometry, spectroscopic hygrometry and various other methods which are of importance in science and industry. The chapter on humidity generators contains very useful material, partly in the form of tables, including data on temperature and relative humidity with different saturated salt solutions, and equilibrium relative humidity of sulphuric acid solutions at different tempera­ tures. This provides valuable information for the experimenter and laboratory technician. The final chapter, however, treats humidity control rather too briefly to do the subject justice. - The appendix contains diagrams and tables for computing relative humidity and dew point and lists of solutions for maintaining constant humidity. Mr. Pande has used excellent source material for his book and presented much relevant information on a complex subject in a rather confined space. Exception could perhaps be taken to the lack of uniformity of units of measurement. Inches and millimetres, Celsius and Fahren­ heit, millibars, mmHg and torr are used in the various tables and diagrams, indicating, inter alia, that the source material suffers from the same drawback. However, one should perhaps not forget that this book is not addressed to meteorologists alone, but has rather been written for the benefit of research scientists and technologists in various industries who may be less sensitive to matters of international conventions. M. THALLER

The Radiating Atmosphere. Edited by B. M. McCoRMAC. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, Vol. 24. Dordrecht (D. Reidel Publishing Company) 1971. 458 pages; figures and diagrams. Price: Dfl. 100.-. This book contains the lectures pres.ented at the workshop symposium Aurora and airglow -1970 organized by the Summer Advanced Study Institute at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. The topics of aurora and airglow are considerably older than the space age, and no longer receive the attention they once did from atmospheric physicists. Nevertheless the interest is still _vivid, thanks to the possibility of remote monitoring from the ground of certain physical processes in the upper atmosphere, and to the new tools available in the form of rockets and satellites which have enormously expanded the observational aspect of the subject. The content of the book, which adequately presents the experimental and theoretical results as known in the early 1970s, is organized by subject area in eight parts: atmospheric airglow emissions, atmospheric processes, aurora, auroral interpretations, particle precipitation, radio observations, and auroral morphology. There is also a summary with conclusions. Further progress in understanding processes in aurora and in airglow goes hand in hand with understanding the behaviour of the ionized component of the atmosphere. The book is rich with up-to-date information in this field. Perhaps some of the results concerning the regime of NO and OH would be of most direct interest to strato-mesospheric physicists working on

198

199 199

£7.50. £7.50. Price: Price: 1972. 1972. Press) Press) (Clarendon (Clarendon Oxford Oxford KRAUS. KRAUS. B. B. E. E. Interaction. Interaction. Ocean-Atmosphere Ocean-Atmosphere

us us $3.00. $3.00. afghanis; afghanis; 200 200 Price: Price: 1971. 1971. meteorologie) meteorologie) de de (lnstitut (lnstitut Kabul Kabul LALANDE. LALANDE. P. P.

ZILLHARDT, ZILLHARDT, J. J. HERMAN, HERMAN, M. M. N. N. !'Afghanistan. !'Afghanistan. de de meteorologiques meteorologiques stations stations des des donnees donnees de de Recueil Recueil

$7.50. $7.50. US US Price: Price: 1972. 1972. Press) Press) Hawaii Hawaii of of (University (University Honolulu Honolulu MIYAKE. MIYAKE. M. M. SON, SON,

PAUL­ A. A. C. C. BADGLEY, BADGLEY, F. F. Sea. Sea. I. I. Arabian Arabian the the over over Humidity Humidity and and Temperature Temperature Wind, Wind, of of Profiles Profiles

us us $3.25. $3.25.

Price: Price: 1971. 1971. (Weatherwise) (Weatherwise) N.J. N.J. Princeton, Princeton, LuDLUM. LuDLUM. M. M. D. D. by by Edited Edited Book. Book. Record Record Weather Weather

£1.10. £1.10.

Price: Price: 1971. 1971. (Methuen) (Methuen) London London LAMB. LAMB. H. H. H. H. by by papers papers Selected Selected Climate. Climate. Changing Changing The The

£11.00. £11.00. Price: Price: 1972. 1972. (Methuen) (Methuen) London London

LAMB. LAMB. H. H. H. H. Now. Now. Climate Climate 1--==-FundamenfaiSana 1--==-FundamenfaiSana Volume Volume Future, Future, and and Past Past Present, Present, Climate: Climate:

us us $17.50. $17.50.

Price: Price: 1972. 1972. Freeman) Freeman) H. H. (W. (W. Francisco Francisco San San STRINGER. STRINGER. T. T. E. E. Climatology. Climatology. of of Techniques Techniques

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Price: Price: 1972. 1972. Freeman) Freeman) H. H. (W. (W. Francisco Francisco San San STRINGER. STRINGER. T. T. E. E. Climatology. Climatology. of of Foundations Foundations

received received books books New New

P. P. T. T.

balances. balances. water water of of field field the the in in matologists matologists

cli­ and and hydrologists hydrologists by by out out carried carried work work the the of of relationship relationship close close the the Clearly Clearly quite quite shows shows and and

region region Asia Asia monsoon monsoon the the on on information information climatological climatological interesting interesting very very particular particular in in gives gives It It

balances. balances. water water large-scale large-scale on on literature literature the the to to contribution contribution valuable valuable a a is is whole whole a a as as book book The The

given. given. also also are are regions regions these these in in problems problems irrigation irrigation to to balances balances water water of of applications applications

the the on on discussions discussions specific specific Some Some Thornthwaite. Thornthwaite. W. W. C. C. of of method method the the by by obtained obtained surplus surplus and and

deficit deficit water water annual annual the the as as such such components components balance balance water water combining combining delineated, delineated, are are regions regions

hydrological hydrological different different The The indices. indices. climatological climatological by by Asia Asia monsoon monsoon of of dryness dryness and and wetness wetness the the

representing representing of of possibility possibility the the on on V V Part Part to to papers papers contributed contributed have have authors authors three three Finally, Finally,

times. times. recent recent and and quaternary quaternary covering covering aspect, aspect, this this with with deal deal papers papers three three IV; IV; Part Part

of of subject subject the the is is Asia Asia monsoon monsoon over over changes changes climatic climatic and and precipitation precipitation in in variations variations secular secular

of of nature nature regional regional The The distribution. distribution. wetness wetness particularly particularly monsoon, monsoon, summer summer the the of of study study the the

with with concerned concerned papers papers four four includes includes Ill Ill Part Part conditions. conditions. climatic climatic and and circulation circulation atmospheric atmospheric

between between relation relation the the on on emphasis emphasis special special with with variation variation seasonal seasonal its its and and vapour vapour water water of of transfer transfer

and and source source the the to to devoted devoted are are Part Part in in II II papers papers Four Four Part Part in in I. I. presented presented are are volume, volume, the the in in

included included balances balances water water on on studies studies the the for for background background historical historical as as well well as as studies, studies, climatological climatological

synoptic synoptic indices, indices, climatic climatic precipitation, precipitation, concerning concerning information information available available the the of of review review A A

view. view. of of points points

climatological climatological various various from from studied studied as as Asia Asia monsoon monsoon in in balance balance water water the the of of aspects aspects several several on on

discussions discussions papers, papers, contributed contributed 15 15 in in present, present, monograph monograph this this of of authors authors The The problem. problem. the the

to to approach approach logical logical a a be be to to appears appears area area climatologically-defined climatologically-defined a a of of selection selection the the balances, balances,

water water for for element element main main the the as as used used is is cycle cycle hydrological hydrological the the of of phase phase atmospheric atmospheric the the of of analysis analysis

the the If If conditions. conditions. climatological climatological similar similar have have necessarily necessarily not not do do which which basin basin cally-defined cally-defined

geographi­ or or area area continental continental a a for for considered considered commonly commonly are are balances balances water water Large-scale Large-scale

$16.00. $16.00. US US Price: Price:

tables. tables. and and figures figures pages; pages; 308 308 1971. 1971. Press) Press) Hawaii Hawaii of of (University (University Honolulu Honolulu YosmNo. YosmNo.

M. M. Masatoshi Masatoshi by by Edited Edited Approach. Approach. Climatological Climatological A A Asia- Monsoon Monsoon of of Balance Balance Water Water

B. B. R.D. R.D.

fields. fields. these these in in specialists specialists all all to to benefit benefit great great of of be be therefore therefore should should volume volume the the radiation; radiation; and and

absorption absorption photochemistry, photochemistry, on on information information useful useful much much contain contain book book this this in in articles articles The The

heights. heights. greater greater at at

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production, production, OH OH in in directly directly important important are are H20 H20 of of products products Dissociation Dissociation warmings. warmings. spheric spheric

strato­ rapid rapid the the on on also also and and absorption absorption winter winter anomalous anomalous the the on on light light much much throws throws it it lem, lem,

prob­ the the answer answer not not does does this this if if Even Even concentration. concentration. N N the the by by determined determined is is cheinicallifetime cheinicallifetime

photo­ its its and and independent independent largely largely are are loss loss and and production production its its winter, winter, polar polar the the during during especially especially

stable, stable, very very is is NO NO region; region; D D the the in in ionization ionization of of source source main main the the represent represent to to proved proved being being

is is radiation radiation a a Ly Ly by by NO NO of of photo-ionization photo-ionization The The circulation. circulation. and and structure structure atmospheric atmospheric the the

200 200

* * On On 1 1 June June 1972 1972

Surinam Surinam

Hong Hong Kong Kong Southern Southern Rhodesia Rhodesia

French French Territory Territory of of the the Afars Afars and and Issa Issa St. St. Pierre Pierre and and Miquelon Miquelon

French French Polynesia Polynesia Portuguese Portuguese West West Africa Africa

Comoro Comoro Islands Islands Portuguese Portuguese East East Africa Africa

British British Caribbean Caribbean Territories Territories New New Caledonia Caledonia

Bahamas Bahamas Netherlands Netherlands Antilles Antilles

TERRITORIES TERRITORIES (13) (13)

Guinea Guinea Panama Panama Zambia Zambia

Guatemala Guatemala Pakistan Pakistan Zaire Zaire

Greece Greece Norway Norway Yugoslavia Yugoslavia

Ghana Ghana Nigeria Nigeria Republic Republic of of

Yemen, Yemen, People's People's Democratic Democratic Niger Niger Germany, Germany, Fed. Fed. Rep. Rep. of of

Yemen; Yemen; Arab Arab Republic Republic of of Nicaragua Nicaragua Gabon Gabon

Viet-Nam, Viet-Nam, Republic Republic of of New New Zealand Zealand France France

Venezuela Venezuela Netherlands Netherlands Finland Finland

Uruguay Uruguay Nepal Nepal Ethiopia Ethiopia

Upper Upper Volta Volta

Morocco Morocco El El Salvador Salvador

United United States States of of America America

Mongolia Mongolia Egypt, Egypt, Arab Arab Republic Republic of of

Ireland Ireland

Mexico Mexico

Ecuador Ecuador

Britain Britain and and Northern Northern

Mauritius Mauritius

Dominican Dominican Republic Republic

United United Kingdom Kingdom of of Great Great

Mauritania Mauritania

Denmark Denmark

Republics Republics

Mali Mali

Dahomey Dahomey

Union Union of of Soviet Soviet Socialist Socialist

Malaysia Malaysia

Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia

Ukrainian Ukrainian S.S.R. S.S.R.

Malawi Malawi

Cyprus Cyprus Uganda Uganda

Madagascar Madagascar

Cuba Cuba Turkey Turkey

Luxembourg Luxembourg

Costa Costa Rica Rica Tunisia Tunisia

Libyan Libyan Arab Arab Republic Republic

Congo Congo Trinidad Trinidad and and Tobago Tobago

Lebanon Lebanon

Colombia Colombia To To go go

Laos Laos

China China Thailand Thailand

Kuwait Kuwait

Chile Chile Tanzania, Tanzania, United United Rep. Rep. of of

Korea, Korea, Republic Republic of of Chad Chad Syrian Syrian Arab Arab Republic Republic

Khmer Khmer Republic Republic Central Central African African Republic Republic Switzerland Switzerland

Kenya Kenya Canada Canada Sweden Sweden

Cameroon Cameroon Jordan Jordan Sudan Sudan

Byelorussian Byelorussian Japan Japan S.S.R. S.S.R. Sri Sri Lanka Lanka (Ceylon) (Ceylon)

· · Burundi Burundi Jamaica Jamaica Spain Spain

Burma Burma Ivory Ivory Coast Coast South South Africa Africa

Bulgaria Bulgaria Italy Italy Somalia Somalia

Brazil Brazil Israel Israel Singapore Singapore

Botswana Botswana Ireland Ireland Sierra Sierra Leone Leone

Bolivia Bolivia Iraq Iraq Senegal Senegal

Belgium Belgium Iran Iran Saudi Saudi Arabia Arabia

Barbados Barbados Indonesia Indonesia Rwanda Rwanda

Austria Austria India India Romania Romania

Australia Australia Iceland Iceland Portugal Portugal

Argentina Argentina Hungary Hungary Poland Poland

Algeria Algeria Honduras Honduras Philippines Philippines

Albania Albania Haiti Haiti Peru Peru

Afghanistan Afghanistan Guyana Guyana Paraguay Paraguay

STATES STATES (123) (123)

MEMBERS MEMBERS OF OF THE THE WORLD WORLD METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION* ORGANIZATION*

201 201

U.K. U.K.

Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Celebrations, Celebrations, Centenary Centenary Expedition Expedition Challenger Challenger the the

and and Oceanography Oceanography of of History History the the on on Congress Congress International International 2nd 2nd September September 20 20 12-

st>ssion st>ssion 20th 20th (UN), (UN), Board Board Advisory Advisory Service Service Civil Civil International International September September 4 - 5 5 - 4

Poland Poland Warsaw, Warsaw, Assembly, Assembly,

General General 17th 17th (ICSU), (ICSU), Science Science Radio Radio of of Union Union International International August August 29 29 - 21 21

Australia Australia Canberra, Canberra,

meeting, meeting, 12th 12th (ICSU), (ICSU), Research Research Antarctic Antarctic on on Committee Committee Scientific Scientific August August -19 -19 7 7

organizations organizations international international Other Other 1972 1972

SS) SS) GO GO (I (I

Telecommunications Telecommunications on on Experts Experts of of Group Group WMO/IOC WMO/IOC Joint Joint December December 19 19 - 12 12

(CIMO) (CIMO)

Moisture Moisture Soil Soil and and Evaporation Evaporation of of Measurement Measurement on on Group Group Working Working December December 4 - 8 8 - 4

Thailand Thailand

Bangkok, Bangkok, session, session, 5th 5th (ECAFE/WMO), (ECAFE/WMO), Committee Committee Typhoon Typhoon November November 15-21 15-21

Iran Iran Tehran, Tehran, session, session, 2nd 2nd November November 9 9

11), 11), (RA (RA Telecommunications Telecommunications Meteorological Meteorological on on Group Group Working Working October- 31 31

Japan Japan

Tokyo, Tokyo, session, session, 6th 6th (CMM), (CMM), Meteorology Meteorology Marine Marine for for Commission Commission October October 21 21 - 9

Japan Japan Tokyo, Tokyo, Data, Data, Ocean Ocean of of cation cation

Communi­ and and Acquisition Acquisition of of Means Means the the Conference Conference Technical Technical 011 011 October October -7 -7 2 2

U.K. U.K. Bracknell, Bracknell, (CIMO), (CIMO),

Measurements Measurements and and Instruments Instruments Radiosonde Radiosonde on on Group Group Working Working October October -7 -7 2 2

session session 1st 1st I), I), (RA (RA Hydrometeorology Hydrometeorology on on Group Group Working Working September September 29 29 - 25 25

session session 4th 4th (WMO/UN/Unesco/WHO/FAO/IAEA/IMCO), (WMO/UN/Unesco/WHO/FAO/IAEA/IMCO),

Pollution Pollution Marine Marine of of Aspects Aspects Scientific Scientific on on Experts Experts of of Group Group Joint Joint September September 23 23 - 18 18

U.K. U.K. Bracknell, Bracknell, (CIMO), (CIMO), Instruments Instruments Radiosonde Radiosonde of of Comparisons Comparisons September September 30 30 - 11 11

(CAgM) (CAgM) Erosion Erosion and and Deterioration Deterioration Soil Soil of of Aspects Aspects

certain certain concerning concerning Factors Factors Meteorological Meteorological the the on on Group Group Working Working September September 15 15 11-

Canada Canada Alberta, Alberta, Banff, Banff, (WMO/Unesco/IAHS), (WMO/Unesco/IAHS), Hydrology Hydrology in in

Ice Ice and and Snow Snow of of Role Role the the on on Symposia Symposia Hydrological Hydrological International International September September -13 -13 6 6

ICSU) ICSU)

(WMO/ (WMO/ Experiment Experiment Global Global GARP GARP First First on on Conference Conference Planning Planning September September 8 8 - 5

Sweden Sweden

Stockholm, Stockholm, (CIB/WMO), (CIB/WMO), Teachers Teachers the the Teaching Teaching Colloquium Colloquium September September 8 8 - 4

determined) determined) not not (tentative) (tentative)

(place (place session session 2nd 2nd (WMO/ICSU), (WMO/ICSU), Council Council Experiment Experiment Tropical Tropical September September

U.K. U.K. Reading, Reading, (CAS), (CAS),

Modification Modification Weather Weather and and Physics Physics Cloud Cloud on on Group Group Working Working August August 30 30 - 28 28

U.K. U.K. London, London, WMO), WMO), and and Society, Society, Meteorological Meteorological

Royal Royal Society, Society, Royal Royal by by sponsored sponsored Physics; Physics; Cloud Cloud of of mission mission

Com­ (International (International Physics Physics Cloud Cloud on on Conference Conference International International August August 26 26 - 21 21

Switzerland Switzerland Arosa, Arosa, /WMO), /WMO), (IAMAP (IAMAP

Circulation Circulation General General and and Ozone Ozone Atmospheric Atmospheric on on Symposium Symposium August August 26 26 - 21 21

Norway Norway Geilo, Geilo, (WMO/IAHS), (WMO/IAHS), Areas Areas tainous tainous

Moun­ in in Precipitation Precipitation of of Distribution Distribution on on Symposium Symposium International International August August 5 5 July- 31 31

Organization Organization Meteorological Meteorological World World 1972 1972

stated) stated) otherwise otherwise unless unless Switzerland, Switzerland, Geneva, Geneva, in in held held be be will will (Sessions (Sessions

EVENTS EVENTS COMING COMING OF OF CALENDAR CALENDAR

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stated stated refers refers to to the the version version in in one one language language only, only,

Note: Note: Except Except for for publications publications indicated indicated as as being being bilingual, bilingual, the the different different versions versions are are published published separately separately and and the the price price

* * = = = = E E = = English, English, F F = = French, French, R R Russian, Russian, S S Spanish. Spanish.

E. E. 20.-

327 327 - Compendium Compendium of of lecture lecture notes notes in in climatology climatology for for Class Class IV IV meteorological meteorological personnel. personnel.

E-F. E-F. 20.-

Compendium Compendium 291 291 - of of lecture lecture notes notes for for training training Class Class III III meteorological meteorological personnel. personnel.

(2 (2 volumes). volumes). E- F. F. 20.-

266 266 Compendium Compendium - of of lecture lecture notes notes for for training training Class Class IV IV meteorological meteorological personnel personnel

261 261 - Problems Problems in in dynamic dynamic meteorology. meteorology. E. E. 10.-

258 258 - Guidelines Guidelines for for the the education education and and training training of of meteorological meteorological personnel. personnel. E- F. F. 15.-

240 240 - Report Report on on meteorological meteorological training training facilities. facilities. E- F. F. 25.-

E- F- Arabic. Arabic. 9.-

223 223 - Problem Problem workbook workbook for for the the training training of of Class Class III III meteorological meteorological personnel. personnel.

219 219 - Training Training of of hydrometeorological hydrometeorological personnel. personnel. E. E. 6.-

Training Training manuals manuals

constituents constituents in in air air and and precipitation. precipitation. E. E. 10.-

WMO WMO 299 299 - operations operations manual manual for for sampling sampling and and analysis analysis techniques techniques for for chemical chemical

250 250 - International International noctilucent noctilucent cloud cloud observation observation manual. manual. E. E. 8.-

237 237 - Manual Manual for for depth-area-duration depth-area-duration analysis analysis of of storm storm precipitation. precipitation. E. E. 20.-

197 197 - Manual Manual on on meteorological meteorological observing observing in in transport transport aircraft. aircraft. E. E. 4.-

186 186 - Manual Manual of of aerodrome aerodrome meteorological meteorological office office practices. practices. E- F. F. 20.-

Operational Operational manuals manuals

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305 305 - Guide Guide on on the the global global data-processing data-processing system. system. Vol. Vol. 11 11 - Preparation Preparation of of synoptic synoptic

168 168 - Guide Guide to to hydrometeorological hydrometeorological practices. practices. 2nd 2nd edition, edition, 1970. 1970. E- F- S. S. 40.-

134 134 - Guide Guide to to agricultural agricultural meteorological meteorological practices. practices. E- F. F. 17.-

lOO lOO - Guide Guide to to climatological climatological practices. practices. F- S. S. 15.-

(F (F in in preparation). preparation). 56.-

8 8 - Guide Guide to to meteorological meteorological instrument instrument and and observing observing practices. practices. 4th 4th edition, edition, 1971. 1971. E. E.

Guides Guides

Cover Cover for for the the three three volumes volumes 8.-

Volume Volume Ill Ill - Operational Operational hydrology. hydrology. 1st 1st edition, edition, 1971 1971 5.-

tion, tion, 1970 1970 18.-

Volume Volume 11 11 - Meteorological Meteorological service service for for international international air air navigation. navigation. 3rd 3rd edi­

Volume Volume General. General. 4th 4th edition, edition, I I 1971 1971 - 23.-

49 49 - Technical Technical Regulations. Regulations. E- F-R-S. F-R-S.

WMONo. WMONo.

Technical Technical Regulations Regulations

Cloud Cloud sheet. sheet. 2.-

Marine Marine cloud cloud album album (40 (40 bare bare plates). plates). 5.-

International International cloud cloud album album for for observers observers in in aircraft. aircraft. E- F. F. 9.-

International International cloud cloud atlas atlas - abridged abridged edition edition (reprint). (reprint). E- F. F. 25.-

* * Quadrilingual Quadrilingual (E/F/R/S). (E/F/R/S). (Published (Published by by WMO/Unesco/Cartographia) WMO/Unesco/Cartographia) 150.-

Climatic Climatic atlas atlas of of Europe. Europe. Volume Volume 1: 1: Maps Maps of of mean mean temperature temperature and and precipitation. precipitation.

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Atlases Atlases

SELECTED SELECTED LIST LIST OF OF WMO WMO PUBLICATIONS PUBLICATIONS

203 203

2.- S. S. F- E- environment. environment. human human the the and and Meteorology Meteorology - 313 313

S. S. F- E- countries. countries. developing developing the the helps helps WMO WMO - 307 307

2.- F. F. E- Programme. Programme. Research Research Atmospheric Atmospheric Global Global The The

2.- F-R-S. F-R-S. E- meteorologist. meteorologist. a a become become to to How How - 257 257

2.- S. S. R- F- E- weather. weather. from from Harvest Harvest - 220 220

2.- F-R-S. F-R-S. E- water. water. and and Weather Weather - 204 204

1.- S. S. F- E- Watch. Watch. Weather Weather World World - 183 183

2.- E. E. Ocean. Ocean. Indian Indian the the in in Meteorology Meteorology - 166 166

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interest interest general general of of Publications Publications

5.- E. E. 16. 16. No. No.

problem. problem. accuracy accuracy instrument instrument The The paradox- measurement measurement precipitation precipitation The The - 316 316

5.- F. F. 15. 15. E- No. No. data. data. of of analysis analysis the the and and basins basins

experimental experimental and and representative representative of of operation operation the the for for recommendations recommendations Some Some - 302 302

5.- E. E. 14. 14. No. No. purposes. purposes. balance balance water water for for estimation estimation moisture moisture soil soil of of methods methods Direct Direct - 286 286

5.- E. E. 13. 13. No. No. balance. balance. water water the the in in assessment assessment evaporation evaporation of of Problems Problems - 285 285

5.- 12. 12. E-R. E-R. No. No. approaches. approaches. and and Needs,problems Needs,problems design- network network Hydrological Hydrological

5.- E. E. No.11. No.11. 0ceanicpartofthehydrologicalcycle. 0ceanicpartofthehydrologicalcycle.

5.- E. E. 10. 10. No. No. services. services. hydrological hydrological and and hydrometeorological hydrometeorological of of 0rganization 0rganization

5.- E. E. 9. 9. No. No. data. data. radar radar weather weather for for requirements requirements Hydrologic Hydrologic

5.- E. E. 8. 8. No. No. marks. marks. bench bench Hydrological Hydrological

5.- E. E. 7. 7. No. No. 1968. 1968. hydrology- snow snow to to applications applications Satellite Satellite

4.- F. F. E-

6. 6. No. No. maps. maps. evaporatlon evaporatlon and and runoff runoff precipitation, precipitation, co-ordinated co-ordinated of of Preparation Preparation

4.- E. E. 5. 5. No. No. purposes. purposes. hydrological hydrological for for precipitation precipitation of of measurement measurement Radar Radar

4.- (reprint) (reprint) E. E. 4. 4. No. No. management. management.

resources resources water water and and hydrology hydrology in in implications implications its its and and Watch Watch Weather Weather World World

8.- (reprint) (reprint) E. E. 3. 3. No. No. precipitation. precipitation. average average area! area! Estimating Estimating

4.- 1. 1. E. E. No. No. purposes. purposes. hydrological hydrological for for transport transport moisture moisture atmospheric atmospheric of of Evaluation Evaluation

Projects Projects Decade Decade Hydrological Hydrological WMO/International WMO/International on on Reports Reports

13.- E. E. 96. 96. No. No. injury. injury. plant plant and and meteorology meteorology pollutants, pollutants, Air Air - 234 234

45.- E. E. 98. 98. No. No. ofmaximumfloods. ofmaximumfloods. Estimation Estimation 233-

reprints reprints Recent Recent

20.- E. E. 121. 121. No. No. pollution. pollution. air air of of forecasting forecasting and and Dispersion Dispersion - 319 319

10.- E. E. 120. 120. No. No. techniques. techniques. verification verification forecast forecast of of Review Review - 303 303

10.- E. E. 119. 119. No. No. problems. problems. agricultural agricultural to to micrometeorology micrometeorology of of application application The The - 298 298

12.- E. E. 118. 118. No. No. weather. weather. adverse adverse against against plants plants of of -Protection -Protection 281 281

10.- E. E. 117. 117. No. No. gauging. gauging. stream stream in in flumes flumes and and weirs weirs of of Use Use 280-

6.- (E/F). (E/F). Bilingual Bilingual 116. 116. No. No. Sahara. Sahara.

Tunisian Tunisian the the of of advancement advancement the the of of conditions conditions climatic climatic the the on on Investigations Investigations - 279 279

15.- E. E. 115. 115. No. No. data. data. hydrometeorological hydrometeorological of of processing processing machine machine The The - 275 275

10.- E. E. 114. 114. No. No. pollution. pollution. air air of of factors factors Meteorological Meteorological - 274 274

10.- E. E. 113. 113. No. No. diseases. diseases. animal animal and and Weather Weather - 268 268

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Notes Notes Technical Technical Recent Recent

204 204

of of the the Bulletin Bulletin are are available. available.

scription- year: year: 1 1 US US $6; $6; years: years: 2 2 US US $9; $9; years: years: 3 3 US US $12. $12. Some Some back-numbers back-numbers

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WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin (A (A quarterly quarterly information information bulletin bulletin on on the the work work of of WMO WMO and and on on recent recent

English English (1969). (1969). while while stocks stocks last last

International International glossary glossary of of hydrology. hydrology. Second Second draft draft of of definitions definitions in in Available Available free free

276 276 - Selected Selected bibliography bibliography on on urban urban climate. climate. Original Original titles titles with with English English translation. translation. 35.-

259 259 - WMO WMO sea-ice sea-ice nomenclature. nomenclature. Bilingual Bilingual (E/R) (E/R) (F (F /S /S to to be be issued issued later). later). 50.-

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174 174 - Catalogue Catalogue of of meteorological meteorological data data for for research research (Part (Part I) I) E. E. 30.-

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47 47 - International International list list of of selected selected and and supplementary supplementary ships. ships. 1971 1971 edition. edition.

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21 21 - World World distribution distribution of of thunderstorm thunderstorm days. days. Part Part 2: 2: Tables Tables of of marine marine data data and and

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General General reference reference publications publications

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306 306 - Manual Manual on on codes. codes. Vol. Vol. International International I- meteorological meteorological codes. codes. 1971 1971 edition. edition. } }

262 262 - Radiofacsimile Radiofacsimile transmission transmission of of weather weather charts charts for for ships. ships. E- F-R-S. F-R-S. 1.-

217 217 - Basic Basic synoptic synoptic networks networks of of observing observing stations. stations. Bilingual Bilingual (E/F). (E/F). 60.-

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312 312 - Selected Selected papers papers on on meteorology meteorology as as related related to to the the human human environment. environment. No. No. 2. 2.

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ii ii * I I * enclose enclose herewith herewith a a remittance remittance for for the the total: total:

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copies copies

WMO WMO reference reference No. No. and/or and/or title title

Language Language

No. No. of of

Please Please send send me me the the following following WMO WMO publications: publications:

US US $6.00 $6.00 (1 (1 year); year); US US $9.00 $9.00 (2 (2 years); years); US US $12.00 $12.00 (3 (3 years)] years)]

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Price** Price**

commencing commencing with with the the issue issue for for ...... in in

. . copies copies "WMO "WMO BULLETIN" BULLETIN" for. for...... years years (4 (4 issues issues per per year) year)

I I wish wish to to receive: receive:

U.S.A. U.S.A.

New New York, York, N.Y. N.Y. 10016, 10016,

Switzerland. Switzerland. P.O. P.O. Box Box 433, 433,

P.O. P.O. Box Box No. No. 1, 1, CH-1211 CH-1211 Geneva Geneva 20, 20, UNIPUB, UNIPUB, Inc., Inc.,

World World Meteorological Meteorological Organization, Organization, WMO WMO Publications Publications Center, Center,

except except U.S.A. U.S.A. to to be be d.irected d.irected to: to: directed directed to: to:

Orders Orders from from residents residents of of all all countries countries Orders Orders from from residents residents of of U.S.A. U.S.A. to to be be

WORLD WORLD METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION

ORDER ORDER F F 0 0 R M M R I I I I I I SOCIETA P.O. Box AD 1626-40100 BOLOGNA- ITALY I INDUSTRIALE FACTORY: Via S. Maria in Duno - I AUTOMATISMO SIAPE PRODOTTI BENTIVOGLIO (BOLOGNA) I ELETTRONICI Ph. (051) 89.63.37 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 025 I 029 I 032 I 035 038 I "041 I 046 048 I 055 I 061 I "070 080 I 091 I 109 U7 I 125 I 133 I I I I I I INDICATING & RECORDING RADIO-TELEMETERING SYSTEMS I I I I Remote Systems : I I Precipitation I Water Level I I Weather Stations I I I Airport Instruments : I I Ceilometers I I Transmissometers I Weather Stations I I I I I ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION FOR METEOROLOGY I AND HYDROLOGY I I I I I I I I I I I

Bologna Bologna - 412 412 Massarenti, Massarenti, Via Via FACTORY: FACTORY:

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INDICATOR INDICATOR CLOUD-HEIGHT CLOUD-HEIGHT

RECORDING, RECORDING, AUTOMATIC, AUTOMATIC,

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CEILOMETER CEILOMETER RECORDING RECORDING

APT/DRIR APT/DRIR PICTURES PICTURES

TO TO GET GET YOUR YOUR

THE THE EASIEST EASIEST WAY WAY

OF OF TRACKING TRACKING WEATHER WEATHER SATELLITES SATELLITES

TRULY TRULY AUTOMATIC AUTOMATIC WAY WAY

THE THE ONLY ONLY

ELECTRONIC ELECTRONIC LOBE LOBE SWITCHING SWITCHING ANTENNA ANTENNA ELSA ELSA ELSA ELECTRONIC LOBE SWITCHING ANTENNA

APT

DRIR

DRID

DRSR

WEFAX

Complete your present installation with .the Vaisala SB 12 Electronic Lobe Switching Antenna (ELSA) system. Based on unique and thoroughly proven ideas, this system offers: - unattended operation without preliminary programming, even on an unmanned site - reliability in all climates, solid state electronics and no moving mechan­ ical parts - easy installation, power consumption 60 VA - simple construction

UPDATE YOUR APT/DRIR STATION.

-f/J VIISILA OY HELSINKI 44, FINLAND VAISALA SOUNDING SYSTEM COMPLETE INSTRUMENTATION FOR AEROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS

The Vaisala Sounding System is accurate, reliable, easy to use and economical. All instru­ ments are designed by the same manufacturer to form a com­ plete sounding system. The equipment is supplied with de­ tailed instructions for installa­ tion, operation and service.

All the radiosondes in the Vaisala Sounding System have capacitance transducers for pressure, temperature and humidity.

NEW RADIOSONDES FOR 400 MHz The transducer unit of these is the same as in basic models, but the transistorized transmitter operates within 400-403 MHz frequency band.

The following tabulation lists the basic Vaisala radiosonde types

NOW AVAILABLE ALSO FOR 400 MHz FREQUENCY BAND

Type Use I Barometer I Thermometer I Hygrometer RS 13/15 routine capsule bimetal rolled hair observations 1050-0 mb + 4o·c to - s5•c 0 ... 100% RH I RS 16 high altitude, 2 capsules wire rolled hair temperature 1050-0 mb + 4o·c to - s5·c 0 ... 100% RH reference 100-0mb RS 17 low altitude capsule bimetal or wire rolled hair 1050-700 mb + 4o·c to - 25·c 0 ... 100% RH * * * modified ranges available

VAI~ALA DV- -© HELSINKI 44 FINLAND

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7, 7, rue rue Notre-Dame-de-Nazareth Notre-Dame-de-Nazareth - 75 75 PARIS PARIS 3e 3e

DELACOSTE DELACOSTE

NATURAL NATURAL LATEX- NEOPRENE-

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METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL BALLOONS BALLOONS

481-7565 481-7565 (916) (916) Phone Phone

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$260.00 $260.00 Price: Price:

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copy. copy. free free

your your for for Telex Telex or or telephone, telephone, Write, Write, market. market.

world world the the for for prices prices competitive competitive and and tions, tions,

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Weather­ of of products products the the are are These These tronics. tronics.

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SYSTEM SYSTEM WIND WIND

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MIL-R-10882D(EL} MIL-R-10882D(EL}

WITH WITH U.S. U.S. SPECIFICATION SPECIFICATION

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INSTRUMENTS INSTRUMENTS

OCEANOGRAPHIC OCEANOGRAPHIC

AND AND

HYDROLOGICAL HYDROLOGICAL

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MANUFACTURES MANUFACTURES BELFORT BELFORT

llDEN llDEN

'INTERNATIONAl, 'INTERNATIONAl,

S. S. A. A.

CABLE CABLE ADDRESS: ADDRESS: ALDENSA ALDENSA TELEX: TELEX: 92 92 • • 4451 4451

BROCKTON, BROCKTON, MASSACHUSETTS MASSACHUSETTS 02403, 02403, U.S.A. U.S.A.

117 117 NORTH NORTH MAIN MAIN STREET STREET

For For further further information information communicate communicate with with ...... Dept. Dept. AI-40 AI-40

and and digital digital interfaces interfaces for for computer computer input. input.

Available Available with with turret turret lens lens for for up up % % to to 175 175 enlargement enlargement

all all time-consuming time-consuming preparation preparation for for drum drum mounting. mounting.

(up (up to to 3/16 3/16 inch), inch), without without cutting cutting or or folding. folding. Eliminates Eliminates

any any length, length, width width (up (up to to 60 60 inches), inches), and and any any thickness thickness

equals equals two two drum drum scanners. scanners. ALDEN ALDEN Scanners Scanners take take copy copy

One One ALDEN ALDEN ~ ~ 18-inch 18-inch Continuous Continuous Flat Flat Copy Copy Scanner Scanner

and and lowest-cost lowest-cost training training and and service service on on a a world-wide world-wide basis. basis.

and and calor calor code code for for checking checking means means highest highest reliability reliability

chassis, chassis, backplates backplates containing containing symbols, symbols, numerical numerical values values

ALDEN ALDEN back back connectors, connectors, one one point-of-check, point-of-check, slide-in slide-in

without without adjustment. adjustment.

where where "electricity "electricity is is the the ink" ink" means means miles miles of of copy copy

and and resilient resilient helix helix in in conjunction conjunction with with Alfax Alfax paper paper

Exclusive Exclusive ALDEN ALDEN features features such such as as endless endless loop loop electrodes electrodes

completely completely unattended unattended operation operation over over landline landline or or radio. radio.

world-wide world-wide weather-map weather-map transmissions. transmissions. Provides Provides

reliable, reliable, low-cost low-cost operation operation for for reception reception of of all all

have have become become the the world world standard standard for for clean, clean, quiet, quiet,

ALDEN ALDEN STANDARD STANDARD ALL ALL PURPOSE PURPOSE 18-inch 18-inch Recorders,.. Recorders,..

roll-in/plug-in roll-in/plug-in stand. stand.

Provided Provided for for table-top table-top model model installation installation or or on on a a mobile, mobile,

APT APT photo photo transmissions transmissions in in enlarged enlarged 10.2-inch 10.2-inch recordings. recordings.

wide wide formats formats and and for for the the "live" "live" or or "taped" "taped" direct-wire direct-wire

Recording Recording of of all all charts charts and and photomosaics photomosaics in in handy handy 10.2-inch 10.2-inch

index index selection selection from from command command signals signals for for Instant Instant Graphic Graphic

(APT/FOFAX) (APT/FOFAX) Recorder Recorder provides provides automatic automatic speed speed and and

over over high-speed high-speed networks, networks, the the ALDEN ALDEN 1l 1l auto-select auto-select

For For those those who who want want a a compact, compact, single~recorder single~recorder installation installation

A A

be be shelf- or or rack-mounted rack-mounted separately. separately. T T

they they can can also also be be table-top table-top mounted- electronics· electronics· package package can can

Consisting Consisting of of separable separable recorder recorder heads heads and and electronic electronic units, units,

a a roll-in/plug-in roll-in/plug-in console console for for compact, compact, space-saving space-saving installations. installations.

The The ALDEN ALDEN 19 19 auto-select auto-select FOFAX FOFAX Recorder Recorder is is mounted mounted on on

message/mode message/mode code code which which completely completely eliminates eliminates manual manual operations. operations.

commonly commonly

in in use. use.

The The system system is is computer-compatible computer-compatible as as computers computers are are easily easily programmed programmed

to to generate generate

the the

trolling trolling

all all

functions functions

of of the the recorder recorder and and eliminating eliminating the the time-consuming time-consuming multiplicity multiplicity

of of control control

tones tones

now now

Utilizing Utilizing

digital digital

signalling signalling techniques, techniques, the the ALDEN ALDEN "MOMSS" "MOMSS" system system offers offers

circuit circuit

time-savings time-savings

by by con­

in in

many many cases, cases, may may get get the the information information out out to to the the users users hours hours before before it it

would would

normally normally

be be

received. received.

to to

300 300

messages messages

by by number number code. code. Important Important documents documents may may be be transmitted transmitted as as soon soon as as they they

are are

ready. ready. This, This,

ing ing bandwidth bandwidth

compression compression

modems modems in in or or out. out. Automatic Automatic message-selection message-selection permits permits

a a

station station

to to receive receive

up up

speed speed possible possible

for for a a particular particular document, document, on on command command from from the the scanner, scanner, and and

provide provide

the the

capability capability

of of switch­

This This

mode mode selection selection device, device, when when coupled coupled to to the the recorder, recorder, will will operate operate the the

recorder recorder

at at the the

maximum maximum

at at the the scanner scanner and and a a receiver receiver unit unit located located at at the the remote remote recorder recorder stations. stations.

ALDEN ALDEN

Recorders Recorders

to to make make the the "facsimile "facsimile system system fit fit the the message". message". consists consists It It of of a a transmitter transmitter unit unit installed installed

System) System) provides provides remote remote automatic automatic digital digital control control of of the the

The The ALDEN ALDEN MOMSS MOMSS (Mode (Mode and and Message Message Selection Selection

selection. selection.

automatic automatic speed speed (120-240 (120-240 rPm) rPm) and and index index (96-48 (96-48 lines/inch) lines/inch)

forecaster's forecaster's (FOFAX) (FOFAX) network. network. This This network network incorporates incorporates

corder corder is is now now used used on on the the new new National National Weather Weather Service Service

faithful faithful reproduction reproduction of of photomosaic photomosaic recordings. recordings. This This re­

new new high-fidelity high-fidelity marking marking amplifier amplifier especially especially suited suited for for

capability capability for for automatic automatic speed speed and and resolution resolution indexing indexing and and a a

utilizes utilizes the the latest latest electronic electronic technology technology and and circuitry circuitry providing providing

The The new new ALDEN ALDEN 19-inch 19-inch auto-select auto-select FOFAX FOFAX Recorder Recorder

transmission transmission tinte tinte up up to to 4 4 times times standard standard rate. rate.

Present Present networks networks have have proven proven capabilities capabilities for for speed-up speed-up in in

modem modem and and recorder recorder function function are are all all completely completely automatic. automatic.

are are sent sent at at 240 240 rpm rpm over over standard standard telephone telephone lines. lines. Message, Message,

low-cost low-cost 2 2 to to 1 1 bandwidth bandwidth compression. compression. All All standard standard charts charts

ALDEN ALDEN "MOMSS" "MOMSS" equipment equipment are are currently currently being being used used with with

message message selection. selection. The The new new ALDEN ALDEN FOFAX FOFAX Recorders Recorders and and

selection selection of of recording recording modes, modes, recorder recorder types, types, modems modems and and

ALDEN ALDEN you you can can now now add add analog/digital analog/digital signalling signalling for for digital digital

photos, photos, digital digital photomosaics. photomosaics. With With this this new new advance advance from from

tion tion of of all all your your weather weather graphics: graphics: weather weather charts, charts, AFT AFT

equipment equipment for for hig11-speed hig11-speed core core networks networks for for rapid rapid dissemina· dissemina·

Now Now you you can can have have the the latest, latest, state-of-the-art, state-of-the-art, ALDEN ALDEN

ALDEN ALDEN is is the the Line Line That That Grows Grows .•• .•• Everything Everything is is modular modular so so all all these these things things are are possible. possible.

INSTANT INSTANT GRAPHIC GRAPHIC INFORMATION INFORMATION FOR FOR INSTANT INSTANT DECISIONS DECISIONS

for for Those Those Who Who Need Need

Accurate Accurate

COMPLETE COMPLETE WEATHER WEATHER COMMUNICATIONS COMMUNICATIONS ALDEN ... THE LINE THAT GROWS ,.AND,. ANTICIPATES THE FUTURE... HERE'S WHY FORECASTERS PREFER ALDEN FLAT COPY SCANNERS ... The excellent performance history of the present installations of ALDEN Scanners is dramatically illustrated in U.S. Weather Bureau headquarters Suitland, Maryland, where ALDEN flat copy scan­ ners send out the transmissions to ALDEN recorders to produce over 60,000 maps daily.

Here ALDEN scanners have superseded the drum type scanners because: • It requires 2 drum scanners to equal 1 ALDEN Continuous Flat Copy Scanner which has no lim­ itations as to the copy length, size or shape. • Drum recorders not only require copy of proper length and size to fit and match drum dimensions Copy any width or length and diameters, but time to "load" and "unload" Because the ALDEN scanner has exclusive flat preventing continuous transmission of one map after copy scanning with expandable arms, copy of any another. length, any width (up to 5411 without folding) and any thickness (up to 3/1611} can be fed continuously • The ALDEN flat scanner precisely positions copy without having to cut originals to size as required of any thickness at the correct focal distance to the by drun1 scanners. For continuous transmission of scanning element. copy...

ONE ALDEN FLAT COPY SCANNER ... REPLACES 2 DRUM TYPE SCANNERS

... because conventional drum type scanners neces­ ~py sitate cutting original plot­ "7,Y6 ted maps to drum size 'Ofl) then n1ounting and trans­ "-=' mitting while the follow­ ~ ing map is cut. and mount­ ed on a second drun'l.

A MOST IMPORTANT NEW ADVANCE FOR METEOROLOGICAL NETWORKS Replacing one modnlar chassis provides automatic background control for your ALDEN Scanner. So with this new advance, maps or instructions (whether on opaque paper, ozalid, translucent or computer readout) placed in the ALDEN continuous scanner, without change of scanner setting, are recorded on the entire network nniform density. This is possible by nsing ALDEN printed circuit boards with all interconnections throngh ALDEN Back Connectors. The new ABC replaces the old modulator chassis by simply sliding in the cabinet. Write us how many existing scanners you will update ar.d are you interested in a limited number of specially priced {leld operated scanners, available on a "{lrst come, {lrst served" basis and updated with this new background control advance ? HERE'S WHY FORECASTERS PREFER AND DEPEND ON ALFAX. .. e because recorders are used 24 hours per day, often where you cannot depend on good lighting, Alfax records in the red end of the color spectrmn for instant interpretation (not grey or black). Why - the Purkyne Effect states, "If a red field and a blne field are matched photometrical!y at a high brightness level, a reduction in the illumination of both fields in the san1e proportion causes the red field to appear darker than the blue." This accounts for forecasters' preference for Alfax.

e ~'You can depend on Alfax." You can obtain it anywhere. Specifying is not a problem. You do not have to worry about: paper thickness, grain, strength, sizing, cutting or storing. Alfax can be stored in all extremes of heat, cold, or humidity. Alfax requires no dating. No vital, one-of-a-kind transmission is ever missed. Alfax clearly shows n1ap e Alfax is considered the universal paper for all environmental even in presence of line noise while sciences, because of its easy -differentiation in the light plain and spark type recording papers shades, the same paper has the sensitivity to record at the now (inset) lost map signals in presence of reqnired light shades with no problem from saturated signals noise. and its history of stability and dependableness for 17 years.

Calor is Easiest to Read Under All Ease of Writing and Erasing En- Clean Crisp Duplicates by Bruning Lighting Conditions hances AnalySis or Ozalid WEATHER RADAR DATA ... at your fingertips ALDEN WEATHER RADAR DATA DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

WB/RATTS 65 WEATHER RADAR REMOTING SYSTEM The ALDEN AWR system con­ sists of an ALDEN Radar Trans­

SCHED 48 mitter, an ALDEN Radar Monitor LEASED and one or more ALDEN Remote 3KHZ LINE Weather Radar Recorders.

The ALDEN Weather Radar Distribution system is designed specificaily for use in distributing hard copy radar, PPI images to remote sites. This system multiplies, at low cost, the effectiveness of weather radar equipment at any nun1ber of remote points requiring "up~to-the-minute" meteorological data. ALDEN recorders provide permanent, easily interpretable radar pictures rather than fleeting, radarscope images. The ALDEN Remote Weather Radar recorder is capable of receiving a complete radarscope picture every 90 seconds, over standard telephone 1ines. This feature greatly facilitates the tracking of weather move­ ments under severe storm conditions because it can show development, movement and disappearance of local severe weather.

ALDEN RADAR TRANSMITTER ALDEN REMOTE WEATHER RADAR The ALDEN Radar Transmitter converts the RECORDER weather radar PPI image via slow-scan vidicon to The Weather Radar Re­ a line-by-line facsimile presentation for transmission corder automatically receives the over telephone circuits to remote ALDEN recorders. transmitted PPI images over The Transmitter consists of a PPI repeater (inter­ standard 3 kHz communications faced to custmner's radar), slow-scan television cam­ channels (voice-grade telephone era to convert the PPI presentation to a line-by-line lines) and accurately reproduces facsimile scan, and a Data Insert Device (DID) to them line-by-line in facsimile manually insert infonnation such as meteorological fashion at a rate of one piCture analysis, highlights, geography, etc., into the trans­ every 90 seconds. The resolution mitted PPI image. This information is electronically of the recorded image is over "mixed" and transmitted sin1ultaneously with the twice that of a soft CRT display radar PPI data. monitor (1100 picture elements), The transmitter is designed for the addition of and it contains 16 tone shades. field-installed kits for dial-up FM operation. In this An inherent characteristic of this mode, all remote recorders, wherever located, can recorder is that it provides a receive pictures over dial-up telephone networks. reference standard for image linearity. Console mounted for roll-in/ ALDEN RADAR MONITOR plug-in operation, it has elec­ The Radar· Monitor is used in conjunction with tronic slides which give instant the transmitter at the radar site so that the operator access for in-circuit check of all PC test points can see, in real time, the PPI presentation being without removing cards. transmitted to remote locations. The monitor allows With ALDEN you now can have another most the operator to adjust the transmitter as necessary to valuable aid for 1nore accurate predictions - as a optimize the PPI facsimile transmission and to check minimum, the timing of storms and other severe information added by the Data Insert Device. It weather; intensity, quantity and duration of precip­ provides a permanent record which is easlly inter­ itation, temperature drop and duration of temperature pretable under any lighting conditions as compared drop. to CRT monitors. The ALDEN A WR System will not only provide This n1onitor may be run without any signal more data than CRT displays but also a permanent being sent fron1 the transmitter as the monitor re­ record, on Alfax, of that moment. So whether your corder is fully independent in its drive electronics. It radar uses a;re aircraft control, navigation aboard provides manual framing in addition to automatic ship, severe stonn warning/tracking, meteorological framing of the picture, it also has electronic chassis studies/research, weather, or harbor traffic control, slides which give instant access for in-circuit check of consider expanding your capability through "instant all PC test-points without removing cards. The use capture" and permanent recording of fleeting radar of this monitor also provides the operator with images. numeric time/date information simultaneously re­ Another example of the superiority of ALDEN corded with PPI frame for reference. The monitor is techniques and Alfax paper over cathode ray tube console-mounted for simple roll-in/plug-in operation. displays. EXPAND YOUR CAPABILITIES WITH ALDEN For those who do not have weather radar, but do have Air Traffic Control radar send for our booklet describing the use of standard ALDEN Systems for transmission of composite radar data. We invite your further inquiry on these applications of Alfax Paper and ALDEN Recording Techniques. For further information, communicate with ... Dept Al-41 117 NORTH MAIN STRaT BROCKTON, MASSACHUSETTS 02403, U.S.A. AlDEN INIERNADONAl, S. A. CABLE ADDRESS: ALDENSA TELEX: 92 - 4451 NATURE'S WEATHER MAP ... direct from weather satellites*

• Polar Orbiting Weather Satellites are continuously scanning the earth's entire surface and transmitting APT (Automatic Picture Transmission) pictures, such as that shown at left, back to earth. The ALDEN APT systems capture, for in- 6tant interpretation, 2-3 passes per day as well as the DRIR (i nfrared) transmis­ sions. Also received are WEFAX trans­ missions from the A TS synchronous weather satellites.

The unique characteristics of Alfax paper and ALDEN recording techniques resulted in U.S. Weather Bureau Specification 469.0001 and the world's largest APT order for equipment used both domestically and globally. The ALDEN APT provides instant and complete information not possible with photographic process­ ing, automatic or otherwise. Unsatisfactory perform­ ance based on extensive field experience eliminated the rigid helix recorders and the black recording paper which lacked both the tonal differences of AHax and the exclusive ALDEN recording techniques employing the resilient helix and continuously moving, self­ adjusting electrode.

Because of the great dependability of the ALDEN systems design, transmissions are not n1issed. To illustrate, ALDEN APT systems are a complete package completely integrated for assured performance. Their dependability is based on: • selection of best antenna to pick up the faintest signal • choice of the optimum radio receiver without distortion and which eliminates doppler effect e tape recorder to reproduce copies equal to the original and provide a means of playback with different settings to highlight specific features. Alfax Paper with its unlimited storage life - unequalled performance under all environmental conditions - wide range of tonal differences, provides a recording medium equal to the equipment in assured verformance. ALDEN APT Systems that serve different purposes While most Governments purchase their basic systems to U.S. Government specifications, satellite facilities are often selected from the six (6) other Alden APT Systems that serve different purposes. They are priced at a somewhat lower cost, but st ill incorporate the essential features of the United States specifications. For instance, the lA ALDEN APT System is J proving very effective as a completely integrated "all weather" APT Radio Facsimile System for marine use,. weather sensitive industries, TV stations and professional forecasters. We gladly quote on APT lA or other intermediate systems appli cable to your needs as you describe them.

Completely Integrated Systems Alden provides completely integrated systems, each element to work with the others so that it can be replaced, updated and not become obsolete and have to be scrapped. With Alden you can stay abreast of the "state of the art" economically. This also means reliable operation and simplified, low-cost service since service personnel do not have to be completely retrained as you expand your capabilities. Fully tested and proven prior to shipment, the complete roll~in packages are ready to work when they arrive. You receive consistent, compatible equipment using a common recording technique based on Alfax electro-sensitive paper.

WRITE TO US : So that we may recommend adequate equipment at lowest cost, describe your require­ _ments and we will respond promptly via airmail, with complete descriptive literature and prices - so that you can get money into your budget for the increasing demands on your services. THE NEW MUIRHEAD I<-649-TR4 The world's most advanced chart recorder This advanced new recorder replaces all current models of the Muirhead D-649, operating at all standard speeds from 60-240 rev/min. lt is supplied in AM or FM versions or as a composite AM/FM unit. The K-649-TR4 incorporates integrated circuit techniques while retaining the well-proven mechanics of the D-649 .

• AUTOMATIC. UNATTENDED OPERATION • ECONOMIC HIGH SPEED OPERATION 11 NO EXTERNAL FM/AM CONVERTERS REQUIRED FOR RADIO OPERATION • PROVEN MECHANICAL RELIABILITY • SIMPLE, LOW COST MAINTENANCE • LOW PRICE KITS FOR AM/FM CONVERSION • BUILT-IN TEST FACILITIES • NO SPECIAL ENVIRONMENT REQUIRED • USES IMPROVED MU FAX PAPER- EXTRA DURABLE AND DOES NOT FADE, FLAKE, SMUDGE OR MARK • FACSIMILES ARE MASTERS FOR DYELINE REPRODUCTION 11 SIMPLIFIED CONTROLS • ALL SOLID STATE • SAME BASIC MACHINE FOR AM OR FM • AM AND FM AVAILABLE IN ONE MACHINE IF REQUIRED Muirhead Limited BECKENHAM, KENT, BR3 4BE ENGLAND Telephone: 01 -650 4888 IllMUIRHEAD Telex: 262710 Sendox: 01-658 0941

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I~.IK.!§. I~.IK.!§. Highest Highest Quality Quality Eppley-Kendall Absolute Radiometer

For the precise measurement of thermal radiation in the spectral range 0.2-50 t-tm at intensities of 10 to 200 mw cm-2. The radiometer is essentially a cavity-type radiation receptor in a massive tempera­ ture-monitored, ccipper body inserted in a gold-plated case. it is a modified version of those described in the Kendaii-Berdahl article (1970), but the basic physical principles are identical. Aperture angle (total) is approximately 55°, and there is no window. An alignment sight aids orien­ tation in any direction. Easily .attached diaphragmed tube is availaole (aperture­ angle 5.0°) for solar radiation measure­ ment at normal incidence. Recommended readout instrumentation includes a digital ohm voltmeter, a null galvanometer and a control unit which can be provided with the necessary suitable regulated power supply. Carefully controlled lamp source tests of the first group of radiometers indi­ cated an overall mutual consistency of performance · to within ±0.2 per cent, and an ability to reproduce the true scale of radiation to within one per cent or better. Write Dept. WMO 7 for complete technical details.

The Eppley Laboratory, Inc., Scientific Instruments Newport, R. I. 02840 U.S.A. Also available from Eppley: Pyranometers, Pyrhe­ liometers, Sunphotometers, Pyrgeometers, Ultra­ violet Photometer, llluminometer, Submarine Radiometers, Shadow Band Stand, Solar Tracker

Printed in Switzerland - lmprimerie La Concorde, Lausanne ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE WMO BULLETIN The second column gives the fit!/ title in English (though the abbreviation may derive from the French title ) fol!ollled by the initials of the parent or sponsoring body (in brackets) ACC Administrative Committee on Co-ordination (ECOSOC) ACMRR Advisory Committee on Marine Resources Research (FAO) ACOH Advisory Committee for Operational Hydrology (WMO) ACOMR Advisory Committee on Oceanic Meteorological Research (WMO) CAeM Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology (WMO) CAgM Commission for Agricultural Meteorology (WMO) CAS Commission for Atmospheric Sciences (WMO) CBS Commission for Basic Systems (WMO) CCIR International Radio Consultative Committee (ITU) CCITT International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (ITU) CHy Commission for Hydrology (WMO) CIMO Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation (WMO) CIRM International Radio Marine Committee CMM Commission for Marine Meteorology (WMO) CODATA Committee on Data for Science and Technology (ICSU) COFI Committee on Fisheries (FAO) CoSAMC Commission for Special Applications of Meteorology and Climatology (WMO) COSPAR Committee for Space Research (ICSU) COWAR Scientific Committee on Water Research (ICSU) ' ECA Economic Commission for Africa (UN) ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (UN) ECE Economic Commission for Europe (UN) ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America (UN) ECOSOC Economic and Social Council (UN) FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FID International Federation for Documentation CARP Global Atmospheric Research Programme (WMO/ ICSU) GATE GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (WMO/ICSU) IACB Inter-Agency Consultative Board IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IAF In ternational Astronautical Federation IAGA Interna tional Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IUGG) IAH International Association of Hydrogeologists (lUGS) IAHS Interna tio nal Association of Hydrological Sciences (IUGG) IAJ\IIAP International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 0 UGG) IAPSO International Association of Physical Sciences of the Ocean (lUG G) lATA International Air Transport Association IAU International Astronomical Union OCSU) mP International Biological Programme (lCS U) ICAO International Civi l Aviation Organization ICES International Council for the Exploration of the Sea ICID International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage ICNAF International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries ICPM International Commission on Polar Meteorology (lUGG) ICSI International Commission on Snow and Ice (lASH) ICSU International Council of Scientific Unions IFALP A International Federation of Air Line Pilots Associations IFAP International Federation of Agricultural Producers IGOSS Integrated Global Ocean Station System IGU International Geographical Union (ICSU) IHD International HydrologicalDecade (Unesco) IMCO Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization IMO International Meteorological Organization (predecessor of W MO) roe Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (Unesco) ISB International Society of Biometeorology ISO International Organization for Standardization ITU International Telecommunication Union IUCSTP Inter-Union Commission on Solar-Terrestrial Physics (ICSU) IUGG International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (ICSU) lUGS International Union of Geological Sciences (I CS U) JOC Joint GARP Organizing Committee CWMO /ICSU) LEPOR Long-term and Expanded Programme of Oceanic Research SCAR Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (ICSU) SCOR Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (ICSU) SCOPE Special Committee on Problems of the Environment (lCSU) UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme Unesco United Nations Educational, Scientific a nd Cultural Organization UNSCEAR United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UN) URSI International Union of Radio Science (ICS U) WHO World Health Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization WPC World Power Conference www World Weather Watch (WMO)