NOVEMBER, 1966 Vol. 29 P. 333-362 No. 11

-II

r•'

' • ''We've converted 100% to Transflow M-34R plastic milk hose and vacuum lines''

says Harold To/lerup, Corona, California, dairyman

"We'll never use rubber again II ,

adds John Mann, Tollerup's foreman • Alert, successful, businesslike . . . Tollerup Dairy milks 862 Holsteins every day. Its milking machines are all equipped with clear, flexible TRANSFLOW M-34R Milk Hose and TRANSFLOW Vacuum Tubing. "It's lots cheaper than rubber because it lasts a lot longer," Tollerup says of his TRANSFLOW. "It's less trouble, too." Foreman John Mann agrees. " It doesn't crack, and when you accidentally bend the hose during milking it doesn't pinch like rubber will . Also, it doesn't crack, and no bl ack rubs off as happens with rubber. It's easy to handle, too. I'm sold on TRANSFLOW ~" Isn't it time that you started changing over to TRANS FLOW? It'll pay for itself over and over saving time, money and trouble. But ... be sure you get genuine TRANSFLOW! Look for the name branded on every foot. You can also tell TRANS FLOW Milk Hose by its blue stripe and, of course, TRANSFLOW Vacuum Tubing is the "sparkling black Above. A portion of t he p it in Tollerup's herringbone b arn. (The d airy hose with the clean white stripe. " also has a con ven tional barn .) Note TRAN SFLOW connected along left Get all the facts! Write today for complete informa side. "With T RA NSFLOW 's clea rness you can see t he cow's m ilk flow. I'm sold on TRAN SFLOW, " says forema n John Mann. tion on TRANSFLOW Milk Hose and Vacuum Tubing. Plastics & Synthetics Division •

1910·0 A SUBSIDIARY OF

I I

• •

44113 44113 OHIO OHIO

AVENUE AVENUE

CLEVELAND, CLEVELAND,

LORAIN LORAIN 4180 4180 OHIO OHIO 13, 13, D D " i CLEVELA

COMPANY COMPANY MANUFACTURING MANUFACTURING HAYNES HAYNES THE THE

CO. CO. MANUFACTURING MANUFACTURING HAYNES HAYNES THE THE

RESINS RESINS flUOROCARBON flUOROCARBON . TfE ® ® TEFlON DuPont DuPont of of e e mod CARTON CARTON Gaskets Gaskets PER PER * TUBES TUBES OZ. OZ. 4 4 - 12 PACKED PACKED TUBES-

CARTON CARTON

PER PER S S CAN . . OZ 16 16 6-

PACKED PACKED ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATION SPRAY- DRUG DRUG AND AND FOOD FOOD . . S . . U BY BY EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT

rROCESSING rROCESSING

& &

FOOD FOOD USE USE ON ON

SAFE SAFE FOR FOR

ACCEPTED ACCEPTED TEFlON TEFlON • • TASTELESS TASTELESS • •

ODORLESS ODORLESS • • TOXIC TOXIC NON NON • • SANITARY SANITARY

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nts nts a Pl Pocking Pocking - s Cannerie ries- e k a B nts- a Pl ge ge ra e ev B

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OTHERS OTHERS

All All OUT-PERFORM OUT-PERFORM Will Will THAT THAT GASKET GASKET Breweries FITTING FITTING l l Plants- fOR Cream Cream Ice Ice Dairies- in in Use Use For For

° ° F. F. 500 to to up up heat heat to to impervious impervious EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT are are and and ° ° F. F. 200 PACKAGING PACKAGING AND AND minus minus as as low low as as PROCESSING PROCESSING

temperatures temperatures at at

embrittle embrittle

not not will will They They

solvents. solvents.

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ESPECIALLY ESPECIALLY

solu cleaning cleaning

by by unaffected unaffected are are TEFLON TEFLON of of SNAP-liTES SNAP-liTES HAYNES HAYNES

~ ~ .. ..

disassembly. disassembly. and and assembly assembly of of ease ease and and self-alignment self-alignment ing ing

I I

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all all for for designed designed are are TEFLON TEFLON of of gaskets gaskets

sell-centering sell-centering

SNAP-TITE SNAP-TITE

t s i ex an an with with compliance compliance in in used used

white white

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LINES LINES PRESSURE PRESSURE

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AND AND

VACUUM VACUUM

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FOR FOR SEAL SEAL UNION UNION

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be be can can and and A. A. . F.D by by

approved approved

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LUBRICANT LUBRICANT • SANITARY SANITARY DUTY DUTY HEAVY HEAVY A A

• • REGULATION REGULATION ~S ~S ADDITI. ADDITI. FOOD FOOD Ohio Ohio EXISTING EXISTING 13, 13, A A WITH WITH Cleveland Cleveland COMPLIANCE COMPLIANCE • • IN IN USED USED Avenue Avenue WHEN WHEN Lorain Lorain

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Ohio Ohio 13, 13, house, house, Cleveland Cleveland supply supply • • dairy dairy

your your Avenue Avenue through through Lorain Lorain

4180 4180 Order Order

. . box the the to to 100 100 Pacl

LIS. LIS.

WDGHT-7 WDGHT-7

SHIPPINC SHIPPINC

CO. CO. MANUFACTURING MANUFACTURING

THE THE J• J• fittings. fittings. H~YNES H~YNES 2", 2", one! one! 2~· 2~· J•, J•,

1~·, 1~·, for for

Available Available

CARTON CARTON PER PER CANS CANS 6·12 6·12 OL OL PACKED PACKED

over over and and over over use use life, life, Long Long sterilization sterilization Withstand Withstand

equipment. equipment. of of treotment treotment

bactericidal bactericidal s s

vibration line line

overcome overcome

Hell' Hell'

cleaned cleaned

easily easily

surfaces, surfaces,

polished polished Odorless, Odorless,

~ ~ previou destroy destroy entirely entirely may may method method finger finger the the of of

use use

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blocks blocks

line line Eliminate Eliminate

lubricants lubricants Spreading Spreading methods. methods. crevices crevices lubricating lubricating · or or

seams seams fashioned fashioned no no

old old

by by Non-porous, Non-porous, possible possible

fittings fittings

to to sticking sticking No No

s s i

which which contamination contamination of of danger danger the the eliminates eliminates

Haynes-Spray Haynes-Spray

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fats fats or or heat heat by by unaffected unaffected Sanitary, Sanitary,

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Se!Wia Se!Wia

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U.S. U.S.

by by e e R~ R~ assembl ta ta easy easy Time-saving, Time-saving, shrinkage shrinkage no no leaks, leaks, no no joints, joints, right right

ri~a

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SANITARY SANITARY -TASTELESS -TASTELESS OTHER OTHER All All loo loo and and

ODORLESS ODORLESS

INTO INTO SNAP SNAP

PARTS PARTS MACHINE MACHINE

FilliNG FilliNG PAPER PAPER

GLASS GLASS & & SANITARY-PURE SANITARY-PURE

PUMP PUMP PARI~ PARI~ POSITIVE POSITIVE

PARIS PARIS

SliDES SliDES & & CAPPER CAPPER

PRODUCTS. PRODUCTS. FOOD FOOD WITH WITH CONTACY CONTACY IN IN WHIN WHIN TAINT TAINT

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ABSOlUTElY ABSOlUTElY . . FATS VEGETABlE VEGETABlE OR OR ANIMAl ANIMAl NO NO

CONTAINS CONTAINS

VALVES VALVES

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STIHOAROS STIHOAROS

STITES STITES PHARMACEUTICAL PHARMACEUTICAL . . UP UNITIO UNITIO

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. . TO FlANGE FlANGE MOLDED MOLDED WIDE WIDE FIT" FIT" - FORM "

$NAl'~l"fE $NAl'~l"fE GASKETS GASKETS HAYNES HAYNES (

•I • still the sta:ndard TODAY 1953

1939

1924 , •

DIFCO LABORATORIES DETROI T MI C HI G AN U SA

QUALITY AND SERVI CE SIN C E 1 895 •

III III

1966 1966

INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL

AssoCIATION AssoCIATION MILK

oF oF , , Foon Foon AND AND ENVmONMENTAL ENVmONMENTAL SANITARIANs, SANITARIANs, INc. INc.

tributors tributors

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Sanitarians, Sanitarians, Ads Ads --

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_ _ 362 362

Publish e d d by by the the Int erna tional tional .Association .Association

of of

number . . Each Each \ ' Olllml! Olllml! comprises comprises 12 12 numb ers. ers.

Ind

ex ex

to to Adv e rtis is is e rs rs i ss u --- e d d monthl ------361 ------361 y y b eg inning inning

with with the the January January

1"he 1"he J o urn a l l o f f Milk Milk and and F oo d d T ec hnolo gy gy

J. J.

C. C.

WHITE WHITE

______

Ithaca, Ithaca, New New News News

York York and and Ev e nt s s ------

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---

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G . . \ • V. V. REINBOLD REINBOLD

______

_ _ Ames, Ames, Iowa Iowa

Association Association

Affairs Affairs

_ _ ------

__ __

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P . . W . . PURDOM PURDOM ______Philadelphia , , Pa. Pa.

W . . S . . MuELLER MuELLER ______.Amherst, _.Amherst, Mass. Mass.

! W. W.

C . . LAWTON LAWTON

__ __ St. St.

Paul, Paul,

Minnesota Minnesota

H. H.

G. G.

H H

arclin

g g ______

______

_ ___

___

______

_ _

350 350

W. W. 0 . . KAu

FMANN FMANN

__ __

Lansing, Lansing,

Ea~t Ea~t

Mich

. .

on on

th e e Dair y y and and Food Food Industr y y ; ;

C. C. K. K. JoHNS JoHNS __ __ Ottawa, Ottawa,

Ontario, Ontario,

Canada Canada

t e r r

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Act Act of of 1965-Impact 1965-Impact C . . A . . HuNTER HuNTER ______Topeka, Topeka, Kansas Kansas

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E. E. K

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_ ____

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Ohio Ohio

Rob e rt rt

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J. J. C. C.

FLAKE FLAKE

______Washington

, , D. D.

C. C.

to to

Cope Cope

wi th th Foodborn

e e Di sease sease Outbr e aks aks

L . . A. A. BLACK BLACK

______

Cin

innati, innati,

Ohio Ohio

Pr e paring paring

c al al H e alth alth

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Editorial Editorial Board Board

Lat e st st D eve l o pm m ts ts in in R e s e ar c h h on on Botulism Botulism

Sh e lb yville, yville,

Indiana Indiana

46176. 46176.

William William

Walt G. G. e rs rs

______

______and and 338 338 Managing Managing

Editor

, , Bo

x x

437, 437,

Examina tion tion of of D ai H r y y . . Products L. L. THOMASSON , , 1 2 th th , , Exe Edition Edition c ut · ive ive Secr e taru taru

R e port port 64118. 64118. of of Progr e ss-Standard ss-Standard Methods Methods for for th e e

North North Virginia , , Kansas Kansas City , , Mo . .

J \V. \V. . . DIXO

N , ,

Associate Associate Editor , , 531

8 8

Rob ert ert

E . . L ev in in and and F. F. Miles Miles Sa : wyer wyer ____

______336 336

55101. 55101.

of of Fishing Fishing

e Trawl

r r Holds Holds

versity versity of of Minn., Minn., St.. St.. Paul Paul 1 , , Minn . .

Food Food Scienc e e and and Indu A A Limit s tri es, es, e Uni d d Stud y y on on th e e Sanitation Sanitation

Drr . . J . . C . . OLSON, OLSON, JR., JR., Editor , , Dept . .

Editors Editors

B. B.

S i n g h h and and R. R. T . . Marshall Marshall ------· _333 _333

KARL KARL

K . . JONE

S S

Eff ec ts ts

of of

ucoc

y t e e D e

ration ration

on on

Mastitis Mastitis Scr ee ning ning Tests

. .

c. c. DR . . J. J. OLSON, OLSON, JR ., ., H. H. L . . THOJ'v!ASSON THOJ'v!ASSON

Publication Publication Board Board

Vol. Vol.

29 29 55114 . .

Novemb e r , , 1966 1966

No. No.

11 11

2424 2424 T e rritori a l l Rd ., ., St . . Paul, Paul, Minn . .

S e nior nior Past-P1·es i d e c. c. nt , , v V. V. LAWTON , ,

R.Ec. R.Ec. U . . S. S. PAT. PAT. OFF . .

wood, wood,

N. N. J . . 07666. 07666.

Environmental Environmental

Sanitarians 395 395 , , Inc M . . a itland itland Ave., Ave., West West Eng l e

]unio1

· · Past-P

· r esi d e nt , , FR E D D

' E. E. UE TZ, TZ, International International Association Association of of Milk, Milk, Food Food

and and

46222 . .

Official Official Publication Publication

22nd 22nd St. , , Indianapoli s, s, Indian a a

Sec

' y . -T-r e as., as., KARL KARL K. K. Jo NEs, NEs, 2645 2645

W. W.

INCLUDING INCLUDING MILK MILK AND AND FOOD FOOD SANITATION SANITATION

94070. 94070.

910 910 Lupin Lupin Wa y, y, San San Ca rl os, os, Calif . .

TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY Seco nd nd Vice-P-resident , , MILTON MILTON E. E. H ELD, ELD,

of of

H ea lth , , J ac k s onvill e, e, Florida . .

D a iry iry Divi s ion , , Florida Florida

Stat e e Board Board

Fi-rst Fi-rst V · i ce -P res id e nt , , SAMUEL SAMUEL 0. 0. NoLES, NoLES,

Gu e lph, lph, Ont a rio

, , Canad a. a.

MILK MILK

FOOD FOOD

and and

S c i e n ce ce D e pt ., ., University University of of G u e lph , ,

P1 ·es id e nt-El ec t , , A . . N. N. MYHR , , Dair y y

versity, versity, Corv a lli s, s, Or eg on on 97 3 31 31

Microbiology, Microbiology, Or eg on on Stat e e Uni

Presid e nt , , PAUL PAUL R. R.

ELLIKER , , D e pt . .

Journal Journal of of

OFFICERS OFFICERS AND AND EXECUTIVE EXECUTIVE BOARD BOARD Why is the ADVANCED MILl( CRYOSCOPE e the recogn,ized leader in cryoscopy?

( Here are a few user reasons: '· ~ I. First. in Sales. 2. Most Official & University users. 3. Easiest and most Accurate to operate. · 4. Only Advanced Milk Cryoscopes follow th e AOAC & APHA Methods (details on request ) . 5. First "Hot· Line" Customer service : • Collect telephone- user to factory expert • Largest stock of parts for same-day shipment • Only modular design for unplug·&·replace service • Largest team of local sales and service engineers , • Most complete User's Guides • First and Most Regional Schools and Work· shops- continued technician training and certification JJDV.nNCED 6. Publishers of Milk Cryoscopy News. (i!fjc{? for per· ~ l'l\TS'TDTT11ID'N'TS, l ''"C. 7. Only Cryoscope continually improved .lVt .l J:\.U.lY.I.L. .It H' on the Ad formance- not just style. Always follows Complete detail.s Street j 617 DEcatur 2-8200 vanced Milk Cryoscope .are Uniform Universal Thermodynamics. 43 Kenneth in this brochure. , Massachusetts, 02161 presented 15 other exclusive featuxes, write or call Newton Highlands Write today for _your copy. For • collect today. '·------~ REVISED REVISED Procedure for 1966 1966 EDITION EDITION The Investigation of Foodborne Disease Outbreaks Recommended by INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MILK, FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC.

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IV 333

EFFECTS OF LEUCOCYTE DEGENERATION ON MASTITIS SCREENING TESTS'

B. SINGI-I2 Al\TD R. T. MARSHALL

Da·i-ry Depmtment, University of M-issouri, Columbia 65202

(Received for publication August 8, 1966 )

SuMMARY mediately cooled at 4 C and held thereat except for the few minutes each day when aliquots were being removed for Direct microscopic leucocyte cotmts ( DMLC) and mor testing. Fourteen oamples were collected. An additional 10 phological studies indicated that leucocytes disintegrate and samples were later subjected to part of the tests. lysis progresses rapidly from day 1 to day 2 in milk san1ples Screening tests were perfom1ed initially and daily there during storage. The average DMLC/ ml decreased 34% dur after for five days. Metl1ods used for the catalase test, tl1e ing the first two days of storage. The reactivity of the samp DMLC and the CMT were as described in Public Healili les to the California Mastitis Test decreased with sample age. Service Publication No. 1306 ( 4). Bacterial counts were made These combined observations suggest that deoxyribonuclease as described irr Standard Meiliods (1). •· Reactions to the CMT (DNA), once free of the intact leucocyte, becomes less re were scored 1, 2, 3, 4 rather tl1an T, 1, 2, 3 so iliat nwnerical active or non-reactive to the test reagents. Milk samples averages could be calcuiated. Studies on morphological which produced more than 20% 0. gave highly reproducible changes of leucocytes contained in milk were made during results when tested by the catalase metlwd. Those which the first and second days after collection using phase-contrast produced less than 20% gave erratic results. and light microscopes.

A number of publications have indicated that RESULTS AND DISCUSSION changes take place in milk samples during storage which influence the results of ma~titis screening tests The majority of the samples used in these experi made on the stored samples. Schalm and Noorlander ments contained relatively low numbers of leuco (5), Frank and Potmden (2), and Tucker and Paape cytes. However, they are thought to be representa (6) each showed that the substance reactive to the tive of an _equal number of bulk herd milk samples. California Mastitis Test ( CMT) reagent became less reactive due to storage. · Frank and Pounden (2) re TABLE 1. AVERAGE CMT SCORE PER DAY DURING STORAGE ported increased oxygen production in stored samples CoMPARED TO ORIGINAL ScoRE tested for catalase. However, Tucker and Paape (6) did not find a significant change in catalase content Days of storage Number of samples with storage up to fom days. Nageswararao, Blobel Per group and Derbyshire (3) found the catalase test unaffected 6 1 0.7 0.2 0.2 0 0 by storage up to three days unless there was appreci 6 2 1.5 1.2 1.0 0.5 0.3 able bacterial growth. No information was available 1 3 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 regarding changes in direct microscopic leucocyte 1 4 4.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 counts ( DMLC) with time of storage. ~·1e:-tn 1.8 1.4 0.9 0.9 0.5 0.4 Our experiments have been designed to verify cer tain reported observations and to seek reasons for the results. Stability of the reactive substance in the Table 1 shows the changes in average CMT scores milk, preventing ·production of more reactive sub with storage time. The results indicate a somewhat stance, and assurance that all of the substance is faster rate of decline in score than observed by Tucker available to react would appear to be of prime im and Paape (6). However, this may be due to the fact portance. that we were observing fewer numbers of leucocytes MATERIALS AND METHODS initially. The stronger Ci\IIT reactions involve mil lions of leucocytes; whereas, the lower ones may in J Milk samples were collected aseptically from individual l volve only a few hundred-thousands per milliliter. quarters of cows showing various degrees of reactivity to ilie Our results indicate that the lesser reacting samples California Mastitis Test (CMT) which was perfonned on foremilk immediately prior to sampling. Samples were im- decline faster in reactivity when a system of daily l averages is used. Analyses of the same samples by DMLC (Table 2) 'Contribution from tlre Missouri Agricultural Experiment Sta tion. Journal Series Number 4066. helped to explain the loss in GMT n~ activity. A daily 2Present Address: University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School decrease in leucocyte counts was observed for each of Public Healili. sample. The greatest decrease occurred between 334 EFFECTS OF L EUCOCYTE DEGENERATION

CouNT (GROUPED DATA ) TADLE 2. AvERAGE DMLC PER DAY DumNG STORAGE COMPARED TO 0RtGTNAL

Days of stora~re 1\umber of Count range 4 . ) samples/group 2 3 of group (UlOUS , 10-100 4 44" 43 18 12 10 9 7 160 130 79 41 12 9 101-500 .,i 501-2000 2 1600 1400 950 550 420 llO I 8,600 19,000 1 19,000 18,000 13,000 12,000 12,000 640 Mean 14 1,680 1,560 1,110 960 930

"Counts expressed as thousands per milliliter

days one and two of storage for samples in each arise in securing day-to-day uniformity of catalase count range. Decreases averaged about one-third test r esults. There were statistically significant dif of stor- after two days storage. I umbers declined at a faster ferences between mean test values for days rate among samples containing the lower number age in the initial experiment. :tvleans for days 0, 1 of cells. The point of most importance is that count and 4 w ere not significantly different, but means for able numbers of leucocytes in 2-day old milk can be days 2, 3 and 5 were significantly higher ( P < 0.05 ) . , expected t o have decreased b y more than 34 percent. The differences were small in magnitude in relation Therefore, leucocyte counts for most bulk samples to the c urrent interpretation of the test, wh e ~· ein 'would be expected to have decreased an intermediate classes of milk are based on ten p ercent-wide ranges. amount, since some of the milk vvould be two days It was expected that small daily increases would be old while some would be relatively fresh. Based on observed clue to catalase production by bacteria. The our data a decrease of 20% would seem to be a realis high results for clay five may reflect bacterial growth. tic estimate. These observations are in contrast to Standard plate counts run on days 0, 2, 4 and 5 in- • those of Nageswararao, Blobel and Derbyshire (3) clicatecl bacterial populations of more than 1,000,000/ ' who reported that l eucocyte counts remained con ml in two samples on day 5. The highest count on / stant for at least three days, but the proportion of clay 4 was 570,000/ ml and the average was 190,000 live leucocytes decreased rapidly. Figure 1 shows ml. e photomicrographs of leucocytes taken during the first A second series of 10 samples was tes ted by th and second days after collection. The leucocytes had catalase method. Averages of these observations are enlarged in size by the second day of storage. Ob shown in the last line of Table 3. A similar pattern servations using phase-conh·ast lenses indicated that of test r esults was observed. However, mean dif the spherical nuclei did not have their usual lobed ferences were smaller. d appearance. The swollen state, vacuolization of cyto Examination of the individual results indicate o plasm, deformity and altered staining of the nucleus that the samples with the lower initial oxygen pr sugges ted progressive lysis and disintegration of the duction caused the increases at the 2 and 3-clay stor ed into two leucocytes. age times. \il/hen the samples were divip D ata shown in Table 3 suggest that difficulties may groups, tl1ose producing less than and those produc-

TO I NITIAL HESULT Ust NG GROUP E D D ATA TABLE 3. AvERAGE P ERCENT OxYGEN P En DAY D uRING STORAGE CoMPARED

rage % o. :Kumber of Days of sto per group samples/J;roup 2 13 0-10 5 7' \J 12 10 8 19 ll-20 3 15 19 22 18 15 33 21-30 3 26 29 30 29 27 40 31-50 3 39 37 37 36 33 24.5 Mean 14 19.0 21.0 23.5 21.5 19 4.6 Second Series" 10 23.3 24.1 25.1 2

"Percent oxygen • ''Ten samples tested to confirm findings of first series . Individual results not in cluded in table. --

i ) , a nd ot t c c C h e mi ca l s s

Co. , , Wy a ndott e, e, Mi c h . . part s s p e r r million , , full full sca l e . .

l y~

-p

Fa; l

d · . . p

l l

i s s

manufactur

J J

. . .

e b d

y y

B. B. Ford Ford Di v i s ion , , c hl orine orine as as low low as as 0-1 0-1 p a rt s s p e r r mi ll i o n n o r r a s s hi g h h as as 0-50 0-50

fruit fruit

m e mbran

e, e,

p e

a c h

es-a

ny ny

vege

t a bl e e or or fruit fruit that that can can b e e v i ce . . Th e e Foxboro Foxboro ana l yz e r r can can b e e us e d d to to m e asur e e he e e

n g

l e e p

e pp

r s, s, egg

pl a

nt , , p o

t atoes, atoes,

onion s, s, ap ri co t s , , g r a p e proportional proportional s i gna l l to to an an

e l ec troni c c r ec ording- co nb·ollin g g d e

· ' '

- ar ) ) a

bl e e r es

ult s s

can can

b e e

t e d d for for

b ee t s, s, c hili hili p ep p e r s, s, th e e fr ee ee c hlorin e e

l e v e l l of of th e e pro cess cess fluid fluid and and tr a n

s mit s s a a

I I

tim e e

from

. . 4 0

% %

to to

ove

r r 60

% % on on tomato es, es, appl es, es, and and p s ea i g r n s. s. e d d f or or fi e ld ld o r r s urf ace ace mountin g. g. It It co ntinu o u s l y y monitor s s

quan

titi

es es

of of

Faspe

e l l

a dcl' e

d d to to

l ye ye s ol

u tions tions

r e duc e d d p ee lin g g quiring quiring no no ex t e rnal rnal e n e r g y y s our ce ce or or r eage nt nt pumps, pumps, i s s d e

e e m

nuf

tur

r r s tat

es es

th a t t

in in

a a se ri es es o f f test s, s, ve r s y m a ll ll for for r ea dout dout and / or or co ntr o l. l. Th e e ce ll , , a a s impl e e devic e e r e

e mp

r a tur

es; es;

( ( 8) 8)

B e tt e

r r

e nd-re

s ult s. s.

D . . Amp e rom e tri c c C e ll ll for for m e asur e ment ment an d d in s trum e ntation ntation

in g; g;

( ( 6

) )

Low

e r r

c c

ncentration

s; s; ( ( 7 ) ) Low e p r ee lin g g tion tion by by r eg ulatin g a a g ch lorin e e f ee d e r. r. It It co n s i s t o s f f a a Mod e l l

e n e

tratin

g g

tion

; ( ( ; 4) 4)

Low

e p r

ee l l lo ss; ss; ( ( 5) 5) E xce ll e nt nt rin s Prima r y y ftm c tion tion of of th e e sys t e m m is is to to c ontrol ontrol c hloi·ill e e ad di

H e du ce d d p ee lin g g tim e ; ; ( ( 2) 2) e e Mor th oro

u g h h p ee

lin

g; g;

( (

3) 3)

Hapid Hapid

industri es es wh e r c e oo lin g g wat e

i r

c s

rin

ated. ated.

u a

ntit

y y of of Fas p ee l l to to th e e l y e e p ee lin g g

so luti

n o

. . H

ult

s: s: ( (

) )

food food pro cess in g g plants , , r e fin e

eo, eo,

c h

e mi

l l pl

a nt

s s an

d d

e r r

m a nufa

c tur e r. r. All All that that i s s n ecessa r y y

i s s to to

add add

a a

ry ry

mall mall

wat e r r tr ea tm e nt nt p l an t s, s, seve

r a l l

a ppli

ti o

n s s

are are

found found

in in

in in l ye ye

p ee lin g g of of fruit s s and and vege tabl

es, es,

acc ordin

g g

o th to

e e

b oro, oro, Mass. Mass. A lth oug h h it it i s s us e d d c hi e fl y y

in in

municipal municipal

potabl

A A new new p ee lin g g add iti ve, ve, Faspe

e l , ,

rk s s

wond

e s

i g

ht ht ways ways

dual dual c hlorin e e ha s s b ee n n introdu ced ced b y y th e e Foxboro Foxboro Co. , , Fox

A A co nb ·o l l syst e m m for for c ont inu ou s s m eas ur e m e nt nt PEELING PEELING of of fr ee ee r es TIME TIME i

NEW NEW FASPEEL FASPEEL REDUCES REDUCES LYE LYE RESIDUAL RESIDUAL CHLORINE CHLORINE CONT.ROL CONT.ROL SYSTEM SYSTEM

; ;

that that " b e l ow ow 20 % % production o ~ ~ , , th e e concen tration tration

of of

D a ir y y S c i . .

49:173. 49:173.

ageswararao

, ,

Blob

1 1 e

l l and and D

hir e e b (3) (3) e li

eve d d

Storag

e e

Dur

a ti o n n

on on Various Various

T es

t s s for for

Abnormal Abnormal

Milk. Milk. . .

mad

e e

of of

milk milk

highly highly

active active

to to the the ca t a l ase ase t es t. t.

6 . . Tu cke r , , H. H. A . . and and Paap e J. J. , , 1. 1. 1 966

. .

Eft

t s s

of of Mi l

k k

nt e b d y y Tuck e r r and and Paap e e when when (6) (6) tests tests were were

nia nia s s Mastiti T es t. t. Calif. Calif.

V e

t. t. 9:33. 9:33.

co nsist

nt nt

r e

sults sults

for for

catalase catalase

t e

rminations rminations

5. 5. S c halm , , 0 . . W. W. and and Noo rl an d e r, r, D . . 0. 0. 19 56 . . Ca lif o r

Th e s e e r es

ults ults

e e

in in

agr ee m e nt nt with with th e e r e lativ e l y y in g ton , , D . . C. C.

high

e r r

qua

lit

y y samp l es es shou ld ld pr ese nt nt D e t no no ec tion tion probl of of Abn e m . . o rm a l l Milk. Milk. Publication Publication No . . 1 306. 306. V las h

4. 4. Publi c c H ea lth lth greater greater S e r v i ce. ce. than than 196 5 20 . . %, %, Scr th ee e e nin variations variations g g Tes t s s f o r r obs th e e e rv e d d among among th e e

Factors Factors or or 0 0 Aff and and e cting cting 3 th . . e e J . . T Since Since es t. t. c ontrol ontrol Dair y y S c programs programs i. i. 48:1290. 48:1290. us e e va lu es es

1965. 1965.

Catala

se se

T es t t for for Abnom1al Abnom1al

Mi.lk. Mi.lk. T ec hniqu I. I. es es an d d a bov e e 20 % % group group wer e e id e ntic a l l for for clays clays 0 0 and and 2 2

3. 3. N ages

war a r ao , , G.

, ,

Blob

e l , ,

, ,

a nd nd

e rb ys J hir . . e, e,

B . .

m ea n n da y- to - cla y y v ariation. ariation. M e ans ans for for those those in in th e e

Assoc

. .

142:878

. .

th a n n 20 % % was was found found to to

account account

comp

l etely etely

for for

e e

Californi a a and and

Whit es id e e Mastiti J . . s s T es t s . .

Am . . Ve t. t. M e d. d.

ing ing mor e e than than

% % oxyg

n , ,

e e

g roup roup

producing producing

ess ess

se rvativ es es a nd nd Ext e nd e H d e fri ge ration ration Eff ec t s s on on Cata l as e, e,

2 . . Frank , , Norma Norma A . . and and Pound e n, n, W. W. D. D. 1 963. 963. P r e

24 24 hr hr ( ri g ht ). ).

'v Vas

hin

ton, ton,

D. D.

. .

es hl

y y t

a k e

n n

( l e ft ) ) an

d d th e e sa m e e s a mpl e e h e ld ld r e frig e r at e d d

M e thod s s

for for

th e e Exam

in ation ation of of

Dail'

y y

Products. Products.

ee 11th 11th

l., l.,

Figur

e e

P h

otomicrographs otomicrographs

l. l. of of s t a in e d d l e u cocy t es es in in milk milk

Am l. l. e ri can can Public Public H ea lth lth A swc iati Standard Standard on. on. 1 960. 960.

H e f e r e n ces ces

o f f th e e s ubstrat e. e.

mi l k , , th ti's ti's offsetting offsetting to to som e e ex t e nt nt th e e inactivating inactivating

immediately immediately upon upon addition addition o f f th e e p e ro x id e e to to th e e

c a ll y y incr e as e e th e e e nz y m e e concentration concentration available available

of of th e e samples samples o n n thos e e cla ys . . This This would would th e or e ti

clays clays storage storage co uld uld b e e a a fa c tor tor in in th e e high high ac tivit y y

l e uco cy t e s s which which t ak e s s plac e e at at a a high high rat e e after after 2-3 2-3

e ach ach cla y. y. It It is is possibl e e that that th e e deg e n e rati o n n of of

m e nts , , since since th e e sam e e co nditions nditions shou ld ld hav e e exis t e d d

this this r e l ationsh ip ip co uld uld hav e e influ e nced nced our our ex peri

ac tivation tivation of of th e e e nz y m e . " " It It is is un ce rtain rtain as as to to ho w w

subst rat e e was was r e lati ve l y y too too high , , ca usin g g rapid rapid in

EFFECTS EFFECTS O F F LEUCOCYTE LEUCOCYTE DEGJTh TE R K ITO N N 335 335 336 A LIMITED STUDY ON THE SANITATION OF FISHING TRAWLER HOLDS RoBERT E. LEviN AND F. MILES SAWYER , Depmtment of Food Sci.ence and Technology University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01002 ( and .,••

PAUL G. SCHEURER

Bureau of Commercia.! Fisher·ies T echnolo gical Laboratory, Gloucester, Massachusetts 01930

( Received for publication September 1966)

SuMMARY solution. Serial 1:10 dilutions of dissolved swabs were pre extract ( Difco), 0.20%; The bacterial load on surfaces of wooden fish pens was pared in broth compofed of yeast 0.20%; sodiwn chloride, uniformly in excess of 108 per square inch prior to cleaning. tryptone ( Difco), 0.20%; dextrose, 7.0. Dilutions were plated Conventional hand scrubbing and rinsing with harbor water 0.25%; and distilled w ater at pH containing 1.5% agar, and failed to reduce the c ount, whereas the a pplication of a hot in duplicate in the a bove medium ays. , jet of detergent followed by rinsing with potable water ef the plates incubated at 20 Cd for 5 fected over a 100-fold reduction over most of the hold sur faces. The effect of h arbor water v ersus tap water for rinsing RESULTS Al\'D DISCUSSION wa!: not studied. After hand scrubbing, fish storage compartment The e fficient cleaning of fish-hold compartments surfaces, which were heavily coated with slime and and penboards used for holding fish during iced stor debris after the fish had been unloaded, appeared age at sea is necessary to maintain high quality of visually clean and free of slime. The data in Table • product and to prevent the development of bilgy 1 indicate, however, that hand scrubbing with har- fish . Castell (1) and MacCallum (2) have shown that bor water failed to remove the heavy load of micro- - this type of spoilage results from the contact of fish organisms even though the surfaces were visually with slime-soaked wooden penboards. clean. The heavy load of microorganisms on the This limited study was undertaken to compare two hand-scrubbed compartments was undoubtedly due methods for removing slime and reducing the bac to slime e ntrapped in the grossly pitted surfaces of terial flora on hold surfaces of a commercial New the wood. The use of untreated harbor water might England trawling vessel. also be e xpected to contribute to the bacterial load. The application of hot detergent with a force of ExPERIMENTAL METHODS 280 psi reduced the bacterial load over most of the The first cleaning method studied was that u sually em hold surfaces b y 100 times. The greatest reduction ployed by local fi shem1en and consisted of conventional hand achieved w as 99.89% with only two samples failing scrubbing followed by liberal hosing a nd flushing w ith Wl to show at least a tenfold reduction in count. cleaning method con treated h arbor water. The second The difficulties in efficiently reducing the bac sisted of application of a heated ( 180 F) chlorinated d eter gent ("Sanitizer," Casco Chemical Company, Beverl y, Mass. ) terial load on wooden surfaces and the resulting ef under pressure ( 280 psi ) with a hydraulic jet cleaner (Model fect on quality are evidenced in previous work. B-1250, Sellers Injector Corp., distributed b y the Marsh Co., ~vlacCallum (2) found that all fish stored against Iashua, ew Hampshire) followed b y rinsing with potable heavily c ontaminated wood surfaces became bilgy water' . All operations were performed on the s ame c om within 7 days and that fish de-slimed and then placed The second mercial fishing vessel and in the s ame hold. in contact with a previously hand-scrubbed pen cleaning method vvas applied 25 days after the first and board d evelop ~ d bilgy odors in 2 days under ice. after the v e~sel had completed several fi shing trips. in contact with steam Swab samples were taken at 13 locations on fish pen sur In contrast, he found fish faces in the hold immediately after the cargo of fish w as sterilized boards, fresh wood, and aluminum sheet unloaded, and again from 13 smfaces adjacent to the for ing showed no bilgy odors under similar storage mer, immediately after cleaning. Swab samples of l-inch square periods and recommended the us e of aluminum sheet areas of wooden hold surfaces were taken u sing s tainless steel ing in fish pen holds. Spencer (2) observed that swabs. They templates and sterile calcitml alginate wool wooden fish boxes coated with a urea-formaldehyde were transferred asepticall y to 10 ml of 1% Calgon for dis- resin were less contaminated and more efficiently 'The use of trade nam es is to simplify descriptions; no en cleaned than uncoated boxes. These results and dorsement is implied. those reported herein clearly indicate that conven-

· ' '

) )

I I

e e

aut

ors ors

wish wish

to to

thank thank

Mr. Mr.

Jo sep

h h L ee ee

of of

e e Bur

e au au

J. J. App l. l. Bact e rial. rial. 24 24 ( ( 1 ) : : - 110 115 . .

A A

compa

ri so

n n

of of pl

as ti

c c

coa t e d d and and un coated coated AcKNOWLEDGMENTS AcKNOWLEDGMENTS wooden wooden box es . .

3. 3.

e n

ce r , ,

R. R.

1 961. 961.

Th e e san it a ti on on of of fish fish box es. es. III. III.

251-253. 251-253.

holds. holds.

lopm e

nt nt

in in

tra wler wler

h h

hold s. s. J . .

Food Food

T ec

hno!. hno!. 9 9 ~onsiderable ~onsiderable (5): (5):

advantage advantage

in in th

e e

sanitation sanitation

of of

fish fish

e n n

2. 2.

MacCallum

, ,

\V. \V.

. .

1955. 1955. P

e n n ; ; surfaces surfaces

and and

odor odor

duction duction

of of th

e e

bact

rial rial

l oad oad would would appear appear

to to offer offer

Prog . .

Rpt. Rpt.

No. No. 58 , ,

27-31. 27-31.

impervious impervious

to to

bacteria bacteria

and and

to to

facilitate facilitate

efficient efficient

Ca l. l.

; 't e ll , ,

C. C.

. . 1954. 1954.

Fish. Fish.

R es . . Bel

. . Canada

. . Atlanti

c c

resins resins

to to

wooden wooden

fish fish pen pen surfaces surfaces to to rend e r r them them

polyphenols

REFEHENCES REFEHENCES , , polyur e thane, thane, and and urea-formald e hyde hyde

th e e application application

of of presently presently available available plastics plastics such such as as

en en

pen pen

surfaces. surfaces.

The The

us e e of of

aluminum aluminum

sheeting sheeting

or or

and and

Arthur Arthur

Muldoon Muldoon •

ho ho provid

e d d e quipm

nt nt a nd nd

d e t

e rg e nt. nt.

ficient ficient

in in

reducing reducing

bacterial bacterial

numbers numbers

· on on porous porous

possibl

e wood

, ,

and and

for for th e e

coope

ration ration of of

M ess

r s . .

Ralph Ralph

Marsh Marsh

hot hot

pressuriz

e d d

terg

itous itous

e nt nt

h was was e l p p

and and found found

coopera

far far

tion tion

more more thi s s ef tud y y would would not not

hav e e be

e n n

vesse

terial terial l , , th e e population population "

J.B

. N.

," ," u se satisfactorily. satisfactorily. d d

in in thi s s study , , without without The The application application whos e e gratu of of

to to

Captain Captain

Domini

c c

with with Nov

e llo llo

untr

and and e ated ated th e e harbor harbor crew crew

of of water water th e e fishin fai l s s g g to to

remov

e e the the

bac

ec h a

nical nical

as s i s

a n ce . .

Our Our

sinc

e r e e appr e

ciation ciation tional tional is is hand hand e xtended xtended scrubbing scrubbing

of of

porous porous

wooden wooden

smfaces smfaces

of of

Comm

rcial rcial

Fish

e ri

es es Laborator y, y, Glouc es t e r , , Mass. , , for for

Mean Mean

28 28 10

' '

X X 3 0 0 10

X X

65 65

10 ' '

X X 7 7 37 37 10 X X

6 6

13 13

26 26

10 ' '

X X

8 8 10

X X

-69.24 -69.24

85 85

10 X X 7 7 17 17

X X lO -99.8 S S 0 0 7 7

1 2 2

13 13

10 ' '

X X

7 7

X X

-53.86 -53.86

22 22 10

X X 7 7

29 29 10 X X + 3.18 3.18

7 7

11 11

45 45

X X

38 38

X X

- 15.56 15.56

7 7

61 61

10 X X 18 18 7 7

X X lO S S - 99.70 99.70 7 7

10 10

9 9

X X

22 22

' ' X X

+ + 144.49 144.49

7 7

48 48

X X 11 11

10 s s X X -99.77 -99.77 7 7

9 9

30 30

X X

34 34

X X

13.3

3 3

7 7

40 40

10 X X 7 7 16 16

X X lO s s . . . - 99.60 99.60 7 7

8 8

21 21

X X

39 39

' '

X X

85 . 71 71

7 7

192 192 10 X X 8 8

10 X X -

95.84 95.84

7 7

42 42

10 ' '

X X

3 5 5

X X

-16 . 69 69

25 25

10 ' ' X X 7 7 26 26 X X 10 -98 s s .96 .96

6 6

34 34

' '

X X

39 39 10

' ' X X

+ 14 . 70 70

35 35 10' 10' X X

23 23 10 X X

-93.43 -93.43

6 6

5 5

27 27

X X

12 12

' '

X X

-55.56 -55.56

7 7 32 32 10 X X

71 71

10" 10" X X -77.81 -77.81 7 7

4 4

42 42

X X

28 28

10' 10'

X X

-33.33 -33.33

67 67 7 7

10 ' ' X X 29 29 X X 10 -99. s s 57 57

3 3

22 22

10 X X

31 31

10' 10'

X X

+3 6.36 6.36

7 7 88 88

10' 10'

X X 52 52 X X -9 9.41 9.41 10 S S

2 2

26 26

X X

32 32

10 ' ' X X

07 07

29 29

7 7 10 X X 1

3 3

X X lO -99.55 -99.55 S S 7 7

1 1

23 23

X X 63 63

X X

173

. 91 91

7 7 125 125

10 X X l4x l4x 7 7

-99.89 -99.89 10 S S 7 7

Samp

l e e n

o. o.

e f o •· e e

eaning eaning

after after

aning aning

n ge ge

b e for

e e

c l ea

nin

g g

after after

c cte l

rial rial ning ning

unt unt

han

ge ge B

ac t e ri

a l l count count

e r ce

nt nt

Ba c t e rial rial

unt unt

Bact e rial rial count count P e r cent cent

with with untreat

e d d

sea sea

wat e

r r

followed followed

rinsing rinsing b

y y

with with

potabl

e e H w a

t e -scr r r

ubb

d d

and and

rins e d d

Hot Hot j e t t d e t e t· ge nt nt a J > J)li ca tlon tlon

TABLE TABLE

l. l.

EFFE

T T OF OF

CLEANING CLEANING

METHOD METHOD

ON ON

TOTAL TOTAL

CO U

NT NT PEH PEH

ARE ARE IN C H H OF OF HOLD HOLD SURFA C E E

SANITATION SANITATION OF OF FISHING FISHING TRAWLER TRAWLER HoLDs HoLDs 337 337 338

1 REPORT OF PROGRESS - STANDARD METHODS FOR THE EXAMINATION OF DAIRY PRODUCTS, 12TH EDITION

VVILL!AJ.Vf G. w ALTER

Depmt m ent of Botany and M-i.crobio logy Mo ntana State Universit y, Bozeman ..( '

In 1905 Professor S. C. Prescott of the M assachu mihn : nts of some who were requested t o s erve. The setts Institute o f T eclmolo.gv reported on "The eed majority of people have been m ost conscientious in for uniform Methods in the Sanitary Examination the detailed and time-consuming requirements of of Milk" a t a meeting of the laboratory section of the committee membership. A large number o f the sub American Public H ealth Association in Boston. In committee c hairmen as well as the membership of his presentation h e mentioned that differences in the conunittees are a lso members o f the International composition of the c ulture medium employed, v aria Association of Milk, Food and Environmental S ani tions in methods, amount of dilution, temperature and tarians. Those who have had the main responsibility duration of incubation, as well as other minor dif for editing the manuscripts a nd compiling the var feren'ces, all tended t o produce results w hich were ious materials in volved are most appreciative of the valueless for comparison. A t his s uggestion a com cooperation and aid of members of this association. , mittee was appoint-d t o s tudy the various methods us:: d for the bacteriological examination of milk and BASIC PHILOSOPHY to recommend a uniform procedure. The first re The basic philosophy regarding the preparation port of the Committee o n Standard Methods of Bac of this new edition was outlined at the s tart along terial Milk Analysis was published b y the American these lines: "No new method or modification of an Public Health Association in 1910. old m ethod should be inh·oduced unless it h as under sequent editions of "Standard Methods" a In sub gone careful comparative testing in several l abora ht and o btained the c ooperation of committee soug tories, with the data available to the c ommittee and ees of other associations interested in the committ to a ny o ther interested p arties, preferrably by publi sanitary control of milk. Cooperating agencies in • cation in a recognized scientific journal. Notice of cluded the American D airy Science Association, The intention t o include or m odify should appear in print ational A ssociation of D airy a nd Milk Inspect Intern in several places with enough time to present evi e Society of American Bacteriologists a nd the ors, Th dence for or against t o be submitted b y a ny interested can Association of l\tl edical Milk Commissions. Ameri party w ith recommendations." Several outstanding The 7 th edition, published in 1939 with Robert S. examples in vvhich these policies were followed will as Chairman, was call ed Standard M ethocls for Breed be found i n the case of approving the use of p lastic of Dairy Pmclu.cts. In recent years the Exam:inat ion pipettes for the agar plate catmt, the selection of the preparation of "Standard Methods"b has een un 32 C incubation temperature for the agar plate meth der the general supervision of the Coordinating Com od, the shortening o f the incubation p eriod for stand on L aboratory Methods w hich in turn is tm mittee ard plate counts o n dry milk from 72 to 48 hours, and der the Committee on E valuation and Standards o f the inclusion of the dialysis phosphatase test. the A merican Public Health Association. On the basis o f numerous recommendations a def The 12th edition of Standard Methods for the inite a ttempt was made to prepare chapters in a Exa·mination of Da·ir y Pro ducts which h opefully will more concise manner than previously w ith the a ntici appear in 1966 has been the work of m any individuals pation that the book w ould be more useful for the representing numerous organizations. In the e arly laboratory worker. In addition much of the inter planning s tages d efinite a ttempts were made to have pretive material has been eliminated since it was geographical r epresentation as well as quality c on felt that this is not the responsibility of "Standard trol p eople from industry, representatives of r egula Methods" but of regulatory agencies. In mos t in tory agencies and research-oriented university per nces references a t the e nd of chapters have been sonnel on each sub-committee. This was not always sta refully scrutinized with many being deleted and possible, unfortunately, because of interest and com- ca other m ore pertinent and up-to-date citations a dded. It is likely that many laboratory workers i nterested 1Presented at the 53rd A nnual Meeting of the International " are more aware of changes Association of Milk, Food, and E nvironm ental Sanitarians, in "Standard tvlethods Inc., in Minneapoli s, •linn esota, August 15-1 8, 1966. and have had more to say regarding c hanges than STANDARD METHODS 339

in any previous edition. In the last three years for the laboratory analys t. Plastic pipettes meeting special sessions have been held at annual meetings certain specifications are permitted as well as plastic of the American Public H ealth Association, American p etri dishes. Incubation of plates is specified at Dairy Science Association, American Society for 32 C ± 1 C rather than 32 or 35 C. Certain sec J\llicrobiology and The International Association of tions relating to preparation of media, and tests for Milk, Food and Environmental Sanitarians. In addi growth inhibition or stimulation have been placed tion there have been several publications in different in an appendix. These changes make for greater journals relating to proposed changes as in the case facility in p ~ rforming the various steps in the agar of the 32 C versus 35 C incubation for the agar plate plate method. method and the 48 versus 72 hr incubation for dry In so far as possible attempts have been made to milk plates. designate one method as the standard method. Tbis was not possible in all cases as illustrated in Chapter SPECIFIC CHANGES L'\' THE 12TH EDITION 5 on Coliform Bact::ria. Use of both solid and liquid media have been included with incubation at 32 C. Chapter 1, Quality Tests, presents some of the Chapter 6 concerns Thermoduric, Thermophilic and guiding principles followed in this edition. In an Psychrophilic Bacteria. In determining numbers of attempt to recognize a. standard or reference test as psychrophilic bacteria a temperature of 7 C ± 1 C a basis for official control actions, some procedures for ten days has been adopted rather than the pre have been placed in an appendix. These latter meth vious 5-7 C for 7-10 cl ays. The Oval Tube or Bottle ods often have considerable merit for control of Culture Method previously included in this chapter dairy products because of simplicity, speed, cost or has been transferred to Chapter 19 and the Storage other advantages over the reference procedure. The Quality Test to the appendix. appendix serves in some instances for "phasing in or Chapter 7 is new and entitled D etection of Inhibi out" a technic from the standard method or reference tor Substances in Milk This chapter outlines the category. procedure for the Disk Assay Method to detect in In past editions many chemical procedures have hibitory substances in milk been reprinted from publications of the Association Chapter 8 concerns Microbiological Methods for of Official Analytical Chemists ( AOAC) , but in the Concentrated :~·ililk and Dry i\llilk but excludes cul 12th edition many of these chemical tests are cited tured milks which are now relegated to another chap- by reference. In other cases, chemical procedures . ter. Only the Levowitz-\Veber stain is acceptable • which have not already been approved by AOAC are for direct microscopic counts of dry milk and only incorporated in "Standard J\!Iethods" because of their dump counts are to be reported. A standard plate particular applicability to a situation or product. count of dry milk is to be made at 32 C for 48 hr In the 11th edition, Chapter 8 was entitled D e ± 3 hr instead of the 72 hr as required in the pre tection of Pathogens and numerous methods were vious edition. given for isolating and identifying specific pathogens Chapter 9 concerns Microbiological Methods for i found in milk and dairy products. In the present Butter and in this edition the phosphatase test, Burri edition this material is covered in Chapter 2 entitled s ~ant method and mold mycelia determinations are \ Significant Pathogens in Dairy Products. 1 o methods deleted. The incubation of plates for yeast and mold for the detection of pathog2ns are inCluded but a counts now is 23 C ,± 2 .C instead of 21 01· 25 C as broad presentation of those organisms which may in the p~· evious edition. Likewise the incubation of have milk as a vehicle is given. Although all will plates· for proteolytic counts has been changed from not agree, this has considerable merit because in 21 to 23 C ± 2 C... Also such plates for proteolytic many instances there is no standard .method of de counts on butter are to be flooded with 1% HCl or tection of a specific pathogen. lumerous references 10% acf? tiC acid before counting. , . are presented which vvill enable the laboratory work Chapter 10 on the Microbiological Methods for er to find suggested ~ echnics that may be of assist Cheese now includes other cultured products. The ance. membrane filter technic has been deleted for these Chapter 3, Collection of Milk and Cream Samples, products. has been completely rewritten and condensed to give Chapter ll now combines material on .ingredients greater emphasis in procedures involved in bulk tank of ice cream and related products and ice cream and saanples and plant line samples. General instructions related frozen produGts into the one chapter entitled are included which has eliminated repetition of some Microbiological Methods for Ice Cream and Related of this material in subsequent chapters. Frozen Products. This arrangement eliminates much The authors of Chapter 4, Agar Plate Nlethocl, duplication of sampling equipment, care pf and pre have prepared this material in a very useable form paration of samples, plating, incubating, and . count- 340 STAl \'DARD METHODS i\!Iethods to ing of plates . Chemical tes ts involved are cross In Chapter 16 relating to Phosphatase hoped referenced to another chapter. Methods for sweeten Determine Pasteurization, it was originally method. The ing agents are referenced to AOAC and egg and egg that this could be limited to one lab metlt products procedures are referenced to the A PHA, Sanders-Sager, Gilcreas-Davis, and Scharer method RecO'Inmended Methods for the Microbiological Exam ads have been d eleted. The Scharer rapid modi- ination of Foods, 2nd edition. was retained from the previous e dition but the The next section considers chapters not directly fied Scharer, the Cornell ( 1 hr test ) a nd the dialysis .( . This I related to microbiological plating methods. Chap test ( Kosikowski ) methods were also added. ter 12 on the Direct Microscopic Method permits chapter h as been r ewritten and. reorganized to pro- only one stain ( Levowitz-VVeber). The use of the vide for methods for each product. Also included is ted loop for m aking smears has now been r elegated to the method for detection of raw a dmixed with hea the a ppendix as a screening method. Plates I and milk. II concerning microscopic a ppearance of raw and Chapter 17 is entitled Miscellaneous Chemical pasteurized milk have been deleted since they are Methods. Much of the material from the previous no longer as useful as in earlier editions. Limita edition has been retained and full recognition of the tions have been included r elative to acceptability of chemical methods published in Official Methods of certain types of microscope lamps. The use of micro Analysis of the AOAC is acknowledged and refer scopes with factors of less than 500,000 and with enced. eyep~eces having less than 10 X magnification are Chapter 18 on Radionuclides in Milk is a new chap- no longer acceptable. ter and includes a modified method suitable for ' In the Reduction Methods described in Chapter 13 routine monitoring for determination of four ramo the incubation temperature is now stipulated as 36 nuclides: total radiostrontium, strontium-90, barium- ± 1 C. Also both the "triple reading" and "one 140, and cesium-137 in ash from one liter of milk. hour" resazurin reduction t ests are included. Also a simplified method is given for the determin Chapter 14 includes Microbiological Tests for ation of iodine-131. Equipment, \i\Tater and Air. This chapter combines Chapter 19 concerns Simplified Technics for Viable • methods previously included in two different chap Counts in Raw Milk. This is a new chapter and in- ~ ters, but omits procedures for surface agar counts eludes (a) the oval tube or bottle culture method, - of bottle caps, hoods and gaskets. The disintegration ( b ) the plate loop method, and (c) the roll tube method for paper m aterials and standards for these method. These are considered standard methods be have been omitted. The basic container rinse meth cause of their rather widespread use but are grouped od is expanded t o include fl exible \ovall containers, at this point because of their specific use for raw and the basic large equipment rinse methods include milk. CIP equipment. The "swab contact method" now permits only in APPENDICES soluble cotton swabs and the use of soluble swabs use has been made m this edition of is indicated in an appendix. Extensive General methods for the microbiological examin appendices. ation of water supplies and of membrane filter pro Appendix A includes material taken from various cedures are omittecl. from the present edition and chapters of the previous edition and combined under are referenced to the 1965 edition of Stanclm·d Meth the heading Culture Media and Preparation. Be ods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. cause of the increase.d interest both by manufacturers y media two different methods Chapter 15 concerns Sediment in Fluid Milk. The and users of laborator tes ts for standard methods agar are preparation of sediment standard disks is referenced for productivity that in the future additional rather than giving detailed directions ( 11th edition given. It is anticipated productivity by these or of APHA "S tandard Methods" and lOth edition of media will be checked for _-\OAC ). modified technics. New photographic grading charts prepared b y Appendix B has various Miscellaneous Microbio USDA in cooperation with FDA and APHA ara logical Control i\tlethods which previously were in recommended. cluded in different chapters. For example, several reduction, reverse-phase disc Provision is made for tvvo methods of grading (a) screening tests for TTC , and psy-· to the nearest standard disk of those previously avail assay, large equipment, air sedimentation supplies are dis able, (b) above or below a particular standard disk chrophilic microorganisms in water appendix are sug of the new USDA charts. An increase in temperature cussed. Also appearing in this microbiologi- for filtering of mixed milk samples to 32.2-37.8 C is gestions for cleaning glassware and the , preparation of buf- required. cal t esting for growth inhibition

inf ec t e p d e rsons rsons tr ansm it it th e e dis ease ease to to li vestock, vestock, poultry , , th e e housing housing a nd nd ca r e e of of p e t s. s.

qm tr a ti on on points, points, and and s l a u g ht er er and and pro cess in g g plants . . A l so, so, practi ces ces in in the the of of liv m~mag es t ock ock eme a nd nd nt nt poultry poultry and and in in

th e e r e p or t a s r e e contam in a t ed ed f arms, arms, ve hi c l es, es, a nim a l l con th e e importance importance of of sound sound dis ease ease p r eve ntion ntion and and sani t a tion tion

ce ntl y , , t mtles. mtles. Not Not to to b e e ove rl oo k e d , , h owever, owever, according according t o o Th e e ve t e rinary rinary prac titi one r r espec i a ll y y is is adv i sed sed to to s tr ess ess

clogs , , ca t s, s, c hi c k s, s, duck l ings , , parak ee t s, s, ca n a ri es, es, and and most most r e

p e r sona l l h yg ) ) i e n e ." ." .. ..

o r gan i sms, sms, th e e most most com m on on " h ome - s it es" es" of of the the inf ec tion tion are are I I cesso r s s in in the the prin c i p l es es o f f s tri c t t san it a r y y measur es, es, inc lu ding ding

m a n y y co ld-bl ood e d d o n es· es· are are potentia l l harbor e r s s of of · sa lmon e ll a a bacter i a l l g rowth , , an d d training training food food h and l e r s s and and foo d d pro

Tho u g h h all all wa m1-bl oode cl cl an im a l s, s, i ncluding ncluding man, man, and and tributi o m n e thod s s to to pr eve nt nt sa l mon e ll a a co ntamin a ti on on and and

sa l mone ll ae . . a nd nd food food in g r e di en t s, s, d eve l o pin g g food food manufacturing manufacturing an d d dis

42. 42. p e r cen t t of of th e e samp l es es exam in e d d were were co nt am in a t e d d w ith ith . . t e uriza ti on on or or o th e r r bact e ricida l l tr e ab11 e nt nt t o o human human food s s

Studi es es of of f r es h h pou lt ry ry in in r e t a il il markets markets h ave ave rev ea l e d d that that co nt ami n a ti on on of of an im a l l f eeds tuffs , , app l yin g g t em1ina l l pas

population population of of th e e Uni t ed ed Stat es es b eco m es es infected infected eac h h year. year. "contro l l ac ti v iti es es be be dir ec t e d d t owa r d d e limin a tin g g sa lmo'n e ll a a

or or e ld e rl y. y. h as as b ee n n es timat e d d It It To To t wt wt comba

one one t t p the the e r ce prob nt nt of of l em, em, th e e th e e vete rin a ri a n s s r eco mm e nd nd t h at at 1

se ri ous ous a il m e nt nt wh i c h h may may eve n n be be fatal fatal to to th e e ve r y y yo un g g f oo d d products. products.

Sa l mon e ll os i s s va ri es es in in sever it y y creased creased from from a a diss mild mild e minat inf ec i tion tion on on of of t o a a o sa l mon e ll a - contam i nated nated food food and and

on- th e-fam1 e-fam1 utilization utilization and and s t o r age age of of f ee d s." s." sp r ea d d food food distribution distribution are are ot h e r r factors factors aidi n g g in in the the in

f ee d d and and f ee d d in gredients gredients in in r e nderin tr a li g g za ti plants on on o f f , , food food f ee d d processing processing mills , , and and and and th e e s peed peed and and ease ease of of wid e

to to th e e prevention prevention of of co nt a min a ti tion tion o n n and and by by producers producers r ec ontaminat t s o i on on tri of of ct ct san itati o n n practic es . . The The cen

gove rnm e nt nt n ee d d to to g iv e e in c r easi n g, g, co ntinuou e s mpha s i s s i ze d d

farms, farms, th e e r epo rt s s st r o n g l y y r e commend commend in c r ease d d a tt e n

; ;

M e di ca l l Association. Association. Th e e r e port number number s s t a t e e of of th anima a t t "i ndu l s s b stry stry e in g g a pr nd nd o du ced ced o f n ewe r , , hi g hl s y p ec i a l

H ea lth lth a nd nd R eg ul a tor y y 1ecl i c in e e of of Sinc th e e e e Am mod e ri ca ern ern n n Veterinary Veterinary agricultura l l m e thod s s mak e e for for g a r ea t er er

H e a lth , , Educat i on on a nd nd Welfar e e for for the the COtmci l l on on P ubli c c handling handling of of proc esse d d produ c t s s is is es s e ntia l. l.

by by v e t e rinari a n s s i n n th e e U. U. S . . D e partments partments port. port. Th of of e r for e Ag ri e, e, c ultur ri g id id e e an sa d d nitation nitation in in th e e production production and and

Thi s s i s s th e e principa l l point point mad possib e e in in l e e t wo wo after after r e p pr o rt ocess s s prepar ing ing es e p d d e cia ll y y durin g g sto r age age or or tr a ns in in

cia l s s of of industry , , ag ri c ultur e, e, and and p ubli c c h ea lth lth agencie s. s. plants plants kill s s sa hn one ll ae ae but, but, th ey ey wa rn , , r ec ontamination ontamination is is

ce rt e d d ac ti on on l ea din g g t o o i ts ts cont r o l l and and prevention prevention by by offi Au thoriti es es ag r ee ee that that th e e h ea t t of of r en d er in g g at at r e nd e ring ring

Uni t ed ed States-than States-than any any ot h er er di sease, sease, there there i s s need need for for con from from animals animals and and an im a l l parts . .

f ects ects m o r e e people-an people-an es tim a t e d d 2. 2. million million year l y y in in th e e by by con t am i nated nated anima l l f ee d d and and prot e in in supp l ements ements mad e e

Because Because sah non e ll osis , , a a form form an of of d d other other food food p p o e r i son sons. sons. in g, g, Th now now e e inf af ec ti on on some tim es es i s s spread spread further further

A A VMA VMA COUNCIL COUNCIL

SALMONH!LOSIS SALMONH!LOSIS CONTROL CONTROL URGED URGED BY BY

of of mat e r ial ial from from th e e pr ev ious ious Produc e dition dition ts. ts. has has b ee n n re-

b ee n n mad e e in in th e e 12th 12th e dition dition actua ll y y g a r ea d t ea l l Standard Standard Methods Methods for for the the Exam : ination ination of of Dairy Dairy

Although Although i t t ma y y seem seem that that many many changes changes hav e e

c i a tion tion and and th ose ose who who w ill ill u se se th e e 12th 12th e dition dition of of

we ll ll as as th os e e of of th e e American American Publi c c H ea lth lth Asso- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

in in man y y ways ways pl ease ease acce pt pt m y y p e rsonal rsonal th a nks nks as as

ni cs cs h ave ave appeared. appeared. tho se se of of yo u u of of this this Association Association ·w h o o h ave ave coope rat e d d

s inc e e thi s s was was th e e fint fint e dition dition in in w hi c h h suc h h t ec h while while as as th e e contributions contributions of of o ur ur pr e d eces sors . . T o o

e ditorial ditorial decision decision was was to to li mit mit th e e numb e r r of of t es t s s has has b ee n n as as thorough thorough and and will will prov e e to to b e e as as worth

Possibl y y othe r s s shou ld ld have have b ee n n includ e d d but but th e e as as well well as as many many other other m int ~ mbers mbers e r es t e d d individual s s

Feu l g : n-DNA n-DNA m eas ur eme nt s s of of tot a l l soma ti c c ce ll s. s. tim e e and and e ffort ffort ex p en d ed ed b y y th e e 48 48 subcommittee subcommittee

th e e cata l ase ase t es t , , th e e ' " ' isconsin isconsin m as titis titis t est, est, and and th e e of of th e e publi c. c. It It is is hop e d d that that th e e vas t t a m o unt unt of of

modified modified W hit es id e e t es t , , th e e California California mastitis mastitis t e st , , made , , n o t t alvvays alvvays p o pul a r r with with eve r yo n e, e, f o r r th e e good good

D e t ec t ion ion of of Abno rm a l l Milk. Milk. Th e se se includ e e th e e l a t o r y y int e r es ts ts h ave ave b ee n n co n s id e r e d d a nd nd decisions decisions

Appendix Appendix d D esc rib es es Scr eeni fie ld. ld. ng ng Public Public T ec hnics hnics h ea for for lth lth th as as e e as as industrial industrial we and and l~ l~ r eg u

p es ti c id e e r e sidu es es in in milk. milk. l aboratory aboratory findings findings and and th e e d e mands mands of of th e e dair y y

hom ogen i zed zed mi l k. k. A A screeni n g g t es t t is is a l so so given given for for group group h as as mad c e hang es es and and d e l e tions tions in in lin e e with with

fro ze d n e ssert ssert and and th e e Babcock Babcock ced ur m es es e for for thod thod th e e for for exa fat fat min in in a tion tion of of d a ir y y pr od u cts. cts. Each Each

ing ing Me thod s s such such as as th e e Gerbe r r m e th od od for for fat fat and and man y y co ntributions ntributions to to th e e progr ess ess of of standard standard pro

Appendix Appendix C C d esc r ibes ibes Chemical Chemical Auxiliary Auxiliary or or S c r ee n R o b e rt so n , , and and Bla c k k and and th e ir ir commit t ees ees hav e e mad e e

toxicity toxicity and and th e e t es ting ting for for distill e d d wat er er suitab ilit y. y. c hairm en en of of this this publication publication s uch uch as as Drs. Drs. Br ee d , ,

fered fered distill e d d water , , th e e microbio l ogical ogical t es ting ting for for ta in ed. ed. Since Since th e e 7th 7th , e dition dition in · · 1939 , , outstanding outstanding

ST ST NDAR D D METHODS METHODS 341 341 r r 342

LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN RESEARCH ON BOTULISM' E. M. FosTER AND H. S uGIYAMA

Food Research Institute and Department of Bacteriology University of vV-isconsin , Madiso n 53706 ;

Sul\HI'IAHY around type E , undoubtedly becaus e 3 of the 4 out breaks of 1963 were caused by type E. Hesearch on C . botuLinum is proceeding throughout the been recognized as a problem world at a pace never before equalled, w ith greatest emphasis Type E botulism has on type E . It is now clear that this organism is w idley distri associated with fish products in certain areas of the buted in the aquatic envi1·onment and may be a frequent world for at least 20 years. Prior to 1964, however, Much is sti ll contaminant of fi sh and other marine animals. only three or four laboratories in the United States to be learned ahout its ecology and why it occurs in hi gh er actively working with this organism. Notable concentrations in some e nvironments than in others. Although were a large body of information has accumulated about the or among th :: se were the groups of Dr. C. F. Schmidt ganism's characterdics, there is still much to be done before of the Continental Can Company, Dr. L. L. Kempe th e public can be protected with certainty against further of the University of Michigan, and the Food and outbreaks. Drug Administration in \i\Tashington, D . C. At the present time at least 24 groups in 21 universities, com Research on botulism received a dramatic stimulus , panies, or governmental installations in the United in 1963. For the several preceding decades only 5 States alone are working on type E botulism. It to 15 recognized outbreaks involving 20 to 25 cases is not possible to review all of the work being done occurred annually in the United States (27). The since the results are only now beginning to appear in great majority of these incidents were traced to un scientific journals. However, an overall view of the der-processed home-canned fruits and vegetables. world's research effort was presented at a "Symposium Commercial food processors, though generally avvare on Botulism" held in Moscow, U. S. S. R. on July of botulism's potential hazards, were not seriously ' 20-22, 1966. :tviuch of the substance of this review concerned. Long experience had demonstrated the is from this symposium. efficacy of modern food processing methods in pro tecting the consumer against this dread disease. OccuRRENCE OF C. bottt.linum IN TATUHE Our attitude of complacency was rudely shattered in 1963, w hen there were four distinct and well-pub The natural habitat of C. botuUn.wn probably is licized outbreaks of botulism for which the vehicles the soil. Early surveys by K. F . Meyer and his asso were commercially processed foodstuffs (28) . . In fact, ciates in California revealed the spores of types A for the first time in 38 years commercially prepared and B in soil specimens from many parts of the world. foods were responsible for more cases of botulism Later work by Dolman in Canada, Johannsen in in the United States than home-processed foods (27). Swr den, and several Japanese investigators similarly type E, par The publicity surrounding these incidents alerted showed the widespread occurrence of e intestinal con the public to the danger of botulism, and it also ticularly in marine sediments and th Johannsen (19) caused severe harm·' to certain segments of the food tents of fish from northern waters. , Alaska, Japan, industry. mentions especially British Columbia the Soviet Union, Scandinavia, and \1\Testern Europe. Although much was known about botulism and its However, he also named I srael, the Mediterranean causal organism in 1963, it soon b ecame clear that and the Gulf of Mexico as sources of the organ more information was needed before we could confi Sea, (18). dently prescribe reliable preventive measures . The ism nt reports have extended and amplified our proceedings of a conference arranged by the Public Rece edge of the dish·ibution of C. botulinum type Health .Service in January, 1964, reviewed the state knowl E in nature. Nickerson and associates have demon of our knowledge up to that time (26). The succeed strated the organism in fish intestines and mud samp in g years have seen a vast increase in the volume of les from the Gulf of Maine (36). Cabelli and Richards research on botulism both in this country and abroad. it in shellfish, mud and soil from marine The current interest in Clostrid-ium botulinum centers found es tuaries in Rhode Island (5) . \1\Tard and co-workers have found it in shrimp and bottom sediments from International 'Presented at th e 53rcl An nual 1\ll eeting of the the U. S. Gulf coast (36, 39). Assoociation of Milk, Food, and E nvironmental Sanitari ans, In the Pacific orthwest, Craig and Pilcher have Inc. , at Minneapolis, Minnesota, August 15-18, 1966.

sio n n of of conc e ntration ntration is is a a percentage percentage of of positiv e e samp- was was a a typ e e C . .

ganisms ganisms

in in

samp

s s from from

natur

e . .

e e usual usual

e xpr e s cultur e s s iso l at e d , , th e e singl e e C. C. botulin . u.m . . id e ntifi e d d

e e

is is

no no

r e liabl e e way way

to to

uantit

at e e

typ

e e E E or 11 5 5 P . . A. A. spo r e s s p e r r gram. gram. Of Of 19 , 727 727 clostridi a l l

wat e r r ar e e mor e e h e avi h l e y y avi contaminat l y y contaminat e d d than than e d d samp oth e l e e rs. rs. of of a ll ll cont a in e d d o nl y y

rel1tly rel1tly we we ar e e tr y ing ing to to l e arn arn factive factive w h c y anae e rtain rtain r obic obic bodi spor e s s of of e s s p e r r gram , , and and th e e mo s t t

from from this this bay bay have have proved proved to to harbor harbor fourths fourths t ype ype of of E. E. th Cur e e sp e cim e ns ns carri e d d l e ss ss than than 3 3 puh ·e

half half th

e e fish fish and and pra c tically tically all all of of from from th e e mud mud packing packing sampl

pl e a s s nts nts in in th e e U . . S . . and and Canada . . Thr ee

~ ~

exists exists in in .. .. G r e e

n n Bay Bay of of Lak e e Iv l y y li c exam hi gan gan in e d d 2 , 358 358 (3 (3 e ). ). ll ll

samp over over \ i\1 i\1 l e s s of of beef , , pork , , and and pnultr

y y

I I

mark mark from from Sw e d e n. n. A A simi b l ar ar e rg rg heavy heavy and and co conc - work e ntration ntration e rs rs at at Swift Swift Company Company ( 36 & & ) ) r e c e nt .

S e a a and and particularly particularly in in th e e contam so und und in s ation ation e parating parating with with Den spor e s s of of C. C. botulinum . . Gr ee n

h eavy eavy conc e ntration ntration of of t y p e e out out s E incid p ores ores e nt. nt. in in the the The The B a ex lti planation planation c c may may b e e th e e l a ck ck o f f

e e work work of of J ohanns e n n r e ( 18 veal ) ) e d d an an unus u cur a ll y y e d d meats meats hav e e b ee n n mark e t e d d in in th e e U. U. S. S. with

( ( Pivnick Pivnick Valley Valley and and Barnett (16) 36) , , . . , , y e t t billions billions of of pounds pounds of of

port port th e e growth growth in in N e w w of of York York C. C. botul Stat · inum inum e e and and ( t 7 y ) ) p in in e s A A s a a lak e e and and of of the the B B T e nness ee ee

condi ti ons ons of of Type Type abus E E e e many many h as as be of of e n n th found found e s e e products products in in fish fish w from from ill ill sup Lake Lake Cayuga Cayuga

at i on on of of possibl at at th e e e e h a Mi z ards ards l wauk in in e e e cur City City e m d Health Health ea t s . . D Und e partm e r r e nt nt (36 ) . .

smok e d d fish fish sona produ l l communication c t s s nat ur a ll y y ha ) ) s s and and l e d d b to to y y Pac consid e e and and e r associat e s s

The The o c currenc Bur e au au e e of of of of type type Commercial Commercial E E toxin toxin h Fis in in (J. (J. li e ght ri es es l y y sa lt Gra e d d ik osk i , , per

and and co-work e rs rs at at th e e Ann Ann Arbor Arbor l abora t ori e s s of of th e e

salt salt

cont

e nt nt

is is

minimal. minimal.

i i E E in in

e s

e e wa t

ers ers

has has

been been

confi rm ed ed by by Graikoski Graikoski

readily readily

support support

grow th th and and to x

in in

forma

on on

if if

th e e

thos

e e from from

Lak

e e

Superior Superior

The The (3) . . pr ese n c e e of of t yp e e

ag e e at at

40 40 F F

( In In 6 ) . . our our

e A.1) e ri e n

ce ce smok

e d d

c hub hub

highest highest

in in fish fish

from from Lake Lake

i \llichigan \llichigan

and and lowest lowest

in in

including including

smok e d d

salmon

, , after after

inoculation inoculation

and and

stor

of of

th w e

e sternmost sternmost

lak e

s, s, a lth o ugh ugh

its its incidence incidence was was

obtained obtained

toxin toxin

fo rm

ation ation

in in

sev

e ral ral

fish fish

products

, ,

e e

organ

sm sm

as as

be e

n n

found found

in in fish fish from from a ll ll four four

Cann Cann

a t

l. l. at at

e e Torr

y y

e s

e ar

c h h

St a

tion tion in in Scotl a nd nd

s tud y in g g

th e e

co l ogy ogy

of of

type type

E E

in in

e e

e at at

Lakes. Lakes.

cuba

tion tion

at at

0 0

C C for for

10 10

days . .

On On

the the ot h e r r hand , ,

Since Since

1963 1963 th

e e p e

l e e in in •

our our

l aborato

r y y have have

b ee n n

in in smok e d d ee l l after after inocu l ation ation with with

spor

e s s

and and

h aza rd rd to to public public health. health.

ing. ing. Lik e wis e, e, Abrahamsson Abrahamsson ( 36 ) ) did did

not not find find

toxin toxin

Great Great L ak e a s nd nd cons titut

e a a e

previous l

y y unr

cog

zed zed

to to inhibition inhibition by by for m a ld e h yd e e abso rb e d d during during

smok

g e st e d d that that typ e e E E spor e s s

may may

occur occur

naturally naturally

in in

e e

typ e e E E toxin toxin in in smok e d d sa lm on on and and ath · ibut

e d d this this

from from Lake Lake Iv li ch i gan . .

These These

even

s s tr

ongly ongly

sug

Fo lm e r r N i e l sen sen and and P e d e rs on on (36 ) ) c ou

ld ld

not not

obtain obtain

w e re re tra ced ced t o o smoked smoked fish fish w

ch ch

probably probably

cam

e e

on l y y in in on e, e, a a j e lli ed ed ox ox tongu e e containing containing

1.5 % % salt. salt.

Lat e r , , in in 1963 two two , , o th e r r outbreaks outbreaks

in in

this this

countr

y y

w ith ith t yp e e E E spores spores and and observ e d d to

x in in

form

a tion tion

an an ou tbr e ak ak of of type type E E botuli

sm sm

in in

i\l linn ea poli

s. s.

(36) (36) in in Canada Canada a l so so in ocu l ated ated s e v e ra l l cur e d d

e ats ats

In In 1 960 960 smok e d d fish fish from from Lake Lake

Superior Superior

caus

e d d

cured cured m e at at and and fish fish products. products. Pivnick Pivnick and and B a rn e tt tt

cation). cation).

cod, cod, but but not not in in shrimp , , crabmeat , , and and a a variety variety of of

waters waters

( ( Cann Cann

et et a 36 l. , , ; ;

G. G. Hobbs, Hobbs, p e r sonal sonal communi duced duced toxin toxin re a di l y y in in fr e s h h or or e cook d d h e rring rring and and

from from

the the ort h h Sea Sea

and and she llfi 1 1 sh sh from from British British coastal coastal grows grows poo rl y y if if at at a ll ll in in c e rt a in in foodstuffs. foodstuffs. It It pro

l es es

e e h ave ave

e en en

uniforml

y y negative , , as as h ave ave fish fish J o h a nn s e n n was was ( 17 ) ) the the first first to to r e port port th a t t y p e e E E

typ e e E E is is th e e British British Isles. Isles. Soil Soil and and sho r elin e s s samp

GRO'vVTH GRO'vVTH

OF OF C. C. botulinum botulinum TYP E E E E Foons Foons Th IN IN e e on l a y r ea ea th a t t has has consistent l y y failed failed to to y i e ld ld

botulinum C. C. . .

one one third third of of 1365 1365 fish fish

int es

tin

e s s

also also

prov

d d

to to carr

y y or or pr ( e b) b) vention vention of of its its g r owth . .

found found in in 28 % , , t ype ype

A A

in in

% , a ,

nd nd

type type

C C

in in 2 %. %.

A lm ost ost

th at at w ill ill insur e e ith ( e a r r .) .) destruction destruction of of th e e organism , ,

in in 62 % % of of the the

positive positive

samp

, , whe

r eas eas type type

B B was was

poisoning poisoning r e q uir e s s pro ce ssing ssing and and handling handling methods methods

li-num li-num (36). (36). Type Type

E E

was was

e e

m os

t t com

m o n , ,

occ

urrin

g g

fr e s h h or or sa lt. lt. Th e refore, refore, pr ot e ction ction agai n st st botulinum botulinum

test e d d in in th e e Soviet Soviet

Union Union

'vver e e positive positive

for for

C. C.

botu

b e e a a contaminant contaminant of of f i sh sh from from an y y wat e rs rs wh e th

e r r

lin a a have have r e

port

e d d that that

10 % % of of

some some

242 242 soi

l l sampl e

s s

it it must must b e e assum e d d that that C botu . . . linwn linwn typ e e E E ma y y

personal personal comm

uni

tion

). ).

Kravtchenko Kravtchenko

and and

Shishu

Th e refor e , , on on th e e basis basis of of e vid e nc e e now now availabl e e

typ e e E E in in Hokkaido Hokkaido

and and

Nor

rn rn

Honshu Honshu

(H . . Iida

, ,

t y p e e E E or or th e y y ma y y d e stroy stroy th e e toxin toxin as as it it is is form e d . .

Movi n g g west , , J

a p a

se se

wo rk

r s s

are are

st ill ill

finding finding

gan i s m s s in in th e e samp l e e may may inhibit inhibit th e e growth growth of of

t A o l aska aska ( 36 ) . . proof proof that that th e e organism organism is is a bsent. bsent. Oth e r r micr o or

in in

marin

e e

mud mud samp l es es a ll ll th e e way way from from Ca liforni ganism a a , , but but a a n e ga ti v e e t e st st for for toxin toxin is is not not n e c e s s aril y y

Eklund Eklund

and and Poysky Poysky found found it it in in dungeness dungeness ficient ficient crab crab and and e videnc e e to to indicat e e the the pr e s e nc e e of of th e e or

lumbia lumbia

Riv e r r and and along along th e e coast coast of of Or e gon gon (36 tion tion ) . . of of type type E E i1~ i1~ toxin toxin an an e nrichm e nt nt cultur e e is is s uf

demonstrated demonstrated type type E E in in fish fish and and mud mud from from l e s s th a mong mong e e Co th e e total total t es t e d. d. Unequivocal Unequivocal d e mon s tra

RESEARCH RESEARCH ON ON BOTULISM BOTULISM 3 43 43 344 RESE ARCH ON BOTULISM that vacuum pack FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH botulism has suggested to some aging may be responsible for the growth of C. e One of the unique features of C. botuUnu1n typ botulinum. es. First E is its qbility to grow at low temperatur Several groups of investigators have compared the later Kempe (24) t· Schmidt and his associates (31 ) and rates of growth of C. botulinum in vacuum packaged , F, well within observed growth of typ e E at 37-38 and non-vacuum packaged cured m eats (8; 37; Piv ed foods. the normal range for storage of refrigerat nick and Barnett, 36), smoked fish (22), irradiated e inocula of These experiments were run with larg fresh fish (1 ), and various other foods (17) . All re spores in favorable culture media. ports are in general agr ee m ~nt that C. botulinum etween size There is, of course, a relationship b grows about the same whether the food is vacuum y to prevent of inoculum and conditions necessar packaged or not. In other words, the composition be e xpected growth. Large numbers of spores may of the food and othu environmental conditions regu than small num to tolerate more salt or more acid late growth, not the type of package. unfavorable (but bers. Combinations of two or more It is true, as many have observed, that vacuum should be more not necessarily limiting ) conditions packaging prevents the growth of certain aerobic Ample support for effective than either one alone. spoilage organisms and thereby may deny the con d recently. these assumptions bas appr: are sumer a possible warning sign that the product has with 100 spores Spencer (36) inoculated cured meat been mishandled. It must be remembered, however, , B and E and per gram of C. botulinum types A that non-vacuum packaged foods also may become curing ingredients. The varied the concentrations of toxic without showing obvious signs of spoilage. ' to prevent out amounts of salt and nitrite n e c ~ ssary Therefore, the elimination of vacuum packaging been reported pre growth were lower than had would not guarantee safety from botulism. viously vvith larger inocula. Riemann (36) also show Nlost of the work with type E is done with com ed that large numbers of type E spores can tolerate plex natural media, but a chemically defined medium and grow in higher concentrations of salt than small is needed for nutritional studies of sporogenesis and numbers. Furthermore, large numbers of spores will toxigenesis. Several investigators have prepared syn grow at a lower pH than small numbers. Segner, thetic media in which type E will multiply, but growth Schmidt and Boltz (32a) obsaved growth down to is sparse and morphology of the cells is atypical. Re~ pH 5.21 with 2 million type E spores per tube and cently Snudden and Lechowich of Michigan State pH 5.03 with 20 million. University have developed a chemically defined me Several workers have demonstrated a relationship dium in which type E is said to grow with normal between l\;vo or more environmental factors. Ohye, morphology, produce toxin and sporuate (36) . The Christian and Scott (36) found the limiting concen medium is a modification of Difco's tissue culture tration of salt for one strain of type E to be: 5.8% at formula No. NCTC109. 25 and 30 C; 5.1% at 20 C ; and 4.3% at 15 C. Ac cording to Segner, Schmidt and Boltz (32a), 5% salt RESISTANCE oF BoTULINUM SPORES Ar-m ToxiN was required to prevent growth at 16 to 30 C but only 4.5% was necessary at 8 to 10 C. Outgrowth Another distinctive feature of type E is the relative time naturally is delayed as the salt concentration ly low heat resistance of its spores. D ecimal reduction approaches the limiting value ( 32a; Pivnick and Bar values ( D values ) at 80 C usually are less than 2 nett, 36). Riemari'n (36) found that type E could minutes (29) when the spores are heated in water, tolerate less salt as the pH approached 5.0. At 8 C buffer or culture media. They are somewhat more Segner, Schmidt and Boltz (32a) observed growth at resistant in fish and other protective materials, but pH 5.9 but not at pH 5.7. However, at 30 C the still are far more sensitive than the spores of the organism grew at pH 5.2. other types of C. botulinum. The possibility that a Attempts to find reliable chemical additives to pre small numbers of resistant spores exist among sug vent toxin production in foods-especially smoked majority of relatively sensitive ones has been with fish-have received considerable attention. Those gested (13 ) and has not yet been ruled out tried with some success include the antibiotic, Tylosin certainty. (33), benzoate and nitrite (32). Unfortunately it Spores of C. botulinum, type A are among the most is not yet possible to assure uniform distribution of resistant of all microorganisms to ionizing radiations. salt and other inhibitory chemicals in the tissues of Exposures on the order of 4.0 to 5.0 Mrad are re 2 intact foods such as fish ( 40 ). quired for desh·uction of 10' spores ( 12 D), the . Low intensity radi Vacuum packaging of food products has increas ed commonly accepted baseline refrigerated storage life rapily during the past decade. The involvement of ation of fresh fish to extend e, but the low tem- vacuum packag · d smoked fi sh in two outbreaks of has shown considerable promis

i g ht ht

of of th e e p u rifi e t d ox i n n as as 1 4, 000 000 t o o 16 , 000 , , an d d fo r r thi s s purp ose. ose.

D o lm

a n 's 's

r oup oup

i n n

a d a a

i ( ve ve 11

) ) th

e e mo

l ec

ul a r r tur es. es. Thus Thus f ar ar th e e m e th od od h as as n o t t pr oved oved use ful ful

c r eases eases

i t s s

l e

th a lit y y fo r r mi ce ce b y y 10 10 t o o t o o C. C. 100 100 bot f o ul ld i n . . u m , , es p ec i a ll y y t y p e e E, E, in in mi xe d d c ul

f f

e e

t ox

in in

as as f o u n d d in in c ultur es es flu wi o r th th e s ce tr nt nt y psin psin a ntib in o d y y t ec hni q u e e t o o th e e id e ntifi ca ti o n n

o n n

b y y

ce rt ai n n pr o t eo l y ti c c e n zy m Ma es. es. n y y Tr a

tt ea em tm pt e nt nt s s h ave ave

b een een m a de de t o o ada pt pt th e e

I I

no no

o ubt

, ,

b eca

u se se

of of

s s

uni

q u e e pr o p e rt y y of of ac ti l es es f r o m m th G e r ea L t a k es . .

e e

E E

in in a

l so so

i s s

ece

i v in

g g a

e nti

, ,

a rtl y, y, but but it it h as as n o t t pr ove u d sef ul ul wi th th mud mud a nd nd fi s h h sa mp

foun

f d

r r

c e

r ys t a llin e e t y p e A A e t ox Th in in is is pr oce (36). (36). dur e e i s s exce ll e nt nt with with ce rt a in in m a t e rial s , ,

in in

e e

rud

e e

~ ultur t ox i c c e e fluid s s "alco i s s h cl o ose ose l l pr oced t o o th ur a e" J e" t t o f f o hn s t o n n a nd nd co-wo rk e r s s (2 1 ). ).

t y

e e

A A

nd nd

o th e t r ox in in t y p es) es) as as even even t h ey ey o n n a th r e e e e fou li ve nd nd r r vea l l egg egg yo lk lk aga r r u se d d in in th e e

ce ntl

y y

lc u l a t e d d th a t t th e e m o u l is ec h ul a bl a r r e e size size fr o m m of of th t ox ose ose in in of of of of t ox i ge n ic ic t y p e E E e organ i s m s s

i g

ht ht (12). (12).

H oweve r , , S c h a nt a z nd nd d e m Sp o n e s r tr o o a h t e ave ave d . . r Th e e e " E E lik e" e" co l o ni es es are are indi s tin g

l y y

pur

e e

oxi

m n

o l ec ul es es of of a r o und und ri c 1 hm 2, 00 e nt nt 0 0 m c ultur o l ec ul es es a r r in in w hi c h h th e e t ox i n n ha s s b ee n n cl ea rl y y

t t

a a

diff

en t t pur ific ati o n n pr oce dur th e e e e is gave gave o l a ti e o s n n se ntial o t f ox i ge ni c c t y p e e E E c ultur e s s fr o m m e n

molec

a r r

i g ht ht u n it s s was was pr ese nt T ed ed he he on on so - th ca e e ll e b d d as "E "E i s s lik e" e" o r ga ni sms sms a l so so com pli ca t e e

t ype ype

A A

in in

i s s th e e r es ult ult o f f agg r ega tion tion o f f s m a ll e r r cat i o n ) . .

c ul a r r we i

g ht ht

of of

o y

n e e

illi

on on

of of

th e e

r ys

t a ll

e e

p e r so n a l l co m m uni ca t io n ; ; H . . Iicl a, a, p e r so n a l l co mmuni

fe r e nt nt t ox

c iti

es es

(36 (36 Th

). ). e e

oss

ibilit

y y

t t th

e e

l e

a s s h ave ave m a n y y o th e r r i n ves ti g at o r s s (4, (4, 1 4; 4; K . . Yam

mot

o , ,

b c y h1 · o m

a t

r a

ph y y

i n t o o

2 2

fr ac

o n

s s

of of

g r ea

tl y y

dif

ge n it ic y. y. vVe vVe ha ve ve e n co unt ere d d s i m il a r r o r ga nism

s, s,

r e p (2) (2) o rt

e d d

e e

p a

r a

n n

i i

o f f

r ys t

llin

e e

y p e A A e

t ox

in in

bi oc h em i ca l l c h a r ac t e risti c s s o f f typ e e E E exce pt pt

t oxi

ev id

e n

ce ce

th a

t t

o ph

e e

is is

ecessa

r y y

o t r

c it

y y

ex hib i t t a ll ll o f f th e e m o rph o l og i ca l , , ph ys i o l og i ca l l an

d d

ce ntl

y, y,

r o ff ff

a nd nd

associa

es es

w h

o o

ave ave

ese nt

ed ed

t o o th e ir ir inhibit o r y y pr o p e rt y, y, so m o e f f th ese ese c ultur es es

int o o

ox i

c c p

a rti

cles cles

of of

ow ow

l ec

r r we

g ht ht

(38). (38). R

d esc rib ed ed seve r a l l bac t e ri a a th a d t o o thi s. s. In In a dditi

on on

ce dur es . .

In In

a dditi

, ,

e e

in in

can can

b e e

diss

i a

d d

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R 0 0 ESEARCH ESEARCH B OTULISM OTULISM J J 345 345 346 RESEARCH ON BOTULISM

A method of detecting botulinum toxin without Lakes. J. Bacteriol. 91:919-924. employing test animals has just been d escribed by 4. Cabelli, V. J, and C . L. Cok. 1965. Comparative anti Johnson and co-workers (20). In this procedme, genic patterns of Clostridium hotulinum type E and pseu dobotulinum types. Bacteri oL Proc. A.m. Soc. MicrobioL, p . formalinized sheep r ed blood cells are sensitized with 48. I I t· ' type specific antitoxin. \i\7hen homologous toxin is 5. Cabelli, V. J., and N. L. H.i charcls. 1966. Ecological added, hemagglutination occurs . As little as 0.75 studies on Clostridium. bott!hwm. type E and related organ isms. BacterioL Prcc. /_m, to 1.3 mouse LD;;o of type A toxin or 2.3 LD50 of Soc. Mi crobioL, p. 11. type B toxin could be detected with this system. 6. Cann, D. C. , B. B. Wi lson, C. Hobbs, and J. M. Shewan. 1965. The growth and toxin producti on of Clost1·icl-iu.m Furth:r work on this procedure is under way in our hotu. linwn type E in certain vacuum p~1cked fi sh. J. Appl. Bac laboratory with tvvo main objectives: (a) adaptation teri aL 28 :431-436. to type E , and (b) detection of botulinal toxin in. 7. Chapman, H. M. , and H. B. Naylor. 1966. Isolation foods. of Clostridium botuhwm type E from Cayuga Lake fish . Appl. MicrobiaL 14:301-302. 8. Christiansen, L. N., and E. M. Foster. 1955. Effect ANIMAL BoTULISM of vacuum packa ging o n growth of Clostridi:u.m. botulinum and Outbreaks of type C botulism in mink have oc Staphylococcus atl1'eus in c ured m eats. Appl. Microbial. 13:10'23-102 curred recently in H.ussia (Bulatova et al. 36) and in 5. 9. Craig, J. M., and K. S. Pi lcher. 1966. Cbstridium Japan (H. Iida, personal communication). Skulberg botulinum type F: Isolation from sa lm on fror;1 th e Columbi:1 (34) also reported outbreaks caused by type E in River. Science, 153:311-312. Norway and Denmark. 10. Eklund, M. vV. , and F . Poysky. 1965. Clostr'dium , In the U. S. there has been considerable interest botulinum type F from marine sediments. Science, 149:306. in the possibility that large "die offs" of gulls and 11. Gerwing, J. , C. E. Dolman, and A. Ko. 1965. Mech anism of tryptic acti vation of Clostridium botu.linum type E other fis h-eating birds in Lake Michigan might be toxin. J. BacterioL 89: 1176-1179. caused by type E toxin. Kaufman and associates 12. Gerwing, J. , C. E. Dolman, and H. S. Bains. 1965. (36) were able to kill gulls by feeding 60,000 to Isolation and chm·acteri zati on cf a toxic moiety of low molec ular weight from Cl:Jstridimn L·otulinum typ 140,000 mouse intraperitoneal LD50 doses of type E e A. .f. Bacterial. 8:1: 1 toxin. Jensen and Gritman, on the other hand, were 383-1386. 13. Graikoski, J ., and L. L. Kempe. 1964. Heat r e- unabl e to intoxicate ducks and gulls by feeding as sistance of Clostridium botulinum type E spores. Bacteriol. much as 3,000,000 mouse lethal doses (36). They did, Proc., Am . Soc. Microbiol., p. 3. however, observe an adjuvant effect when t ypes C 14. Hobbs, G. , T. A. Roberts, and P. D. Walker. 1965. and E toxins were fed sin1Ultaneously. Some observations on OS variants of Clostl"icli.tml botulimtm • type E. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 28:127-152. 15. Holdeman, L. V. , and L. D. Smith. 1965 . A study C. botul·inum TYPE F of the nutritional requirements and toxin production of This type was recognized in 1959 as the cause of Clostridium botulinum type F. Can ad. J. Microbiol. ll : 1009-1019. a single small outbreak in D enmark. There have 16. Holtman, D. F ., J. E. Kelley, and J. H. Keene. 1966. been no other known incidents, although the or The ecology of Clostridium botul·inum in lakes of the Ten ganism has been isolated from marine mud taken nes:;ee Valley. Abst., IX Int. Ccng. for Microbiol. p. 684. off the Pacific coast (10) and in a salmon from the 17. Johannsen, A. 1961. Environmental conditions for Columbia River (9). growth and toxin production by Clostricli.um botulinum with regard to the condition in vacuum packed fo ods. Report According to Walls (36), typ e F will grow and No. 100, Swedish Institute for Food Preservation H. esearch, produce toxin at ter.;;peratures as low as 4 C ( 39 F). Goteborg, Sweden. The toxi11 is activated by trypsin like that of type E. 18. Johannsen, A. 1963. Clostridium botulinum in Sweden The type F toxin and the "precursor" is apparently and adjacent waters. J . Appl. Bacteriol. 26:43-47. formed intracellularl y s ince rupturing young cells 19. Johannsen, A. 1965. Clostridium botulinum type E in foods and the e nvironment generall y. J. Appl. Bacteriol. results in their releas e (15). 28:90-94. 20. Jolmson, H. M. , K. Brenner, R Angelotti, a nd H. E. H =: FEHENCES HaiL 1966. Serological studies of types A, B and E botu ' i.num toxins by passive hemagglutination and bentonite floc l. Abrahamsson, K., T. N. D eSi lva, and N. Molin . 1965. ~ulation . J. Bacteriol. 91:967-974. Toxin production by Clostridium hotul 'n wn type E, in vac cuum-packed, irradiated fresh fish in relation to changes in 21. Johnston, R. , S. Harmon, and D. Kautter. 1964. th e associated microfl ora. Can. J. Microbial. 11:523-529. Method to facilitate the isolation of Clostricli:um /;otulinum 2. Boroff, D. A. , and B. H.. Das Cupt'l. 1964. Study o f type E. J, Bacteriol. 88:1522. the toxin of Clostrichnn /;otulinu.m. VII. H ~ l ati : n of trypto 22. Kautter, D. A. 1964. Clostridium botulinum type E phan to the biological activity of the t0x in. J. BioL Chem. in smoked fish. Food Res . 29 :843-849. 239:3694-3698. 23. Kautter, D. A., S. M. Harmon, R. K. Lynt, Jr., a nd 3. Bott, T. L., J. S. Dcffn er, E . ~d eCoy, and E. ~!. Foster. T. Lilly, Jr. 1966. Antagonistic effect on Clostridium botu 1966. Cl:Jstriditml botulinum type E in fi sh from th e Creat linum type E by organisms resembling it. Appl. Mi crobiol.

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SYSTEM SYSTEM SANI-GUIDE SANI-GUIDE

R R 1 F0 CLAIMED CLAIMED ADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES

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40. 40.

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3:502. 3:502.

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:401-407. :401-407. 87 l. l. ria e t

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. . J 28:125-138. 28:125-138. l. l. a ri e t ac B Appl. Appl.

. . tion

. . J . . 124 - 120 25: rial. rial. e t ac B Appl. Appl.

a di a r and and at at e h to to E E e e yp t hotulitwm hotulitwm Clostridium Clostridium of es es spor of of

s. s. in x to l l cocca lo y taph s and and botulinum botulinum e e th of of tion tion a form e e th

ce ce istan es r e e Th 1965. 1965. ram. ram. g In M. M. and and A. A. . . T R:Jberts, R:Jberts, 29. 29.

o o t n n atio l e r in in s s food packaging packaging of of thod thod e m pack' pack' uum uum c va ' e Th

1964. 1964. , , 10 Jan. Jan. e. e. Issu ce ce n a ill ve Sur m m s tuli Bo orgia. orgia. e G J. J. . . 1962 Erdman. Erdman. nd nd a , , on s Robin I. I. S., S., . . F cher, cher, t a Th . . 37

, , anta l At r, r, e nt e C e e as se Di e e l b ca Communi ce, ce, i v r e S alth alth e H . . ss e pr In In

c c li Pub S. S. U. U. port. port. e R kly kly ee W y y lit a lort i'v nd nd a y y idit Morb 28. 28. 66. 66. 9 1 , , 20-22 y y Jul R. R. . S . U.S , , ow c Mos in in ld ld e h Symposium Symposium

a a of of s s ding ee Proc 966. 966. 1 . . sm tuli o B n o Symposium Symposium 6. 6. 3 . . ornia lif Ca sco, sco, i c ran F San San , , California of of y y it vers i Un

, , r e nt e C l l ca di e M ancisco ancisco r F San San , , Foundation r r e Hoop Williams Williams 141. 141.

J. J. 28:139- l. l. a ri e t c Ba l. l. App n. n. o ti a di a r o o t in in x to E E ype ype t linum linum ge ge or e G Canada. Canada. nd nd a es es t a St d d e Unit e e th in in Botulism Botulism Human Human of of

hotu- m m . iu trid s of of Clo ce ce tan sis e r e e Th 5. 5. 96 1 A. A. g, g, r e llb Sku 35. 35. s s r yea ve ve i Sixty-f 1965. 1965. . . e Eddi . . B nd nd a , , . F r, r, e Mey K. K. . . 27

. . 87-95 : 3 1 . . d e t.-M e V . . Nord . . E e e typ botulinum botulinum . . ricl~u.m ricl~u.m Ohio ost , , Cl Cincinnati e, e, r a lf Ve \ and and , , Education , , lth ea H f f o

y y b d se u ca mink mink in in m m s Botuli 1. 1. 96 1 . . A Skulberg, Skulberg, 34. 34. pt. pt. e D S. S. U. U. , , e ic v r e S lth lth ea H ,c ,c Publi -l. -l. FP - 999 o., o., ation ation c Publi 1 1

J. J. . . 7-343 33 0: 3 . . Sci Food Food . . e actat l tylosin tylosin h h wit vice vice r e S lth lth a e H Public Public mposium. mposium. y S a a of of gs gs din ee Proc m. m. ~; li

s s hub c h h s fi e whit in in d d e formation formation mok ~ in in x to botulinum botulinum lium lium c Botu . . 1964 el.] el.] e [ Jr. Jr. , , l se Cas K. K. nd nd a , , H. K. K. wis, wis, e L 26. 26.

J. J. E E Clostri e e typ of of ntion ntion ve e Pr 1965. 1965. M. M. , , man e n e Sh . . 33 . . 0:763-722 3 1 ce. ce. n e i c S

. . 14:49-54 Microbial. Microbial. l. l. App . . es tur n. n. so poi poisonous poisonous most most e e Th 1959. 1959. . . C Lamanna, Lamanna, 25. 25.

ra e mp e t uboptimal uboptimal s and and l l a tim op t t a botulinum botulinum ium ium rid - of of Clost Missouri. Missouri. , , City Kansas Kansas s, s, t s i g hnolo ec T Food Food

es es r o p s of of h h e e owt r th n n .tg ~ o o pH pH d d an e e Chlorid Sodium Sodium of of t t ec Eff of of e e Institut g g tin ee M ual ual Ann s, s, Food of of g g in ess Proc 1hdiation 1hdiation

1966. 1966. . . Boltz . . K }. }. and and hmidt hmidt c S F. F. C. C. , , P. W. W. , , r e n eg S . . a 2 3 on on Symposium Symposium t t a d d e nt ese Pr foods. foods. of of irradiation irradiation g g in ·s ce~ pro

. . s Illinoi , , o g Chica Foundation, Foundation, e e titut s e e th in in ms ms e probl l l ca i g olo i rob c Mi 1965. 1965. e, e, mp e K 24. 24. L. L. L. L.

In at at e M n ca ri e m A ce, ce, n e r Confe h h c r esea R Annual Annual nth nth ee Sixt 2. 2. 16-62 4:6 1

347 347 N N O BOTULISM BOTULISM RESEARCH RESEARCH 348

PREPARING LOCAL HEALTH DEPARTMENTS TO COP~ WITH FOOD BORNE DISEASE OUT'BREAKS'

I ' ROBERT R. D ALTON

Section of Environmental Health State Depa-rtment of Publ·ic Health Lansing, Michigan .( . I

When a suspected fo·odbor.pe disease outbreak is reported, there is sometimes a · tendency to relax a reported the local h ~alth offic~~ ' an·d certain members little an·d not be prepared to grab the necessary in of his staff must be prepared to swing promptly into vestigation materials a~d take off on the double when action if they e-xpect to detem1ine whether in fact the time comes for action. All too often when a there has been a foodborne disease outbreak and, if suspected foodborne disease outbreak was reported so, the causative agent and the food which served as containers and other materials used for .coll ecting the vehicle. While the ser~kes of an epidemiologist specimens and information were not readily avail and other specially t~·ain ed personnel can usually be able and frequently it was necessary to improvise. secured from the state health agency, much valuable One day last winter a public health veterinarian time can be lost before state level p ersonnel can ar employed by one of our local health departments rive on the scene. stopped in at our office to show us a kit he had , An investigation should be undertaken immediately assembled to be used in connection with the investi if meaningful specimens are to J?e collected for lab gation of suspected foodborne disease outbreaks. A oratory analysis and if accurate information is to be representative of the Public Health Service just hap secured during interviews. This . means the health pened to be visiting our D epartment at the same department sHbuld have a plan o.f operation to be fol time. The upshot of the coincidence was that it was lowed vvhen ·suspected foodbori1e disease outbreaks decided that every local health department in Michi are reported a~1d that at least certain basic supplies gan should have a kit of this type available. It was and equipment to be used in making an investigation also decided that a course on epidemiology and con be readily available at all times. trol of foodborne diseases should be held. Funds Legislation enacted during 1965 req~res that the were found to be available which could be used for services of a local health department be available purcl~asing the various materials necessary to make in all parts of Michigan. These services may be pro up a kit for each department as well as to cover other vided through city, county or district health depart ·1ecessary expenditures connected with such a course ments. Each local health department must be under The dates of March 1 and 2, 1966, were selected the direction of a medical doctor. Most of these and the job of lining up speakers, securing materials, medical directors . have had formal training in epi assembling the kits, reserving meeting rooms and all demiology. .lvlany of the sanitarians, public health the other various and sundry activities necessary in engineers, public health nurses and other personnel organizing such a course were undertaken. An out employed b y the various health agencies in the State standing group of speakers were secured to make have also had formal training in epidemiology. In the various presentations. Cooperation received from addition, practically-· all professional personnel em the Communicable Disease Center, Training Branch ployed by health departments who hrwe not had an and the Regional Office of the U. S. Public Health opportunity to avail themselves to formal training in Service, as well as from the various divisions and this area received considerable exposure to the tech sections within our own department, was excellent. niques of epidemiological investigations through s?ort \iVithout this cooperation, the course could not pos courses and similar training programs or as a restilt sibly have been organized and implemented on such of field training activities. short notice. Health agencies in Michigan are in a favorable \iVhile planning the course, two basic facts became position to make intelligent and meaningful investi obvious: ( 1) The kits which were being prepared gations of suspected foodborne disease outbreaks. should serve as the focal point for the training pro However, since some departments may go for months gram; and ( 2) Since the medical director is the key without a suspected case of foodborne disease being person whenever human illness is involved, the course should be kept at a level where the presentations would prove both interes ting and challenging to these 'Presented at the 53rd Annual i\leeting of the International Association of Milk, Food and Environmental Sanitarians, highly educated public health officials. Inc. at i\1linneapolis, Minn., August 15-18, 1966. Invitations to attend the course were extended to

' '

! !

• • •

I I

were were accumulat

e d d and and pr esen t e d d to to th e e participants participants H ea lth lth D e partm e nt nt serving serving in in a a supporting supporting rol e. e.

articles

, ,

pap

e rs , ,

c harts, harts, e t c ., ., r e lating lating to to food food poisoning poisoning tions tions of of foodborn e e dis ea se se outbreaks outbreaks with with the the Stat e e

gram gram is is

that that a a considerable considerable numb e r r of of pamphl e ts , , position position to to mak e e prompt prompt and and m ea ningful ningful investiga

Anoth

r r

k e

y y

to to

th e e success success of of this this p a rticular rticular pro In In our our opinion opinion local local health health officials officials are are in in th e e b es t t

H ea lth. lth. h ea lth lth program . .

b e e secur e d d from from th e e i'v lichigan lichigan Departm e nt nt logi of of ca Publi l l to to c c co nsid er er it it as as part part of of th e e nvironm e ntal ntal

at at no no cost. cost. Contain e rs rs for for stool stool specimens specimens k ee can can ping ping also also th e e kit kit in in a a r ea d y y co ndition , , it it seems seems only only

which which

will will b e e furnish e d d to to loc a l l health health d e tarians tarians partm e nts nts has has b ee n n charged charged with with th e e r es ponsibility ponsibility of of

available available

" 8 8 packs " " of of st e ril e e food food sample sample co ntain e valuation. valuation. e rs rs Sinc e e almost almost invariabl y y one one of of th e e sani

i e s s of of th e e Michigan Michigan D e p a rtm e nt nt of of Public Public H a a ea routin lth lth has has e e p a rt rt of of eac h h e nvironm e ntal ntal health health program program

; ;

To To

supplement supplement

th e s e e kits kits th e e Bur ea u u of of Laborator- availability availability and and co ndition ndition of of th e s e e kits kits may may be be mad e e

continuing continuing basis . . It It is is

anticipated anticipated that that

checking checking

e e

s p ec im

e n s s for for laborator y y exa minations. minations.

· vve vve ar e e also also thinking thinking in in t

e rms rms of of th e e

kits kits

on on

a a

information information obtain e d d at at the the tim e e

of of collecting collecting

basis basis for for some some time. time.

14. 14. Supply Supply of of form s s to to b e e us ed ed for for

eco

rding rding

w e e ma y y se e e fit fit t o o co ntinue ntinue thi s s program program

on on

an an annual annual

m 1 ax imum imum r eg ist e ring ring 0-220

° °

F ); );

n ex t t training training s e ssion, ssion, but but it it is is entirely entirely

possibl

e e that that

13 . . Two Two th e rmom e t e rs rs ( ( r 1 eg ul a r r 0-220

° °

F F and and

pr ac tical tical to to ex t e nd nd our our thinking thinking

much much

ey ond ond th

e e

12. 12. On e e marking marking p e ncil; ncil;

session session b eca us e e of of pr ev ious ious commitments. commitments.

is is

im It It

11. 11. On e e roll roll of of tap e e l/2 "; ";

other other k ey ey p e rsonn e l l who who co uld uld

not not

attend attend

e e

1966 1966

10 . . Six Six hand hand cl ea ning ning tissu es; es;

. . March. March. Th e r e e were were so me me h ea

lth lth officers officers as as well well as as alcohol; alcohol;

last last course course will will again again want want to to attend attend

the the

session session n

ex t t

9. 9. On e e alcohol alcohol lamp lamp and and 4 4 oz . . bottl

e e

of of wood wood

is is a nticipated nticipated that that m a n y y of of thos e e

who who

attended attended

e e

8. 8. On e e bo x x of of Kl ee n ex; ex;

tional tional and and new new information information will will b e e pr

s e nt

e d d and and it it m e ns ) )

This This progr a m m will will b e e ex pand ed ed to to thr

ee ee

ays. ays.

Addi

as as a a steril e e surface surface on on which which to to pr

e par e e sp eci

conduct conduct a noth e r r training training program program

in in March March

of of

1967

. .

a a roasted roasted turk ey ey or or a a h a m, m, or or it it

can can

b e e us

e d d

e ffort. ffort. Arrangements Arrangements are are already already

b e ing ing mad e e

to to

transporting transporting larg e e it e ms ms such such as as

a a cm·cess cm·cess

of of

must must onl y y b e e co nsid e r e d d the the first first step step

in in a a co

ntinuous ntinuous

( This This pap e r r can can b e e us e d d for for cov

e ring ring

and and

highly highly successful , , but but th e e work work already already

completed completed

in in an an out e r r cover cover and and sterilized; sterilized;

From From all all indications indications th e e program program

thus thus

far far has has

b ee

n n

7 H . eavy eavy wrapping wrapping pap e r , , fold e d d and and wrapped wrapped

warded warded to to th e e local local n ew spap e rs. rs.

st e riliz e d; d;

pictur es, es, together together with with a a

short short

narrative, narrative,

were were

for

6. 6. On e e packag o e f f pap e r r tow e ls, ls, wrapped wrapped

and and

ology, ology, Michigan Michigan Departm e nt nt of of Publi

c c

ea lth. lth.

Th ese ese s t e riliz e d ; ;

with with a a kit kit by by th e e Chi e f f of of th e e Division Division

of of

Epid

5 . . On e e pair pair of of forc e ps , , wrapp e d , ,

lab

e l

e d d

and and

to to b e e t a k e n n of of eac h h h ea lth lth officer officer

ing ing

pres

e nt e d d s t e riliz e d ; ;

training training co urs e, e, arrangements arrangements were were

made made

for for

pictur

es es

4. 4. On e e d esse rt rt spoon, spoon, w rapp

e d , , lab

e l e d d

and and

garding garding local local h e alth alth d e partm e nt nt participation participation

in in the the iz e d; d;

In In a n n e ffort ffort to to help help k ee p p th e e p

' ublic ublic

informed informed

3. 3. Two Two t eas poons , , wrapped, wrapped, lab e l e d d

and and

e ril

vv e r e e n eces sar y y to to fill fill additional additional r eq u

sts

. .

b e l e d d and and steriliz e d ; ;

prov e d d to to be be so so popular popular that that two two doz e n n

ex tra tra

copies copies

2. 2. A A sharp sharp knif e e (butch e r r knif

e) e)

wrapp

, ,

a nd nd oth e r s s w e r e e also also includ e d. d. Thes e e

not e

books books

Tlu- ee ee l. l. steriliz e d d specimen specimen

bottles; bottles;

Public Public H e alth, alth, the the National National R e staurant staurant Association Association

e e kits kits

contained contained th e e following following it e ms : : pamphl e ts ts pr e p a r e b d y y th e e Michigan Michigan D e partm e nt nt of of

b e e one one of of th e e sanitarians. sanitarians. materials materials were were furnish e d d by by CDC, CDC, som e e appropriate appropriate

staff staff

accompan

y y

him. him. In In most most cases cases this this proved proved to to d e partm e nt's nt's r e f e renc e e fil e. e. Whil e e most most of of th e e

th e e

suggestion suggestion

that that h e e hav e e a a key key m e mb e r r of of his his tion tion could could b e e taken taken back back and and made made a a p a rt rt of of th e e

the the

directors directors of of e ach ach local local h ea lth lth

d e partment partment with with in in a a loos e l ea f f notebook notebook cover cover so so that that this this informa

PREPARI NG NG LOCAL LOCAL HEALTH HEALTH DEPARTME N TS TS 349 349 350

WATER QUALITY ACT OF 1965- IMPACT ON THE DAIRY AND FOOD INDUSTRY.

H. G. HARDI G ReseaTch and Development Division National Dairy Products Co rporation Glenview, Ill·inois \ •I • On :tviay 10, 1966 the Federal Water Pollution Con state waters which reduces the .quality of such waters trol Administration was transferred to the D epart below the e stablished standards (whether the mat- ment of the Interior and Secretary Stewart L. Udal ter causing s uch reduction is discharged directly into immediately issued guidelines to the States for setting such waters or into tributaries and then reaches such of water quality standards on the interstate waters. waters), is subject to abatement. There should be Under the Federal 'Nater Quality Act of 1965 the a constant effort to improve the quality of a water States are required t o set quality standards on in supply. The principal objective is the orderly de terstate waters by June 30, 1967. If a State fails to velopment and improvement of our water resources set adequate standards they will be set b y the Secre without the necessity of adversary proceedings which tary of the Interior. By May lOth, 1966, twenty inevitably develop into enforcement cases. The seven States had indicated their intention to meet standards should be applied on the basis of the water the '67 deadline. quality requirements of present and future uses after ' The guidelines require that economic, health, con due consideration of all factors and variables involved. servation, and aesthetic values be considered in de The standards should be designed to "enhance the termining the most appropriate use of a stream and quality of the water" and in any case- must maintain that the States hold public hearings before setting existing water quality. No standards will be ap quality standards. Secretary Udall said "President proved which provide for the use of any stream for Johnson has made it clear that no one has the right the principal purpose of transporting wastes. • and America's waterways to use America's rivers o standard will be approved which allows any r". that belong to all the people as a sewe wastes amenable to treahnent or control to be dis establishing water The May, 1966, guidelines for charged into any interstate water without treatment ters under the quality standards for interstate wa or control or which does not require all wastes, prior Law 89-234, pro Water Quality Act of 1965, Public to discharge into any interstate water t o receive the State will become vide that standards adopted b y a best practical treatment or control lmless it can b e standards applicable if: demonstrated tl1at a lesser degree of treatment or l. The State authorities fil e by October 2, 1966, control will provide for water quality enhancement a letter of intent that the State after public hearings commensurate with proposed present and future will, before June 30, 1967, adopt water quality cri water us es. It is a nticipated that after establishing teria applicable to interstate waters or p ortions there the initial standards periodic review and revision of "vithin the State, and a plan for the implementa will be required. tion and enforcement of the criteria; "Interstate waters" include all rivers, lakes and 2. The State subs ~qu ently adopts such criteria and other waters which form a part of the boundary plan; and, between a State and another State or foreign country, 3. The Secretary determines that the State c riteria as well as coastal waters, such as those along straight and plan are consistent with the purposes of the Act. ocean coasts, the waters along indented coasts w hich are subject to tidal flow, and the waters of the Great EsTABLISHING VVATER Q uALITY STAJ\TDARDS Lakes. The Department of the Interior does not Guidelines in the Act itself indicate that in estab limit "interstate waters" to those portions at tl1 e point lishing quality standards considerations be given at which they flow across or form a s tate boundary to the us e and value of the water for public water but the water quality standards are to apply to the supplies, propagation of fish and wildlife, recre entire stretch of the interstate waters w ithin a State. ational purposes, agricultural, industrial and other Tributaries of interstate waters, not in themselves legitimate us es. Any discharge of matter into inter- interstate waters, are not directly subject to the quality control standards but if they carry any matter into the interstate waters which reduces the quality 'Presented at the 53rd Annual ivleeting, International Associ ation of Milk, Food and E nvironmental Sanitarians, Inc., below established standards, this is subject to abate Minneapolis, Minn., Au gust 15-18, 1966. ment.

Cadmium Cadmium

0 . 3 3 ppm ppm ( ( Cd) Cd)

Th • e e dair y y industr y y is is we ll ll awar e e of of operating operating costs costs

Zin c c 0. 3 3

ppm ppm

( Zn) Zn)

lif e . .

Copp e r r

0.2 0.2 ppm ppm (C u ) )

wat e r r so so th a t t it it no no l onger onger supports supports normal normal

aquatic aquatic

cya nid e e 0.4 0.4 ppm ppm Fe( Fe( CN o) o)

tur e e and / / or or concentration concentration of of to x ic ic matt e r r in in th e e Fe rro rro - or or F e rri

Cyanid normal normal e e biota , , and and l l 0. 1 1 rar ppm ppm e l y y ( ( ( ( CN 3 ) ) ) ) a a shift shift in in pH , , t e mp e ra

ium ium co mpound a s bo ve ve stream stream bottom bottom a nd nd so so pr e v e nt nt th e e growth growth of of th e e

Ammonia Ammonia

or or

Ammon

- 2

. 0 0 pprri pprri

( ( NH

a 3 t t pH pH

8 .

0 0 or or

) )

fish fish gills gills or or may may settle settle as as a a sludge sludge blank e t t on on th e e

l l solids solids w hich hich may may

int e rf e r e e with with oxygen oxygen transf e r r in in linit . . . y y or or mor e e may may b e: e:

I I

tr· o ut ut wa t e r s s of of 80 80 ppm ppm a lk li a fe fe will will thr i ve , , and and a l so so ( ( 2 ) ) th e e creation creation of of suspended suspended

ce rtain rtain t ox i c c pollutants pollutants in in

non oxyg e b n e low low th e e l eve ls ls at at which which normal normal aquatic aquatic

M ax imum imum c oncentrations oncentrations of of

and and l ak e s s ar e e ( ( 1 mainly mainly ) ) th e e r e duction duction

in in dissolv e d d

ifi c c wat e r s. s.

Th e e pollutional pollutional e ff ec ts ts of of dair y y wastes wastes in in stl:eams stl:eams

age age as as d e t e rmin e d d for for th e e spec

gen gen for for e ach ach pound pound of of o rganic rganic mi lk lk solids. solids. wat e r s s for for any any other other b es t t u s

fish fish smviva l l co ns or or eq imp u e a nt nt ir ir us th e e e e of of rou g hly hly pound pound of of dissolv 1 1 e d d oxy

h ea t e d d liquid

s. s.

t e mp e ratur es es as as

to to preve nt nt wat e r r stimulates stimulates growth growth of of microorganisms microorganisms and and th e e

e d d or or oth e r r wat e r s s or or

in in s uffi c i e nt nt amoun t

s s o r r a t t s u c h h

organisms. organisms. Th e e matt er er 01 from from ~ ganic ganic

milk milk in in wast e e

io u s s s ub s tan ces, ces, co l or

w ith ith oth e r r su b s t a n ces ces or or w astes astes

Milk Milk is is a a nearl y y p e rf ec t t food food for for p eo

pl a e

nd nd

micro

5. 5. Toxic Toxic w as t es, es, d e l e t e r None None a l one one or or in in combination combination

b e e ve r a y dvantag eo us. us.

wat e r s. s.

b e e

ava

il a

e. e.

In In

such such

cases cases

combined combined tr ea tm e nt nt ma y y

l ess ess th a n n

5.0 5.0 ppm ppm

fo r r tr

o ut ut

municipal municipal and and industrial industrial

wast e e tr ea tm e nt nt plant plant

may may

; ; ppm ppm for for non-trout non-trout waters; waters; not not

portion portion of of th e e construction construction costs costs for for a a co mbined mbined hi g h e u r ses, ses, n o t t l ess ess th a n n 4 . 0 0

struction struction coo lin g g cos or or pro t t ma cess cess y y b wa e e t availabl e r. r. For For e . . Thus Thus a a considerable considerable

cu ltur al al or or s our ce ce of of indu s tri al al g i o nal nal plan , , an an additiona l l 3 3 p e r r ce nt nt of of th e e con - , ,

4. 4. Di sso l ved ved n oxyge . . No l t ess ess than than 3.0 3.0 ppm ppm

for for

ag ri

cost cost and and if if th e e plant plant is is part part of of a a comprehensiv e e r e

may may b e e l avai ab l e e up up to to 30 30 p er er cent cent of of the the construc ti on on 8.5 8.5 for for hi g h e u r ses. ses.

wa t e r. r. H. a n ge ge tr eatment eatment b e tw ee n n 6.5 6.5 of of and and municip a l l wastes wastes wi th th industrial industrial wastes wastes

du s tri a l l co co o o in in 1 1 g g or or pr ocess ocess

F e d e ral ral aid aid for for th e e co nstruction nstruction of of plants plants for for th e e

agri c ultur a l l r r o

so ur ce ce of of in

operation operation and and maint e n a nc e . .

3 . . pH pH Rang e e b e t ween ween 6.0 6.0 and and 9. 5 5 for for

th e e construction construction cos t t and and 30 30 p e r r ce nt nt of of th e e cos ts ts of of

for for

a thin g. g.

t e nanc e" . . State State aid aid may may amount amount to to 30 30 p e r r cent cent of of

inar y y or or food food pro

cess in g, g, or or

stat

e e aid aid

for for

co n struction struction and and opera ti on on and and main

e fflu e nt s . . dis in f ec t e d d for for drinkin g, g,

c ul

wastes wastes and and th e e municipall y y r e main main

e ligibl

e e

to to r ece

e e

2. 2. S e wa ge ge o r r wa s t e e None None which which a r e e not not e ff ec tively tively

to to r eceive eceive an an unlimit e p d e r ce ntag e e of of industrial industrial

cons titu e nts. nts.

A A

municipal municipal

wag e e

tm e nt nt plant plant ma y y b e e d es ign e d d

in c r ease ease

t h e e a mount

s s of of

ese ese

than than thos e e n ee ds ds b e ing ing s e rved rved b y y

sepa

rat e e

plants

. .

w a s t es es w hi c d h e l e t e riou s l y y or or

plant plant serving serving po s i ts. ts. muni c ipal ipal and and industrial industrial n ee ds ds rather rather du s tri a l l w w a a s s t t e e a s nd nd other other

ab l e e so lid s; s; s lu d ge ge d e and and attribut a bl e e t o o sewage, sewage, g e n in e rall y y best best b e e serv e d d by by th e e construction construction of of one one

1. 1. Floating Floating so lid

s; s; se ttl e

T on e e whi c h h are are readily readily visibl e e polluti o n n eco nomic a ll y y a lt hough hough e ff ec tiv e l y . . This This can can

In In New New York York Stat e e th

e e "

basic basic

polic y y i s s to to e liminat e e ITEMS ITEMS SPE CIF I CA TIONS TIONS

wast e e tr ea tm ent ent plant. plant. ' '

and and sp ec

ifications: ifications:

w ith ith municipa l l wastes wastes or or in in a a separa t e e industrial industrial

discharg

e d d th e r e to" to" an d d includ e e th e e follo w ing ing it e ms ms pollut e e int e rst a t e e water , , or or tr ea tm e nt nt in in combination combination

for for

r easo

nabl

e e

diluti

o n n and and mixtur e e with with th e e wa t e rs rs wastes wastes do do not not pollut e e any any water water which which in in turn turn ma y y

York York

a ppl y y

o th to

e e

" r ece iving iving wat e rs rs aft e r r opportunity opportunity of of th e e plant plant wastes wastes e ith e r r in in such such a a way way that that th e e

e e minimum minimum

wa t e r r quality quality standards standards in in ew ew For For th e e dair y y and and food food plant plant this this means means disposal disposal

few few cases, cases, primar y y tr ea tment. tment.

Fooo Fooo

DISPOS

A L L O F F D

AIRY AIRY

AN D D

PLA

NT NT VV ASTES ASTES and and chlorination , , to to secondary secondary tr e atment atment and and in in a a

b e for e e dis c harg e e ma y y vary vary from from t e rtiar y y tr ea tm e nt nt

an an incr e asing asing numb e r r of of ca s es es t e rtiar y y tr ea tm

e nt. nt.

drainag e . . And And th e e r e quir e m e nts nts for for waste waste tr ea tm e nt nt

all all cases cases will will b e e at at l eas s t eco ndar

y y

tment tment

and and

in in

wa t e r , , bathing , , fishing fishing t o o industrial , , ag ricultural ricultural and and

vvaters vvaters must must b e e tr ea t e d . . This This

tr ea

tment tment

in in

nearl

y y

n ea r r f utur e. e. This This " b e st st us e" e" may may vary vary from from drinking drinking

and and industrial industrial wast e s s which which

discharg

e e

into into

thes

e e

bas e d d on on th e e " b es t t use" use" of of th e e water water now now or or in in th e e

which which flow flow into into int e rstate rstate waters. waters.

All All

municipal municipal

standards standards when when e stablished stablished in in other other Stat es es will will b e e

a ll ll int e rstat e e waters waters and and by by e xtension xtension to to all all

waters waters

No No doubt , , as as in in N e w w York York Stat e, e, th e e water water quality quality

th e e F e d e r a l l Water Water Quality Quality Act Act of of 1965 1965 may may apply apply to to

NEW NEW YORK YORK ST ATE ATE MINIMUM MINIMUM SP ECIF ICATIO NS NS Thus Thus th e e water water quality quality standards standards es t ablished ablished und e r r

Acr Acr WATER WATER Q uALITY uALITY 351 351 I I 352 WATER Q uALITY Acr

and so has investigated and tried many variations in centrations of BOD, 200 to 500 ppm, in the applied methods of dajry waste treatment which appeared waste. Much land will permit an initial average to offer more satisfactory treatment with lower costs. waste application of 6,000 gallons per ,;,etted acre .Many dairy and food processing plants are located per day . in areas where it is not economically practical to dis Ridge and furrow or seepage trench systems initi~ l charge the wastes to a municipal waste treatment ly may handle 3 to 5 gallons of waste per day per plant and it then becomes necessary to provide in square foot of wetted area and due to microbial

dustrial waste treatment. Industrial wastes have been growth in the soil after one to three years handle '•I • treated satisfactorily by many different methods in only 1.0 to 1.5 gallons per d~y per square foot of cluding land irrigation, lagooning, activated sludge wetted area in spite of annual removal of sludge treatment and trickling filter treatment. The most from the furrows or h·enches. The initial cost of economical, satisfactory and desirable waste treat irrigation systems may b ~ relatively low but the main ment for a specific plant will depend upon local tenance problems i.n cold vveather or in sludge re conditions. moval can be expensive. Odor problems may occur while the trench system is being dried and during CuRRENT METHODS OF vV ASTE TREATMENT the removal of up to 0.4 cubic foot of wet sludge per Usually it will be desirable to segregate the liquid square foot of trench bottom. wastes before disposal. Sanitary wastes from toilets Trickling filters have been used for many years for and washrooms in most cases should go to municipal treating dairy waste and have a relatively high capi sewers or to a septic tank and underground drain tal cost, a relatively low operating cost, a reported , field. Strong ·wastes, such as surplus skim milk, but good ability to absorb shock loads and have given ter milk and whey, should be collected and prefer BOD reductions of about 80 to 93% based on raw ably used for human or animal feeding in the liquid waste and clarified effluent. High BOD concentra state or after concentrating and/or drying. Frequent tions in the applied waste tend to cause excessive ly other strong wastes may be disposed of on isolated slime growth on the filter media and ponding unless land satisfactorily .at less expense than by treatment. there is adequate hydraulic flow to remove the ex Clean cooling waters may be discharged to storm cess growth. High-rate, two-stage recirculating trick se·wers or directly to the stream. Contaminated wash ling filters have given better results than standard waters, equipment and floor rinsings should b e rate filters. Clarifiers and sludge digesters or other treated. methods of excess sludge disposal are required. • Every practical effort should be made to reduce For the treatment of dairy waste the standard acti avoidable waste to a minimum by an effective waste vated sludge method has undergone many modifica prevention and waste savings program which has tions. Retention time in the aeration tank has been the whole-hearted support of plant management. increased from about six hours for domestic sewage Preferably after the plant has segregated the wastes to one or two days in many dairy waste treatment and practiced waste savings and waste prevention so plants and to more than five days in others in order that it is a normal operation, a waste survey should to reduce the BOD concentration of strong raw wastes be made to determine the volume and BOD5 strength to 40 pounds BOD5 or less per 1000 cubic feet in of floor wastes to be treated. This survey should the aeration tank. Then the clarifier can operate cover a sufficient time to show the variations during satisfactorily even with a sludge volume index of the week, particularly for the periods when there 200. ' iVith complete return of sludge to aeration the is insufficient supervision. This survey data should active sludge mass and volume in the aeration tank include production data so that the results can be give good equalization of "slug" loads of raw waste. projected for the period of 7 to 10 days of peak pro The air supply should be adequate to maintain a duction. These calculations for waste flow and BODr. minimum of some DO ( dissolved oxyen) except for during peak production should be used for the design short periods of time, up to six hours per clay. Many of waste treatment by various methods. ways have been used to introduce air into the waste. Originally it was reported that with spray irrigation With dairy waste the clogging of porous air diffusion of dairy wastes the limiting factor was the h ydraulic devices has been a serious problem and various pro load and · that the BOD content had little or no ef prietary devices have been used. Penberthy educa fect. Now after thirteen years experience it is ap tors using recirculated mixed liquid with air under parent that microbial growth in the pore space of blower pressure (pressure jets ) or under atmospheric the soil is stimulated by high BOD concentrations pressure (suction jets ) have been used satisfactorily and may greatly reduce the infilh·ation rate. So far except for clogging problems. As a result a number tllis problem has not been reported with low con- of treatment plants have ceased to recirculate liquid

·. ·.

; ;

f or or Co mm e

rcia

l l E

gg gg C l

ning. ning.

l vlark e t t R es : · · D ep t .' .' No. No. 740. 740.

USCA. USCA.

\ Vas h. , , D. D.

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lum

e - \ ~ I e i C g ht ht e n \ vers r Vas h i o ., ., n n Fa c tors tors D . . C. C. ,for ,for 2 0250 Milk. Milk. . . Mark !'J. rip · ~ ~ g g h~· h~· · · · · ......

what what yo u . . ca n n do do about about ~f ~f Inform it it N . e .. .. w w a Offi ti York ~ n ce ce : : , , N . N .. .. 1 0 "Y. "Y. 017. 017. · · 25c 25c USDA . . . · · , ,

Trichino s i s : : Bakin How How g g it it Indu aff e s c tr t s s y y you, you, S a ' nit . St a how how ti i m o t n n l ~ it it t ' & affects affects i i

yom. yom. Comm. Comm. .. .. ho

gs · · 521 , , .• A Fif ~e th th . , ,

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San

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on on Stahclat ' a's a's · for for Govt B ' a Eqtiipment~ Eqtiipment~ ki ng ng . . Prir l tin

g g Offi ce, ce, 23 'v\ 7 ash

: . . 2b4o unit . , , D · s z . . : : . . : : C. C. $ 1.25. 1.25.

I I

27, 27,

No. No.

2 2

P. P. 73

, , 1

966. 966. are are . . upd ated ated and and . s . . umm a ri zed . . No. No. AH- 3 1 3 . . Supt. Supt. of of D oc. , ,

Mill

v ill e e

an d d

Pau

l l

Ge lb

e r. r. Food Food Pr c autions autions ocess in g g for for and sa f ' ' e e H ag ll · k ri e cu tin )tm g. g. a l l tis e e of of mor e e than than 100 100 in sec ticid es es

· ·

R R

J vi

e Indi.t \ y y

of of ~t ry ry Baking Baking

Stan ~ Sanitation Sanitation l US ards DA DA ' . . Handb oo k k on on H. Ins · · ec P ticid . . es . . Dir ec tion s s and and pr e-

20402 . .

,, ,,

source source

indicated. indicated.

Note Note

cost cost

of of books books

and and

certain certain

items. items.

1046. 1046. Supt. Supt. of of D oc . , , Govt. Govt. Printing Printing Offic e, e, Wa

h s ., ., D. D.

C . .

terest. terest.

Requests Requests

for for

material material

should should

be be

addressed addressed

to to

the the

fo r r Certif i ca tion tion of of Int e rs . t ate ate Mi l k k Shipp e rs. rs. PHS PHS

Bull. Bull.

o. o.

reprints reprints

on on

a a variety variety

of of

subjects subjects

considered considered

to to

be be of of

in Pro ce dm es es Gove rnin g g th e e C oope r a ti ve ve Stat e -PHS -PHS Program Program

Editorial Editorial

Note: Note:

Listed

, , below below

are are

books, books,

pamphlets pamphlets and and Offf ce ce of of Inform a ti on, on, ' US DA , , Wash. ; ; D . . C. C. 20250 . .

PUBLICATIONS PUBLICATIONS OF OF INTEREST INTEREST

a a BOD BOD r e du c tion tion of of mor e e than than 93 % % in in th e e lagoon . . situation situation . . .

p e r r

acr

e, e,

and and

a a

r e t e

ntion ntion tim

e e

of of 12 12 da ys ys and and s hown hown Costs Costs o f f tr ea tm e nt nt · ar e e d e p e nd e nt nt upon upon the the local local

pounds pounds

BOD BOD

p e r r day day

p e r r

ac r

w e ith ith a bout bout 40 -HP -HP or or m o difi ca tions tions of of th e e activated activated sludge sludge proc ess. ess.

l agoon agoon

4 4

fe e d t p p ee

has has h and

d d

mor e e than than 1000 1000 tr e ated ated by by l and and irrigation , , lagooning , , trickling trickling filt e rs . .

citrus citrus

plant plant

with with

a a

3.9 3.9 acre acre

ec hani ca ll y y a e rat e d d \ ¥ h e r e e this this is is not not practi ca l , , dair y y wastes wastes can can b e e

goons goons •

and and

to to

d ec r e as

e e th

e e

r e

t e

ntion ntion

lin e . e . . A A Florida Florida muni c ipal ipal wast es es in in a a combina t ion ion tr ea tm e nt nt plant. plant.

to to greatly greatly

incr

ease ease

th e e

BOD BOD

loading loading

in in shallow shallow . . la- Dair y y wastes wastes pr e f era bl y y should should b e e tr ea t e d d with with

M e chanical chanical

surface surface

aerators aerators

hav e e mad e e it it possibl

e e c harg e e to to a a wat e rcourse. rcourse. ' ' ·. ·.

conditions

, , r es ults ults

appear appear

to to

b e e

satisfactory

. . a nd nd municipal municipal wastes wastes will will b e e r eq uir e d . . b e fore fore dis-

of of

BOD BOD p e r r ac

e e

p e

r r

da y y

und

e r r

Minn eso ta ta operating operating th a t t at at l eas t t secondary secondary tr e a tm e nt nt of of a ll ll industrial industrial

vVhere vVhere

th e e organic organic

load load has has b ee

n n

l ess ess th a n n 30 30 pounds pounds j e ct ct to to p e riodic riodic r e view view and and revision. revision. is is It It e xpected xpected

cause cause

of of

odor odor

probl

e ms ms and and

unsatisfactor

y · · h· ea tm e nt . . to to e nhanc e e th e e qua lit y y of of th e e water water and and to to b e e sub

Exc

ding ding

th e e

d es

ign ign

load load

r e port

dly

. . has has b ee n n

th e e th e e Int e rior rior or or h e e will will do do so. so. Th e s e e standards standards are are

dair y y

waste, waste,

and and

a a few few

cases cases

for for dair

y y wast e e only. only. forc e m e nt nt which which is is acceptab l e e to to th e e S e cretary cretary of of

e nsiv

e l

y y for for

dom

es tic tic

was

t e, e, co mbin

d d

dom es tic tic and and state state waters waters and and a a plan plan for for impl e m e ntation ntation and and e n

Lagoons Lagoons

with with natural natural

aeration aeration

are are

b e ing ing

us e d d ex are are requir e d d to to e stablish stablish quality quality standards standards on on int e r

polishing polishing

ponds , , sand sand

e ds

, , or or dire

t t disposal disposal

on on l and. and. Under Under th e e Wate r r Quality Quality Act Act of of 1965 1965 th e e Stat es es

a a sludge sludge dig e ster ster or or holding holding tank , , sludg e e l agoons , ,

S uMMA

RY RY

provid e e faciliti es es for for exce ss ss sludge. sludge. Thes e e may may b e e

solids solids in in th e e clarifi e r r e fflu e nt , , it it will will b e e necessary necessary

to to

r e spective

l y. y.

p e rmit rmit th e e dis c harg e e of of cons id e rabl e e suspended suspended

sludg

e e

s uppl e m e ntation ntation if if

e e

r a

tio tio

is is l ess ess

than than

100 100

to to 1 1 to to

, ,

th e e s lud ge ge mass mass in in the the system. system. Un l e ss ss

circumstances circumstances

total total nitrog e n n and and

e ferabl

y y

to to provide provide

nutri

e nt nt

so lubl e e in e rt rt organic organic matt e r r which which t e

nds nds

to to

add add to to

r e lativ e e amounts amounts 5

o f f

BOD

total total

phosphorous, phosphorous, , ,

a nd nd

20 20 C C about about 5 % % of of protoplasm protoplasm is is oxidized oxidized

dail y y

to to

d e sirabl e e for for normal normal

s!udge s!udge

growth growth

to to

detenpine detenpine

th e e

burn burn up up a ll ll of of th e e nev v v protoplasm protoplasm

form

e d d and and

at at

With With wastes wastes from from dair

y y b y -products -products

plants plants

it it is is

Unfortunat e l y, y, e ndog e nous nous respiration respiration

will will

not not

p ea r r to to b e e

promising. promising.

b ee r n e ports ports of of s e vere vere icing icing probl e ms. ms.

in in

\ i Visco nsin nsin and and on e e

plant plant

in in Illinoi

s. s.

e sults sults

transf e r. r. How eve r , , in in sub -

zero zero

weather weather

e r

e e

hav

e e

b as ins ins hav e e b ee n n us e d d

for for

dairy dairy waste waste

at at

one one

plant plant

b e e non-clogging non-clogging and and be be r e asonabl

Y, Y, e ffici

t t in in oxygen oxygen

sota sota D e partm e nt nt of of H

e alth. alth.

Mechanically Mechanically

aerated aerated

popularit y. y. In In non-fr

eez ing ing weather weather

th ey ey

appear appear

to to

oxidation oxidation ditch ditch s e wage wage treatm

e nt nt plant plant

by by th e e

Minne

Mechanical Mechanical surface surface a e rators rators

hav

e e

enjoyed enjoyed

recent recent

Januar y, y, 1965 , , study study of of th e e Gl enwoo d , , Minnesota, Minnesota,

UsE UsE •

O F F ME CHAN IC A L L S u RFA mor CE CE e e AERATORS AERATORS than than 90 % % r e duction duction in in BOD BOD . as as shown shown b y y the the

r a t e e at at t e mperatures mperatures just just above above freezing freezing to to give give a a

results

. .

biological biological ac tivit y y apparently apparently con tinu es es at at a a sufficient sufficient

a nd nd

u s e e th e e

j e ts ts

for for

ai r r on l y y and and claim claim satisfactory satisfactory

- Wh e n n supplied supplied with with adequate adequate air air a nd nd agitation . .

WATER WATER QuALITY QuALITY ACT ACT 353 353 354 ASSOCIATION AFFAIRS

A LETTER FROM STEVE WOLFF COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN REPORTS FEATURE INDIANA SANITARIANS August 22, 1966 ANNUAL MEETING Mr. H . L . Thomasson, A novel idea for the submission of committee re '••I Executive Secretary ports was utilized at the 16th Annual Meeting of the IAMFES Indiana Association of Sanitarians at Indianapolis Shelbyville, Indiana October 4-6, 1966. The chairmen of the eleven standing commi ttees were assembled at the speakers Dear Red : table from which point each gave his report covering During the presentation of Honors and Awards at the highlights of his committee's accomplishments the Annual Banquet, I was asked to receive the Hon of the past year and his plan·s and recommendations orary Life Membership Plaque in the International for future activities. The presentations, made a part Association of Milk, Food and Environmental Sani of the formal program in contrast to the usual report tarians on behalf of Doctor Milton R. Fisher, and to ing from the floor at a business meeting, were re formally present it to him upon my return to St. ceived with much more interest and attention by the Louis. entire audience. , The full program provided a broad coverage of It is my pleasure to report that the E xecutive Com interesting topics ranging from housing and general mittee's request was complied with on Thursday sanitation to food services and food processing, milk evening, 18 August 1966. sanitation, proposed state laws and codes and the I can only report that !vlilt was literally overcome basis for such regulations and the financing of local with surprise and joy. H e is indeed most grateful health departments. A representative of the Public and appreciative of the honor bestowed upon him, Health Service discussed microbiological hazards re and has asked that I specifically extend to the Exe lated to synthetic fillings for pies and p astries. A cutive Committee, and the entire Membership at member of the State University D epartment of Die large, his sincere thanks and best wishes to an: tetics utilized visual aids in presenting a program for the design and layout of a sanitary and efficient food W ith kindest personal regards, I am service. Other highlights included a combined paper and Cordially, "chalk talk" by a State Board of H ealth bureau di Stephen J. \".1olff rector on the philosophy of laws and regulations. Pevely Dairy Company The presentation proved to be most impressive and Saint Louis 4, Mo. thought-provoking. New officers for the coming year are: Karl K. Jones, President; J. Vl . Nix, President-Elect; J. E. Goodpasture, lst Vice-President; Joseph Mcintosh, PARIS BOLES EXPRESSES THANKS 2nd Vice-President; J. R. Collins, Treasurer; and J. The recipient of the 1966 Sanitarian's Distinguished D . Boruff, Secretary. The retiring President is L. C. Service Award, Mr. Paris B. Boles, Senior Sanitarian, Luhmeyer. John M. Schlegel also retires as Secre \Vayne County Health D epartment, . Monticello, Ken tary after having served the Association for a num tucky, expresses his appreciation of the honor in the ber of years. following letter to "Reel" Thomasson, IAt-dFES Exe cutive Secretary:

"It would be impossible for me to try and put in KANSAS SANITARIANS ANNUAL MEETING vvords my sincere thanks to you and the Association The 37th Annual Conference of the Kansas Asso for the wonderful honor bestowed upon me at the ciation of Public Health Sanitarians was held at Man Fifty-third Annual ~vl ee ting in Minneapolis. hattan on October 26-28, 1966 . .. Approximately 100 "I do want to thank you and every member of our members and guests enjoyed an interesting program. Association, the men from industry who donated the F eatured at the meeting was a presentation of money, and las t but not least, the judges. To all of films and slides employed by representatives of three you, thanks." county health departments in furthering their pro-

at at ' Minneapolis. Minneapolis. J. J. Springfield , , Ill .; .; Larry Larry Gordon , , Albuquerque , , N. N. M. ; ;

the the • annual annual m ee tin g g of of th e e International International Association Association Em T. T. ili ili Chanlett, Chanlett, Chapel Chapel , , Hill N . . E. E. E. E. C. ; ; Diddam s , ,

Association Association Secretary , , gave gave an an int erest in g g r ev i ew ew of of B. B. Rus se ll ll Franklin , , Philadelphia , , Pa. , , Tr e asurer ; ;

th e e accomplishments accomplishments of of subcommittees. subcommittees. B en en Luc e, e, m a n ; ; vV. vV. Darold Darold Ta y lor , , Alexandria, Alexandria, Va. , , S ec r e tar y; y;

t m m

e d d th e e meeting meeting of of th e e Committ ee ee last last Jun e e and and man; man; Dr. Dr. A. A. Harr y y Bliss , , B e rk e l ey, ey, Calif. , , Vice Vice Chair

Chairman Chairman of of th e e Farm Farm Me thods thods Committee, Committee, report as as follows: follows: H. H. S . . Adams, Adams, Indian a polis , , Ind ., ., Chair

r eco mm e ndations ndations of of his his Committee. Committee. Ra y y Carson , , Th e e initial initial Board Board of of Dir ec tors tors for for th e e Academy Academy is is

1 vl e thods thods

Committee

, , r ev i ewe d d th e e activities activities and and

ca n n Public Public He a lth lth Association. Association.

l l

.: .:

Dr. Dr.

F. F. W. W.

Crews

, , Chairman Chairman

of of th

e e Laboratory Laboratory

Food Food and and Environmental Environmental Sanitari ans, ans, and and th e e Ameri

Sanitarians , , th e e Int e rnational rnational Association Association of of Milk. Milk. Association. Association.

sanitarians sanitarians

r e pr ese nting nting th e e National National Association Association of of and and e quipm e nt nt suppliers suppliers in in th e e ac tiviti es es of of th e e

of of

several several

yea rs rs of of planning planning b y y a a group group of of prof es sional sional importan ce ce of of cooperation cooperation of of d ai r y y industr y y p eo pl e e

Th e e

tablishm e nt nt of of th e e Academy Academy is is a n n outgrowth outgrowth of of all all int e r es t e p d eo pi e. e. H e e particularl y y stressed stressed th e e

when when it it was was l eg all ma y y x imum imum incorporat success success e d d in in th March e e nd e , , avor avor 1966. 1966. n ee d e d d th e e support support

co rporat e d . . Th e e Academy Academy in in quality quality was was formall of of dair y y y y launch produ e c d d ts , , h e e stated stated that that to to hav e e

soc i e t y y Academy Academy for for Certification Certification Association Association of of Sanit ar ians, ians, was was In o rg a niz ed ed t o o ac hi eve eve improv ement ement

has has b ee n n created created and and is is known known as as th e e American American tion tion Int and and e r its its accomplishments. accomplishments. Pointing Pointing out out th a t t th e e

a a high high d eg r ee ee of of ability, ability, competence competence and and l ea ling dership dership , , Pr es id e nt , , r ev i ewe d d th e e progr ess ess of of th e e Associa

f es sional sional sa nitari a n s s who who h ave ave and and a are are nnual nnual d e monstrating monstrating m ee ting ting on on S e pt em b e r r 13, 13, 1966 , , S y d d Suck

An An

Academy Academy to to give give special special r ecog At At nition nition th e e Washington Washington to to pro Milk Milk Sanitarians Sanitarians Association Association

; ;

TO TO SAN SAN

IT IT A.RIANS A.RIANS WASHINGTON WASHINGTON ASSOCIATION ASSOCIATION MEE.TING MEE.TING

DIPLOMATE DIPLOMATE

RECOGNITION RECOGNITION AVAILABLE AVAILABLE COORDINATION COORDINATION STRESSED STRESSED AT AT

INDUSTRY INDUSTRY AND AND REGULATO , RY RY AGENCY AGENCY

Carroll Carroll Bagley Bagley a nd nd Harold Harold Larson. Larson.

Sturm ; ; S ec r e tar y -Tr ea sur e r, r, B en en Luc e; e; and and Auditors, Auditors,

this this year. year. r: r: yea Pr e sid e nt , , Ro y y Olson ; ; Pr es id e nt nt El ec t , , A . . W . .

r e tir e d. d. No No Sanitarian Sanitarian of of th e e Y e ar ar Award Award was was given given Th e e following following officers officers were were e l ec t e d d for for th e e coming coming

dair y y organization organization in in th e e state. state. Both Both gentlemen gentlemen are are last last summ e r. r.

e ngag

e d d in in procur e m e nt nt a nd nd field field work work for for a a larg e e vvhile vvhile on on a a tour tour following following th e e · world world Dair y y Congress Congress

l Vlr. Vlr.

Guy Guy Duncan , , since since th e e ea rl y y 1930s , , has has been been and and informativ e e talk talk was was bas e d d on on his his observations observations

was was

a n n em plo y y of of th e e Stat e e Board Board of of Agriculture. Agriculture. was was " Dair y ing ing in in Russi a" a" and and hi s s ve r y y interesting interesting

20 20

years years

as as a a fi e ld ld m a n n for for c a r eame r y y and and since since 1942 1942 S a l es es Manager Manager for for For e most most Dairi es, es, Inc . . His His topic topic

two two m e mb e rs. rs. : Mr. Mr. D . . V. V. Van Van Sickl e e has has sp e nt nt some some tion ' s s annual annual m ee ting ting was was Adolph Adolph Rygg , , Northwest Northwest

and and food food

sanitation sanitation in in th s e tat e e we r e e pr ese nt e d d to to Th e e featured featured speaker speaker a t t th e e · washington washington Associa

f o r r long long an d d valuable valuable service service in in th e e interest interest of of milk milk

At At

th e e annual annual a w a rds rds banqu e t t Citations Citations of of Merit Merit right ): ): Roy Roy Ol so n , , A. A. Sturm, Sturm, B , ,Y e n n , , Lu ce ce an d d Adolph Adolph Rygg. Rygg.

l ew ew Offi ce r a s nd nd Speaker Speaker a t t vVashington vVashington m ee tin g g (left (left to to tion tion in in urban urban areas. areas.

analysis, analysis, co unt e r r freezer freezer co ntrols ntrols and and bird bird infesta

ing ing and and h ea ting ting systems, systems, n ew ew m e thods thods of of water water

cluded cluded nursing nursing hom e e standards standards r e lating lating to to plumb

Oth e r r t op ics ics covered covered in in th e e thr ee -da y y progr a m m in

lat e d d in in another another pap er. er.

m e diat e e co nsumption nsumption from from mobil e e units units were were re

co nb·olling nb·olling th e e sale sale of of hot hot a nd nd cold cold foods foods for for im

in in food food proc ess ing ing and and handling. handling. Experiences Experiences in in

two two dis c ussions ussions on on salmonella salmonella probl e ms ms of of concern concern

int e llig e nt , , well-coordinated well-coordinated inspections . . Th e r e e were were

pr r r efe to to b e e inspected inspected and and em ph as iz e d d th e e va lu e e of of

Lodging Lodging Board Board told told how how a a r es taur a nt nt owner owner would would

An An industr y y m e mb e r r of of th e e Stat e e Food Food S erv ic e e and and

c u sse b d y y eac h h of of th e e sanitarians. sanitarians.

as as well well as as photographs photographs of of actual actual con ditions ditions was was dis

and and r e gulations . . Advantages Advantages in in using using this this material material

grams grams of of e duc a tion tion a nd nd enfo rc e m e nt nt of of ordinances ordinances

AssociATION AssociATION AFFAIRS AFFAIRS 355 355 356 AssoCIATION AFF;AmS

William C. Miller, Jr., Bethesda, Md.; A. Faegin Par cates of special knowledge in environmental health for , maintain and from time to time, rish, Decatur, Ga.; Verne C. Reierson, Portland, Ore.; sanitarians to establish alter and amend standards a nd qualifications for the and Edwin L. Ruppert, Dallas, Tex. granting or issuance of, and the retention of such cer The Board of Directors of the Academy is now tificates; to. dete):mine by examination, investi gatiOJt or in a position to begin functioning and to receive, otherwise, the fitn ess of applicants for, and the holders of, such certificates; to prepare, provide and conduct applications. Persons found review and act upon examinations, or to c ontract for same, for the purpose eligible for certification will become Diplomates of of, or in connection with, a d etermination of fitness, .( . the Academy and have voice in its operation. and to determine the results of any s uch examinations; ' ct . investigations as may be The objectives, purposes and functions of the to arrange for and condu deemed n ecessary o r desirable for, or in connection with, Academy are set forth in the articles of incorporation carrying out any of the above acts and to collect and and ru:e as follows: receive from each such applicant or examinee, such fees for application, examination, investigation and determ 1. To improve the practice, elevate the s tandards a nd ad ination of fitness as m ay, from time to time be pre vance the professional functions and ethical standards scribed by the Board of Directors or the bylaws of the of practice of the professional sanitarian in the v arious Corporation. fi elds of environmental health. 2. To grant and issue to qualified sanitarians cettificates In making this announcement, the Directors felt indicating s pecial knowledge, competence a nd pro that its main purpose at this time, should be to alert health. The ficiency in various fi elds of environmental and acquaint sanitarians throughout the country with fi elds in which cettificates may be granted by the Cor , poration are Environmental Sanitation ( General ), Milk the fact that the Academy is now an operating entity and Food Sanitation, Vector and Solid \ <\T aste Control, and is in position to receive and act upon applications. Radiological H ealth, Air Pol lution Control, Industrial A brochure giving more precise detail on qualifica Hygiene, Institutional Sanitation, \Vater Supply and tions, examinations, fees and instructions for making vVaste Disposal, Housing Hygiene, Environmental H ealth application has been prepared, and is available. Administration and such other d efined comprehensive fields as may be determined by two-thirds vote of the Further details including an application form may Board of Directors. be obtained by writing Darold W. Taylor, Secretary 3. To receive and act upon applications for such certifi- AIACS, 2101 Wakefield SL Alexandria, Va. 22308.

WISCONSIN DAI,RY INDUSTRY TOUR ..OF EQUIPMENT.____ MANUFACTURING PLANT _

Representatives of the Wisconsin dairy indusb.-y, equipment fo r the dairy industry. fieldmen and regulatory officials enjoyed an interest After the tour the group was addressed by L. 0 . ing and educational tour of the manufacturing plant .Brictson, Vice President, and Mike Hales and Jack of the Dairy Equipment Company in Madison, Wis Quee, division supervisors, on the scope of operations consin, on October 4, 1966. The company manu of the company and in-plant manufacturing facilities. factures and distributes a comprehensive line of

gove

rnm

e nt nt

officials

, , and and prof ess i ona l l ed ucator s s on on pices pices of of th e e new new RA RA Food Food Service Service Educational Educational

a a • co ntinuing ntinuing

dialogu

e e b etween etween

industr

y, y,

operators

, , Th e e Conference Conference w ill ill b e e conducted conducted under under the the a us

pos e e

of of th

e e NRA NRA

in in this this first first co nf ere n ce ce to to launch launch g r ow in g g industry, industry, Mr. Mr. Rulon Rulon stated. stated.

taur

an t t Association. Association.

Mr. Mr.

Rul on on said , , " It It is is th e e pur types types of of educa tion a l l a nd nd training training programs programs for for the the

b y y

Presid

e nt nt

Watson Watson

. . Rulon Rulon

of of th e e National National Res int o a a o publication publication to to serve serve as as a a guide guide in in planning planning all all

F l eb. eb.

23 23

and and 24, 24, 1966

, , according according

to to an an announcement announcement ceedings ceedings of of th e e t wo wo day day symposium symposium will will b e e dit ed ed

and and

Education Education

Conf

e r

e nc e , , will will

b e e h e ld ld in in Chicago Chicago given given on on Frida y y af t e rnoon rnoon to to th e e main main group. group. Pro

histor

y, y, th

e e

NRA NRA

o d d S e rvi ce ce

Indush

·y ·y Manpow p oses. oses.

er er A A report report from from

eac h h task task force force

p a n e l l

will will b e e

~ ~

• • •

' '

e e

of of

th e e most most

significant significant

Indush·y Indush·y m ee ti tings tings o n n of of in in n ew ew t eac hing hing t ec hniqu es es for for training training pur

to to crea

t c e urri

c ul g a uid es, es, and and th e e possibl a e pplic a SKILL SKILL NEEDS NEEDS CONFERENCE CONFERENCE

and and e duc a tion

, , th e e kind kind of of

t ec hni ca l l help help n ee d e d d NRA NRA SCHEDULES SCHEDULES MANPOWER MANPOWER AND AND

role role of of indush-y indush-y in in its its relationships relationships w ith ith gove rnm en t t

such such pr o bl e ms ms as as r ec ruiting ruiting th e e n ew ew labor labor force , , th e e

th e r e e w ill ill b e e task task force force

panels panels

assigned assigned

t o o

wor

k k on on N.W., N.W., Washington, Washington, D. D. C. C. 2 0005. 0005.

Following Following th e e Thursd

ay ay m

rnin

g g opening opening

sessions

, ,

from from th e e office office of of AAAS, AAAS, 1515 1515

Massachusetts Massachusetts

Ave. Ave.

m ent ent , w tiviti es. es.

D eta il e d d inf o rm a ti on on o n n the the

meeting meeting

is is ava

il a

bl e e

r ec ruihn e nt, nt,

and and other other r e lat ed ed m a npo we d r eve lop films. films.

give give recognition recognition

t o o vocationa

l l guida

n ce

, , personnel personnel

choice choice selection selection of of for e ign ign a nd nd domestic domestic

i e nc

e e

in g g will will b e e em ph

asize d. d.

e e

Conference Conference

will will

a lso lso

tions. tions. A A Sci e n ce ce Th e atr e e will will provid

e e

for for

showing showing

a a

ac tiviti es es "vithin "vithin

th e e

industry industry

throu

g h h on

-th

-job -job

·ain

up up of of displa ys ys from from indu s h ·y ·y a nd nd science science

organiza

i i

in in co ll eges, eges, vocational vocational

schools, schools,

high high

schools, schools,

and and

the the annual annual Exposition Exposition of of Sci e nc e e and and

Industr

y y

mad

e e

able able for for the the indu s

tr y. y.

Courses Courses

d d

other other ac ti

iti

es es

In In addition addition t o o th e e scientific scientific r e port

s s th ere ere

w ill ill b e e

source source development development

program program

that that can can b e e made made av a il of of the the U . . S. S.

organizing, organizing, a nd nd

ac ti va

ting ting eve

r y y type type

of of

hum an an re

and and Human Human Welfare; Welfare; and and Migration Migration to to th

e e Arid Arid Lands Lands

Attention Attention in in th

e e Conference Conference

will will

focus focus

on on

a nning

, ,

Populati o E n x plosion ; ; P es t t Conh

·o

l, l, Public Public

Policy , ,

and and mot e ls. ls.

Constructiv e e L eg islation; islation; Political Political Aspects Aspects

of of th e e

service service organizations

, , r es taurants

, , institutions

, ,

hot e

ls ls

ture; ture; Weather Weather Modification; Modification; Probl e ms ms of of

S ec

uring uring

fi ce rs a , nd nd

p e r so

l l

d d

h ·a ining ining

dir

ec tors tors

of of

food food

Syst e ms

; ; U . . S. S. Policy Policy

on on Food Food and and th e e World's World's

government government

officials, officials, ~raining ~raining

state state of~ of~ vocational vocational

ing ing Man ; ; Dynamics Dynamics of of Indush · ial ial

a nd nd Economic Economic

state state an l d oca r l

taurant taurant

associat

ions ions

e ducator

s s

th e e five-day five-day m ee ting . . Subjects Subjects includ

e: e: Th e e Chang

conducted conducted for for

exec

uti ve ve

secretaries secretaries

a nd nd

officers officers

of of

Some Some 1500 1500 scientific scientific r e ports ports will will b

e e given given

during during

and and manag eme nt nt

p e rsonn e

l. l.

The The

Conference Conference

will will b e e standing standing o f f sci e nc e . .

ing ing and and manpow

e d r

eve lopm

e nt nt amo

ng ng supervisory supervisory

ing ing human human welfare, welfare, and and to to incr ease ease

public public

under

str e ngth e n e d , , bro

a d e n ed ed int

r es t t

in in

e du ca tion

, ,

h·

ain

scientists, scientists, to to mak e e science science mor e e effective effective

in in promot

con ditions ditions in in th

e e

n d u u d n s s

i i tr

y, y,

and and

to to

ncourag

e e

a a

the the work work of of sci e ntists , , to to facilit a t e e coop

e ration ration

among among

the the Conf e r ence ence are are

to to a n

a l yze yze

manpower manpower

h· en

ds ds

and and

ca tion. tion. Th e e four-fold four-fold aim aim of of AAAS AAAS

is is to to

furth

er er

Th e e NRA NRA Pr es id e nt nt

said said

a t t a dditional dditional

goals goals

of of

Sci e nce , , Agricultural Agricultural and and Indush·ial Indush·ial

Sci e

nce nce and and

Edu

th e -job -job training ." ."

G e ography ography to to Engin ee ring , , M M e e d i i d c a a c

l l and and

Social Social

planning planning and and programming

, , a nd nd

tt er er industry industry

matics , , Physics , , Ch e mistry , , Astronom

y, y, G e ology ology

and and

greater greater r esea rch rch

nd nd

e rim

a tion tion

in in

voca

tion a l l

th e e prin ci pal pal fi e lds lds of of sci e n ce ce

ranging ranging

from from

Mathe

tr a ining ining programs programs in in

e e

school

s; s;

e ncourag e m

e nt nt

of of

th e e world . . Organized Organized in in 1848, 1848,

its its

s e

ctions ctions

cover cover all all

n ee ds ; ; id e ntification ntification and and

ecog niti

on on

of of o

utst

a nding nding

gest gest and and most most influ e ntial ntial scientific scientific

organization organization

in in

initions initions o f f quantitative quantitative

a nd nd

qualitative qualitative

manpower manpower

than than 105,000 105,000 individual individual m e mb e

rs , ,

is is

by by

far far the the

lar

hop e e t o o achieve achieve h e ight ene

d d e nthu

i asm; asm; cl ea r

er er d

AAAS, AAAS, an an affiliation affiliation of of 296 296

societies societies

with with more more

a nd nd skill skill needs. needs. Ov

er er th e e

next next

severa

l l

years, years, we we Chang e d d His His Plan e t. " "

gether gether more more effec ti ve

l y y in in

meeting meeting

thos

e e

manpow

e r r

mg, mg, th e e general general th e me me of of which which i s s

" How How

Man Man

h as as

try , , of of government, government,

and and

of of

duc a

tion tion

. can can work work

~tudents ~tudents are are ex p ec ted ted to to attend attend

e e

fiv

e -da

y y

in in th e e future , , so so th a t t

th e e full full r eso

ur ces ces

of of

our our indus

scientists, scientists, doctors , , e ngineers , , ed

ucation ucation

and and

science science

pow e r r a nd nd skill skill n ee ds ds

of of th

e e

indu

h ·y ·y

both both

now now

and and

ington , , D. D. C. , , D ece mb e r r 26-31, 26-31, 1966. 1966.

Som

e e

10 , 000 000

point e d d out, out, "is "is

t o o

id e

ntif

y y

clearly clearly

e e ac

tual tual man

Sci e nc e e will will hold hold its its 133rd 133rd Annual Annual

M ee

ting ting

a t t

Wash

" Th e o e b as i c c bj ec tiv e e of of

this this

e ntir e e Conference," Conference,"

be be

Th e e American American Association Association for for th e e Advanc

e m e nt nt of of

dustry. dustry.

AAAS AAAS

MEE · TS TS

IN IN WASHINGTON, WASHINGTON,

D.C. D.C.

' th e e human human factor' factor' in in the the nation's nation's fourth fourth l a r ges t t in

NEWS NEWS AND AND EVENTS EVENTS 357 357 358 EWS A:!\TD EVENTS

Institute. Persons interested in attending the Con plants are established and prov1s10n is made for ference should contact the Industry Manpower Con sampling and bacterial examination of the finished ference, c/o RA Food Service Educational Institute, product. 465 a re available 1 ational Restaurant Association, 1530 North Lake Copies of tl1is PHS Bulletin No. 1 f. Shore Drive, Chicago, Ill. 60610. at 15 cents each from the Superintendent of Doci.l- , ments, U. S. Government Printing Office, ·washington, D . C. 20402.

UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND ANNOUNCES SHORT COURSES AND CONFERENCES ICE CREAM SHORT COURSE AT PENN STATE The 1966-67 schedule of short courses and con ferences on dairy technology has been completed b y The annual Ice Cream Short Course of The Penn the Department of Dairy Science, University of Mary sylvania State University will be held January 9 to land. All meetings will be held at the University at 20, 1967. Included in the instruction will be: Indus College Park. try trends, composition of milk, testing foi: fat and The schedule is as follows: 22nd Annual Dairy acidity, composition of ice cream, ingredients, pro Technology Conference, ovember 2, 1966; Ice Cream cessing th e mix, acidity standardization, freezing the Short Course, January 23 through February 1, 1967; mix, hardening ice cream, refrigeration, ice cream Ice Cream Conference, February 2, 1967; and Cot fl avors, stabilizers a nd emulsifiers, sherbets, ices, , tage Cheese and Cultured Milk Products Symposium, ice milk, defects, judging ice cream, bacteriology, ice March 8, 1967. cream mix concentrates, cleaning dairy equipment, More specific information on the meetings may be soft ice c ream, and fancy ice cream. obtained from Professor Vv. S. Arbuckle, Department Approximately 12 hours will be devoted to com of D airy Science, University of Maryland, College prehensive coverage of the principles involved in Park. calculating ice cream mixes. Fourteen hours of lab oratory practice will be given in the testing, process ing, and freezing of ice cream mix. More than 30 different ice cream formulas will be used in evalu g the effects of variations in fat, serum solids, PHS BOOKLET ON SINGLE SERVICE atin sweetener, stabilizer, emulsifier, and flavoring on the MILK CONTAINERS AND CLOSURES texture, body, and flavor of frozen desserts. In the form of a Guide for Sanitation Standards Further information can be secured from the Di the Public Health Service, Milk and Food Branch rector of Short Courses, Room 208 Armsby Building, has issued a new publication entitled "Fabrication The Pennsylvania State University, University Park of Single Service Containers and Closures for Milk 16802. and Milk Products." Paper single service containers a nd closures manu factured under industry-applied conh·ols in sanitary rials have been condition and free from toxic mate SOUTH DAKOTA STATE TEAM ,indush·y for many years. Con in use in the dairy WINS DAIRY PRODUCTS JUDGING tainer suppliers in recent years, however, have intro duced many new materials, equipment and design The tl1ree-man judging team from South D akota concepts. This new Guide for Sanitation Standards State University claimed top honors in the 32nd Col undertakes to evaluate basic manufachuing and legiate Students International Contest in Judging handling techniques and establish sanitation criteria Dairy Products at the 1966 Dairy and Food Exposi which will assure that single service containers and tion at Atlantic City. The contest is sponsored joint closures will continue to be safe and in compliance ly by th e Dairy and Food Industries Supply Associa with the Grade "A" Pasteurized Milk Ordinance - tion and the American Dairy Science Association. The winners received the All Products Bowl a 1965 recommendations of USPHS. ' The requirements of the standards apply to a ll $2,500 fellowship, the Cottage Cheese Cup, four blank fabricators, closure manufacturers, plastic lam plaques for second and third place standings in the inators and similar plants and also to the installation product catego_ry contests and several top individual and maintenance of equipment used in compounding awards to team m embers. Second ranking team . in materials for the fabrication, production, handling All Products judging hailed from the University of and storage of the containers and closures. Sanitation Minnesota and the team was awarded a $2,350 fel standards for the physical condition of the fabricating lowship and a plaque.

pt. pt.

220 220 E. E.

42nd 42nd

St. , , ew ew York , , N . . 10017. 10017. Y. Y. Council Council approved approved tr a nsf e r r of of it s s office office to to Washington. Washington.

national national •

Pap e r r

Co., Co.,

Product Product

Promotion Promotion

Publicit & & y y tinu e e as as S ec r e t a ry , , th e e Board Board of of Dir ec tors tors of of the the

ava

ilability ilability

y y

b e e

obtained obtained

y y writing writing th e e Int e r ington. ington. Inasmuch Inasmuch as as Dr. Dr. Flak e e was was available available to to con

basis. basis.

Further Further

information information

on on

th e e film film and and its its of of yea r s, s, relocat e d d its its office office from from Chicago Chicago to to \i\ T ash

~he ~he

film film

i s s

ava

ilabl

e e without without

h arge arge

on on a a loan loan whom whom Dr . . Flak e e has has be e n n e mp l oyed oyed for for a a numb e r r

Counci

l , , when when th e e Evaporat e d d Milk Milk Association, Association, with with a a b e tt e p r ac ka ge ge of of milk. milk.

e e

dquart

e rs rs of of

John John C. C. Flak

e, e,

S ec

r e tar y y to to th e e will will pr o du ce ce a a b e tt e r r pa kagin c g g operation operation a nd nd thu s s

e e occasion occasion

for for

e e

mo ve ve was was the the

transfer transfer

of of •• •• that that ) ) is is

built built into into both both milk milk and and th e e milk milk container container

I I

th eo r y y th a t t a a b e tt e r r understanding understanding of of th e e qualit y y

St. St. N

. W

. .

objective objective

e ff

rt rt to to improv e e milk milk pa kaging kaging c on on th e e

ington

, ,

D. D.

C. C.

e e

n ew ew

address address

is is

910 910

S eve

ee nth nth

r a e

r e e

no no

mm e rcials rcials in in th e e pi c tur e. e. It It is is an an

m e rl a y t t Hinsdal e, e, Illinois, Illinois, has has b ee n n mov e d d to to Wash

Th o e ffice ffice at at of of th e e th fill a e e r. r. tional tional Mastitis Mastitis Council, Council, for

ton ton manufactur er er when when th e e first first t wo wo

programs programs

e rg e e

H E A DQ UAR TER S S MOVED MOVED

involvin

g g both both

th e e milk milk

plant plant

operator operator

and and th e e car

NATI O NAL NAL

MASTITIS MASTITIS

COUN C IL IL

milk milk cartons cartons and and th e e joint joint quality quality control control program program

control control program program invo l ved ved in in producin g g single single service service

milk , , th e e l esse r r kn ow n n but but eq u a ll y y exac tin g g quality quality

control control e ffort ffort d evo t e d d to to produ c ing ing and and proc e ssing ssing

milk. milk. Th e e thr ee ee progr a ms ms are are th e e familiar familiar qualit y y

i i involv e d d in in th e e production production of of a a finish e d d package package of of

Bab e l , , Purdu e e Univers i t y. y. a r e e th e e thr ee ee great great qualit y y co ntrol ntrol programs programs that that are are

Culture Culture

H a nd l ing - Sanitation Sanitation Relationships Relationships J. J. b F. F. y y Th e e th e m e e of of th e e pi c ture ture and and th e e basis basis f o r r its its titl e e

Christens e n , , Mayflower Mayflower

Farms

, ,

Port

l and

, , Ore. Ore. and and

ning ning

tim e e of of 28 28 minut es . .

U j) j) a a Plant Plant S a nitation nitation

Control Control

Program Program

y y

L. L. C. C.

p a n y . . It It i s s in in co lor lor with with sound , , 16 16 mm , , with with

run

Moseley, Moseley, Mos e l

ey ey Laboratori

es, es,

Indianapolis

; ;

S e tting tting

has has

b ee r n e l ease

d d

by by

th e e Int e rnational rnational Pap e r r Com

Practi • ces ces and and

S f S h h

e e l l Lif

e e

of of

Products Products

by by

v V. V.

K. K.

A A n ew ew film film e ntitl e d d "M ilk ilk in in Thr ee ee Din1 e nsions

" "

University; University; Th e e R e lationship lationship B e tw ee n n Sanitation Sanitation

Role Role in in P l ant ant Sanitation Sanitation J. J. b y y B. B. Liska , , Purdu "MI e e LK LK IN IN TH R EE EE D IMENS IO N S" S"

Indian a a Stat e e Board Board of of H ea lth ; ; Hous e k ee ping-Its ping-Its

Must Must Fac e e in in \Vast e e Disposal Disposal b y y Samu e l l Moor L. L. e, e,

Wilkes, Wilkes, \ V R. R. . . Grac e e Co., Co., Chicago ; ; Limitations Limitations W e e

discussions discussions on on \ iVa t e r r Treatm e nt nt es es Practic J. J. by by Fr e d d

Th e e D a ir y y Plant Plant Sanitation Sanitation Conf e rence rence featured featured

jud ges. ges.

Y ou ou Ha ve, ve, l ed ed b y y Purdu e's e's Dair y y Extension Extension group. group.

co mpar

d d

against against

s e tand

a rds rds

set set

b y y prof

e ssional ssional

pan e l l dis c ussion ussion on on G e tting tting the the Most Most Out Out of of 'What 'What

odor

, ,

tou

c h h

and and

tast e. e.

Stud

e nts

' '

r a tings tings

are are th en en

b y y L a V e rn e e Tiffan y, y, Div e rs ey ey Corp , , Chicago, Chicago, and and a a

judging judging

five five

dairy dairy

products products according according

to to

appearance, appearance, sity; sity; Modern Modern F a rm rm Equipment Equipment Cl ea ning ning Practices Practices

and and Canada Canada

to to

n t er er

student student

t ea

ms ms to to compete compete

in in duction duction in in Indiana Indiana b E. E. y y E. E. Carson , , Purdue Purdue Univer

l eges eges

a nd nd

univ e rsities rsities

throughout throughout

e e

United United

Stat

es es Illinois ; ; An An Outlook Outlook For For and and R ev i ew ew Of Of Dair y y Pro

Th e e Contest Contest

i s s an an

annua

l l e

v e nt nt which which

in v it e s s co l Enterprise Enterprise Farming Farming by by F. F. M. M. Sims , , University University of of

ve rsit y; y; Economic Economic Importanc e e of of Dairying Dairying in in Multi Cop . .

Production Production

F ac ili t y y

b y y

M. M.

Dillon

\ iV. iV.

, ,

Purdu

e e Uni

sity sity of of Connecticut Connecticut took took hom e e th e e Ch e ddar ddar Ch eese eese

M ay flow

r r Farms, Farms,

Port l and, and,

e; e;

Planning Planning

the the

Ideal Ideal Ohio Ohio Stat e e University. University. Th e e t ea m m from from th e e Univer

J\ 1 I a jor jor

Components Components

in in

Milk Milk

b y y L. L.

C . .

Christensen

, , see see t ea m m a nd nd th e e Butt er er cup cup went went o th to e e t ea m m from from

p e rs rs on on

Alternate Alternate

Methods Methods

of of

Accounting Accounting

for for

the the

Cr e am am Cup Cup was was award e d d to to th e e University University of of Tenn e s

Th e e

D a ir

y y

e ldm

n 's 's

Conf

e r e nc

e e

included

, ,

won won th c e up up t wice wice b efo r e, e, it it was was r e tir e d . . Th e e Ic e e

University University

of of Minnesota Minnesota

t ea m . . Sin ce ce Minn eso ta ta had had ation ation with with th e e Indiana Indiana Dair y y Products Products Association. Association.

e e Milk Milk

Cup Cup

for for milk milk judging judging was was won won b y y th e e Th e e co nf e r e n ces ces are are sponsored sponsored a nnuall y y in in cooper

Plan t t S a nitation nitation

Conf

e r e nc e e

on on

November November 16, 16, 1966 . . es es an d d other other priz es. es.

f e r e nc e e was was

h e ld ld on on

November November

15 15

and and the the Dair

y y

gories gories and and outstanding outstanding individuals individuals also also receive receive

watch

a • t t Purdu e e University. University.

Th e e

Dair

y y

e ldm

e n's n's

Con

a r e e mad e e to to th e e top top t ea m m in in the the five five product product

cate

Tv vo vo on e -da y y me e

tings tings

for for dairymen dairymen

were were

held held

dar dar cheese. cheese. In In addition , , awards awards in in th e e form form of of cup s s

t es t t milk , , ice ice cream, cream, cottage cottage C cheese, cheese, O N F E REN butt C e r r ES ES and and AT AT ched PURDUE PURDUE

Th e e All All Products Products judging judging F I rat ELD es es M over-all over-all EN 'S 'S AND AND ability ability PLANT PLANT t o o SANITATION SANITATION

EWS EWS AND AND EVENTS EVENTS 359 359 - 360 NEWs AND EVENTs

DYE BINDING TEST FOR MILK PROTEIN STATE Am The dye binding test for milk protein devised by Five states joined the battle against water pollution by pro viding tax exemptions, approving state grants, or strengthen Dr. Doyle C. Udy, Boulder, Colorado, has been sub ing state guarantees for local water control bond issues, said mitted to the Association of Official Analytical Chem the CCH summary. ~ ists for possible adoption as an official, first action For example, Rhode Island has exempted from state taxation test. This is the first method for milk protein sub all real and tangible personal property acquired to abate or mitted that does not utilize the laborious Kjeldahl control water pollution in the state, and Georgia has granted procedure. The method was tested extensively by a sales tax exemption for sewage control projects. That state several Western Milk Market Administrators. They has also approved state grants for pollution control projects regardless of whether the project is also receiving federal circulated 39 samples to seven laboratories and com assistance. pared results. Variations in test results on the same · Massachusetts has authorized its Department of Natmal sample were less with the dye binding method than Resources to spend $150 million for financial aid to cities and with the Kjeldahl method. towns in the fight against water pollution. New Han1pshire The test is based on the ability of a dye. Acid has boosted to a total of $35 million its guarantee on bonds Orange 12, to complex with proteins in acid solution. issued by mtmicipalities for the construction of sewage and The complex can be filtered out, so that the amount waste treah11 ent plants. of dye remaining can be used as an inverse measm e Among major provisions of a new vVisconsin water law are: up to $6 million in interest-free loans will be made to of the protein content of the sample. A small amount municipalities for installation of sewage treabnent works; tax of milk is mixed with an acid solution of the dye, the incentives are provided corporations and individuals allowing , complex filtered out, and the excess dye remaining them to write off expenses of treah11ent fa cilities; and money is measured in a spectrophotometer. The only special now available for pollution treahnent at the state level is equipment required is the spectrophotometer and a now doubled. short path cuvette. A set-up costs several hundred dollars, but can be used for years. The test is very \ •VATER CoMPACTS rapid, requiJ:ing only a few minutes per sample. Three states have ah·eady completed legislative action on Possible uses for the new test are in breed improve the multistate water compact front, the CCH stm1m ary re lated. These actions are in addition to nwnerous existing ment programs, for protein or solids accounting in compacts. Kansas ratified the proposed Arkansas River Basin dairy plants, and perhaps even as a basis for pay compact with Oklahoma. Maryland has asked New York inent. The A.O.A.C. action should be known this and Pennsylvania to refrain from tmilateral decisions diverting fall. SiJnilar procedmes have been developed for water from the Susquehanna River Basin pending creation use with other high protein foods, and may be sub of the Tri-State Compact to manage these water resources. Also, New York has approved fonnation of a compact be mitted to the A.O.A.C. in the futme. tween itself and Vem1ont to develop the Lake Champlain Basin. And, now awaiting the President's signature is a bill which would allow New Jersey and New York to proceed STATE LEGISLATIVE ACTION FOR with preservation and 1·estoration of Hudson River Valley PROTECTION OF WATE,R RESOURCES waters through the framework of a Hudson Ri ver Basin com pact. The Commerce Clearing House News Bmeau of Chicago,

Illinois, has released an interesting summary of current legis MISCELLANEOUS LAWS lation in the various states for the protection of water re som ces and prevention of water pollution. Ahnost half the Alaska now requires all contractors to notify the state Fish states so far this year have enacted new laws ranging from and Game Conimission of any construction project which protection of spawning fish in Alaska to tax breaks for treat could cause damage by pollution to the migration ground of ment facihties in \Visconsin. fi sh coming from the sea to spawn in state waters. Five states took action to establish or revise state agencies Hawaii has authorized a study of the merits of planting concerned with water resom·ces and pollution prevention. trees to ease the annual drought problems facing the state's Colorado has established a new \Vater Pollution Control Com agricultural industry. Mississippi has labeled a misdemeanor mission; D elaware has set up a \Va ter and Air Resources Com the cutting of logs in excess of six inches in diam eter which mission; Kentucky has created a \Vater Resomce Authority are placed in a running stream so as to impede the water and revamped its \ !\Tat er Pollution Control Commission; Mis flow, according to the CCH smnmary. sissippi has formed a state Air and Water Pollution Control Other states completing legislative action on the water law Commission; and Rhode I ~ l a nd has establish ed a permanent front so far this year include California, Louisiana, Michigan, seven-man legislative co~1m itt ee to consult with lqcal auth New Jersey, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, orities on water problems. Vemwnt and Virginia. Their laws generally consist of mles Every state as well as the District of Coltm1bia, Guam, imd regulations covering cesspools, sewage districts, water Puerto Rico and the_ Virgin Islands has at least one agency storage facilities, flood control districts, industrial wastes dealing with problems of water resources, control, and pollu abatement, watershed preservation, and qualifications for tion. federal aid.

Oth er er e quipm e nt, nt,

offering offering refinements refinements of of processing processing Th e e meth- Kendall Kendall Co. Co. ------362 362

induced induced flavor flavor probl ems ems which which llinited llinited consumer consumer acceptance. acceptance.

coo l ed ed state state in in a a f ew ew seconds, seconds, thus thus e lli11in ating ating form er er heat heat

e e

Hayn es es Mfg. Mfg. Co. Co. ______involv e e r e turnin g g _ food food ______from from I I s t e rili za tion tion t empe ratur es es to to a a

featming featming complete complete food food ster ili z in g g sys t e ms . . Th ese ese sys tem s s

P en n sa lt lt Chemicals Chemicals as as n l ilk . . On On Corp. Corp. di sp la ______y y were were Insid many many e e items items Back Back of of Cover Cover new new equipment equipment

long-di sta n ce, ce, e non-r frig e r a t e d d shipment shipment of of p er ish a bl es es such such

world world food food s hottag e e i s s

ste rili za tion tion

w hi ch ch

makes makes

possible possible

the the

IAMFES , , Inc. Inc. ______

, ,

362, 362,

, , VI VI

Another Another process process

receivli1g receivli1g a a lot lot of of attention attention these these ill ill days days " " of of

) )

c arry . .

I I

Difco Difco Laboratori es es ______

______

____

______

II II

pos a bl e e and and the the h a ndl e e makes makes it it easy easy for for the the hou sewife sewife to to

tains tains li1 li1 h e r r ef ri ge rator. rator. The The paper-and-plastic paper-and-plastic

ba g g is is dis

Chamberlain Chamberlain

Engin

ring ring Corp. Corp.

__ __ Inside Inside Front Front Cover Cover in in turn, turn, goes goes into into a a p l as ti c c k ee p e r r which which th e e housewife housewife r e

of of a a moisture-repellent moisture-repellent paper paper bag bag wi th th a a self-handle. self-handle. This This

plasti

c c bag bag

with with a a dispensing dispensing

spo ut. ut.

This This

pl as tic tic bag bag is is insid e e

Babson Babson Bros . , , Co. Co. ______Back Back Cov e r r

quart quart ca pacity pacity sli1gle-trip sli1gle-trip milk milk conta iner s s utili z ing ing a a 2-ply 2-ply

a lso lso been been

improved. improved.

On On

exh ibit ibit

were were six, six,

e i g ht, ht, and and ten ten

Advanced Advanced

Insh·um e nts , , Inc. Inc. ______

______

IV IV

Hom e e milk milk clispensers, clispensers, a a development development of of recent recent years, years, hav e e

a pp ea l l of of th ese ese food food con tain e r s. s.

van tag

es es of of " tabl e -r eaclmess", eaclmess", durability, durability, and and merchandismg merchandismg INDEX INDEX TO TO ADVERTISERS ADVERTISERS

ex hibit e d d in in profusion. profusion. Exhibitors Exhibitors made made much much of of tlle tlle ad

of of p l astic astic tubs, tubs, c mton s, s, bottles, bottles, and and other other containers containers were were

Mat er ials ials and and machillery machillery to to fabricate fabricate a a tremendous tremendous variety variety

i duct duct to to another another and and to to provid s e tron g g brand brand id e ntification . .

only only one one m a n n to to c h ange ange quickly quickly from from one one package package

and and pro-

tributin g. g.

produ

c t

s. s.

It It i

s s possible possible

with with such such eq uipm ent ent operated operated

b y y

food food processing, processing,

packaging

, ,

handlin

g, g,

sani ti

z ing ing

and and

machine machine

form

s , , fills, fills,

se als als and and pa ca kag es es a a wide wide variety variety

of of

n ew ew or or which which

demonstrat

e d d a a fr es

h h approach approach

to to dairy dairy

and and

limit

e d d

to to

containers containers

for for fluid fluid pwducts . . On e e multi-pmpos

e e

and and

a ppli ca tion s s there there were were

it e ms ms that that

were were e ith

e r r co mpletely mpletely

Advances Advances

in in

plastic plastic design, design, handlin g g and and us e e

are are not not

every every category category of of m ac hin e ry, ry, supplies, supplies, materials, materials, processes processes

half -

gal

l on on

cont ain

ers . .

in in abundance abundance at at tl1 e e Dau·y Dau·y and and Food Food Exposition. Exposition. In In virtually virtually

ming, ming, •

silk-screen silk-screen

decorating, decorating,

filling, filling,

ppin

g g and and lab e lin g g In In sru11mary, sru11mary, limovation s s and and r efineme nt s s were were on on display display

feeding feeding

of of

a a polyethylene polyethylene

pellet pellet

and and con tinu es es tllrou g h h trlin t e mp e ratru· e e to to th e e d es u ·e d d l eve l. l.

containers. containers.

e e completely completely

automatic automatic

system system

s tarts tarts

with with tll e e passed, passed, CO . . is is spray e d d tlll'oughout tlll'oughout tll e e int er ior ior e low ring ring tl1e tl1e

matic, matic,

in-plant in-plant

blow-molding blow-molding

of of

polyetl1ylene polyetl1ylene

plastic plastic milk milk

by by th e e us e e of of liquifi ed ed gases. gases. ·w h e n n a a certali1 certali1 temperatru·e temperatru·e is is

Also Also

on on

displ

ay ay

were were

refin

eme nts nts

ill ill

equipment equipment

for for auto A A n ew ew device device in in r e frig e rat e d d tru c k s s maintain s s t em p e ratur es es

ing ing bottle bottle

without without

s lowing lowing

down down

tl1 e e filling filling pl'Oces s s . . i s s an an automatic automatic washer washer for for bulk bulk milk milk coolers. coolers.

d e t ec

t s s volatile volatile

organic organic

con taminants taminants

and and

es troys troys the the offend washer washer cl eans eans raih·oad raih·oad food food t an k k cars. cars. Anotl1er Anotl1er new new machine machine

gallon gallon

milk milk

bottle

s. s.

A A

d ev i ce ce

i s s built built

into into

such such sys t ems ems which which in in washing washing c he ese ese hoops , , m ea t t pans pans e tc. tc. A A n ew ew mammotll mammotll

plete plete

sys tem tem

was was s hown hown

fOl' fOl'

the the

u se se of of

r e turnabl

e e plastic plastic · · for for was hin g g laboratory laboratory animal animal cages, cages, also also adaptable adaptable for for use . .

of of

th e e

x po

s ition's ition's

domli1ant domli1ant

features. features.

For For

exam pl e, e, a a com impl eme nt s, s, utili z in g a a g j et et s pr ay ay technique, technique, and and machilles machilles

TI1

e e

tr e nd nd

toward toward

the the

se se of of plastic plastic

con t a in

ers ers was was one one in g g eq uipm en t t includ e d d unit s s for for fragile fragile laboratory laboratory glass glass

obvious obvious

this this

year. year.

a a variety variety of of s i zes, zes, Other Other innovation s s in in th e e category category of of wash

c hang

e e

th e e

Show's Show's in in

scope scope

two two years years

ago ago were were in c r eas in g ly ly g la ss ss bottl es es of of th e e type type u se d d for for wine wine which which can can accommodate accommodate

r e lationship lationship

nd nd

r ec ipro ca

l l applications applications

which which

di c tat e d d tll e e e t c. c. There There was was also also equ ipment ipment for for rin sing sing single single service service

voted voted to to

botl1 botl1

th e e dairy dairy

and and

food food

industries, industries,

and and tl1 e e illt e r for for commercially commercially sterile sterile produ c t s s such such as as orange orange jui ce, ce, syrups, syrups,

City City

c t. t.

23-28, 23-28,

1966. 1966.

This This was was

e e second second Exposition Exposition

de pl e t e l y y enclose d d sys t em em of of tunnel tunnel washing washing of of containers containers used used

play play

at at

the the

Dail-y Dail-y

a nd nd Food Food

Industrial Industrial

Exposition Exposition

ill ill Atlantic Atlantic we r e e on on v i ew ew a t t th e e Exposition. Exposition. On e e such such unit unit is is a a com

new new

produ

c t

s, s, n

ew ew

pro cesses, cesses,

nd nd n ew ew

application

o s n n dis Some Some impr ess i ve ve n ew ew d e partur es es in in , . washing washing eq uipment uipment

from from r ea pp ea rin g -th ese ese were were a a few few of of th e e multiplicity multiplicity of of cleaning. cleaning.

e mov

es es

oxide-like oxide-like

stains stains

from from

s t a inl ess ess

steel steel a nd nd

k ee p s s th e m m cess in g g of of up up to to 38,COO 38,COO l bs. bs. per per day day without without shutdown shutdown for for

in in box box

hom

e e disp

e n

se r ; ;

a a r evo

lutionar

y y

cleaning cleaning pro cess cess that that clu ce d d were were clarifiers clarifiers of of wa rm rm or or co ld ld milk milk p em1 itting itting pro

c t t every every

hom ; ; a a co mpl

ete ly ly n ew ew

app roa

ch ch to to the the bag was was ex hibit e d d with with clean-in-place clean-in-place capability. capability. Also Also illtro

a a

vertical vertical

sp r ay ay dry

e r r

capable capable

of of

processing processing 1 ,5 00 00 lbs. lbs. of of For For th e e first first tim e e at at th e e Exposition Exposition a a wam1 wam1 milk milk separator separator

inated inated

pla

tic tic

bottles bottles b e for e e filling; filling; a a 50-foot 50-foot high high model model of of hoop s, s, mold s s or or l a rg e e containers. containers.

An An

ge nious nious

"snif

t er" er" that that

d e

t s s and and

rejects rejects con tam unlo ad ad a utom a tical l y y li1to li1to a a conveyo r r which which takes takes c h eese eese to to

Thi s s

i s s automated automated

eq uipm e nt nt li1cluding li1cluding

fillishing fillishing vats vats which which AT AT 19 66 66 DAJ , RY RY AND AND FOOD FOOD SHOW SHOW

of of h a ndling ndling up up to to 35, 000 000 or or 40,000 40,000 lbs lbs of of milk milk per per

batch

. .

W W I

DEAS DEAS

FEATURED FEATURED

cess in g g more more product product at at one one tim e. e. TI1ere TI1ere were were units units capable capable

that that a ttention ttention had had b ee n n g iven iven to to d evis ing ing means means for for pro

In In cheese cheese processing processing eq uipm en t t on on display display it it was was obvious obvious

co •

nstru

tion tion across across th e e nation, nation, th e e CCH CCH s tmlmar y y sa id . . opera tin g g hot hot sepa rator rator for for coo lli1 g g and and storage. storage.

other other

things

s , harpl y y boo st st fund s s for for sewage sewage tr ea tm and and ent ent coo works works l e r s s to to cool cool hot hot cream cream directly directly from from a a co ntinously ntinously

Federal Federal

\Vat e

r r Pollution Pollution

Control Control

Act Act which which would, would, among among to to co ntrol ntrol th e e dir ec tion tion of of pwduct pwduct flow flow durmg durmg past e mization ; ;

ow ow

pending pending

in in Congress Congress are are

major major amendments amendments to to th e e requiring requiring cons t a nt nt product product pr ess ur e; e; flow-diversion flow-diversion valves valves

Federal Federal

activity activity

on on

th e e water water l aw aw

SC!i)le SC!i)le also also con tinu es. es. ods, ods, includ e d d pressure pressure co ntwllers ntwllers for for us e e ill ill food food operations operations

NEWS NEWS Ai'I D D EVENTS EVENTS 361 361 362 CLASSIFIED ADS

REGISTERED PROFESSIONAL SANITARIAN AVAILABLE Chief sanitarian in Northern, Indiana full-time county health department. 19 years experience in, food and environmental sanitation. 1964 State Board of Health sanitation compliance rating of 83.8 percent in food-serv ice sanitation program. Milk sanitation rating of 90 per· cent in 1966. Environmental sanitation work includes experience in individual water supply and sewage dis posal, solid waste disposal, mobile home court and motel sanitation, stream and lake surveys, air pollution pilot studies, and public health complaints. Box 437, Shelby ville, lrdiana. KenDALL NON-GAUZE POSITIONS AVAILABLE MILK FILTERS

SANITARIAN-For general city work - experience pre· ferred - B.S. degree or equivalent - preferably certi· Stop More fied or certified eligible in Indiana - salary $6640 per , year - Retirement, Vacation, Sick Leave Benefits - Sediment Equal Opportunity Employer- Contact P. J. Rosenbloom, M.D., Health Commissioner, Gary Indiana - Telephone KENDALL's laboratory 1-219-883-9611 . created fabric traps the fine sediment that passes through FOR SALE coarser fi lters ... has the strength to handle even large Single Service milk sample tubes. For further in formation and a catalogue please write, Dairy Technology, volumes of milk. These non Inc., P.O. Box 101, Eugene, Oregon. gauze filters are consistently even, with no thick spots to clog, no weak spots to tear. Classified Ad Rates 10c Per Worri-Minimum 1.00. And they save dairymen up to 25 % in filter costs on disks, socks, rolls, squares, tubes, or strips. Reprint of Fourteen-Year Annual Index

Journal Of Milk And F10od Technology

VOLUMES 15 ( 1952 ) THROUGH 28 (1965) KenDALL.

Price- $2.50 THE KENDALL COMPANY FIBER PRODUCTS DIVISION eOUND IN DURA-PRONG BINDER WALPOLE, MASSACHUSETTS ADDITIONAL 5 YEAR SERVICE- 52.50 Makers of KENDALL Ca lf Scours Tab lets, KENDALL Udd er Cream, and Write: IAMFES, Inc. KENDALL Animal First Aid Spray Box 437, Shelbyville, Ind.

v v

ACTUAL ACTUAL SIZE SIZE

Box Box 437, 437, Shelbyville, Shelbyville, Indiana Indiana 46176 46176

Sanitarian, Sanitarian, Inc. Inc.

Milk, Milk, Food Food and and Environmental Environmental

International International Association Association of of

Lapel Lapel Pin Pin -$2.00 -$2.00 = = $ ------

No. No. ______Combination Combination Tie Tie Tac Tac & &

No. No. ______Lapel Lapel Buttons@ Buttons@ $1.00 $1.00 each=$ ------

No. No. ______3 3 1 / 4" 4" Decals@ Decals@ 25c 25c each = $ ------

Letter Letter " S " " - White White ...... Lettering Lettering - Blue Blue

Convolution Convolution - Blu e e .. . . .

Circle Circle Bar Bar

& & ...... Field Field - Blue Blue NOW NOW AVAILABLE AVAILABLE

Tie Tie T T ac ac and and Lapel Lapel Pin Pin and and Decals Decals

• • Attractive Attractive Membership Membership Lapel Lapel Button Button Combination Combination

NOTICE NOTICE

IAMFES, IAMFES,

Inc., Inc., P.O. P.O. Box Box 437, 437, Shelbyville, Shelbyville, Ind. Ind.

JOURNALS JOURNALS EASILY EASILY INSERTED INSERTED AS AS PUBLISHED. PUBLISHED.

HAS HAS INDEX INDEX

SLOT SLOT

ON ON BACK BACK EDGE EDGE - BINDER BINDER MADE MADE OF OF BLACK BLACK PLASTIC. PLASTIC.

3 3

Binder-$3.25 Binder-$3.25

ea. ea. Postpaid Postpaid (Shipping (Shipping Weight-! Weight-! lb. lb. 10 . . oz . . each) each)

F.O.B. F.O.B.

Shelbyville, Shelbyville, Indiana Indiana

2 2 Binder-$3.50 Binder-$3.50 ea . . Postpaid Postpaid

4 4 or or more-$3.00 more-$3.00

ea . .

1 1 Bi . nder-$3.75 nder-$3.75 Postpaid Postpaid

pecially pecially designed designed binder. binder.

and and Food Food Technology Technology intact intact in in this this new new es

Keep Keep each each volume volume of of your your Journal Journal of of Milk Milk

SPECIAL SPECIAL JOURNAL JOURNAL BINDER BINDER AVAILABLE AVAILABLE Your Dealer NOW Has

MORE To OFFER i •I •

NOW . . . start looking to your Surge Dealer for more of the things needed to do a better, easier and more successful job of dairying. All are genuine SURGE high quality products designed for the dairyman . .. with Quality you can count on ... and SERVICE you can depend on . • There are SURGE BUCKET AND PIPE LINE MILKING SYSTEMS to help you get MORE milk, FASTER . .. and are easier and safer on your cows. Your Surge Dealer will be glad to figure a Surge System to fit YOUR barn or milking parlor ... and your , pocketbook . • The NEW SURGE WATER CONDITIONER makes old-fashioned wa ter softeners out of date. Large or small single units especially for dairy farm (and home) use, that FILTER, REFINE and SOFTEN your water for better and less costly cleaning and sanitizing. The ONLY. farm Water Conditioner with automati lights that tell you when to add salt or when service is required. • Be SURE your pump has enough vacuum capacity to give your cows the best milking possible. Call your SURGE Dealer for a FREE LEVO GRAPH TEST to see for yourself. • He has a choice of SURGE ALAMO VACUUM PUMPS in three husky, dependable sizes . . . with a FILTERED air system for more years of trouble-free service. • Every Dairyman can use a SURGE WATER GUN for really knocking the dirt out of holding and milking areas and cleaning barn equipment. A real help washing bulk tanks! . You can also get a complete line of SURGE SANITATION PRODUCTS (with S&H Green Stamps, tool formulated to meet the exact water condition determined by a FREE WATER TEST of your individual water supply. • These, and every other SURGE Product your Dealer has to sell, are all backed by GENUINE SURGE SERVICE ... th_at we GUARANTEE to your satisfac- ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• tion . • See YOUR SURGE Dealer . .. Soon! : BABSON BROS. CO . Dept. 68D : • Please send me Details on the Surge Equipment 1 : or Service Checked: : a BUCKET MilKING PARlOR MilKING AUTOMATIC WATER • • • 0 EQUIPMENT 0 EQUIPME NT 0 CONDITIONING BROS. CO A FREE • BABSON • PIPE liNE FOR WATER A FREE • 0 STANCHION BARN 0 GUN 0 VACUUM TEST 0 WATER TEST • 2100 S. YORK ROAD, OAK BROOK, ILL. 6052 •I • Name • BABSON BROS. CO. (Canada) LTD. REXDALE, ONTARIO • Address • MINNEAPOLIS, RENO, KANSAS CITY, MEMPHIS, SYRACUSE • ZIP •I •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •