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Plastic Films in Food Packaging PLASTIC FILMS IN FOOD PACKAGING PLASTICS DESIGN LIBRARY (PDL) PDL HANDBOOK SERIES Series Editor: Sina Ebnesajjad, PhD President, FluoroConsultants Group, LLC Chadds Ford, PA, USA www.FluoroConsultants.com The PDL Handbook Series is aimed at a wide range of engineers and other professionals working in the plastics industry, and related sectors using plastics and adhesives. PDL is a series of data books, reference works and practical guides covering plastics engineering, applications, processing, and manufacturing, and applied aspects of polymer science, elastomers and adhesives. Recent titles in the series Brandau, Bottles, Preforms and Closures, Second Edition ISBN: 9781437735260 Brandau, Stretch Blow Molding, Second Edition ISBN: 9781437735277 Ebnesajjad, Handbook of Adhesives and Surface Preparation ISBN: 9781437744613 Grot, Fluorinated Ionomers, Second Edition ISBN: 9781437744576 Kutz, Applied Plastics Engineering Handbook ISBN: 9781437735147 Kutz, PEEK Biomaterials Handbook ISBN: 9781437744637 McKeen, Permeability Properties of plastics and Elastomers, Third edition ISBN: 9781437734690 Sastri, Plastics in Medical Devices ISBN: 9780815520276 Wagner, Multilayer Flexible Packaging ISBN: 9780815520214 Woishnis & Ebnesajjad, Chemical Resistance of Thermoplastics (2 volume set) ISBN: 9781455778966 McKeen, The Effect of Sterilization on Plastics and Elastomers ISBN: 9781455725984 To submit a new book proposal for the series, please contact Sina Ebnesajjad, Series Editor [email protected] or Matthew Deans, Senior Publisher [email protected] Copyright r 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. PLASTIC FILMS IN FOOD PACKAGING Materials, Technology, and Applications Edited by Sina Ebnesajjad President, Fluoroconsultants Group, LLC AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO William Andrew is an imprint of Elsevier William Andrew is an imprint of Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA First published 2013 Copyright r 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangement with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-1-4557-3112-1 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at elsevierdirect.com Printed and bound in the United States 13141516 10987654321 Contents Preface .................................................................................................................................................................xiii 1 Introduction to Use of Plastics in Food Packaging.................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Polyolefins................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2.1 Polyethylene...................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.2 Polypropylene ................................................................................................................................... 4 1.2.3 Specialty Polyolefins ........................................................................................................................ 4 1.3 Polyester ...................................................................................................................................................... 5 1.3.1 Specialty Polyesters .......................................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Polystyrene .................................................................................................................................................. 7 1.5 Polyvinyl Chloride ...................................................................................................................................... 7 1.6 Polyvinylidene Chloride ............................................................................................................................. 8 1.7 Polyamide.................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.7.1 Nylon 6 ............................................................................................................................................. 8 1.7.2 Nylon 12 ........................................................................................................................................... 9 1.7.3 Nylon 66 ......................................................................................................................................... 10 1.7.4 Nylon 66/610 .................................................................................................................................. 10 1.7.5 Nylon 6/12 ...................................................................................................................................... 10 1.7.6 Polyamide 6/69 (Nylon 6/69)......................................................................................................... 11 1.7.7 Amorphous Polyamides.................................................................................................................. 11 1.8 EthyleneÀVinyl Alcohol Copolymer ....................................................................................................... 11 1.9 Renewable Resource and Biodegradable Polymers ................................................................................. 12 1.9.1 Ethyl Cellulose................................................................................................................................ 14 1.9.2 Polycaprolactone............................................................................................................................. 14 1.9.3 Polylactic Acid................................................................................................................................ 14 1.9.4 Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate .................................................................................................................. 15 1.10 Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 15 References ........................................................................................................................................................ 15 2 Polypropylene Films.................................................................................................................... 17 2.1 Unoriented Film ........................................................................................................................................ 17 2.2 Cast Film ................................................................................................................................................... 17 2.3 Biaxially Oriented Film ............................................................................................................................ 18 References ........................................................................................................................................................ 20 3 PE-Based Multilayer Film Structures ......................................................................................... 21 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 21 3.2 Polymer Selection ....................................................................................................................................
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