WECAF Reports No. 39*

~nterregional Fisheries Development and Management Programme (WECAF Component)

PROGRAMME FOR FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT IN AND ST. EUSTATIUS

prepared by

M. Giudicelli Fishing 'l'echnofogist

and

L. Villegas Resource Evaluation Specialist

Panama October 1981

WECAF Rep. 39 The contents of this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any , territory or sea area, the delimitation of frontiers or any present or future jurisdictional claims. iii

INTERREGIONAL FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME

The Interregional Fisheries Developm,nt and Management Prbgramme begun its activities on 1 January 1980. It ha~ three components (Headquarters,CECAF ;, and WECAF) and the WECAF component is the successor of the Interregional Project for the Development of Fisheries in the Western Central Atlantic (WECAF) which was initiated in March 1975 and terminated its second phase on 31 December 1979. Its objectives are to assist developing coastal in assessing development opportunities offered by their available fishery resources and to formulate appropriate actions, to promote the rational utilization of fishery resources, to promote the development of technical and economic cooperation among countries of the region and to assist in the upgrading of their human resources. Its activities are coordinated by the Western Central Atlantic Fishery Commission (WECAF) established by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in 1973. The Project is supported by the_ United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and FAO as the Executing Agency.

As with the previous proje~t, two series of documents will be prepared to provide information on activities and/or studies carried out. This document is the thirty ninth of the s.eries WECAF Reports. The other series of documents is entitled WECAF Studies.

D.A. Lintern Acting Project Directo~i iv

Table of Contents

1. Introduction 1

2. Background 1

3. Justification 2

4. Objectives 3 s. The Development Programme 3 (a) Production Techniques 3 (b) Development Strategy 5

6. Expected Results 7

Annex 1 Estimates of~he Potential Yield of the 9

Figure 1 Map of the Saba Bank 14 Tap le 1 Estima~ed Number of Boats Fishing in the Saba Bank during 1980 15 Table 2 Estimates of Potential Yields for the Saba Bank 16 Table 3 Estimated Lobster Production per Unit Area 17

Annex 2 Fishing Gear and Equipment Estimated Costs - CIF - Saba 18

Annex 3 The Boats 20

Annex 4 Shore Inf rastr~cture 24

Annex 5 Cost, Preliminary Timetable and Plan of Operation of the Saba-St. Eustatius Progrannne 25 1. Introduction

In the northern islands of Saba and St. Eustatius fisheries are mainly occasional activities. These fisheries, which indeed occupy only a small number of active men, are essentially carried out for subsistence and pleasure purposes. Their production thus contributes only slightly to the local nutr.ition needs and leaves rather unimportant quan­ tities for exportation. Thus, fisheries do not actually contribute to the local economic and social development in the way that they could.

Technically speakirg, these activit~es are almost exclusively limited to the exploitation of the demersal resources, with hand lines and traps worked from 5 to 8 m open boats driven by 25 to 110 HP outboard engines. Their field of operation is also small, limited to the narrow shelves around both islands and to the eastern edge of the Saba Bank. Very tenta­ tively, it can be estimated that they exploit barely 20 percent of the productive surface of this bank.

This situation, however, can be improved by a better exploitation of the existing fispery potential. It is certainly considered that the introduction of more professional types of fisheries is possible, which could assist substantially in the diversification and strengthening of the islands' economies ..

The existence of these development opportunities is appreciated by the Central Government of the which, in November 1980, requested the technical assistance of a WECAF project mission to advise on appropriate fishing methods and gears for the Saba Bank fishery; evaluate the potential harvest;, and advise on policies for future resource manage­ ment. This mission was in the field in June 1981 and their findings,, conclusions and reconnnendations are presented in this report.

2. Background

The Northern Netherlands Antilles islands of Saba and St. Eustatius are characterized by the following basic features as regards fisheries exploi­ tation and dev~lopment possibilities:

(a) The absence of important land resources for animal puotein and, thus, d great dependance on'the sea for its supply;

(b~ The absence of important employment opportunities, more parti­ cularly in St. Eustatius, and thus a great dependance on the sea fo.r improving this situation and avoiding the emigration of the work force which is presently taking place; 2

(c) A geographical location in a relatively productive area as regards sedentar~ demersal species and migratory pelagics, and the existence of these resources all year round in various densities according to the location and the season; (d) Close proximity to the Saba Bank which has (i) a rather large shelf extension, amounting to a total of about 2 200 km 2 in the 0 - 20,0 m interval, (ii) a total drop-off length of some 260 km, a~d (iii) an apparently rather important continental margin with an approximate surface of 1 600 km2 in the 200 - 600 m interval;

(e) A small and irregular exploitation of this situation by~ the local people, who have no more than some thirty open boats and do not produce more than around 60 tons a year whilst, on the other hand, a rather intensive exploitation of the Saba Bank is carried out by a foreign fleet, the production of which might be roughly estimated at some 1 000 t a year (Annex 1); (f) A rather high potential yield for demersal and pelagic species in that could be nearly double the present catch. Silk snapper, blackfin and little tunas are amongst the species that have the highest potential (Annex l); (g) Apparently ciguatera is not a great problem as already the ciguatoxic areas of the Bank and islands are relatively well known to local fishermen and the species that show the highest potential are ciguatera free; l (h) Local active male groups which, in spite of their actual lack of fishing skill and power, show good technical levels in other fields and, thus, with an appropriate demonstration and training effort followed by an adequate development. policy, could enter modern artisanal fisheries without great difficulties; (i) The increasing interest of the Central and Local Governments of the Netherlands Antilles to put a strong emphasis on this development in order to diversify and strengthen their economy, create new employment opportunities, improve protein supplies and elevate the status of the fishermen.

3. Justification

The abovernentioned conditions are favourable for an important fisheries development in Saba and St. Eustatius. It is strongly believed that the number of fishermen, their production and their productivity could be substantially increased b~ a programme with the following objectives. 3

4. Objectives

The objectives of the progranune will be:

i) to demonstrate the possibility for developing fishery production and productivity in the islands; ii) to initiate such development where possible; iii) to indicate the technical and financial requirements in the ~uture; and iv) to obtain data on which future management policies can be based.

To attain the objectives of the development programme, emphasis should be given to the following fields:

(a) Improvement, diversification and geographical extension of a modern artisanal exploitation of all demersal resources on Saba Bank and its drop-off down to 300 m approximately;

(b) Improvement, diversification and geographical extension of a modern artisanal exploitation of all pelagic resources;

(c) Introduction of a modern artisanal exploitation for the demersal resources of the c'ontinental upper 1Ilargins in the 300 - 600 m interval approximately;

(d) Continuing¥research of the optimmµ economic feasibility of the abovementioned fisheries and practical demonstration of this feasibility to the local fishermen and to the Government autho­ rities;

(e) Continuing on-the-job training of the local fishermen;

(f) Routine and continuing collection of data to be used in the establishment of realistic investment programmes and stock management policies.

5. The Development Programme

(a) Production Techniques

At the present time the basic production techniques in Saba and St. Eustatius are limited to hand lining for bottom fish and trapping for 4 bottom fish and spiny lobster. Some surface trolling, diving for lobster and beach seining are also carried out. The typical boats used are 5 to 8 m open wooden hulls with outboard engines. These techniques are adequate for demersal species but obviously are not taking advantage of all the production possibilities offered by this potential and leave almost completely untouched the pelagic resources.

During the development programme the following new techniques are to be tested for productivity and subsequently introduced if the results are positive:

(1) Demersal species of the bank, the top of the shelves and., the drop-off (up to 300 ~)

(i) Multiple bottom hand lines with hydraulic reels; (ii) Horizontal demersal anchored 1ong lines; (iii) Vertical demersal anchored long lines; (iv) Multiple near bottom trolling lines; (v) Wire fish traps on the sea bottom; (vi) Wire and wooden spiny lobster traps.

(2) Pelagic species in all waters

(vii) Surface and mid-water hand lines; (viii) Horizontal mid-water anchored or drifting long lines; (ix) Horizontal mid-water anchored long lines for sharks; (x) Vertical mid-water anchored or drifting long lines; (xi) Multiple surface and sub-surface trolling lines; (xii) Multiple jigging hand lines; (xiii) Wire fish traps at the surface, for medium size pelagics; (xiv) Mid-water anchored or drifting gill nets, for 1Iledium and big size pelagics; (xv) Mid-water anchored or drifting gill nets for small pelagics; (xvi) Lampara net for small pelagics (live bait). 5

(3) Deep demersal species (300 - 600 m)

(xvii) Wire traps for shrimp and Norway-lobster on the sea floor.

In addition, attraction and aggregating techniques such as surface permanent rafts (Fish Aggregating Devices, F.A.D.) and light will be introduced. Live bait and chumming will also be applied and acoustic investigations will be in constant use. The quantities of fishing gear necessary for the project, as well as its approximate cost, are given in Annex 2.

These techniques will be operated from two identical boats which will represent the basic improvement agent of the fisheries in the islands~ These 31 foot_ (9 m), · 100 HP diesel units, which will enable two to three days trips to be carried out in the prevailing local sea conditions, ~re fully described in Annex 3, which gives also their approximate cost.

These boats will be supported by a shore base equipped with a small flake ice machine (350 kg a day), a 5 m3 ice compartment, two 500 kg capacity cold storage boxes at - 2° C, a small workshop and a storage place for fishing gear. The allaracteristics and estimated costs of this infrastructure are given in Annex 4.

(b) Development Strategy

The programme is scheduled for 18 months. As indicated in the preliminary timetabl~ given in Annex 5, it will be divided between two phases: six months preparation and twelve months execution. This 12 months fishing period, which will itself be div.ided between a two months ·exploratory phase and a 10 months connnercial fishing demonstration, is essential to obtain a global picture of the connnercial productivity of the resources all the year round and to observe its seasonal variations.

The objectives of this progranune are indicated in section 4 above, and its techniques in section 5 (a) above. Its base will be established in St. Eus tat ius, which is.. the more populous and more economically depressed of the two islands and, thus, seems to be a priority target for the project. Another reason for selecting St. Eustatius is the easy land accessibility of the beaches. Its zone of action will_ be represented by the areas indicated in section 2 (d) above. Its estimated cost and preliminary time­ table are given in Annex 5.

The prograrmne is expected to be executed by FAO under a Trust Fund arrangement and, in this case, FAO will assist the· Government in selecting the 1H'Ct0::0 sary poatS and gear and in recruiting a masterfisherman. This masterf isherman will arrive in the country a short time after the boats 6 and gear have been procured. He will be responsible for carrying out the second phase of the project: the exploratory and commercial demonstration fishing. FAO will continue the technical supervision of the programme during its.entire duration and will assist the Government to draw the conclusions and define the lines of action for future development.

If the programme is not executed by FAO, the Government will be responsible for making all necessary arrangements, including recruitment of a masterfisherman and the technical supervision of the programme.

Its general strategy will be the following:

(1) Exploratory and Experimental Fishing

Exploratory and experimental fishing will be carried out with the techniques mentioned in section 5 (a) above and with the following objectives:

(i) to obtain as much information as possible on the resource potential availability, importance, compo­ sition and behaviour-in order to determine the poss;i.J;>ilities of· development; (ii) to test the apparent economic productivity of each technique in the exploitation of this potential; (iii) to start adapting these techniques to the local conditions; (iv) to carry out practical training of the fishermen at sea.

(2) Commercial Demonstration Fishing

This effort is applied to all the development opportunities indi­ cated by the exploratory and experimental fishing and its objectives are:

(i) to test the real economic productivity of the commercial type exploitation of any new development opportunity and, if results are positive, to l~nd sufficient catches to convince fishermen to exploit this new opportunity; (ii) to carry out practical ·training of fishermen at sea; (iii) to follow up the improvement of fishing techniques and data collection; 7

(iv) to indicate the technical and financiah·;requirements for the rapid strengthening of the development being pursued.

6. Expected Results

From the existing information it is difficult to give an exact indi­ cation of the real results which might be expected from this development programme, An increase of the local production would obviously be reached through the introduction of a modern artisanal fishery which could exploit resources presently not fully utilized by the islands' population. This could result in the establishment of a really professional fishery if the important possibilities of exportation to the demanding consumer markets of the near-by islands of St. Martin, St. Croix, Pi:erto Rico and others are considered.

A tentative estimate indicates that, in the waters around Saba and St. Eustatius, including Saba Bank, this new fishery could give a pos­ sible production for Saba and St. Eustatius of somewhere between 1 000 and 1 500 tons a year for the demersal and pelagic species. Obviously the numbers of local active men are not sufficient to sustain such a production. Tentatively, however, it can be accepted that the present programme has a high probability of success in demonstrating to the local population the high living standards that could be reached by entering into professional modern artisanal fishing.

At the time of its completion this project should have produced some 80 tons.of fish, which will·be more or less double the actual estimated annual catch. This catch will normally cover an important part, if not all, of the total expenditures of the project, It will also have trained some 20 men in operating the new techniques. However, the most important results will be the demonstJ;ation of the potential available to the local population and,- through continuing data collection, the possibility of preparing a complete and realistic investment programme and developing guidelines for a stock management policy.

This investment programme could result in the introduction of some 40 to 50 boat~ of the type operated during the project. Such an input will represent the creation of som~ 150 to 200 new jobs and an annual production of about 200 to 250 tons with an estimated cash value of US$800 000 to US$1 million at 1981 levels. The total investment required for the boats, gear and infrastructure can be estimated at somewhere between US$3.5 and 4. 5 'rd llions. 8

The remaining potential production of 750 to 1 300 tons per year could also be used to the profit of. the local economy by selling fishing licences to foreign vessels, whose numbers would be controlled, part of the licence fees being used for the control of this fleet and the :implementdtion of adequate stock management policies. 9

Annex 1

Estimates of the Potential Yield of the Saba Bank

1. General

The Saba Bank is situated a short distance west of the islands of Saba and St. Eustatius in the Netherlands Antilles. It is 60 - 65 km long, 30 - 40 km wide and has a surface area of about 2 200 km.?, · W~ter depth is 20 - 40 m over most of the Bank. Except for a small a:rea in the northwestern part of the Bank (Figure 1) the edges are very: steep.

As abundance of fish is very poor in the shallow parts of the Bank, fishing takes place near its edges and probably on the gentle slopes situated to the northwest. There is no fishing in an ·area south of Copper Bank up to 17°20' N which is known to be ciguatoxic. The demersal resources of the Bank have been fished for years by fishermen from neighbouring countries and , but no data has been recorded about their activities.

Fishermen from Saba and St. Eustatius fish only sporadically over the Bank, either due to the small size of their boats or because they derive their main sources of income from other activities than fishing. It is worthwhile mentioning that they are operating boats smaller than 30 ft (9 m) and they are fishing to the north of Copper Bank in the upper parts of the slope or on the Ban~ itself. Species caught by Sabans are silk and gray snappers, groupers, grunts~ parrot fish and jacks. Total catches in 1980 might amount to some 50 t. Also a few tons of lobster were caught.

In addition to fishermen from Saba and St. Eustatius, some seven bigger boats from other countries were sighted by fishermen from Saba working on the eastern side of the Bank, bringing the toeal of boats operating there to around 30. Few of the boats were bigger than 60 ft (18 m) and each of them was probably fishing with 200 fish pots (Table 1).

The.re is no information about fishing activities on other parts of the Bank not visited by Sabans.

Taking into consideration the number and characteristics of the boats that fish~d the area exploited by Sabans, the total catch in that area 10 during.1980 could be around 500 tons but this figure represents the minimum catch taken from the Bank as Sabans exploit only about 20 percent of the total area where snappers and groupers can be fished.

2. Existing Data for Stock Assessment

No assessment of the potential of the fishery resources·of the Saba Bank has been made due to lack of fishery statistics and limited research activities.

The UNDP/FAO Fisheries Development Project (CFDP) did some exploratory fishing at the Saba Bank during 1968 - 1971. Pots, troll lines and pole and line combined with baiting were used. Handlining and long­ lining were seldom carried out.

Best catches with trolling lines were obtained during April - May and the mo'st abundant species were small species of tunas: Blackfin tuna (Thunnus atlanticus) and little tuna (Euthynnus alleteratus). The average catch per line and hour was 7.9 lb.

Commercial fish pots were used along the'northwestern edge of the Saba Bank in November 1969, March, June, September' and December 1970 and April 1971. Fishing took place between 50 - 115 ft (91 - 210 m). Best catches were obtained in March - April and mainly consisted of sjlk snapper (Lutjanus vivanus). Silk snapper formed 84 percent of the catches and none of them was ciguatoxic. Best total catches recorded were between 33 - 56 lb per .lift.

Fishing with lobster pots (Nicaraguan type) during July 1971 gave negative results.

3. Estimates of Potential Yields

3.1 Dernersal Fishes

In the absence of statistics of catch and tish~ng effort, the potential yield of demersal species of the Saba Bank could be estimated from the abundance of fish per unit area, total surface wbere the resource under stujy is found and rates of mortalities affecting it.

None such information is available (except for approximate values of shelf surf ace) but it is possible to get a first estimate of the potential yield using data relative to the most abundant fish caught in traps on the slope.of the Bank obtained from comparable areas of the Caribbean. 11

As on Saba Bank, exploratory fishing carried out off , in nearly the same depth range (120 - 300 m) to that fished by the CFDP, yielded catches composed of 80 percent of silk snapper. The Cuban silk snapper resource is not exploited at present~ Its density was estimated at 16 t/km2 .

The natural mortality for silk snapper in Cuban waters has been esti­ mated at 0.28.

The total area of the Saba Bank where silk snapper can be fished (50 - 300 m depth) is around 500 km2 (without including the region near Copper Bank known to be ciguatoxic). Using the area 'and density value given by the Cubans, a total biomass is obtained for silk snapper of 8 000 t (500 km 2 x 16 t/km2 = 8 000 t).

The potential yield can be estimated from Y 0,5 M Bo, where y potential yield M natural mortality Bo biomass

As Saba Bank has been exploited for quite a while the abov.e equation must be modified to make allowance for the extra cause of mortality resulting from fishing (Fishing mortality - F). Then, the formula will be:

y 0.5 (F + M)B (2) 1 There is no information about fishing mortality for silk snapper, but an approximate value could be calcul~ted from:

F total catch (3) .. biomass

As mentioned previously, the amount of 500 t estimated as the catch taken from the Saba Bank corresponds to the catch taken in its eastern part. This area is not the most appropriate for trap fishing and the bigger boats will probably fish the northwest part of the Bank (as the boats from CFDP did), where the slopes are more gradual. 12

If we consider that another 500 t could be taken from other areas of the Bank not visited by Sabans (by boats unknown to them), the · total catch would be l 000 t and F = 0.1 (Table 2).

Therefore, we could use a F of 0.1 and a M of 0.3 (Cuban value) in the equation (2) to arrive to a potential yield of 1 600 t.

The calculated potential yield must be considered as an order of magnitude only since the real amount caught on the Bank is unknown and the estimated catch might be lower or higher than the real catch.

There is some indirect evidence that silk snapper from the Bank may not be fully exploited. Data for the same species caught in the (Brownell and Rainey, 1971) indicates that the smallest fish showing signs of reproductive development weighed around 400 g. The CFDP reported that all silk snappers caught at the Saba Bank weighed more than that. If ~ishing activities have not increased from the time of the CFDP explorations, the silk snapper is really under­ exploited.

3.2 Lobsters

There is no information ·about total catches from the Saba Bank. There is. oniy one boat of 30 ft (9 m) from Saba Island fishing for lobster and f ishennen from the island have sighted one or two foreign boats of bigger sizes fishing lobsters.

There are some figures of ~roduction for other areas in the Antilles that fluctuate between 36 kg/km (~urks and Caicos Islands) and 310 kg/km2 /Cuba, southwes.tern shelf (Table 3) 7. In the absence of any other Information, using this information-and the surface of the region where lobster could be found, an approximate idea about the potential productipn of the Saba Bank can be obtained. According to the information gathered from several sources (Van der Land, 1977; CFDP), the fauna in the centre of the Bank is poor, especially in its western part. 'For this reason, it can be expected that lobsters would not be found all over the Bank and it would be J'iser to use half of the total area of the Bank as an indication of the lobster region.

Another fac~or that will influence lobster production from the Bank will be the size of potential nursery areas. According to the information gathered for other regions, young f~rms of lobster settle in shallow areas (less than 10 m depth; very seldom up te 20 m), wher~ they spend months before. migrating to deeper waters a.nd reach marketable sizes./

The lowest figure of production per unit area abovementioned corres­ ponds to where shallow areas represent a good 13 part of the shelf. As areas with depths less than 10 mare nearly absent over the Saba Bank, it could happen that using 36 kg/km2 could well result in an overestimation of the potential lobster production of the Bank.

Given these limitations, a tentative figure for the potential lobster production will be around 30 t a year.

3.3 Pelagic Fishes

It is not possible to make any estimates ,.of the potential yield of pelagics with the available information, but the results obtained by the CFDP suggest that there is some potential for starting a fishery on Saba Bank based on pelagic fishes.

Troll fishing carried out by the CFDP in April 1971 in the northern part of the Bank gave an average catch rate of 8 lb/line/hour.· This vaJ.ue suggests a daily catch of 100 lb/day of pelagic species (mainly black fin and little tuna), at least during the period of higher abundance (April - May).

A probable monthly catch of 1 t per boat during that period could help very much to finance their operations over the Bank.

4. Bibliography

Baisre, J.A. y J. Paez Los Recursos Pesqueros del Archipielago 1981 Cubano. WECAF Stu. (8): 78 p.

Brownell, W.N. and W.E. Rainey Research and Development of Deep 1971 Water Commercial and Fisheries around the Virgin Islands Plateau. Contrib. V.i Ecol. Res. Stn. Caribb. Res. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _Inst. (3): 87 p.

Van der Land, J. The Saba Bank - A Large in the Northeastern 1977 Carib~ean. FAO Fish. Rep. (200): 469 - 487 @ / "' ' (~.... ~.ST. MAiUlTEN .. . ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' <"oo·. -~-

~o·

40'

I, ..a-'-, I : I SABA. '~---~'

30'

20'

10 km I

50° 301 20 10'

Figure 1 Map of the Saba Bank 15

Table 1 Estimated Number of Boats Fishing in the Saba Bank during 1980

Size Number Country (ft) (m) Fishing Gears

15 N. Antilles (Saba) 9 - 16 3 - 5 ( Hand lines 4 II II (Saba) 16 - 23 5 - 7 ( Fish pots 2 II " (Saba) 23 - 30 ·7 - 9 ( Spears 1 N. Antilles (St. Eustatius) 21 6 Handlines Fish pots

3 * US Virgin Islands· (St. Croix) I 60 >18 200 fish pots each 1 '* Venezuela / 60 '! 18 200 fish pots each 3 -/( St. Kitts 40 12 Handlines

A few* 25 8 ?

.* Boats sighted by fishermen from Saba Island 16

Taple 2 Estimates of Potential Yields for the Saba Bank

Species Area Densit2 M F Biomass Potential Yield (km2) (t/km ) (t) (t)

Silk snapper 500 16 * 0.3 * 0.1 8 000 1 600

* Values for Cuba

a) F Estimated catch 1 000 0 .1 Biomass .8 000 b) Biomass Density x Area = 500 x 16 8 000 t c) Yield 0.5 (F + M)Bl

Yield 0.5 (O.l + 0.3)8 000 1 600 t 17

Table 3 Estimated Lobster Production per Unit Area

2 Country Average Habitat Extent Production/km Production 2 2 (t) (km ) (kg/km )

Turks & Caicos 280 (74 - 79) 7 752 36.1

Cuba A 1 810 (75 - 79) 18 800 96.3

Cuba B 6 466 (75 - 79) 20 850 310. l

Cuba c 222 (75 - 79) 3 945 56.3

Notes Cuba A southeastern shelf Cuba B southwestern shelf Cub? C northwestern shelf

(74 - 79) Pe,riod used to calcula.te aye-rage prnduction 18

Annex 2 -

Fishing Gear·and Equipment Es~imated Costs CIF - Saba

1. Multiple pea bottom hand lines for hydraulic reels, 10 units 2 500 2. Surface and mid-water hand lines, 50 units 500 3. Multiple jigging hand lines, 10 units 500 4. Multiple near bottom trolling line's, 10 units 1 500 5. Multiple surface and sub-surface trolling lines, 10 units 500 6. Vertical demersal and mid-water, anchored or drifting long lines, 10 units of 20 hooks, 200 m 1 000 7. Horizontal anchored bottom long lines, 10 units of 100 hooks, 500 rn 1 500 8. Horizontal anchored or drifting mid-water long lines, 2 units of 100 hooks, 5 000 m 3 500 9. Horizontal anchored mid-water shark long line, 5 units of 100 hooks, 500 m 2 000 10. Wire fish traps on the sea floor and at the surface, 50 units with lines and markers 4 000 11. Wooden spiny lobster traps, 100 units with lines and markers 3 000 12. Wire shrimp and Norway lobster traps, 100 units with lines and markers 2 500 13. Mid-water anchored or drifting gill nets for medium and big pelagics, 1 000 x 20 m 12 000 14. Mid-water anchored or drifting gill nets for small pelagics, 500 x 5 m 2 000 15. Lampara net for small pelagics (live bait), 100 m 2 soo 16. Cast nets, 2 units 500 17. Fish Aggregating Devices, 5 units 3 000 18. Portable air cooled diesel electric generator, 3,0 KW, 115 volts, for fish attraction 4 000 Total 47 000 19

U.S.$

(carry forward) 47 000

Manpower for gear making, 15 % of mat~rial value 6 450 Freight and insurance, 15 % of total value 7 050

Total Estimated Cost in·U.S.$ 60 500 ======20

Annex 3

The Boats

1. Selection

The marine context in the localities of St. Eustatius and Saba is dominated by fair weather conditions all year round. Prevailing winds are gentle to moderate breezes from the eastern to north­ eastern sector with a constant Beaufort scale wind force 4. As the general water through the region also comes from a general eastern direction, the sea is most of the time calm with only small to moderate waves.

The hurricane season, from May to November, can bring extremely rough seas, However, these occasional conditions do not have to be considered here as, in the case of a hurricane warning, the fishing fleet has ample.time to seek protection in St. Martin harbour, only 36 miles from St. Eus~atius and 30 from Saba.

Another basic characteristic is the narro'Wness of the fishing waters. It can be safely estimated that a fleet based in the islands will have to restrict its activities to maximum distances of some 60 miles from port,.

The~e features, associated with the generally low biomass productivity in the Caribbean waters and with the general lack of suf­ ficient ~capital in the islands, militate strongly in favour of developing small scale.artisanal fisheries, The most suitable vessel would be a relatively light and fast multipurpose boat with an autonomy of two to three days at sea, Considering the absence of suitable wood for boat building in the area, a fibreglass hull would seem to be the best ~olution.

2. Descriptioq

(a) Material

Fibreglass 21

(b) General characteristics

Length O.A, 9,30 ~ Beam 3,00 m Depth 0,75 m Weight 4~00 t Cruising speed 10 knots Range 3 days Engines· two diesels of 50 HP each

(c) Full Design I Forward crew quarters for thTee Forward located wheelhouse occupying all the beam, opening onto the fishing deck and onto the crew quarters, and fitted with a pro.pane stove 2 Spacious 18 m stern fishing deck 3 .Forward fish 'hold. about 2 m with 20 c_m insul~tion, hatch .. rising 20 cm above deck .and gravity water outlet into the engine compartment Engine compartment with two waterproof·removable cqvers rising 40 cm above deck 3 Two stern fish holds,.about 0,80 m eaGh, with 20 C1li insulation, hatch rising 20 cm above deck and gravity water outlet into the engine compartment, which can be used as live b·ait tanks with the addition of a 30 cm high removable hatch· neck and by plugging the outlet to the eng~nes compartment Tanks: 850 1 of diesel oil Outside protection of the hull on starboard side, from the gunwale to the keel, and for about one metre on· each side of the hauling davit.

(d) ~~ck Equipment

Swinging hauling davit with open block and swivel, on the starboard side, at about 4,3 m from the bow Hydraulic hauler for l~nes and pots, with 0 30 cm sheaves and 0 10 cm cast iron wind head, 4,8 m from the bow, at centre! ~f beam, on a turning pedestal Three hydraulic snapper reels, two on the por1 side and one on the stern starboard side 22

Aluminium mast, 6 m above gunwale, with a 5 m sail boom, two ~ m aluminium trolling booms, a 6 m2 jib sail and a 11 m main sail

(e) Machinery

Two 50 HP diesel engines, reduction 2 : 1 with individual shaft and propeller, flexible mountings and couplings, electric and manual starting, etc. Hydraulic pump driven oy one engine through a f'ront power take off, manual clutch and flexible coupling Sea water pump 15 tons/hour, driven in the same way by the other engine, for deck, live bait tanks and bilges Hydraulic hand steering ,•, - •t Manual bilge pump

(f) Electric, Electronic and Navigation Equipment

Adjustable spot light Four extension deck lights VHF radio 25 watts Vertical echo-sounder 50 KHz, 25 0 beam, 125 w, range l 200 m, 150 nun dry paper, white line, etc. Magnetic wet compass, binoculars, hand bearing compass, plastic sextant for land angles, etc. One radar 36 miles range

(g) Safety Equipment

Two fire extinguishers Four life vests One automatic inflatable raft for four One set of distress signals 2]

3. Approximate Cost

Such a unit, built in Curacao, will cost approximately US$65 000. As only one of them will have a radar, the total cost of both units f.o.b. Curacao will be some US$122 000, and the cost c.i.f. St. Martin, by normal surface cargo lines, some US$126 000. 24

Annex 4

Shore Infrastructure

The premises will be located in one of the actual Government builpings. The energy will be provided by the public sector.

U.S.$

Flake ice machine, 350 kg per day 12 000 3 Ice compartment, 5 m with 20 cm insulation 2 000 Two 500 kg capacity cold storage boxes (- 2° C) 2 000 Workshop with tools 2 000 Gear store with shelves 500

18 500

Freight and insurance, 15 % of value 2 775 Manpower for installation, 10 % of value 1 850

Totql Cost Estimate in U.S.$ 23 125 ======~======25

Annex 5

Cost, Preliminary Timetable and Plan of·Operation of the Saba - St. Eustatius Programme

Duration Cost Months U.S.$

1. Total Cost Estimate of the Programme

(a) Gross Cost

(1) Shore Personnel and Infrastructure

1 Programme Leader 20.5 1 Programme Assistant 20.5 1 suitable place for shore infrastructure 1 vehicle 10 000

(2) Sea~Going Personnel

1 Masterfisherman 13.0 76 000 ]__/ 1 Mate 12.0 4 800 ii 4 Fishermen 48.0 14 400 !!,/ Fish.ermen' s insurance, 10 % salaries l 920

(3) Consultancies

Fishing technology and Resource Evaluation 1.5 8 200

J_/ Will be an actual staf;: member of the Government and will remain on the Government Payroll. He will be recruited when project funds are made available. ]:_/ Will be selected in one of- the existing eovernment buildings. ]_/ Assuming they will be .recruited on an FAO basis, the sum given covers all expenses, including travel, insurance, etc. They will also receive a percentage equal to 5 percent of the gross product of all the- catches. 26

Cost u. s. $ (4) Boat, Equipment and Gear

Two 9,30 m boats, according to Annex 3 126 000 Shore infrastructure, according to Annex 4 23 125 "Fishing gear and equipment, according to .. Annex 2 60 500

(5) Consumable Items, Maintenance and Insurance

:fuel: 250 sea days x 250 1 x 2 units x US$0,35 43 750 Lubrificating oil, 10 % fuel 4 375 .Gasoline 2 000 Electricity 5·000 Boat maintenance, 5 % value 6 100 Gear maintenance, 10 %-value 6 050 Shore infrastructure maintenance, 5 % value 1 156 Boat ~d car insurance, 10 % value 13 200 Shore infrastructure insurance, 5 % value 1 156

(6) Trips and Miscellaneous

Five trips by the Programme Leader fro.m Curacao, with 20 days travel allowance 2 500 Four trips by the Masterfisherman to Curacao, with 15 days travel allowance 1 500 Communications 1 000 Reports 1 000 Various 2 000

Total Cost Estimate in U.S.$ 415 7)2 ======

(b) Estimated Production Value

During the programme certain quantities of fish will be caught. On the basis of 3.3 tons per boat and per month, which seems a reasonable possibi­ lity, and at an average price of US$4 000 per ton, the programme would produce 27

US$320 000 approJ{imately, As 5 percent of the catches would be given to the crew members, the remaining net value would be some US$304 000,

(c) Residual Value

The boats will normally last ten years, the vehicle three, the shore infrastructure five and the fishing gear one and a half years. This means that, at the end of the prograllllile, the following residual values would exist:

U.S.$

Fishing gear US$ 60 500 x 8 months 20 166 18 months

Car US$ 10 000 x 24 months 6 666 36 months

Shore infrastructure US$ 23 125 x 48 months 18 500 60 months

Boats US$126'000 x 108 months 113 400 120 months

Total Approximate Residual Value in U.S.$ 158 732 ======r=

(d) Estimated Net Result

From the above it would seem then that the programme could result with a certain profit:

Net production value 304 000 Residual value 158 732 462 732 Gross cost 415 732

Estimated Net Profit in U.S.$ 47 000 ======28

Note

If the programme is executed by FAO, a service charge of 14 percent will be made.

2. Preliminary Timetable

(a) Phase 1 Preparation

Day 1 - The Government takes the decision to carry out the programme and funds are made available - A Trust Fund agreement is made with FAO * - The Programme Leader and.his assistant are assigned

- FAO starts the recruit~ent of the consultants in fishing technology and_ resource evaluation and of the masterfisherman

Day 60 to 75 - The consultant fishing technologist stays iD Curacao for 15 days and assists the Programme Leader in order,ing the boats, to be built in Curacao, the fishing gear of Annex 2, to be imported and delivered in St. Eustatius, and the deck equipment machinery, elec­ tronics equipment, etc., to be imported and delivered in Curacao

Day 165 Fishing gear and other equipment arrive and a·re stored or installed

Day 225 -·The two boats are ready in Curacao as well as ~he shore infrastructure installation in St. Eustatius; the masterfisherman arrives and prepares the boats for their transport to St. Eustatius

Day 235 to 242 - The b~ats are transported via normal c~rgo lines to St. Martin and, '·thence, to St'. Eustatius .- The con­ sultant Resource Evaluation specialist arrives and agrees on the scientific aspects of the work programme with the masterfisherman

Day 242 to 255 - The boats arrive in St. Eustatius and the masterfisher­ man, assisted by sufficient casual labour, builds the fishing gear 29

(b) Phase 2 Execution

Day 256 to 286 The masterf isherman carries out exploratory fishing with the two boats in Saba Bank and adjacent waters

Day 287 to 437 - Commercial fishing demonstration

Day 438 to 468 - Exploratory fishing

Day 469 to 613 - Commercial fishing demonstration - the Resou~ce E~aluation Specialist spends three Weeks assisting in the analysis Of the data II collected

Day 614 to 623 - Reporting and end of the project

Note

* Assuming that FAQ executes the programme 30

WECAF Reports

1. Fishery Training Needs in the Western Central Atlantic by R.C. Cole. 1976. (distribucion restringida).

2. Review of Status of Fishery Statistics and Fishery Research Capabil­ ities in the WECAF Project Area by L. Villegas. November 1978.

3. Shark Fishing in the Western Central Atlantic by S. Springer. March 1979.

4. Report of the First Session of the Executive Committee of the 'WECAF Project, 18-20 May 1978.

5. Aspectos Tecnicos de la Pesca Artesanal en la Republica Dominicana y Recomendaciones para su Mejoramiento y Desarrollo por M. Giudicelli Junio 1979.

6. Report on Fish Handling, Processing and Quality Control in by C.A.M. Lima dos Santos. July 1979.

7. Programme of Fisheries Development and Diversification in Jamaica by M. GiJliicelli. July 1979. ·

8. La Pesca Artesanal Marftima en la Costa Caribena de : Su Situacion, sus Posibilidades y sus ~ecesidades para el Desarrollo por M. Giudicelli. Agosto 1979.

9. Report on Mission to to Evaluate a Fishermen's Training Proposal by E. Oswald. June 1978.

10. Report on Mission to Antigua, , and St. Lucia by R. Kreuzer and E. Oswald. June 1978.

11. Fisheries Situation in Dominica by D.A. Lintern. June 1978.

12. Informe de la Mision a para Prestar Asistencia en las Operaciones de Pesca Parguera Exploratoria y Experimental por M. Giudicelli. Agosto 1978.

13. Bahamian Fisheries Development Mission, Findings and Recommendat'ions by M. Giudicelli. June 1978. 31

14. lnvestigaci6n Preliminar sobre las Condiciones Higienico-Sanitarias y Tecnol6gicas del Manipuleo, Procesamiento, Comercializaci6n y Control de Calidad de Producto Pesqueros en Nicaragua por C.A.M. Lima dos Santos. Agosto 1978. ·

15. Purse Seining Demonstration and Training i~ and Study of Adequate Technologies for Fisheries Development in the Country by M. Giudicelli. September 1978.

16. Informe sobre el Tratamiento de Pescado en Republica Dominicana incluyendo Sugerencias Referentes a Programas de Extension por W. Brownell. Octubre 1978.

17. Asistencia a INDERENA en su Programa de Introduccion de Redes de Arrastre para la Producci6n de Pescado en Colombia por M. Giudicelli. Octubre 1978.

18. Marine Artisanal Fisheries in Northeast Brazil and Some Suggestions for the Improvement of· the Extension Programmes by W. Brownell. October 1978.

19. Extension Training of Artisanal Fishermen and#Other Fisheries Person­ nel in the WECAF Region by W. Brownell. October 1978.

20. Grenadian Fisheries Development Mission, Findings and Recommendations by M. Giudicelli. November 1978.

21. Report on the Demonstration and Training in Fishing for Red Snapper in and' Identification of Fisheries Development Opportunities by M. Giudtcelli. January 1979.

22. Programa de Desarrollo y Diversificacion de' la Pesca de Arrastre en Venezuela por M. Gi'udicelli. Abril 1'979.

23. Programa para la Investigaci6n y Evaluaci6n Comercial de los Principales Potenciales Pesqueros Marl'.timos de por'M, Giudicelli. Mayo 1979.

24. Report on Mission to by M. Pena and A.J. Wirth. June 1979.

25. Programa Preliminar para el Desarrollo de.la Pesca Artesanal en la Region de San Andres y Providencia, Colombia por M. Giudicelli. Agosto 1979.

26. Informe de la Mision a Honduras con Relacion a Diversas Posibilidades cie Desarrollo Pesquero en el Pais por M. Giudicelli y A.J. Wirth. Setiembre 1979. 32

27. Proceedings of the Working Group on Shrimp Fisheries of the North­ eastern . City, Panama, 23-27 April 1979. Report of the Meeting. National Reports.

28. Proceedings of the Workirtg Group on Shrimp Fisheries of the North­ eastern South America. , Panama, 23-27 April 1979. Report of the Meeting. Conttibutions.

29. User's Guide to Exploratory Fishing Data for the WECAF Project Area by H.R. Bullis, Jr. August 1980.

30. Report on the Training Course in Fishery Statistics held in , St. Lucia, , 19 November - 1 December 1979 ..

31. Repor't of Mission to St. Lucia by C.R.C. Carleton and A.J. Wir.th. August 1980.

32. Programme for Fisheries Development and'Diversification in Southern Netherlands Antilles: , Curai;ao and by M. Giudicelli. August 1980.

33. Report on Mission to the Netherlands· Antilles (Bonaire) by J. Roullot. August 1980.

34. Informe de la Misi6n a la Laguna de Perlas, Nicaragua por J, Roullot. August 1980.

35. Bibliography on the Offshore Shrimp Fishery of Northeastern South America by J. Tashiro and A. Dragovich. October 1980.

36. Proceedings of the Spiny Lobster Worksho~. San Jose, , 12-14 November 1980.

37. Interim Report. October 1980.

38. Informe de la Misi6n para Asistir a Nicaragua en la Evaluaci6n de sus Recursos Pes.queros Atlanticos y en la Preparaci6n de un Programa de Investigaciones Pesqueras por L. Villegas y P. Charlier. Diciembre 1980.

39. Programme for Fisheries Development in Saba and St. Eustatius (Netherlands Antilles) by L. Villegas and M. Giudicelli. July 1980.