CENSUS REPORT

OF KARAULI STATE

1931

BY Babu Kiatoor Chand dain, B. A., Census Superintendent, KARAULISTATE, RAJPUTANA.

LUCKNOW:

PRINTED BY K. D. SETH AT THE NEWVL KISHORE PRESS,

1.933. TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAca:. Ihtroducti{)n '0. I-IV

Chapter J. Distribution and movement o~ the population.

SUbject-ma.tter ... \-1\ Subsidiary tables ... 7-11 Statement of rainfall. cultivated area 1~-13

Chapter II. Population o~ cities, to",,""a and villages. Subject-ma.tter ... H,-Hi SubAidiary table!' 1!J-':U

Chapter III. Birth-place and migration. Subject-matter ... Subsidiary tables

Chapter IV. Age.

Subject-IDS.tter 27-31 Subsidiary tables 32-4-2 Chapter v. Sex.

Subject-matter Subsidiary tables

Chapter VI. Civil Condition.

Subject-matte!' Subsidiary tables

Chapter VII. Infirmities.

Subject-matter 64-67 Subsidiary tables 68-71

Chapter VIII. Occupation.

Subject-matter 72-83 Subsidiary ta.bles 84-104 Chapter IX. Literacy.

Subject·matter 105-109 Snbaidia.-ry tableR }, \ 'C<-l.l'3 Chapter x. Language.

Subject-matter 114-115 Subsidiary tables 116-11'1 Chapter XI. Religion.

S11bject-mattel' US-UJO Subsidiary tables 1!U-l!i!8

Chapter XII. Ra.ce. Tribe and Caste.

Subjectrmattel' 1~<&-li6 Subsidiary tablos ...... UI7-18!1 PROVINCIAL TABLES.

PAGE- Tabl. I. Area and Population 138 Table II_ Population of districts by religion and literacy 1340 Table III. Caste 135 Table I V. Language 186

Il\IIPERIAL TABLES.

Table I. Area-HouBes and popUlation Karauli State, 1931 137 Table II. Variation in population during the last 50 years 138 Table JII. ToWDS and villages classified by population 139 Table IV. Towns classified by population with variation. for so years 140 Table V. Towns arranged territorially 141 >Table VI. Birth-place 14:i-146 Tabl. V.lI. Age-Sex and Civil condition 147-152 Table VIII. Civil condition by age for selected castes 153 Part I-Infirmities 154 TablfJ IX. { Part 1I-lnfirlDities 155

Table X. Occupation 156-17~J TabZfJ XIII. Literacy by religion and age 174-180 Tallie XI V. Education by selected castes 181

Tabl. XV. Part I-Languages 182 Tabl. XVI. Religion ... It-a

Table XVII. ~ Race-Tribe and Caste ... > •• 184-191 Tabl~ XVII. ( Variation of population of selected castes. I9i lVIAPS AND GRAPHS.

I. Skeleton lDap of Karauli State }t~acing IV

~. Graph showing quinary age periods for the census of 1931 and 1921 Do. 26 3. Graph sbowing the general distribution of occupa.tion Do. 74 4. Graph shOwing tbe num.ber of litera.tes in the State by religion Do. 104 INTRODUCTION.

This report dea.ls with tbe sixth Census taken in the State on tbe night of the il6th February 1981. According to it the population .of the State is 1.40.525 which when compared with 148,670 returned in 1881 shows a fall. The only redeeIDing feature presented by this Census is that the dowDward tendency exhibited by the population since 189~ has DIet with a setback. (For details of population see Imperial Ta.ble II.) This report is divided ioto 1.2 chapters, of these the chapters relating to Age, Civil Condition, Occupation, Literacy and Religion W'ill prove of interest not only to statisticians but to la.ymen as well .. The subsequent paragrapbs deal with the adlD.inistrative feat.ure of the work. An official inform.ation was cOIDJD.unicated by the Local Govern­ ment to this State on 17th Decern.ber 1929 for appointing & State Censur Sup-erihtendeDt-- and- .ceordiugly the onerous work: of Oensus was entrustwed to IDe on 24th Mareh 1980 in addition to t-he duties of the Secretary to the State Council, Karauli.

The regular Census Office was organised soon after by the deputation of B. Narain Lal, Second Master of the Mabaraja"s High School, Karauli. as the Head clerk. and by the appointID.ent of a new band. B. Jarnuna. Lal as the Second clerk, Cba.ubey Bhagwati Lal "Was e:ngaged a.s record-keeper in October 1900.

The village register was Dot compiled previous to my appoint­ zneot. and therefore it had to be done at a very sbort notice after enq uiry froID. the _tebsUdars. Though there bas been DO cha.nge in ~j.U~ges since 192 ~ yet t.he haID1t?t.s b,ave siD~e then uD_dergone a grea.t .change. The Register 'Wa.s ~oni.plet.e- by the 8ot.h April 1980 when aD Abstract thereof was sublDitted to the _Politica.l Agent, Eastern RajputanB Statea~ Bbaratpur. througb "the St.ate Council as well &s to the Provincial Census SuperintendeDt. Rajputana and AjID.el:"­ Merwara, Ajmer. The Register of Towns also was soon completed BOcJ, the abstract thereof wa.s subo::Litted to the Provincial Census Superin-. tendent direct. on 17th Ma.y 1980. A map of the whole Sta.te having the names of all thte villages and t.heir positions and another map of the town of Karauli showing each Muhalla., tbe main thoroughfa.res and the streets were got prepared through the State Engineer. The scale map of each t.ehsil having the na.lnes and the positions of all the villages and the hamlets in the tehsil was got prepared by the tehsil staff by 15th July 1980. The Tehsildars were appointed as Charge Superintendent.s of their ~espectjve t;ebsiIs by 2nd May 1981 under oraers of the St~f;e Counci~, Karauli. L. Kanhaiya. La!, the Head clerk of the Municipl:I:l CODl.­ mittee, Karauli, was appointed as the Cbarge SJl.perinteq.de!J,t of KarauH town. Tbe supervisors 'Who were generally -the State officials were appointed by the 15th .June 1980 and the eOuIDerators by lobe end of . Augus~ ~980. by the is~ue of printed parwanas' under the signature . of the Sta'te CeDSus Superintendent.. it

The Charge Registers. bot.h for ~inages and towns. were complete by 17th July 1930 when the abstracts thereof were submit-ted to the Provincial Census Superintendent.. Ajmer.

The .J'agirdars 'Were given f'IiII opportunit~y to appoint. 'their awn enumerators but in case of failure, paid enumerators were employed by the Charge Superintendents.

A great. difficulty ~as experienced due to paucity of enuIDerator&~ specially in Hazur tehsil.

'W'eekly reports as t.o prog:Ress of the Census W'ork 'WeJ:.'e got trom aU the Charge Superintendents and on the basis of _them £oJ:'toig.htly Progress Reports 'W'ere submitted to the Provincial· Census Superin­ tendent, AjOler, through the ·S'tca:t.e Council with effect. frOID 15th September 1. 980.

I attended 00 29t.h August 1980 the conferelJce of a.JI ~he State Census Superintendents held at Ajmer. Practical demonstrations as to Dum bering houses, filling in house :schedules &s- well as: general schedules were given. Practical demonstrations as 'to house-nulD bering and filliog in general schedules were given to all the Charge Superint~ndents and a large number of supervisors at a meeting held on 2"2nd September ],980 at the Capital under the chairmanship of the Chief Member of the State Council. Shriman Mabaraj Knowar Ganesh Pal Saheb Bahadur 'Was also pleased to gra.ce the occasion with his noble pre­ Sence. The next step ta.ken to ensure that the instruc~ioDs ha.ve been correctly uDde~s-tood by the Censu.s operat.ors '\Vas the selection of a village in each tehsil where under my own supervIsion the Charge Superintendent instructed the Supervisors under him.

House-numbering commenced on 1st October ],980 and was finished. on 81st October "ttJ1JO".-- In- the course of bouse-numbering Lieut.-Colonel B. L. Cole, I.A., Superintendent of Census Opera.tions .. Rajputana and AjlDer-l\lerwara. visited the State on 18th and ~ .. tb October 1980 and W'BS pleased to remark :_U The census work is well up to time. House-numbering and t.he preparation of the house lists a.re pra.ctically complete. The super­ visors and enumerators have a fair. knowledge of their du.ties and the Sl;ate Census Superintendent is to be cODgrAtu~ated on the progress that is being [Dade."

The State Census Superintendent was on tour for 19 da.ys during the Dlon"th of October ],980 and inspected the house-numbering in all the charges.

TheRevised Charge Register was cotnplete by t.he 7th November 1980 when the abstract thereof was submitted to t.he Provincia.l Census Superintendent, AjDler. According to it, t;here were 75 circles and 788 blocks in the rural area. A circle had from 20 to 777 houses and a block froID 1 to 64, houses inclusive of unoccupied houses. .In 'lobe urban area there were 14 circles with 1.42 blocks. The houses in a circle varied frOID 42 to 728 and in a block froIn 2 100 69.

The latter half of NovelDber 1980 and first half of December 1980 were devoted to the additional training in filling up Genera,ISchedules. iii The Cbarge Superintendents w-ere required to fill in the entries of a -"feW' houses which W'ere corrected by the St.a.te Census Superintendent. The supervisors too were asked to fill in a few. forIDs that were cor­ rected by the Charge Superintendents.. sim.ilarly tbe enumerators· "Work was corrected by the supervisors.

The preliminary enumeration cOIDlDenced on 16tb December 1980 and was finished on 31st .January 1931.

The State CeQ8US Superintendent w-as on tour for 21 da.ys during the months of .January and February 1.931 inspecting and correcting the entries in General Schedules on t.he spot.

Adequate arrangements w-ere made for supervision of Fina.l Census on the Census night and high officers of the State were kind enough to accede to my request for ins pecting the act.-ual working on the Census night. The final enumerat.ion was taken at about 7 p. m.. on 26th February 1931 and was completed by m.idnight.. The Provisional totals were despatched direct to the Census Commissioner of India. Delhi,- gna -the Provincial Census Superintendent, Rajput&na. and Ajmer-Merwara, Ajmer, at 11-80 a_ m_ on 27th February 1.981.

The accuracy of the figures of the Provisional total was subse­ quently corroborated by the returns prepared after thorough scrutiny during tbe tabulation stage which reflects credit on the working of all concerned. The Provincial Ceosus Superintendent, RajputBDa .. was pleased to communicate his appreciation of the work in his D. O. No. 1098-1111 F. 1.29. dated 2nd March ] 981 :-

6c I write to offer you my personal thanks and congra.tulations on the prompt way irl which you ha.ve communicated the Provision.al Totals. :rhe arrangements made by you reflect grea.t credit on your­ self and all your Census staff and the result is due to your good work since you have been in charge of the Census opera.tions." The work of slip-copying, sorting aud compilation was carried out at the capital of the state under the immediate supervision of the State Census Superintendent.; Periodic visits from Inspectors appointed direct by the Provincial Census Superintendent, Rajputaoa, helped to solve t.he knotty p'loblems. The establishment in slip-copying consisted of 1 Inspector, 4 Supervisors. 4 ASMstant Supervisors.. 1 Record-keeper. 1 Clerk" 1 Accountant and 44 Copyists. The supervisors were paid a fixed salary 'While the copyists were paid at 2 annas per 100 slips. The slip-copying 'Was begun on 2nd l\tarch 1931 and finished on 25th March 1981 taking 24 days in all as against the same number of days taken in 1921. The daily average of slips copied per head was ] 81-87 during the first 'Week, while the general daily outturn per head was 248-12. Mr. Kanwar__ Bahadur.. M.A., L.L.B... Touring Tabulation Census Inspector, visited the State during the course of slip-copying from 8th March 1981 to 11th March 1981.

The Sorting Bod Compilat.ion Office consisted of 1 Inspector. 2 Supervisors and 8 Sorters and 1 CODlpiler and 1 Assistant Com­ piler; all 'Were paid hands. iv The sqfting for the Register A wen1; on side by side with slip­ copying and was finished on Blst March 1981. A specitlol sorter was engaged for sorting infirmities. The sorting commenced OD 6th April ~981 and was completed on 5th June 1981.. covering 6t days inclusive o£ Sundays which were observed a.s holidays as agalDst 73 dQ.Ys in l.g~~. The Touring IDspecto~ visited the State on 25th to 28th April 1.981 and on 24th f;o ~.5th May 1931 while the sorting and the CORJpi- lation W'ork was in operatioo. The compilation work cODuuenct"d on 18t April 1981 and 'Was finished OD 12th June 1981 occupying 2 lDontbs and 12 days as a.gainst. 4 months 8 days in 1.921.. The first Table was despat:ched"l:o t;be Provin­ cial Census Superintendent OD 6th April 1.981 and the last one on 16th .Tuly 1981.. The last. visit of tbe Touring Tabulation Inspect.or was on 15th .JUDe 1981 wben he examined Table No. X-for occupation. The expeDditure incurred in cnnnection with the enumeration stage aDlounted to Ks. 2,157-4-2 as against Rs. 2.887-15-8 in 1921.. The slip-copying cost Ks.. 451-14-0 while the sorti~g ~n_d. the - cOlDpila.­ tion, Ks. 847 9-9. Thus the- to~_~l ex_pe~es fo~ t.be slip-copying, the sorting BDd the compilation came to Ks. 1,299-7-9 as against Rs. 8,456-11-11 in 192i. Miscellaneous expenses a.mounted ToO Rs, 1,868-1.1-9. The compilation and the printing of the State Census Report is likely 1;0 cost Rs. 700. In short the tota.l expenditure on. "-he Census operations this ti,me would amount t.o Rs. 5,590-7-8-as against Rs~ 8,878-15-8 in 1921.. I Inust confess "that the success in this onerous task is ma.inly due to the kind pa.trona.ge of His Hiahness the Mabaraja. Sahib Babadur and Maharaj Kanwar Sahib, Shree Ganesh Palji; I take this oppor­ tunity of expressing my indebtedness to Rao Bahadur Pandit Shankar N ath Sharma. .. Chief Member of Council, foe selecting me a.s State Census Superintendent and to Pandit Shivs. K~!Il1!! .Q.l.l~t.~di, who s9-Qc~~4.- ed him, for his ungrud,King help and B~idance. - -- -~ ~- ~- -- The Cbarge Superintendents are congratulat.ed on the suceess acbieved by them in the Census W"ork which they carried on simulta.ne­ ously with their duties a.S tehsildars. L. Kanbaiya Lal, the head clerk of the Town Municipa.lity, gave me entire satisfaction "With his work as the Charge Su~erjnteDden1; of Karauli TOWD. It is difficult. to specjfy by name the work of nUn::I.erous super,dsors a.nd eDUDlerators all -of -whom discharged t.heir duties ungrudgingly and to the best of t.heir ability. Turning t.o InY o.ffice esta.blishment. 1 must say t.hat the past office experience in the Census duties of my Head clerk proved Lnucb helpful to me. Combined 'With this.. his indefat.igable energy aitnost. often saW the work entrusted cODlpleted before date. The two other clerks were obedient and willing "W"orkers which contributed to the smooth wor~ing of this office. I cannot bring this brief review to a close without putting in black and 'White my deep sense of gratitude to Lt... Col. B. L· Cole, 1. A.. who~ as Provincial Census Superintendent, RajputBna- and AjlD.er-Merwara, rea.dily ~Dd ungrudgingly gave me the benefit of .bis advice and experience at; all stages of lXIy epdeavouJ"S. I. I .~ I ("'1 ~ ! (V I '. I I 1 I l Q I ~ t:Zl ..J 0 ..J to< CI!I Q -< I t; 0 C"Il ~ :s ~ I ...J Z c: to< Q <: :;, f-o I :=sbl ~ ..:l z :z P ~ II. ~ i< 'J:: -< - .., -< ~ -< . :IS < < S ttl o · ~ = ~ 0 ~ Z :z; Q a:: ;; =Q z ~ ~ .... ::> -< ~ Ie < ) , 0 0 :;; ;g .." 0 . i 1:1:1 a:: ~ a:: ;; ~ .... 5 ~

III 1i .. Q. ~ C c l- s ~ ." ;;E 0 J!" -_. ti ? ~ ....I ~ 4 &II <0 II: ~ ~ ti Cl c)j , ~ ~, / REPORT o ::rsr iI':::EI: E Census operations in the Karauli State for the year 1931 CHAPTER I. Distribution ana movement of tke pfJpUlal;on,.

1. The Indian State of Karanli in Eastern Rajputana Agency Hes Area dealt with. between 26'SU n.od 26'41JO North Latitude and between 76·850 and 77.260 East Longitude. The Chambal is the natural boundary on the south separating it from Gw.alior. The other boundaries are Jaipur in the North-West. South.West, and West, Bharatpur on the North and Dholpur on the East. The whole area inclusive of Railway limitB at Nimoda Station, N. M. S. Railway. is 1,242 sq. miles as if was in 1921 without any change in the whole state or in area of any of the ad.ministrative divisions. The state may be divided into two naturlll divisions namely D",ng, the broken hilly t.ract and the plains. But as these divisions do not. correspond to the politJcal djvi­ sions of the state and were not adopted in any of the previous censuses they 8:l"e not of a.ny utility for t.he pUl'ptlse of tbe present census. 2. The population dealt with in the Report represents the persons The meaning' of the present in the state on the night of 26th February 1981. The persons Population. present in their fields or away on duty such as the sepOY'S were enumerated as present in their O\vn houses. There beiI\g DO non-sy.nr.! hronous area in the stt.telO the entit'e population is de facto. enumerated on the census nigh.t. The total population returned on the census night was 1,o,525. About Accuracy of the a month before, the Preliminary census was 'taken wbieh returned the popuJa... EnUlIleration. tion as 141,242. Thus there IS a difference of 717 which being ~~o th of the population returned on the census night is negligible. There was no disturbing factor on the census night. The lo~al Shiva Ratri Fau' at the Karauli Town too did not affect the nortDnl population. Heuee tbe popu'la.- tion returned on the census night. represents tbe noxmal population of the state, and IllR.:Y be tnken to be accurate for aU practical purposes. 8. The figurp.s quo~ed on the margin show that Karauli sta.nds las.t of Area, Population and .... ( State. A~ea. Popula.tiQD. Density. all the st.ates given in t.he margin in Density. ! {Kara.uli 1.'il4-i 140,.525 113 r~spect of densit.y due to its having rBbaratpu:r 1,982 495,431 950 more hilly and barren tracts of land ;:e 1J JaipurDholpur 16,5191,15'; 2,8S~.80iJ2J9,73t. 199160 than a.ny of the sister states. lG_lior 96,367 3.186,075 J.tl 4. There has been an increase of 5·08 p. c. during the decade 1921-81 ns Va.riations in 1991-31. 191HU. 1901-11_ 1891-19Ql. 1881-91. 1881-1931. shown in the margin Fopula.tioD at previous Censuses. due to natural growth to"08 -8'7 -6'4 t·u to'3 -5'0 of population Dot be- ing affected by any epidemic or scarcity tha.t counteracted the growth of .population in 1921. The .decade 1901-'11 returned a faU of 6'40 p. c due to severe famine which reduced the population by 10.199. Compared with 1881. the population this time still shows a deficit. of 0'5 p ..c. owing to-tbe trade of the sb:he being shifted to GImgapur and Hindsun towns in .Jaipur State by the o'!ening of N. M. S. Railway. 2

The condition of the 5. The state was free from all disturbances internal or external. decade. Dacoities were comparatively very few during the deca.de. General. Satyagraha movement was also practically nil. Hindus and Muslims too lived side by side in perfect harmony. Thefts also were committed on a very small scale. Physical. Kaila Devi Road that was unhridged during the previous decade was completely bridged over. A new pacca road from Karauli to Mandrail town IS being constructed. New wells and small tanks were made enbanc­ ing the irrigated area from 20,614 Rcres to 21,592 acres. A big irrigation project named Gothra Tank is under construction.

A.gricultural The average rainfall during the decade was 28·85 i Dc~es as against condition. 26'79 in the previous decade~ The highest fall 46:02 was ~n the year 1924 and the least one wa.s Hl'06 in 1929. It was well distributed all over. Accord­ ingly th~ outturn of the harvests too was good. Of course, the average of the gross cultivated area was 162,119 It.cres as against 177,142 acres dur­ ing the last decade thus showing a fall of 15,025 acres tha.t was due to the high wages paid to field labourers as well as' to the low prices of the field products specially in the closing year of the decade that compelled some of the cultivators to leave un- tilled their fields. The agriculturists enjoyed immunity from the wild boar that greatly d3maged the crops during the previous decade. .

Economic. The prices of the staple food grains such as bairs,. wheat. barley and gram Food graioa. Average quantity per rupee were un an average higher during the in Indian weight. decade as 'noted on the margin. 199HJl. 1911-91. Therefore the economic condition of Md. B. 00. Md. B. 00. Bajra 0 911 o 19 6 the cultivators was fair for the most Barley o 19 1 o 18 11 Wheat 0 8 12 o 10 1 ptLrt df the decade but they suffered Gram o 11 13 g 12 14 Rice 0 t. 6 0 '1 0 much in the la~t year of the decade PulBeB 0 8 9 g 9 6 Ghee 0 gU- O 1 1 due to comparatively lower prices Hay !itiO 8 9 18 of food grains and to high wages Karab 3 D :l Fuel sse 0 '" 14 l!it paid to field labourers. Name of articles. Average for tke decade 19111-91. Import. Export. Import. Clarified butter ..• 3,207 Mds. Sugar ••• 9,826 Mds. (local.) Zirs ••• 7,192 Mds. Raw Cotton ... 1,565,. Yarn... 60,527 Rs. (worth) Tat Patti ... 379" Spices ••• 1,874 Rs. Flax ... 668 ., Kerosine Cloth 459,B08 Ks. 208,264 Rs. (worth) oil 2,022 Mds. Cattle 13,888 head. Gold ••• 80 IJ Tolas. Opium ... 5 Mds .•• 9 seers. Silver 80,788 Rs. (worth) Stone 94.569 c. ft. Gur 12,636 Mds. Traders could maintain themselves rather with difficulty due to the depression of trade specially in tpe latter half of the decade. The above quoted figures are those of Import and Export for principal commodities. The labouring classes were well off, as they generally m.aintained the same scale of wages without reducing them with the lowering of the prices of food grains. 8

Public health was on the whol ~ g'>od. There was no epidemic during Public Health. the decade. Vital statistics n~t being reliable, calculated birth and death rates can not be tak.en to be true.

The figures for emigrants not being available, no statistical inform· Migration. ation can be suppJied as to migration. But the persOilal experience is t.hat there has been no emigration or immigration on a large scale in the state during the decade. 6. The facts discussed in this paragraph are based on the Imperial Movement of the Population. Tables I and II and the Provincial Tablea I and the subsidiary Tables 1, Ill, IV, V and VII. The figures on the margin show the percentage of variation and rneaD Va.riation in Population. Percdntage. M"!Ln density density for the whole of the Census units. of per sq. variation. mile. state and also for its adminis­ 19:iH-31 1881-1981 1931 1881 trative divisions. There is an Karauli Town +·41 -SlS·9 6,051 8,036 increase of 5'08 p. c. for 'the Huzur Tehsil +4"63 +3·4 143 159 w hole of the state during the Machtlpur Tehsil +6·69 -18·4 98 94 8.1Q8 decade. The highest increase MandraU Town + 16·1 J -14.·1 Mandrail Tehsil +Ul·o 68 89 of J6·7 p c. is in Mandrail Town 29 41 Utgir TebeU +1-48 -3S'9 followed by Mandrail Tehsil Sapotra Town +12.2J +26·0 17.900 Sapotra Tehail +2·8 161 It;~ with an increase of 12·5 p_ c. Total ------+0·Q8 -0·0 113 119 The lowest increase of '47 is returned by Karauli Town. The general increase is due to the absence of any famine or epidenlics during the decade which were the chief factors unfavourable to the growth of population during the previous decade. The highest increase in Ma ndrail Town and Tehsil is owing to the tempo­ rary migration of its people to Bholaji Fair in GwaJior territory on the cenSus night of 1921, a flLctor which did not exist on the census night of 1931. The lowest jncrea~e in Karauli Town is due to the comparatively unhealthy climate of the town that did not help its population to keep pace with that of rural area. The figures of the present census show decline in all the Tehsifs except Huzur'1:ehsil and Sapotra in comparison to those of 1881 when the Jst regular census was taken for the state. The highest fall of 3.'j·9 p c. is re­ turned for Utgir T~bsil due to the variollS causes such as influenza epidemic during the decade 1921 and famines in previous decades tha.t led to an exodus of people to the neighbouri.ng state of Gwalior. Similar reasons are ascribed to the fall ot population-in Machilpur and Mandl"ail Tehsils. Karauli Town show~ a- decline of 23·2 p. c. during th~ past 50 years special­ ly due to the shifting of its trade to the towns of Hindaun a.nd Gangapur owing to the opening of N. M. S. Railway line.

The increase of 26·5 and 8·4 in Sapotra. and Huzur Tehsils are due to Percentage of Net their haying better soil and more eultur- Tehsils. cultivated area to the total area. able land than the other Tehsils as indi- Huzur Teheil 94-·8 -cated on the margIn. Having compara. Machilpur .. 9·2 _ tively more level plains, these two Tehsils Mandrail ., 9·9 Utgir 3-6 are open to easy traffic also. The N. M.S. Sapotra ' .. 4S·1 Railway line too is not far from them. A portion of the Railway line about a mile in length in the vicinity of the station of Nimoda actually passes through Sapotra Tehsil. Density per square mile. Of the towns Sapotra has returned the highest density of 17.900 per sq. mile, as its population is confined within the narrow tract. between two hills chiefly for want of space, as the land beyond is arable which can not be spared for habitation. Karauli Town shows a dechne of 1,979 persons per sq. mile compared with 1881 for the reasons already stated.

Of the Tehsils, Sapotra stands first with a density of 161 persons per sq. mile followed by Huzur tehsil with a density of 148. Utgir Tehsil has returned the least density of 29 persons per sq. nlile. The reasons for these variations are explained in their having various proportion of culturahle land as shown under the head of variation of population.

Population derived The population returned on the census night of 19~1 was 188,780 to from vital statistics. which 17,980 births for the decade 1921-30 being added, the total cornes to 151,710 out of which 18,068 deaths recorded for the decade being ta.ken, the net-population comes to 138,642 which should tally with the population re­ turned on the census night 1931 supposing that the migration did not disturb the statistics. But the population returned on the census night was 140.525. Thus there is a variation of 6,883. This 1S due to the vital statis~ tics for the Tehsils not being reliable.

The population of Kara.uli Town exclusive of tha.t at the fair in 1921 was 18,477 to which the figures of births and deaths that are respectively 6,659 and 5.77 4t for the decade being added and taken out. the net-popu­ lation comes to 19,862 to which 888 persons migrated at the Shiva-Ratri Fair should be added. Then the total population comes to, 20,250 whJ1e the censused popUlation of the Karauli Town is 19,6_71 giving a difference of only 579 persons due to the presence of a few persons in the town area from the districts on the census night of 1921.

_igration. The figures given on the margin indicate that immigration has fallen by Immigration 11~::~ 18~~:~ 167 which UleaDS 'that there is little di:ft!erence bet­ Emigra.tion not available 16.106 ween the immigrants of 1981 and those of 1921. The figures for the emigrants this time are not available. But per­ sonal experience says thR.t emigration has remained practically statiana-ry during the decade as the economic conditions at the foregin t-rade celltres too have not been alluring during the latter half of the decade.

Variation by main The figures quoted on the margin show that Jains have returned the Religions. highest increase of 10'07 p. c. followed by Hindus, Religion Variation p6r cent 19!i11-31. l\'luslims stand last. The increase is due to the Hindus +5·08 Muslims +4·88 natural growth of the population. Jaios + 10·07

Pre"o;ure of Population. 7. The net cultivated area this time is 184,726 acres and the popula­ tion is 140,525. Thus each person has -9 acres of cultivated land on an average-which Dleans that ",he agricultural resources alone in the state are just enough to support the existing population. Trade and cottage indus­ tries both car!"ie(t O_D _ on -8 small extent are the next resources of ,income. Minerals still unearthed support only 8 small number of workers specially at the stone quarries. All this means that at presentithere is no pressure 01 popUlation on the means of subsistence. This is further warranted by the stationary condition of the emigrants this time. The Dumber of existing emigrants from the state is dQ,e mostly to the exchange of wives. The people of the state too still lead, a very simple life aqd are quite content with the bare necessaries of life. It i~ a fact. that early, marriage without any control of bir.th such as periodic abst~ntipn, abortion and iDfanti~ide is sure to greatly Ulultiply the populat.io:p, but;. the.early marriage·is associat. ed with high-morta.lity which is a f~voura~le fflctor ill reli.eving the pressure of populatloll, The periodical famines and epidemics come in and carry away the over-growth of the population. s~fficient Room for further It has been shown above that the existing. resources are barely expansion. for the present population and hence the ()ccu~r~nc~ of a sillgle famine or a little rise in standard of living [Day bring on,press~re on population so as t.o emigrate to more favourable tracts. But the mineral resources of the state if developed fully loay support further expansion. Out of the tott)l area of 794,880 acres, the cultivable area is 2io,026 acres which alone if brought under cultivation may provide food (b,en 14.';,li29 Buffaloo•.•• hil,ilBB for about 200.. 000 persons. The minerals aJso if Sheep ,15,369 Goats 94,871 wor~ed out may afford subsistence for thousands of 298,000 people. The total number of live-stock in the state is 29.8~050 as detailed.on the margin, tbis.may eooaDce the means of subsistence jf adequate arrangements-are made for the· perpe­ tual.supply of 'water and p.a.st:ure for.them.. specially in the Dang tba:t, be­ comes void'of verdure and. .water during the. ho.t-seasoD and even earlier. The

total area 'under cot.ton js 8 3 511 ,acres .. in the state, and. about 2,000 mds., of COt.tOD is annual~y exported to ..foreign markets with an i~pprt of cloth worth Rs. 4,89.808 and mill yarn worth Rs. 50,527 annually and the outturn of bides and skin too is on a large scale. industrialists can find in these field for profitable work. The state will be too glad to offtr necessary encou- ragemento

8. There was little difference in numbering houses in the rural and the Houses and Families. urban areas. ,In the town the house was taken to mean the dwelling place of one or more famIlies with their resident dependents and servants having a separat.e principal entrance from the common way, cOinpound or enc10- sure. A separate number was affixed to each main house and sub-numbers to sub-houses which were not treated as separate houses. In a village a separate ckoolha denoted a separate - house. In short a building fit for human habitation whether occupied or not, was affixed a census number, But to minimise labour each row of shops not likely to be occupied on the census night was affixed only one census number. In a town the serial number of houses ran throughout th e whole circle while in the rural area it ran throughout the whole village including its hamlets. The figures quoted OD the margin show that the highest aver­ age of 5·9 persons per house is returned by the Average of Town 01' Tehsil persons per Karauli town due to the existence of sub-houses. hoWle. 1931. 1921. Sapotra Town with an average of 5·4 stands next Karauli town ..• 0'9 4'1 Huzur Tehsll ... 4'S 4·1 for the same reaSOD Machilpur tehsil and Maod.. Machilpur Tohsil 4·9 3·S rail Town each with an average of 4·2 stand last. Mandrail Town.. 4'9 S'8 Maudrail Tahsil 4·3 S'S Compared with 1921., there is a general increase due Utgir Tehsil ... 4'S 4'0 Sapotra Town '.' ,1;'4 4'0 to the natural growth of population. The high~st Sapotra Tehail... 4·... 4·9 The State 4'0 4·09 variation of + loS per house is noticed in Karauli Town owing to the sub-houses being treated as main houses in 1921. The same reason may be ascribed to the variation )f + 1"4 persons per house in Sapotra Town. The average of persons per house is not an adequate datum to work out the direction in which the joint family system is going. But from personal exprience it can be said that the system is generally on the wane due to family dissensions specially among the un-educated females as well as to the spirit of individualism brought oli mainly by economic consideration. lII:edian point of 9. The median point of population at the present census is at Bar­ Population. khera a village 2 miles South~West of Karauli Town and is found by draw­ ing a line from North to South commencing from Rudor ill Huzur Tehsil to Sinwara in Utgir Tehsil dividing the population equally and by drawing a similar line from East to West commencing from Ruppura in Sapotra Tehsil to Piprani in Machilpur Tebsil. These lines intersect at Barkhera. In 19B1 the median point was Chamarpura i mile from KBrauli Town. It means that the median point has shifted 1 t miles South-West of Karauli Town and that the growth of population is also shifting 'to the Sou'Gh of this line. . Kedian point of Similarly the median point of area has been obtained by drawing a area. line from North to South commencing from" Sahajpu1' in Huzur Tehsil to the bank of the Chembal where the boundaries of Mandrail and Utgir Tehsils meet. The line drawn from East to West runs from Kho in Sapotra Tehsil to Mahua-Khera in Machilpur Tehsil. These lines divide the state into two equal halves each way and Intersect at. .1akhair. That is the Dledian point of popula~ion is .. miles North of the median point of area. 'I

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To understond the extent and variation of Urban Population it is necessary to define a town before analysing the figures. But to define it on scientific hnes, involving as it does considerations of industrial charac­ teristics, mode of living etc., is not an easy job. For our purpose it would be well to define B town as a place of residence of persons the majority of whom do not depend on agriculture or other occupations subsidiary to it such as cattle grazing etc.

Data. 1. The- figures discussed in the chapter are exhibited in the Provincial Table I, the Imperial Tables I, Ill, IV, V and the Subsidiary Tables I, II, and III , The aceuraCl" of the figures. 2. The main population of hamlets and villages is agricultural, informa­ tion about them obtained from the Revenue Department is perfectly reli­ able. The vital statistics for the towns got from the Municipal Board are also quite accurate as a perfect systelD of Registering Births and Deaths is in vogue. In the mufassil the headman of the village has to report births and deaths to the nearest Police Station. Therefore the figures for the country though not so accurate as the Municipal ones caD be taken to be nearly accurate. The Provincial, the Imperial and the Subsidiary tables are all based on the entries in the enumeration form known as General Schedules which were thoroughly checked by the Charge Superintendents and the S tate Census Superintendent as well after they had been tested by the Supt~rvisors who were all state servants and as such their reliability should not be seriously objected to. ' Definition of a Town. For the purposes of the present census, a town included (1) every municipality together with civil lines, if any, (2) every cantonment. suburbs and adjacent rural areas under municipal administration, (8) every other continuous collection of houses inhabited by not less than 5,000 persons which the Provincial Census Superintendent may decide to treat as a town. Strength of population is not the only criteria of a place being treated as a town. The main characteristic of it should be urbanity. With this aim in view overgrown villages with a population exceeding 5,000 souls are Dot treated as towns, while those inhabited by less than 5,000 but possessing UrbaD characteristics are so treated with the sanction of the Provincial Census Superintendent. Definition of village. A village denotes the area demarcated for the revenue purposes as a Mauza provided that where such a village or part of a village forms part of the area of a Town, such village or part of a village will be included in the Town, the remaining part, if any, being treated for Census purposes as a village. It includes all the hamlets situated within the area of the Revenue Mauza. There being no city according to the census definition of it, in the state, it is needless to deal with its definition.

Normal Population. Karauli, Mandrail and Sapotra have been this census as well as iD 1921 treated as towns, and~they have returned an urban population of 15

24,162. The rural population returned this time is 116,868. In the absence of aoy plague which entails evacuation of houses, religious gatherings or exodus OD or about the final Census night, the figures quoted above should be taken to represent the normal population. '1'he local fair known as the Shiva-Ratri Fair held near the Karauli Town returned only 888 per­ sons who nearly all belonged to the State, leaving the normal population in the state undisturbed to any appreciable extent.

8. The following statement compares the Urban and Rural population Oomparison of the Urban and the of the State. Rural PopulatioD. Population.

r-----...Jt.- ~ Year Urban Rural 1921 28,487 110,248 1981 24,162 116,863

Difference +675 + 6,120 The increase of 675 iIi the Urban and of 6,120 in the Rural population is due to natural causes, as there was neither any epidemic nor any influx of persons durinf!r the decade. The proportion of the Urban population to the rural one is 172 to 828 per mille as against 176 to 824 in 1921. On a reference tp the proportions of the adjoining states of Oholpnr, Bharatpu~ and .Jaipur quoted on the margin for ~ame' of Urban Rural , state. population. population. the census of 19.21 in the absence of the figures olpur ... 181 868 ratpur ... 151 849 for 1931 and assuming the figures of 1921 as Jaipur 162 888 Httle affected, it is clear that this state sur­ passes them all in urban popUlation.

Distribution of The Imperial Table V shows the distribution of urban population Urban population by religions in each town. According to this there are 19~321 Hindus by Religion. 4,459 Musalmans. 866 Jains and 16 Christians returned now as against 18,954 Hindus, 4,172 Musalmans, 888 .Jains and 19 Christians in 1921. The all-round increase is due to the natural growth of population. Religion. 19.it 1981 Hindus IliO 146 The statement 00 the 1 margin gives the urban' :t:\!Iusalmana li99 611 Jams 888 81'1 figures per mille of the total population of each Christians 1.000 I.QOO Sikh I,OVO Nil religion.

The fall of 4t per mille among the Hindu urban population should Dot be taken to mean that the Hindus are adopting a downward course in developing urban charact.eristics. The actual figures for Hindus living in towns this census co~es to 19,321 as against 18,959 showing an increase of 862 souls. The apparent contradiction is reconciled by the conclusion that the rural population living in healthier conditions than the urban one, has contributed much more towards the naturaLincrease in popu­ lation than the latter. This is borne out by the remark also under the head variation in towns. In _considering the increase of 12 per mille among the Muslim urban population, we should not_ lose sight of the fact that lesser the population of a particular reJigioD~ the more the increase calculated per mille. This is in fact the ca.se with Muslims. Being comparatively small in numerical strength. even a slight increase in numbers will give an appreciable increase in the rate per mine. As 1«1

such this iDcrea.se of 12 per mille calls .for no comment. The above remark applies to Jains also. The microscopic minority of Christians lives at Karauli as before. The removal of the Sikh Doctor from the Sapotra town has brought down the figures to zero.

Variation in Towns. The percentage of variation in the urba.n population comes to +2·87 during the decade as against-lo9 during the preceding deca.de while the percentage of 'Variation for the whole state co.r;nes to +5·08 for the decade. It means that the growth of urban population has not kept pace with the rural one owing to the economic and less healthy conditions under which the former live. The same inference is drawn on an examination of birth and death figures for the urba.n area during the decade. On com­ paring the urban population of the present census with that in 1881. there comes a variation of-5-64 per cent. On excluding the population of Mandrail and Sapotra that have been treated as towns since 192.1. the variation during the past 50 years shows such an abnormal fall as -28·18 per cent. Tbe decay of the urban population may be ascribed to the opening of the N agda-Muttra Railway Section which has transferred t.he trade of the capital of the State to Gangapur and Hindaun towns in Jaipur territory lying aD the said railway section.

History of Xarauli 4. Karauli town is the capital of the state and has a municipality. Town. It comprises the popu1ation of the main town within the town-wall awl also the suburban populace within the municipal limits. It extends over three square miles as it did in 1921 and has a density of 6,557 per~on8 per square mile. It was divided into 12 circles this census 9 of which are within the town· wall, 2 outside it, consisted of the suburbs and ODe for the Shiva-Ratri fair. This time it returned 19,671 persona as against 19,579 showing an increase of 92 only. On excluding the figures for the fair for bDtb the censuses the net population for the town comes to 18.788 this time as against. 18,4177 in 1921. which shows a variation of 806 in its favour. The variation per cent comes to +·417 which when compared with +5"08. the percentage of variation for the w~ole. state. ('aUs for an explana­ tion. The births and deaths returned for the decade are 6."~6 and 6.709 giving an excess of 777 births over the deaths which furnishes an increase of 8·96 per cent in the population of the town. On comparing both the percentages of +"47 and +8·96 calculated on the basis of the figures provided b~ the census and the vital statistics respecti vely there is a loss of 8·49 per cent. The probable cause lof this loW' percentage is that there must have been Inigration from the town though on a small scale. Moreover the town people could not keep pace with the rural populace in Lthe growth of their population partly due to the trade depression as an indirect result of the foreign goods Boycott movement and. partly to the climatic in6uences, which are not so salubrious in tbe toWD as in villages.

On comparing tbe population of the town in 1881- with that·in 1981. there comes a decrease ~ 28·18 per cent whwh l6 ,JJlAinlr due to the shifting of trade from the town of K.... llplj. ~ Hi~Jl apd Gangapu}." cities in the .Jaipur state as a .conseqUeMe 9£ ~b, Qpe.oiug of the ~ew l~~ of Nagda.MattnL Railway Section. l' Numbe-r of females per 1,000 males is 816 RS against 754 in 1921 which warrants very favourably for the growth of the town population but for the counteract.ing influences referred to already. The cODseq uenees of the disparity of the two sexes coupled with the system of dowry in some castes and extravagance in marriages 8.(llong others will be discussed in Chapter V. Mandrail Town, the headquarters of Mandrail Tehsil extends over History of Handrail '1'OWJl. one-third square mile. It returned a population of 2,701 as against 2,314, giving an increa.se of 16'72 per cent. In the absence of any epidemic and migration both of which affected the figures for 1921, this increase can be said to be due to natura.l causes. The number of fema.les per 1,000 males is 977 now against 1,044 in 1921. The conlparative increase of females in 1921 was due to the tempo­ rary emigration of males to the Karauli fair and the Bhola fair at Gwalior. Sapotra 'l'own, the headquarters of Sapotra Tehsil extends over an History of Bapotra. Town. area of one-tentli square mile. Its population in 1981 is 1,790 8S against 1,630 in 1921 showing an increase of 160. The variation per cent, during the decade is + 9'82 compared with - 2'2 in the decade 1911 to 1921. The increase should be ascribed to factors favourable for" the growth of population. The nurnber of females per 1,000 males returned this time is 89.& as against 1,020 in 192L The higher proportion in 1921 was due to tbe emigration of its males to Shiva-Ratri fair at Karauli at the last census. 5. A Village bas already been defined in this Chapter. In the state VilIas __ the village is a definite social and economic unit and consequently Regis­ ter A has been compiled to show the population of each village by sex and religion. 'l~hey have been classified in Table III also. The villages are generally of the same sty Ie. A house in a village is generally made of clay covered with thatched roof. Houses having slab-stone roofs are also found but in a very limited number. Masonry houses one or two-storeyed are few and rare. Overcrowding is conspi­ cuous for its absence. In mountainous tracts they are generally built on bills commanding the fields. But the recent tendency is to desert the old habitation~ in hilb and to inhabit plains where they can more eas ily get water to drink and avoid the worry of going up hill. The compara­ tive security of life alld property DOW enjoyed would have greatly enhanced this tendency but the lilnited number of plains aVdoilable for fields and pastures has retarded it. ' "The number of inhabited villages returned this time is 874 as against 872 in 1921. The increase of 2 is due to the two villages returned unpopulated in 1921 having been returned inhabited ,this time, one in Machilpur Tehsil and the other in the Sapotra Tehsil. - Actual Dumber of Villages The average population per village 500 1,0gO !it.OOg C4)nBU8 undor to to to com~s to 310 as 8:gain~t 296 in I 92 1. year aog 1.000 !it.OOO 05.000 The increase is due to Datural ca.uses. __".... usn 308 46 1'1 1 The num her per mi lie residing in 1981 SQ6 49 18 !it villages is 828 compared with 894 in 1921. (1) If the population of each village would have been of the same cat.egory in 1981 as in 1921, the increase of 2 more inhabited villages this 18

time belonging of course to the first category t would have brought. the number in that category to 810 vide statement on the margin, but they are ouly 805.. This means that three of the viUages of the til·.t category rose to the second, one of the second to the third aDd lastly ODe of 'he third to the fourth category.

We may expect town features in villages of the third and fourth categories. In 7 out of the twenty such villages we find them. But the rest 18 have obtained these categories with the help of population of hamlets which have sprung up generally to meet the convenience of the agriculturist in transporting land produce and the like.

NumbeT per mille N one of t.he villages in the state Eesldiug In villages with a population of baa 8 population of 5.000 and over. ------The statement on the margin .shows 9,ElOO &00 under Census Year. to to SOO 5,000 9,000 an aU-round increase in the "iUages of all categories simply due to 1981 S6 .91 4118 natural increase is population. It lNl 19 486 495 bears out the observatian also that the populations fonowing the natural gregarious instinct tends to miX with t.he larger g.roup.

6. The villa.ges defined in the Census Cmle include hamlets as Welt. So t.ftie n'Uttlbe~ ~f viUage'S which is 8'74 dees Dot closely correspond to the ~h:t~tiat villAges _hieh ioclusi\re of :ba'IDlets number 1.811.

Bamlew. The total number of inhabited hamlets returned this time is 937 as against 788 in .1921. A detailed.aurvey

Tehsll. Inhabited Variation. of hamlets quoted OD the margin shows hInn!lets. an increase of 168 in H azur Tehsil 1991 ID~l which is due partly to all the small S18 + 168 hamlets round about the capital be­ M'achllpuL' !B8 us - iO iug treated as a single hamlet in 1921 Mandrail 118 126 +8 and partly to the forlnation of new Utgir 88 94 + 11 hamlets as well. Mandrail and UtKir Sapotra _ 8 Tehsil also show aD increase, while Total 183 931 -:-1M Macbilpur and Sapotra show a de- 'crease of 2t) and 8 respectively. On the whole the villagers have remained stuck to their old houses. "The pctpulatima o'f some ham1~ts is 'arge enough to justify them to be treated as villages, but local tradition binds them to the parental "mages and anN' interference ill1tbis ~IP-eot 48 likely 'to "be resented. The hBmlet. of t.he 'V.iU ....es Gurlda. 'ami LoIraft'a are insta'l1ces"df:t'lris type.

.OTement ill Villages. 7. The total populatioD returned.in villages on the "~l.!_ellt -ei9R&n,. night is 116,868 8S against 110,248 -showiDg' an .incr.ease of 6'05 per cen"', W'bich beibg n~arly the same as toe rate of -births ov:er aea1:bs per cent, shows thtit ItO a.ppreciable migration took place between ~he rura' 1IDd urban 'Population of the state during the -aeoade wi'bhout 1017 emigration or immig:ra!tioil to "or 'from 'foreign places. IG

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.....:-_ :c; ...... • · . · : · ·• ·• -CI,).... t ..... o 1 Q -"-l <:> o o-• o - ....c:> OHAPTER III. Birth-place and migration. :tntroductory. An attempt to answer the following questions will be made in this chapter :-

(1) Whither does the population move! (2) How much of it moves t (8) and why does it move at all 1 The Enumerator was required to record the place where the person was born. Working on this basi~ the number ()f imm~grA.nt8 and ilati~e-born is found. Figures supplied by other States and Provinces of persons born in Karauli but enumerated elsewhere give the number of -emigrants. But this classification cannot hold absolutely good for the following reasons :- - - - (i) _Stray passengers. casual ~sitors. marriage partieil, Filgrims etc, enumerated in-Karauli, are not in the true sense of the word immigrants.

(2) A child. born in its maternal father's house~ should not ,,?e treat­ oed as immigrant.

(8) A true immigrant has a child born ';to him. This child is shown as na-tive--bOAJ.- ~ruly-speaklDg he-is also &D~mmigrant.

Data. 1. The statistics of birth-place are Contained 'in the. :I~perial Table 'VI and the Subsidiary Table I, compiled from'the general ·schedu)e. The birth-place- of the persoDs enumerated -in -the state was recorded with res­ pect to the district together with its pr~viDce in tD:~ 'c;ase 01 Brltish J:ndia and the name of the state in the case of Indian States. -,The name of district' was .tso added in the case of big Indian' States such as GwaUor -and Baroda. There were some inaccuracies as to the Provinces of British India which were corrected by the State Census Superintendent in the. course of -his testing the entries. Hence the statistics are quite reliable.

Im.portance of the The statistics show the natural growth of the sta.te and also the various . statistics. currents of migration.

'rhe sum.mary of the The statement below· gives the birth-place of the wbole population:- statistic•• Actual Number. Proportion 2er Mille

-Born in Karauli ... ••• 122,571 872 contiguous States ... 15~771· 112 " " ,. other states of Rajputana 806 6 " 1,868 10 " " I~dia ••• outliiide India -9 " " ••• 140,525 1,000

.Includes Bharatpur, Dholpur, Jaipul" and Gwalior States. .28 The marked feature of these statistics is that the people in general love to stay at home, a feature characteristic of the whole of India vide Census Report of India, 19~1, Volume I, part I, page 88. 2. There are five kinds of migration VIZ (1) Casual, (2) Temporary, (8) Type. of migration. Periodic, (4) Semi-permanent., (5) Permanent. Let us examine 'the extent of each on the CelJsus night in the sta.te. The first category which represents the minor movements between adjacent sto.tes due to the very common prac­ tice C?f taking a Wife from another village, slate or district shows that the contiguous States of Jaipur, Bharatpur, Dholpur and Gwalior have given us 4,292 males and 11,479 females; in all 15,771 persons, giving a' proportion of 112 per 1,000 .. The preponderance of fernah;s is due to immigration necessi­ tated by marriage. No table "iving birth-place by age is prepared. The num­ ber of children included in this figure cannot therefore be known.. The Number of emigrants to these states may probably have been nearly the same on the Census nfght but nothing definite can be said in the abse_Dce of the fi'gures for the emigrants. Taking the' figu'res -of the last cen'Sus as true for the sake of argument the total emigrants to the contiguous stat"es numbered 8,802 males, 8,700 females, totalling 12~Q02; that is 89 per mille. Strictly speaking, this form of migration 'should go under permanent one. Tem.porary migration mea-os journeys on business~ visits to plaoe of pilgri­ mage and the like and the temporary demand for labour when -new -road~ and railways are under construction. The only factor to attract this type of niigration was the Shiva Ratri Fair held at the capital which returned a few people. So there was no migration of this type in the state. ' The

~migraDts returned elsewhere,. under t!lis p~a4 wo~ld J m,ost ,proba,bly be

equally fewJO_ eerio4ic migration. ir;l~licates th.e anDu,at ~Jgrati~n ~bich takes place in different tr~cts a-t special 'periods .~Dd t!I~ lJeaso~&~ movemen\s of pastoral nOlnads. T~ th~ latter class be~oDg ,828_ .persons borD in Jodh­ pur and'IOI persons born in Bundi. In 1921 only 19 persons w~re return­ ed as born in Jodhpur a,od 37 in Bundi. The period.ic immigrants mostly belonged to the Banjare ~~d Rewari castes who happened to be in the state ,on the Census oi gbt. Semi-permanent migra4;ioil refers -.-0 immigrants who earn their living Semi-permanent emigration in 1991. and reside here, but being 'foreigners~ do To M. F. Total. not sever their connections with the Kotah 688 1.1H mother state or the'province where their Contlal India Agency 4,58 159 60,5 family generalJy resides. "there being Ajmer ... 11'1 lQ7 91'8 practically no attractions industrial or Delhi 74 68 149 Bombay otherwise here, few immigrants falling under this category are returned. The Total 1,386 7'18 1,1,59 '. _ rare, instances -met with bere betbng to the class of officers who earn bheir ,livlDg here Im.t, l."etain "their oo'n­ ~ection with their'9:wn homes to which,they .return in 'their old age and oD,~a&ions. 'Of .cOU11le .the emigEants ,ftOID ,this state who z;nigrate to ''''W>r'e, Ko1;ab"AjJl)er, Delhi, Agra, Ahm'edaba4 ...nd. Btimb&y to earn their ~i:ving,fan under :,this category.. ;·Bot as the figUl"es . for emigrabts from ~_i$:.t..t~ were, Deit~ *»rted DOr supplied, -by the CeD'Sus Superin'bendent coltcbpJled, nothing ,detinite, C&1!l be, ascertainad as~ to ,the eXtent 01 tihis' ~igra.qOD~ During' 1921. the total emiA'rants to these 'Places were a~ 159 a'S flu~ted on tbe margin g.iving a proportion 'of 15 'per mille. Ma'ldng a due allowance for the casual emigrants to the places a s well as t.he gelHfraf 21 depression of trade and industry thereat which must have sent back the emigrants here, there may have been only about 1,000 emigrants on the present Census night froln this state.

Very few instances of immigrants who permanently settle in this state are met with here. So might be the case with emigrants from this state. Besides the above types of migration a new type VIZ., daily migration has been suggested by Census Commissioner for India this time. It relates to persons who generally live outside a city or town but come to it daily for business. This type is not to be met with here.

:Immigration by religion. 8. The actual figures of immigrants q~oted on _the margin show that B,Ugion. 1981. 1981. there has been-a fall among the Hindus M. F. T. M. F. T. this time compared with 1921. The Hindu ... "";97 1I.9s.; 16,692 .... '188 12.088 16.821 reason is that the marriage expenses Mu.lmaD 4.19 SUI lSSl 4.91 678 1.17S Jain 40 86 126 31 88 119 within the state beiD.J less than those Cbristjan iJ • 4 S /j 8 incurred outside the state, the Hindus PB.Z'tIt ,,,.... II .... • ••• !II Sikh 1 0 1 1 1 it prefer to take wives from within the Total ••• S,1l91it,836 1'1.964 &,817 UJ.810 18,lfi state rather than from outside it.

Musalman females have increased by 184 which may be accounted for by the fact that the industrious sects of Musalmaos prefer to take wives 'from outside• .lains, Christians aod Sikhs being very small iD number need no comments..

Variation of .fr. The statement given below indicateR im migrants from the con~ Zm.:migr&nts by States aDd tiguous states of Jaipur, Bbaratpur and DhoJpur. It shows a fall of 547 P~vinoes. males aDd 414 females this time as compared with 1921. The reason al­ ready discussed in para 8 in the case of Hindus applies to this also.

Immigrants from _ 1981. 1921.. Males. Females. Males. Females.

Contiguous states of Jaipur. Bharat- 8,829 9.722 4,876 10,186 pur and Dholpur. (2) Other sta.tes of Rajputana ... 887 419 157 287' (8) Contiguous states of Gwalior 468 1.757 488 1,601 (4) Other Province8 of India ••• 484 934 848 783 (6) Outside India ••• 6 8 8 8

.1,119 12,886 -5,817 It,8U) The immigrants from other states of ltajputaDa show an increase of 280 males and 182 females due to the periodic migration of nomads already discussed. The state of Gwalior bas given us 80 males and 156 females more tbis year than in 1921. The reason is that the people of the valley of the Chambal in Mandrail and Utgir Tehsils being cut off from the rest of the state by_.tbe_ billy tracts having DO metalled roads. find it easier to have t.heir matrimonial relations with the adjoining state of Gwalior. The oth("\r Province. of India show also an increase of 86 males aDd 151 females this time due to the Rajputs of the state taking their wives from the districts in the United Provinces and Bihar. The m.ain attractioD for "them is of dowry. The Christians being a micrGScopic community need DO comment.

6. The mean age is the average age of the persons who were alive aD the date of the census and Dot the mean duration of life except where the. births and deaths exaetl¥ balanae :GQ.e another. As tbe bid;.hs &lid deaths for the state durin.g the decade balance one ano.tber 80 the m.eaD age put down as 28·6 for the males and 22·9 for the females should .hav-e GeeD Ule duration of life for the' decade. but a. the vital statistics for the rural area are not reliable, therefore the ab.o.ve me.all ages do not mean the duration of life for tbe decade. The lD..eJ.D ages returned lor the-decade 1921-81 for :the whole state are 23'6 for tbe males and 22· .9 for the kmales.as against 1a4' 7 for males and 24' 8 for females during the last decade' wbich means that the population is gl."owing with a comparatively larger Dum.ber ~f children .due to .absence of any ad\Jerse factors to the growth Q:i' the children duriog the decade.

_e&D&PS The marginal table shows the decrease of the mean ages for all t.he b;y religions. 1981. 19!iJl- rel.i gioDS and sexes this time in comparison ~ M. F. M- F- All·ReliFon. there- i)S'6 iJ!iJ'9 !iJ4r'1 u-s 1921. I t means t h at t h e num_ b er 0 f telb ch"ld reD u1!:::.~~ 93-6 a·o !iJ4dJ iJ4 S returned this t1 me for each religion is ~isher than MuQimB n'4r U 4r '.5-8 iJ&'6 th t ted" Jaina •.. !iJO'1 !n·1 28-1 !iJo-S a re urn In 1921. CbristiaDa so-s !iJ1-4r St;.!iJ 91'0

The Christian'males are &D an exceptioD ,to this, a6 they have returned a comparatively higber mean age.

The low~st m~an ages are fm: the Hindu lIla.l~s l}nd \be J.am feJJlalea which meaos that the highest number of the ,male children is re:liurned b¥ toe Siudus wbile that of the female .children .by the J ains who take .equal care of their male as well as of their female ones.

The Cbrist!ans being a mi~r community sho~ld be ~egar4~ .Ils an exception.

Age distribution of 7. A. 1"eference to tbe Subsidiary Table IV shows that the pJ'oportion each SEm in certain 0-6 selected castes. Q;f the children aged is the .highest among the Jain communities such as Palliwal R.Dd Sbrimal .but the Rajputs 'show the highest proportion for the male childr.en 'aged 7-18 and the Palliwals for the female ones. The' pna.. portion of the reproductive age 17-48 is .the highest for the males among AgarwalR and for females _among Rajputs. 'l'he proportion of the penon. aged ,*41 and over is the highest ameng Saraogis due to their atmctly abste. mious life.

Longevit;y• 8. The number of the centenarians found in the state on the census ,Locality - No. of COD- night w~s 15 as detailed on the margi~. th~ ~m~_ Karauli Town. •••tonariana. S age of 105 being returned by Kara.uli Town._ O.ut. =l~~hsli": of these 16. males are 11 and fema~es.. The D\1~- t:=:-il ..: ber for each_Tehsil is noted OD the mar~. Sapotra :: •

l:nfanq and childhood 9. The Subsidiary Table V shows that Sapotra Tehsil returns the by localiti_. h~gbest propo~tion of children as 76'~ per ~OO personlJ aged 15-40 and XarauIi Town the lowest proportion of 62-5. whi~h mean~ that the grolVt.b of" urb~n population is lower thaD that of the rural Qne who eQ.joys t-bo_ climatIC ad.vantages. . The l)fOportioD of children per 100 marrie4 fema'-_ 28

. ·.31'111D3.!l I .-• I ~ u -~ .F;; o...

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.Age.

The enumerator was instructed to put down in column 7 of the general 'rhe value of the schedule the ages in complete years as stated by the enumerat.ed. The infants statistics. under six months were to be represented by 0 and those over six months by I. In the case of deaf.mutes, children and pardah-'P'I.aslun ladies, the inquir­ ies were to be confined to the heads of the families. The ages of the per­ sons who could not know their ages were enquired with refecence to some memorable event such as great famines of years 1899 A. D. and 1905 A. D. and influenza epidemic of 1918 A. D. Despite all possible attempt& to secure the correct return of ages, the st at.istics are not free from errors mostly unint.entional as the mass of the people being uneducated cannot exactly remember the years of their birth. Incorrect return of age of grown ~p girls by their guardians may be taken to affect the correctness of the age return. Sadhus consider it a prestige to over-state their ages. The widows among the lower strata of society being free to re-marry generally understate their ages. Superstitious beliefs which forbid a man from dIsclosing his correct age seem to have but little vitiated the state­ ment.

2. The facts discus ICed in the chapter under report depend on the Data. main Table VII and II Subsidiary Tables attached.

8. A reference to the Subsidiary Table II (a) shows that the propor­ 2'he te.Irt of the accurac7· tions for both the sexes for 1981 are generally in a descending order frOID 0-6 onwards, which shows that the age figures returned this time are fairly accurate.

The Subsidiary Table 11 (a) indicates the distribution of the population ~e distributioD of the populatioD by in the state per 10.000 of each sex by age periods. The notable feature is age-periods aDd that the proportions both for males and felnales are in a descending order s8ll::es. from tlie ages 0-5 onwards due to the absence of any epidemics during the decade. Another notable point is that the proportions for females are generally lower thall those of males excepting the age periods 0-5 and 20-25. The proportion of the' females is greatly higher in the age period 0-5 doe to the return of an equal number of males and females for the ages 0-5 while the total Dumber of females for all ages is greatly lower than that of the males this time.

5. A reference to the Subsidiary Table III indicate'! the gradual de­ DistributioD. of the population b7 cline of the proportions for both sexes for Hindus and -Musalmans for all age-periods and the age-periods excepting the ages 20-..0 which shows abrupt rise due to the Dl&iD religions. grouping up together of four quinary periods. The proportions for Jain. show irregular rise of males for the ages 10-15 Rnd of females for the ages 5-10.

The proportions of the females of all ages for Hindus and Muslims are generally lower than those of males exc~ptiDg for the ages 0-5, whiJe the reverse is the case for -the J ains who generally show a higber propor­ tion of the fema.les than the males for all ages excepting the age periods 8-5 aDd 4.0-60.. The Christians being a rnicxQ6copic cOMmunity need DO comment.

_.nag8. 6. The mean age is the average age of the persons who were alive OD the date of the census and not the me~n duration of life except where th~ births and deaths exaetl¥ balance Dlle another. As the births ..Ad d.eaths for the state during the decade balance one another so the bleaD age put do:wn as 23'6 for the males and 22'9 for .the females should ,bave Deen the duration of life for the' decade~ but as the vital statistics for the rural area ar~ not reliables therefore the abo..ve meaD ages do not mean the dura tioQ of .life for the decade. The lD..eJlP ages returned lor the decade 1921-81 for the whole state are 23'6 for tbe ma.les and 22' 9 for the .iemales as against 24' 7 for males and 24' 3 for females dUil"iJig the Jast decade' wbich means that the populatioD is growing with a comparative1y larger DUQl,bel: 'Of children due to .absence of any ad verse factora to the growth Qf' the children during the decade.

Keanage. The marginal table shows the decrease of the mean ages for all ,tJuo: by rellgiOlUl. 1981. 19B1. rel,igioDS and sexes this time in comparison ~ ReligIon. M. F. M- F. All there- iJ8'S n·9 .~-'l U'3 1921. It means that the Dumber of the children u:::1:~: £1'6 BS'O .4-6 .4 S returned this time for each religion is higher than MuBlilDll ft'4 -r.I 4 • .5'8 B6'6 th t t d' 1921 Jains ." .5'1 !iI.i''l "8'1 !i),I;-S a re urne 10 • CbriatillDB 86'S srl-4o sa'li B7'O "Dhe Christian'males aye &D an exceptioD to this, a'S they have returned a comparatively higher mean age.

The lowest mean a.ges are fpr the Hindu JDaJ~s Q,nd the .Jam feRlales which meQ.DS that the highest number of the male childrell is re:bu.rned.bl' tlie Hindus :wbile that of the female children by the.Jaina who take .equal care of their male as well as of their female ones.

The Chr~t!ans b.eing a mil!or community should be x.egareJed ,_8 aD e¥ceptioJ;l,.

Age distribution of 7. A reference to the Subsidiary Table IV shows that the proportion each sex in certain selected castes. ~f the children a.ged 0-6 is the .highest among the .Jain ,commUDities.ueh aa Palliwal and Sbrimal,but the BaJjputs -show tbe highest pl'oportion;for 'the male children 'aged 7-18 and the Palliwals for the female ones. The- pwo. portion of the reproductive age 17-48 is the highest for the Plales amoDg AgarwalI' and for females ,among Rajputs. The proportion of the penon. aged .." and over is the highest. ameaR Baraogis due to their atZ'ictly abate. mious life.

LongeviQ', 8. The number of Jibe centenarians found ~ the state o~ the census Lo

Infa.ncy and childhood 9. The Subsidiary Table V shows that Sapotra Tehsil ,returns the by localities. h~gbest proportioD of children as 76'" per ~OO person, aged 15-60 aDd. Karauli Town the lowest proportioD of 62·5. whi~h meaD~ that the grolV1;h_ of, urb~D population is lower thaD that of the rural one who eQjo~, th~_ cbmatlc advantages. 'The l)roportioD of children per 100 ma~ie4 femal.. aged 15-40 also corroborates \be above conclusion, as according to it, the proportion of children in the Town comes as low as 143·2 as aga.inst 187·2 for the Utgir Tehsil which stands higbest in this respect but the propor­ tions of the children for tbe whole state this thne per 100 persons and 100 married females both of reproductive ages come to 69·0 and 17"·2 respec­ tively as against 70·' and 186·6 in 1921. The decrease is due to the mor­ tality of the persons of ages 15-410 owing to epidemics in 1921. - The Subsidiary Table IV shows that the proportion of children of Infancy and childhood .. for selected castes• both sexes per 100 of persons aged 1"-43 as well as of ma.rried females aged 14-48 is highest among Palliwals who have a nice regard for every species of Ufe. Shrima.ls aod Saraogis sta.nd next. Rajputs stand last.

The Subsidiary Table V (a) sbows that tbe Jains have returned the Infancy and childhood by main religioQs. highest proportion of children as 71-9 per 10D persons aged 15-410 and as 180·9 per 100 married fema.les aged 15-40 followed by Hindus. Muslims' stand last. In comparison to the proportions for 1921, there is a general decrease this time.

10. The Subsidiary Table IV (a) shows that the Rajputs returning the Proportion of married femaleBof highest proportion of married females aged 14.-4.8 is the most vigorous com­ productive ages 14~48 by certain niunity and Palliwals the least energetic specially due to the absence of selected oastes. early marriage among the Rajputs and the existence of the evil among the PalliwaJs. The bad eRect. of the evil are evinced by other high castes as well excepting Sbrimals who are approaching the Rajput.s in respect of the proportion of the married females.

The Subsidiary Table V (a) shows the highest proportion 86'. of mar­ Married females by ried females aged 15-4.0 per 100 females among Muslims due to the exis­ maiD religion•• tence of widow re-marriage among them. The .Jains showing a proportion 81' 1 stand lowest. but the proportion for each religion this time is co m­ pBratively higher.

According to the Subsidiary Table V, the highest proportion 86'41 of -..rried females aged 16-40 per 100 married females is returned by Huzur Tehsil and the lowest 84·6 by female. of all a&'8B Sapotra Tehsil. Karauli tOWQ has returned a proportion of 86-7_ The by localities, slight variations need no comments. Compared to 1921, there is a general increase in the proportion of married females this time in all the Census units doe to the absence of epidemics tha.t made a great havoc in 192J. But the proportion of married female'S for the whole state this time stin fnUs short of that in 1911 by 1·7 which shows that the populat.ion has pot yet recouped its vigour sapped up by influenza epidemic duriDg the lut decade.

11. A reference to the Subsidiary Table IV (a) indicates the higher Later age periods by certain ca.tea. proportions for mal~ over 4tS among the .Jain cOIuIDunities and for females among Brahmans. Agarwals stand lowest for ma.les and Shrimals for females. The proportions of ma.les over 48 among all the high castes generally are highe~ than t.hose for fema.les. Reversely it. means tha.t. the females among the hjgh caste. retarn a higher proportion than the males of the reproductive ages of 1.-48. The Subsidiary Table V (a) :shows that the proportion of the persons La.ter a.ge periods by maiD I'eligiona. over 60 per 100 aged 15-40 is higher among Muslims and Jains than 30 among Hindus for both sexes which means that the Hindus are more vigorous than Muslims and Jains in the state, as the former have a higher proportion of the persons of productive ages than the latter. On the other hand J ains enjoy longer life than Hindus and Muslims.. Later age periods by A reference to the Subsidiary Table V shows the return of highest pro .. localitie•• portion 10 of males aged 60 and over per lOO- aged 15-40 by-Sapotra Tehsil and the lowest proportion of 7'5 by Utgir Tehsil. Karauli Town -holds &0 intermediate position with a proportion of 9'5. Reversely Utgit" has the higbest Dumber of the males of the reproductive ages of 15-40 followed by Mandrail and Machilpur Tehsils. Karauli Town and Huzur Tehsil stand nearly on the same footing. Sapotra 'rehsil occupies the lowest positio:q. As regards the proportion of the females aged 60 and over Karauli Town with a proportion ~f 10'7 stands first followed by Sapotr3 Tehsil with a proportion, of 9'6. Utgi( Tehsil with a proportion of 7'9 stands last. It means the number of the persons of the reproductive ages is the lowest in Karauli T?~D'_.and highest in _Utgir Tehsil. The comparatively low pro .. portion of females of effective ages In the Urban area is due to luxury &Dd. its attendant evils. In comparison to 1921. there is a general decrease of the persons aged 60 and over this time but... corresponding increase of the persons aged 15-40 this time is due to freedom from epidemics. Compared with previous decades. the present one shows a decline among the old aDd a corresponding increase among the _reproduc1;iv.o

youths. .! .. ,

Variation in 12. A reference to the Subsidia.ry Table VI shows an increase of population by aB'e periods. 5'08 per cent for the persons of all ages in the state in comparison to the population of 1921' simply due to natural growth of the populatioD" though this growth is not warranted by the vital statisti~s which are un-reliable. The same reason may be applied to the increase of 5'5 for the chIldren under ten years of age. The- enormous increase of 21"7 per cent for the sges 10-15 is due to their lowest rate of mortality during the decade. The decrease of 2'7 per cent for the persons aged 40-60 is due to the high mortality among the persons of the productive .ages of 80 to, 1)0 due. to­ epidemics in the past decade. The highest decrease of 25'5 per cent. amona the perSO.D3 aged 60, and over is due to their highest rate of lliortalit1' so much as 250 per mille during- the decade due to ordinary diseases.! The sa~e remarks apply to the variations for Karauli Town.

Birth rate.

Decade. Average b1itb rate per 1.000 for the state. PersoDll. Malea. Females. 19!u-19SO 15'4 18'6 15'.9 1911-1930 14'4 14',5 14'4

Birt'h rate ~ Xa.rauli The birth rate for the town this time is also lower compared to that Town. ;'fIif'>~ Birth rate for Karauli Town. to Decade. Persons.' Males. FeJDBlell. for the last decade due the causes'. 1921-30 54,.g 51'7 57'1 1911-SJO 48'8 41'8 40'1 giveD in para supra. It is higher in the town than in the rural' -tracts 'due to the more exciting .circumstance. of the· town. 81 Birth rate in some of The birth rate for the whole state is very lower than that in most of the British Provinces during the British Provinces. Of course, the decade the birth rate for the town is not 1911-90. Delhi 4S'1~ C. P. %'00 lower than that for most of the Punjab 43'49 The UDitod Proviocell 42'28 Provinces of British India.

Death rate. 14. As stated on the m!lrgin. the reported de!lth rate per mille for the whole state during the decade Locality. Decade Decade is IS'5 and for the town 29'''. The 1991-80. 1911-liIQ. T. M. F. T. M. F. higher death rate in t~e town is due Karauli State ," IS'5 18'7 18·S ~t'2 21'6 2S'l to the insalub.rlous climate of the Karau,li_ TOWD , .. jI9'.j. liI1'40 ••j 4.1'0 S9'j 43'1 urba.n area as well as to "early conception that causes high births followed by hlgh morta.lit.y. Compared to the death rate during the last decade, it has been lower in the whole of the state and the town as well, specia.lly because the epidemics augmented the rate

In comparsion to the whole of the state, the Karauli Town returns a Death rate by age periods for higher mortality for all age periods Karauli Town. ~. Average per 1.000 for the cJocade. which is explained by the ungenial Males. Fomalell. climate of the urban area as well as 0-,5 ISliI 100 6-10 10 11 by the various social evils associated 10-l.5 8 11 16-VO III 110 with the town life. ilO-80 1& 110 SO-40 IS r.t 40-&0 _, !ill 60-60 34. 49 60 &; over 38 40

The death rate of the infants under 1 year -in tbe state has been 'l.'he deatb rate of infants under 1 year Maloll. Females. _lower tbis time anc;l also in the last of age in the normal year. of Iadi.. ~11 199 decade than that in various provinces PQolab 'i1OS IIO!lt 1911-S0. U. P. 09 B19 of British India and England and the BDgland ••• - 111 perllODII Jof both United States as well. U.oited Statoa ... 1514 IOsee. 89

CHAPTER IV.-SUBSIDIARY TABLB II (a) •

.A.ge di.tributiQn of 10,000 of eae" Sew in the Karaali State.

KAB.A.ULI STATE.

1981. IG21. 1911. 1901. AGE. .; . ..; .; II) "0 CI) &J .,; CIS Q) - :j -CIS rI -CIS rJ -CIS CIS 8 C; Ii E! a - Q) -CIS - Q) ::a ~ :;1 c: :;: c:: ~ ~ = 1 S 8 .. 6 6 7 8 9

0 ...... 828 87" 286 8"" 816 862 202 217 1 .- ••• 268 808 144 188 189 102 144 144 .2 ••• ... 267 880 214 264 288 279 220 288 8 ••• ... 264 314 264 848 .56 292 288 .59 .. ••• ... 261 289 272 814 201 222 247 258 TOTAL 0-0 .-- 1.378 1.815 1.180 1.428 1.148 1.307 1.046 1.114 5-10 ••• 1.818 1.818 1,466 1,688 1,226 1,258 1,270 1,820 10-15 ••• 1,298 1.209 1,161 987 1,151 988 1.802 1,116

15-20 ••• 980 924 868 760 966 842 1.008 896 flO-25 .... 919 961 786 881 888 988 868 956 25-80 ... 856 847 911 874. 990 974. 906 898 80-85 752 'T09 921 94.5 1,012 1,004. 951 881 ~ - 85-40 ••• 616 602 556 484. 4.98 4.85 476 4t~9

"Q-4G ••• 688 1509 728 758 766 880 8li7 908 45-50 ... 485 890 801 252 96S 220 264 288 50-Ill ••• 8.8 824. 4.84. 508 a60 li81 557 liG5

56-60 ... 289 288 187 11~ 110 96 104 85

60 and over ••• 878 869 502 a58 485 4.86 898 499 MeaD age ••• 2S'6 22·9 2"'7 ''''S- 2 ..·9 ~5·1 Not BV ailablc.

- - 88

CHAPTER IV.-SUBSIDIARY TABLE III.

Dist'rihution of 10,000 of eack #etC in each main religion in the Karauii State.

1931. 1921. J911.

AGE. I RF.MARICS, ui th r1l Q) 4.J Q) r;,; ai' ~ I'll Q) -= v - Q,) -~ 8 ~ E r:o 8 -c:c CLI - Q) - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r: --- I 2 8 4 .5 6 7- 8 - Christians ... 0-5 ...... 2.222 ... 888 666 .... 5-10 .. ' .... 1"il1 ... 1,667 667 1.588 10-15 ...... 1~4t29 ... 1,833 2.308 15-20 · . 1,429 1.111 ... 833 667 1.538 20-40 ·.. 4,286 4.444 41,7l8 5,000 ,~OOO 8.847 4,0-60 .0. 4,285 1,112 !,429 834- 2,100 769 60 and over ·., ...... 1,429" 838 667 ... Mean age ... 80·S 21'4 85·2 27·0 28'S 21·7 Hindus -.. 0- 5 ,.. 1,882 1.tH4o l,lSt) 1,428 1.154 1,802 5-10 · .. 1,828 1.815 1,4073 1~545 1,234 1,257 10-16 " . ... 1.297 ' 1.214 ',lO6 985 1,160 ,987 1.5-20 ... 932 920 870 748 967 847 .20-40 _.. 3.148 8,109 3,168 3,184 3,371 3,406 40-60 .,' 1.546 1.465 1,641 1,615 1,683 1.722 60 Bnd over ... 877 ~63 501 550 431 479 MenD age ... is'6 23'0 24'6 24'3 24·8 24·9 .

0- • Jains ... O- S ·.. 1,441 1,870 845 1.805 711 1,18t( _j)-}O ..._ .. - .1:,179 1,507 1,8~t 1.) 85. 889 887 10-15 ... 1.268 1,324 893 825 844 947 15-20 ... .' 961 ,1,050 610 7.21 1,111 8H7 20-40 ... 2,664 2,,968 8,239 2,992 8.823 8,374 40-60 2,096 2,442 1.907 1,956 ... . 1,870- 2,072 6(f and over 898 610 -666 · " . 411 618 f 650 Mean sge ·.. 25·' 22"7 28'1 25'S 28'6 27'2 Musalmans -_ _ _aa ... - 0- JJ ... 1,885 1,668 J~101 1.38B 1,08t 1,329 5-10 ... 1,252 1,184 1,852 1,437 1,118 1,~19 10--15 , .. 1.220 1,101 1,.080 994 1,001 920 15-20 ... 945 995 835 711 991 765 20-40 ,-' ... -- 3,1'28 _8,188 8,316 8,109 8,538 3.845 40-60 , .. 1,681 1.438 1.737 1,788 1.888 1,827 60 and over ... 433 476 579 628 448 595 Mean age .. , 24'4 28'4 25'S 26'6 25'9 25"9

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40-45 --_ ..... - 45~50 ~------~------_ 50-55 ----_ .... _--­ 55-60 r------.-=..---_-_ 60-65 65-70 _- -- '. 70 and over.

0-5 5-10 - ... -,,'" - .. ------~--, " ----­ 10-15 I .--­ - _- --- ... 15-20 _- 20-25 25-30 ... i 30-35 r------~-' ... 35-40 40-45 ~------~'. 45-50 t------~--- 50-55 ...... ~-.;I",;' 55-60 1------...... , -- 60-65 t------_--~ 65-70 1---­, 70 and over. 1---

0-5 ------._- .... -... 5-10 ---..,---- 10-}5 ------.--~ ------15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 ------35-40 40-45 - ;_ -- - - _.. -_--,:;..- 45-50 ~------_ -:_ -_-.:;.a. 50-55 I ---,--- 55-60 1------:_- ... _ 60-·65 I------~.­_-- _-- 65-70 1----":--- - 70 and Over. 48 CHAPTER V Sex.

The comparatively lower proportion of the females in the state is not Accuracy of the figures. due to any omission of women in any community nor to any neglect of enumeration but to the generaJity of the case. This is further proved by the proportions of the iemales for the previous census in the state and India as well. Nay many of the Asiatic countries, the Eastern countries of Europe the United States and Australia present the same picture. Hence the sex figures are quite accurate.

2. The distinction of the sexes is contained in each and every table Data. of the census. But tht"': Imperial Tables VII and VIII form the main basis for the discussion of the chapter.

3. There are 76.729 males and 63,796 fecnales returned at this census Proportion of fem.ales by the localities. giving an excess of 12~933 males over females. In other words there are 831 females to every l~OOO males in the state. The low number of the females nlay be said to be due to indifference generally shown by pal'ents in bringing up female children and absence of maternity hospital"J too where the high mortality of women at child-birth could have been checked. The early marriage. the economic and domestic distress and the rt!peated births of children after short intervals can not but affect the number of females. A reference to the_Subsidiary Table I shows the highest proportion of t he females in Sapotra TahsIl viz. 904 and the lowest In Machllpur viz. 759. Karauli Town returns a proportion of 815. The highest proportion for Sapotra Tehsil is specially due to its hav'inJl a lot of feudatory land­ holdt"r.s each of whom has his own seraglio. The variations in other Tehsils arE" due to the varying del!r~e of the economic conditIOn of the people.

Variation am.ong 4 The perusal of the Subsidiary Table I shows a general increase fem.ales In the among the females of all the Census unIts this time. Mandrail Tehsil different locallties of the state. with an increase of 1. 2·9 per cent stands first followed by Utgir Tehsil with an increase of ~'2 Machilpur Tehsil is t he last of all with an increase of 4'2. The present is the only decade which has ret.urned a general increase in the variation percentage among females of the state due to their being immune from the attacks of plague and influenza during the decade which epidemics played an active paIt among the females during the last decade.

5. A reference to the Subsidiary Table I[ shows that the proportion The proportions of fem.ales by age of females is lower than that of males for all the ages of all the religions periods and religion. combined excepting the ages 2--3 which return 8. proportion of 1027. The ages 3-4 show the next highest proportion as 990. The ages 40-50 show the lowest proportion of 773. The remaining age periods indicate succes­ sive rise and fall. Nearly the same remarks apply to Hindus- The high proportion is among the infant females. The lowest proportion among the female~ of 40-50 is due to the attacks of epidemics that carried away Inany of the fe~ales aged 80-40 during the last decade.

Muslims return higher proportions of female infants, nearly for all ages from 0 to 5 than those of males for all the three censuses. 44 .Tains return also higher proportions of females than males of a.ll the, ages excepting a very few age periods. The higher proportions among .Tains is due to their females being treated very carefully.

The Christians being i n minori~y need no comments. Comparison of the proportion of 6. .Tains being very scrupulous to every form of life return the highest; jema.les by religions. proportion for all ages and various age periods as well, as is clear from & reference to the Subsidiary Table II.

Muslims whose religious tenets afford an equal status to women stand next as to the proportion for all ages cOlnbined and for many of individual age periods. Hindus who treat their women less favourably return the lowest proportion for all the ages.

Variation of females 7. The peru~al of the Subsidiary Table II shows that the proport.ion of by religions a.nd previous censuses. the females for all ages combined this time is higher than that during 1921 for all the major religions in the state specially due to the effects of higher mortality brought on by epidemIcs during the last decade. Of course, the proportIons this time show but lIttle variations in comparison to those in 1.921 specially for HIndus, the major factor of the population. The saine remarks apply to the proportions of the ages 0-80!t 30-40. 25-80, 15-:20, 10-15. The females of the ages 0-5~ 5-10, 20-25, 80-40, 40-50, 50-60 and 60 and over show decrease in comparison to those in 1921. The highest decrease is among the aged 60 and over for which no special cause can be assigned. The low proportions of female children under 10 may be due to lower birth­ rate of females than that. of males this time.

Proportion of females 8. The Subsidiary Table IV shows the proportions of fema.les to among certain selected castes. males for certain selected castes for all ages combined, and for various age-periods, for high castes only. According to it, Balai stands 6rst with a proportion of 1,500 followed by Indian Christians ha. ving a proportion of 1286. Rangrez, Lodha, Palliwnl, ShrimRI. Ahir and Musahnan Dhobi standing in descending order each returns a proportion of Inore than 1,000 females to 1,000 Inales. The remaining castes return a lower pro­ portion of females than that of males. The high proportion of females among 8 above mentioned castes is due to the fact that generally they have marriage facilities. Rebal'i stands at the bottom of the list with a proportion of 361 due to the nature of their occupation which being that of camel-driving often compels the males to roam hither and thither with­ out their females. So Iowa number as 429 among Mahesari is due to the evil of their marriage ceremonies being very expensive. A comparison of the proportion of high castes indicates that Jain communitieR such as Palliwal and Shrimal retun higher proportion of females than that of males so much as 1,059 and 1,054 per 1,000 males followed by Brahman and Agarwal each having a proportion of 828. Rajput stands last with a proportion of 7405. The higher proportion among Palliwal and ShriQlal is due to their religious tenets thQ.t enjoin reverence to all life. The Jow proportion among Agarwals and Brahmans is due to their neglecting the proper nourishment of thejr infant girls whose marriage expenses prove ruinous to their economic condition. The same l'enlsrks apply to the lowest proportion among Rajpnts. 45

The proportion of the infant girls aged 0- 6 is the highest among Sh.... imals with a return of 1.812 and lowest among Rajputs with a return of 74.6. Palliwal and Khandelwal being very small numerically are excep­ tions. The proportion of the females of reproductive ages of 24-"'3 is the highest among Shrimals having 1.095 females to 1.000 males followed by Rajputs with a return of 823. Hrahmans and Agarwals return a respective p~oportion of 764 and 757. The highest proportion among Shrima.ls &ond Rajputs is due to the matrimonial age of their fema.les being between twelve and six ten while the low proportion among Brahmans and AgarwaJs is due to the practlCe of early nuuriage at the ages K to 12.

9. A reference to the subsidiary table V shows that the proportion Birth•• of female births js lower than that of male births tor all the individual years during the decade 1921-80. The average proportion of female births per 1,000 male births during the decade is 792.

10. The same sub-tables show that the propor-cion of female deaths Deaths. has been lower than that of male deaths In each years of the decennium ellding in 1930. The average death of females for the decade has been 791 for 1,000 male deaths.

The sub-table VI shows the highest mortality figure among the male Death. by age periods infants under one yeaI' followed by male infants of ages 1-5. Then there is a decline up to the '1ges 15-20 after which the mortality rises and falls successively. The highest mortality is 1,111 a.mong tile females of ages ~0-30 followed by those of ages 1-5. The higher mortality among infant males of 0-5 in ("omparlson to female infants may be due to the luxurious treatment of male infants which detracts their power of resistance. The high mortality both among males and females in the prime of life is due .to the folly and intemperance of youth among the rnales and to dangers of child-birth among females. "rhe rise of the (nonality figure for the ages 50 and over is due to genet'a) decay of the body which is not so durable owing to varlr)us adverse factors such as early marriage and consequent econmnic distress. I-----~r_----~------_+------___~~~~~~------~~----~------QC ----- =~ -0 ~It) Q ~ Q - ( -0) I I + ,-.__, -0:. ... 0:. QC -GO .. o - I + +

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~ . .• ...... E .. : ~ : : : : ~ I 48

CHAPTER V.-SUBSIDJ.'\.RY TABLE IV.

Number of females per 1,000 males for certain selected castes in the Karauli State 1981.

ACCORDING TO IMPERIAL TABLE XVII.

Castes.

Ahir .. ' .... 1,000 7 Dalai 1.500 1 Bhambi Bhangi 886 11 Brahman (Hindu) 828 19 (Jain) ... " ... Chamar 925 8 Christian (Indian) 1,286 2 Dhobi (Hindu) 836 17

(Musalman) 1,000 7 " Gujar 679 28

Jat 829 18 Kachhi 821 20 Kalal 808 21

Kayesth 902 9

Khati 871 13

Khatik 828 19

Koli 893 10

Kumhar 849 ]6 Lodha 1,2'2. " Lohar (Hind u) 683 27

.. (~1usalman) 705 24 -----.--.~--.------r,j be: ~ ~ ~ - =:JO;l

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4 The marginal table shows that out of 10, 100 persons of ages Universa.lity of lDarriage. Civil condition of lO,OO{J of each sex for the 15-40 when marrIages are generally state aged 15-40. contract-ed by the followers of all Unmarried. Married. Widowed. religions in the st.ate only 2.720 rnales Males g,7iO 6,520 760 All religions and 130 fema.les are returned as un- fFemales 130 8,770 1,1~0 tnarried this time for a.ll the religions ~ Males ~,7g0 6,510, 770 Hindus combined. The propotions of un­ ~ Females 1~0 8,710 1,110 married males and females for ea.ch of 5 Males 2,760 6,690 li50 Muslims the main religions also is no:-arly the I Females 380 8,800 820 SMales ~,890 6.270 840 same. The proportion of 2,720 un- 1 Femalel!. ISO 7,730 2,040 married males among the Hindus is due :to the paucity of girls. while the proportion of 120 unmarried females is due to the palace mald servants who were returned as unmulrIed. The seemingly large proportlons of unmarried rnale3 and fem;,lt's among l\luslims and Jain~ do not represent the actual state; the actual figures for unmarried males Rnd females both for Muslims and J ains are 44-1 and 53 and 24 and 2 respectively for the alles 15 -40. In other words, the number of the unmarried is very low and that too is due not to any desi re of lead­ ing a life of celibs(!y and therefort we come to the conclusion that marriage is universal in the state. Hindus require a son at theit" funeral rites. l\'h.sJims also regard marriage as a rnoral obligation. .falns have nearly the same religious views as the Hindus in this respect. 9. The figures quoted on the margin show that the pro!-,ortion of Effects oi western civilization on the unIuarrted for nil tbe relIgions znarriage. Civil condition of 1.1,100 of each sex. cornblned for the effective ages has Unmarried. M':rried. compsnatively declined while that of 1981 1921 1911 1931 1921 1~11 the nlarried has increased. T'his shows .r i'!al~o 497 617 625 480 85B 35B that the western civilizRtion has not 'iIQ~I 20-4.0 2U6 228 227 1Q2 GSG 102 counter-acted the marriage tendency ==-l 2 I Fomales. nor have any prudential conSideratIons :;:;:I < l15-20 4.0 lili 71 980 9QO 900 affected the nurnber of lllarriages

20-010 6 10 1~ 861 849 868 during the decade. A reference to the Subsidiary Table I shows that the same conclusions hold good for each of the major rel~gions returned in •

the state. But .Jain'i have returned comparatively a higher proportion for the unmarrIed males only for the ages 15- 20. 6. The figures quoted on the mSl"gin show that the highest propor­ Diltribution of civil condition of 1,000 males and tion of the unmarried is In Mandrail females for all:: ::!~::l:~ by all ages and Tehsil and the lowest in Karauli Town. The proportion of the married Locality. All--- ages. Unmarried M. w: male is the highest for the Karauli Ka:nwli T. M. 4-]6 "77 ]0'1 Town and of female in H8zur Tehsil. F. !il98 4.98 204- The lowest proportion of the married Haza:r Teheil M. 498 406 9'1 •• .. F. 321) 6112 14-9 males is in Utgir Tehsil while that Machilp1U M. .526 874- 101 of female is for Mandrnil Tehsil. The F. SI6 513 .. IT' widowers are in majority in KBrauli Mandlail •• M. .'i28 388 89 .. .. F. 361 ... 9.1 147 Town and in minorIty in Sapotra Utgi:r .. M. 626 870 104- Tehsil. The widows number most in F. 307 6QS 14ft .. .. Karauli Town and the least iu Ut.gir Sapotra .. M. 609 4-04- 87 F. 866 4.96 14S Tehsd. The variations in different localities are due to several factors such as tendency of early marriage and economic considerations as well. The low proportion of the unmarried and the corresponding high proportion of the widowed In the Karauli Town are results of early marriages.

Variations in the 7. A reference to the Subsidiary Table I shows that the highest Btati BticB by age Bes: and religions. variations of civil conditioD among males of all the religions combined are for the ages 15-20 that return the proportion of the unmarried and the married as 497 and 480 this t,me as against 617 and 858 in 1921 respectively. The ip(·reased number of marriages is due to cheaper prices of all the necessities of life during the decade. As t.o the females of all #Jiles c(}mbined, the noticeable variations are for the ages 5-10 and 10- ] 5 thAt return the proportion of the unmarried as 7!-l4 and 585 this time as a~ainst 980 and 484 during 1921. The proportion for the married are 204 and 458 as against 70 and 503 in 1921. The increase in the Dum­ ber of the married females of the ages 5-10 is due to the same cheapness.

The Hindus being in majority return t.he highest variations for the same age periods as all the religious combined and t.he same reasons hold good tor thdr variations. The case of the M uslhns both for males and females resembles that of the Hindus with the exception that the Muslim males for the ages 10-15 show also the number of Illsrriages increased by 48 per 1,000 compared with 1921. The Jain males show marked variations for all the age periods except~ ing 0-5 and D- 10 while the females indicate '\'ariatjon~ for all the ages excepting the ages 0-5. The highest variatioll is for the males of the ages 60 and over who show decrease of 274 per 1,000 among the married apparently due to mortality. The decrease of 190 per 1,000 of the married .Jain females of the ages 10-15 is due t.o the increase of nlarriageable age, while the decrease of 107 among t.he married females of the ages :lO-.c.o is due t.o the mortahty caused by the influenza epidemic during the preceding decade. As to the increase of 170 among the married fen-ulles of the ages 400- 60, the same reasons may be ascribed as to the increast' for t.he males of the aame category. 58

Variation am.ong the The marginal table indicates an all round increase among the married married by locali­ Proportion of the married per 1,000 of each in comparison to 1921 due to cheap­ ties. _x for all ages and a.ll religions. ness of the necessities of life. The 1931. 1921. Localityr M. F. M. F. highest variation of increase is in the Karauli T. 477 498 472 472 Utgir Tehsil which being the poorest Hazur Tahsii 405 522 385 492 Machilpur.. 814 ./>18 353 493 of all the Tehsils seems to have taken Utgir •• 370 508 3~8 463 much more advantage of the cheap- ness of commodities~

8. The figures quoted on the margin show an increased nUIIlber of Variation of the married by certain marriages during the decade compared higher castes. Number of the married per 1,000 of each sex for all ages. with the previous one for the castes Caste. 1931. 1921. Brahman M. 847 318 of Brahman, Agarwal and Rajput F. 446 410 due to the cheapness of the necessities Agarwal M. 389 382 of life.. •• F. 466 447 Rajput M. 367 846 .. F. 467 448

9. The figures quoted 00 the margin show that the infant marriag~ Infant m.arriage. is not on a large scale during the Number per 1.000 of each se:x: of tbe married of ages 0-5. decade yet it has shown a tendency 198I. 1921. of increase in comparison to 1921 M. F. M. F. All reUgiolUl 1 4 () when it was practically nil. The Hidus 1 3 () o highest proportion is among the Muslims 8 g o Muslims. The total number of the Jains o o married infant males is 12 and of females 86 of which 5 males and 1 female belong to the high castes and 7 males and 35 females to the Muslims and the low castes.

10. The table on the margin shows that the early marriage among Early lnarriage. all the religions comhined as well as Proportion of the married of 1.000 of each sex for the ages 5 --10. among each of the main religions 1931. 1921. sho ws tendency to increase. The M. F. M. F. total number of early marriages of All religions 04 204- 16 70 Hindus 204 16 11 the ages 5-10 is 546 males and Muslims 20J> 10 4i 1.69~ females of which 21 males and JailUl 37 !\iH o o 82 females belong to the Muslims and the rest to the IIind us.

The actual No. of the married IIlales and females of the ages 7-13 IS 136 aDd 476 respectively among the higher castts.

The infant and the early ma.rriages are not so harmful so long as the pair does not enter actual married life. but it is rather difficult to prevent a married couple from sexual excitement. Therefore the effects of early marriage are the physical weakness of the couple and ultimate failure to beget healt,hy chIldren. Early marriages often result in the immature death of the hu~.. bands leaving the wives of tender ages as widowed for ever specially among the -high castes among whom widow-marriage is not permitted. Sometimes one of the contracting parties dies during the betrothal period and thus the enormous expenses incurred for the initial rite. - f!. 'are 80 much waste of money. . No act to prevent early marriages has yet been passed in the state.

Widowed. 11. The figures quoted on the mal'gin show that. the proportion of the widows i4J larger than that of the Proportion of widowed per 1.000 of each ~x by religions in the state. widowers for all the religions combin­ 1981. 19t1. ed as well as for each of the main M. F. M. F. All religiollll 96 1.59 llQ 181 rehgions returned in the state. The Hindus 97 1.59 IlO 181 excess of widows is due to the various Muslims 84 161 108 l15 factors such as early marriages and Jains .,. l!i17 19S 118 5147 India. not ava.ilable 64 176 disparity of ages of t.he married couple. Of course the proportion of the widowed of both sexes this tinle is smaller than that in 1921, due to the want of any famine or epidemic during the decade while reverse was the case in the previous decade. Compared with the whole of India, there is but httle difference in the proportion of the widowed but the proportion of the widowers in 1921 was higher in this state than t.hat in the whole of India by 46 per 1,000 due to the widow-marriage not being in practice in tbe state on a scale as it is in British India.

WidoW'ed by ages for all religions. A reference to the Subsidiary Table I indicates t.hat the proportion of the widowed for both sexes increases with the age. The highest age group of 60 and' over has a proportion of 486 and 872 per 1,000 of each sex for males and iemales respectively. Tbe same table also shows that the proportion of t.he widowed of each age period from 0-5 upto 20-40 is less than that of t.he same ages returned in 1921 while the proportions for the ages 40-60 and 60 and over are greater than those of the corres­ ponding agt;s in 1921. The same remarks equally hold good in the case of the Hindu alld Jain males. .Jain widowed generally show decline simply due to the community being very smalL Muslims show decrease generally for each age period except 60 and over. The general decrease among them is due to t.he prevalance of widow-marriage.

'rhe widowed by The figures quoted on the margin show that the highest proportion of localities. Locality No. of the widowed per 1,000 in 1981. the widowed of both sexes is 10 Karauli T. ~7 :'4. Karauli Town. Sapotra Tehail re- Ho.zur Tehsil 10917 1174! turns the lowest proportion of the Machilpur 90 ;p ~:;~ra.il :: 1~: ~!~ widowed males while Utgir Tehsil Sapotra...... 87 148 of the females.

Among t.he higher castes that do not favour widow-marriage, the highest proportion of widow females is among Brahmans this time.

The widowed by The high proportion of widowed among Brahmans is due to early higher castes. marriage. In comparison to 19~1 Proportion per I.QQQ of each sex of all a.ges. there is a general decrease among 1931. 1921. Cutes M. F. M. F. t.he widowed this time. The general Brahman 128 16'; ~9'; decrease is due to t.he absence of any Rajput 9.5 lOG ''19 famine or epidemic during the de­ Agarwal 180 144 '44 cade.

The widowed am.ong The total Hindu widowed males and females returned this time are the lower castell. 7,015 and 9,587 respect.ively; deducting 1,938 widowers and 3,208 widowed returned by high castes this time, there remain 5,077 widowers and 6,879 5S

widows returned by low castes this time as against 5~4t51 widowers and 6,766 widows in 1921. Thus there is a slight decrease among the widowed of the lower castes this time. Still the No. of the widowed of both sexes is very high despite widow-marriage being permissible among them. The majority of these belong to the age period when sexual excitement is 011 the decay.

12. The marginal table shows t.hat the proportion of the unmarried The un-married. males is about half the total male No. of the un-m.o.rried per 1.0g0 of each 8ex by religions for all ages. population in each religion while the 1931. 1921. proportion of the unmarried females Religion M. F. M. Fo is about ird of the total population. Hindus .5gQ 607 341 MusliInB 480 478 856 The existence of the unmarried fe­ Jain8 0502 310 616 340 males is simply due to their being under 15 years of age after which the unmarried females are few and far between, as the marriage of females is binding. The proportions of the unmarried females of the ages 15-40 and 40 and over for all the religions combined are 13 and 4 per 1,000 and t.hey are due to t.he existence of the inner-ma.id servants of the palace among the Hindu~ and prostitutes among the Muslims. Compared with 1921, the proportion of the unmarried this time is generally on decline with the exception of the Jain females who show an increase by 30 per 1,000 due to the increase of the marriageable age of the matches.

13. The marginal figures indicate the excess of the married females Poly-gamy. of the ages 15-40 over the married No. of females per 1,000 of ma.les by roligions for the ages 15 - 40. males of the ~ame ag'es which is 1931. 1921. generally due to the presence of the Religion. Ma.rried Married Females. Females. married daughters a.s a temporary Christia.ns 2,OlX) 1.00U visit to thdr parents. Of eouue Hindus 1,106 1.136 some of the Rajputs take more than Jains 1.308 1,400 MusliIWJ 1,15" 1,113 one wife fo1:' the sake of rich dowry as well as for the gratification of their Just. Rare instances of poly-gamy are met with among wealthy Brahmans who are allowed to have a 2nd wife even in the Jife-time of their first wife only jf the latter turns out a barren one. Some of the well-to-do Gujars and .Jats have more than one wife. ~rhe custom is found to exist among the Muslims also on a very small scale.

14. Polyandry is disallowed by the social as well as the religious laws Polyandry. in the sta teo 56

CHAPTER VI.-SUBSIDIARY TABLE I.

Distribution by Civil Condition of 1,000 of each sea: and all religions and maIn age period, at each of the last three Censuses. Karauli St(Jte, 1931. ----'~~------~------~------~------Unmarried. Married. Widowed. Sex and age periods. =

Male.

r 0- 5 998 1 000 1,000 1 1 5-10 9.4 984 9840 54 ]6 16 2 I 10-15 .-. 848 863 858 146 131 188 6 6 15-20 497 617 62!i 480 858 358 28 115 17" a I 20-40 206 228 227 702 656 702 92 116 71 40 - 60 ... 89 b7 86 617 631 695 294 282 219 !I 60 and over. 62 56 58 452 470 541 486 474 401 -1 Female.

~I 0- 5 995 1 .. 000 1,000 4 1 I 5--10 7940 930 923 204 70 77 2 10-15 535 484 456 45~ 503 534 7 13 10 1 15-20 4'1) 55 71 9S0 900 900 80 45 29 20-40 6 10 1 III 861 849 868 133 141 120 11 40-60 4 8 4 439 478 475 557 519 52l l I 60 and over. 2 6 7 126 137 137 872 857 856 Male.

r 0- .5 999 1.000 1,000 1 5-10 943 984 55 16 16 984 II 2 1 10-15 846 860 854 148 134 142 6 6 4 15-20 493 611 621 I 484 363 a64 23 26 15 20-40 207 229 228 700 654 699 93 117 73 ~ I 40-60 92 88 85 612 629 692 296 283 223 60 and over. ... 65 58 58 447 46.8 584 488 408 ]1 479 r :I:i Fetnale. I 0- 5 996 1,000 1,000 3 1 I 5--10 :: : 1 794 929 921 204 71 78 2 1 10-15 533 477 450 460 510 539 7 13 11 15-20 37 52 66 93a 908 905 30 45 29 20-40 4 8 11 861 849 86~ 185 148 121 I 40 -60 8 7 4 438 474 475 559 519 521 L 60 and over. 2 5 6 127 185 140 871 860 854 Male. I ( 0-- .5 996 1.000 1,000 I 4 ... .. , 5-10 951 1 9~8 983 I 43 10 17 6 2 ~ I' 10-15 873 912 922 I 121 78 71 1 6 10 7 ..§~ «I • 15-20 565 73'l 416 252 274 f 19 16 82 20-40 190 203 201694 " 745 685 746 ' 65 112 53 ~I 40-60 43 41 705 742 \ 252 258 178 80 /1 701 I lJ 60 and over. 80 14 {)7 I 544 596 656 \ 426 390 277 ·7

CHAPTER VI.-SUBSIDIARY TABLE I.-(Conttl.)

51 Unmarried. I Married. I Widowed. ... Sex: and ages I

_!__ I _____p_e_ri_o_d_S_. ____' __~__ I __~__ ,. __ 5__ 1__ ~__ 1 __ ~__ 1 § __! __ I__ !__ I __~_-

1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Female.

0- 5 991 1,000 1,000 8 I 5-10 798 958 957 204 42 48 2 10-15 54.7 610 556 442 884. 442 11 6 2 15-20 77 120 155 896 867 821 27 18 241 20-40 25 25 82 875 868 874 100 107 94 40-60 21 13 10 470 476 475 509 .11 515 60 aod over. -6 15 1.3 112 176 101 882 809 886

Male. r 0- 5 1,000 1,000 1,000 5-10 963 1,000 1,000 37 10-15 862 947 1,000 138 53 I 15-20 500 462 640 500 538 320 40 20-410 218 275 315 672 623 569 115 102 116 I 40-60 146 827 227 563 423 528 291 250 950 . I 60 and over. 280 67 III 885 538 889 885 ",00 Female. l1 0- 5 1,000 1,000 1,000 5-10 879 1,000 1,000 121 I 10-15 690 500 500 310 500 500 15-20 87 71 870 786 867 48 1418 138 20-40 738 845 772 262 155 228 I 40-60 467 297 400 588 708 60. l 60 and over. 111 88 182 889 917 818 Male.

( 0- 5 1.000 5-10 ... 1,000 10-15 1,000 1,000 15-20 ... 1,000 1,000 20-40 667 500 338 383 500 667 40-60 388 ... 667 667 1,000 838 II 60 and over. 1,000 1,000 ... .;- 1 ~~ Female. dl G- 5 1,000 1,000 I 5-10 1,000 ],000 1,000 10-15 1,000 15-20 1.000 1,000 500 500 20-4.0 250 500 200 500 388 600 250 167 200 40-60 1.000 1,000 1.008 I 60 and over. l 1,000 58

CHAP'rER VI.-SUBSIDIARY TABLE I.-(Conclda)

Unmarried. Married. Widowed. d 0 Sex: and ages I I .-tID periods. 1""'1 1""'1 1""'1 ..... 1""'1 .-C) «= C'I «= t:'t ~ .... - - ~ .....~ -~ -~ = - -~ == -= =- - - - -= -= - 1 2 3 4. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Male.

0- 5 ...... 5-10 ...... 10-15 ...... 15-20 ......

20-40 ...... , 0 •• 4.6--60 ...... 1,000 ...... 60 and over...... ciii ..=d .m- Female. 0- 5 ...... 5-10 ...... 10-15 ...... 15-20 ...... 20-40 ...... 40-60 ...... 60 and over...... I ...... c:> • co IN co co IN- CD ao 0 (C) co 8 eo co co c C'I (C) fill ·P~.M.°Pl.M ~ -= - ~ I I ~ I -0 e:I It) eo .t:- o eo ao C'I . Z ao .t:- eo 0 QQ it- ~ ao t.- QQ """I .p~I.l.I'8Ji\I I ~ I lQ co 40 co co eo eo .... o 1_ I eo - - ~ - .. 0:1 0 ~ t.- eo co 0 t.- """I QQ .. 0 0 QQ 0'1 0 I ao I .. 1~~l.l.I'8muno " ...... ; I -, I - tS co 0 0 it- ...... -0 ~ .t:- 0 .t:- -QQ 0 lQ 00 .... °p~.M.Opl.M. I .t:- I .-4 0 Q• o 1_ I ... " · ... -co - .. -00 ao 2 - co eo -C'I 0 eo t.- co - ~ it- C'I co co - °p~l.l.1'8man I I 0 ... It) ... ~ - - 1- I ..ao ao · QQ co co QQ It) "'3 IN IN 6i co C'I tS "p3.M.Opl M I - I 0 0 ~ .• 1- I 0 " "=S - 10 it-- ~ 0 co 10 1i=: ao ..0 10 0 co C'I 0 ...... "pal.l.l.1lW I c:> I ...... 1;:5 -- 0 C'I I o 1_ I - 0'1 C"f """" ~ 10 I50l Q 0 eo co - co ~ o_ .. .. 0 ... .. co =t- ao ~ ~ ·p~!.1.l'8l1lU .. .t:- o .t:- ~ QQ o_ n I:- = 0 = = ~ ..... = = = -= ~ ~ ~ ...... -4 - .... >- o_ °paA\op!M QC , 0 0 .0 ~ I 0 0 • " ~ s · " - ~ ...... ,...... co ao ;; at) .p.n.U'BW II:- I 0 ... IIQ "'3 ., 0 " t;) tS <:) . I I · ~ rn ao ao 0 ~ co 0 c::> co o_II! a. 0 0 0 ~ 0)= 0) Ot 0) I. ... I" 1 . ~ = = ~ ~ = - .....~ ---:pg~~.Qlan .... >- ~ - co c:T.I It) IN t:- c:T.I it-- !:'II ..... - ~ ao ~ J ao Q 10 C'I ..GO lO =: rn -p~.M.Op!.M lit) 0'1 C'I ..... ~ IloiI = .... = ~ ao - ~ "=S -10 co 0'1 co co -QQ CD ...... ~ 1i=: < ·pal.1.1'BW I ... I 0 0 00 C'I 0 c=- .t:- eo <= ..... 1;:5 lQ 0'1 OJ lQ co It) ~ ...:I o 'I .. ... - ,..;;a ...... ~ co (Q 0 It) eN 0 0 CIa c:: ~ 1:0 cq (..) ..... < ·pa!.LI'8DlUn co : = = 10 0 r:o 0 .t:- ao 1:0 tS I ..... co It) 10 co lQ co co ~ .. ... ~ I 0 <::> 0 0 0 ...... 0 .....~ I ...... Q CI,) ..e "V!I Q "'0 o_ .... CIS c:q 0 . 0 -_ 0 . 0 0 = . 0 I 0 "=S I . . rI.) ;: 0 CI . = rn DIS DIS 0 II.) 1'1.1 1:10 .-till I II.) ~ UlI u CD cu m rn V!I "i).- II.) CII CIS CIS V!I Ul .....o_ :§t CIS - u CD rr.II II.) CIS CIS - I - cu - W u 8 = III) - 1 CI:I elf a CIS a =: u II.) CIS s a , as II.) - .-...rn - IU e ~ - ~ "'0 - rn - ~ - ~ =s r: = :::a ~ ::s ~ .-rn ~ ~ ._ I --..s::... ::s cd - ..0 - u .-:c= .-...,= R J -< ~ -_0 ...: I I 0 .....;s .-s::I 0 ..0 I o_ t ... ::srn= .... 1112 r o_.. s::::I CI,) CI,) ~ t.) .-I CIS U'l- "S -CI,) CI,) ..c:-0 :! I ~ .0

Q .. ·p~.M.OP!.M Iii:l Oil l>- · · · · · : · · 0 · · · · · · · · · Q :Ii!': .p~I.I.1'8.w I -< · I-= · · · · · · · · ...= · · · · · · · · .p~I.1.I'BmOn· I-' ao · · · · · · · · · · · · ·p~MOP!.M I!::; · · · · · ...= · · · · · · · · · · · I .p~I.I.I'BW I co · · · ~ · I- · · · · · · · · · · · · - ·p~I.l.I'Bmu· n ,-I at) · · · · · · · · · · · · ·p~.MOp~ MI ;:!: · · · · · · · · · · · · It) .pal.I.I'BW I ~ -,...6 · ,""' · · · · · · · · · · · · I cq .p~I.J:.I'BmUn· I- · · · · · · · · · · · · , · · · ~- ·p~.M.OP!.M I::: I · · · · · · · · · · · · ~ ~ - .pal.J:.I'BW I <:) I = ·: · · · · a I · I- I · · · · · · · · · · -It) · --I. .. - ·pa!.1.1'8tuun = · · · · · ·: · · · · · ·.. - I ·p~.MOP!.M IQQ I · · · : · · · · : · · · at) .pal.I.J:'BW I I::- I · : · · d, · I' · · · · · . · · · · · co • p~!.I.J:'Bmu n I · · · : I · · · · · · · · · · I::- ... I::- ~ C» I::- ... cq !t- ao I Q c = 0 I::- ao ,... Q ... ao ... ·pa.M.op!.-\A te Oil - .. fA I = ...... Ilo1 I I ""' ""' ~ l::-- ao at) co;a - CQ co OQI 0 ao eo , I::- C> cq ..I::- - aD I::-- 0 ..Q -< .p~!.1.1'8:W I""'" It) co at) co co 10 ..::I I ...= ...... = ... =...... :I I ""'"co co co ~ It) -10 cc co I::- eo I c:l) c:l) 001II c;II ~ co Oil -e =Q lQ -< ·pa!.1.I'Bmu0 CQ ""'~ c:q CQ at) co ao -co It') co 10 co I I I .. - I I · · · · · · · · · · · · M I en~ ~ a::I I GiS ,~ :· · · · I ul · · rn · ul · · ul · · vi · .n · · 0 c t:I = 0 0 0 .-bII I.§ 0 = =0 = I .-bII .-OIl .-be .-be .- rn Ul fIl :§l m rn rn C) iU iU .- iU ..... II) iU II) .- ~ I fIl cd - r:n GiS - rn GiS 'lI:I CIS - cd rn GiS GJ - IU - a:: GJ - c:z:: GJ - cu - cu - GiS E == 8 8 GiS e == CIS 8 as 8 I I~ - cu GiS

CHAPTER VI.-SUBSIDIARY TABLE III. Didribution by Civil Condition of 10.000 of each sew and religion in tke Karaali State, 1931.

Males• Females. . "0• "0 Reli~ion and Age. IU rd cu ~ .-J-o -d cu .- .-a cu J-o CI) t: CD ~ cd .;:: ~ = .-J-o 0 0 8 J-o "'T;S 8 .... "'t:f eI GS .- eI CIS .- ~ ~ ~ p ~ ~

All Religion$-

0-10 ...... 9.718 270 12 9.059 929 19 10-15 ...... 8.480 1,4.60 60 5,850 4.,580 70 15--60 ...... 2,720 6,520 760 180 8,770 1,100 40 and over ...... 84,0 5,850 8,310 40 8,76. 6,200 Christians-

0-10 ••• ...... 10,000 ...... 10-15 ......

15-40 ... ,. .. 7,500 2,500 ... 40,000 .,000 ~.OOO 4.. and over ...... a,880 6.670 ...... 10,000 Hindus-

0--10 ...... 9,716 272 1~ 9,055 98a 12 10-15 ...... 8,460 1,4.80 69 5,830 ".600 70 15-40 ...... 2,7:20 6,510 770 120 8.770 1.110 40 and over ...... 870 5,800 3,380 80 876 6S1 ,:Jains-

0-10 ...... 9.833 167 ... 9,865 685 ••• 10-15 ...... 8.620 1,380 ... 6,900 3,100 ... 15-40 ...... 2,890 6,270 840 130 7,780 9,0"'0 40 and over ...... 1,23• 4,910 3 .. 860 ... 8,850 6,150 Muslirns-

0-10 ... o •• 9,748 227 80 9,069 890 21 10-15 ...... 8,730 1,210 60 5,470 4,420 110 15-40 ...... 2,760 6,690 550 U80 8,800 820

40 and over .,.. ... "'00 6.720 2,880 170 8,810 6,020 " 62

co 0 co ,...t 0 t.- o co a co ·pa.Mop!M at) ~ °a (Qa c:.i ft -..:. r>:1 ,.... ,.... ;:> - 0 - CC> 0 0 CC> 0 0 ,.... co .. ~ ·pap.I'BW If) at) at) .. z ~ ... -< 0 - ..,. 'of! c:o co co eM co ·PC)!.I.IUWOfl · . or:.

00 t.- ,.... t.- co t.- t.- ao ·Pc).M.Op!M ,.... If) co a · ~ ,...... - tN - c::> - . CO ~ ao .. <:>,.... =0 Q 0 ..IQ I °P~!.u"W ~ ~ a If) I Q'I ,.... ------t.- -oe CO 0 It) - ·pC)!.I.I'Bman ..". ao tN,.... - c:o= CO

(C (0 CO ·Pc).M.OP!M (0 .. CO = · = · ~ at) ,.... CO If) <:) -It) tN <:> If) I · tN ...ao 0 °P~!ll1JW I ... · .. ,.... cq"' oi c-i ~ <:> e::::> e::::> t.- <:> ao "~Jol~ ..mun I ..= · ...0:1 ao ...

at) ce to- 00 ,.... (0 ·Pc).M.OP!,M I ao · = · (0

Q 00 00 e::::> 0) 0 t.- O CO ·pe!.Ll'BW · 0 t.- -I · a co- CO= ...; O - cO 10 .l:- e::::> e::::> CO <:> ao.. 00 00 °P'>!U"Wu n j . · ,....~ =

,.... e::::> t.- ao l:- e::::> CO = ·pa.M.op!M I e::::>.. CO .. ..It) ~ ...... rA ,.... - Ilc1 - - 0 - lQ ao e::::> - - c:q CO CO -< ·pa!.J.I'BW =q = <:> ...::I ,....~ ,....~ ,.... ,.... - ...::I - - < t.- eo <:> It) CO :ao ..e::::> ·PC)!.I.IUmUn = at) -CO at') t.- -c:o . . . · · -I I I . ·: .; · · .-=0 I .!':O fI.II CD -Cd a rn .-bI) CIS .-u = fI.II E -Cd .-"t; =' rn .-- .-.... ""8 ::I .-=as - -< u-= :e ~ ::s- .. I ·e~'8""S ~loqM 68

eli Col o> Q Z < ...... :II

___O_P_~_!_.I_.I_'O_w_u_n ___ I~__ ~_ ~C'o1___ :__ :_o __ !_ 0)'" _ ~ ...-I \ t:-~~ o OC col : -

I co c = o .o .0 .0 . I . . . . I ~ - I------o:o~o~ I 0) ~_t:-~ 00 I ° :

I It:-I . . . 10 I O. ~I::O:OO I I ... 0 •

I~ CQ~ • • 1~1P"4 . 0 • r . . 0 0 I ~ I .. 0 0 • ------~lg~~~&~ 1 _..... ---

lOOC-lOCO... I O~O)OC_~ I 01 01 co OC Q I:C ~ .p~1 n Q 0) 0) Q 0) ao ~ J 10 10 ..,. 10 .... 10 • .I.1'OtOO I 01 01 01 co CQ co co I------~------I I ° .~ : • • I I: 0-a : ° • t ~ ~ I I ! I-I ~ i I~I ~ 'I I ~ .~ :: - ._ --:: U I I ~ :: - ._ "":: I -=8 "5Q., .=.CIS 8= 0t:IIJ ._i I 8_ -=.... .=-..... aSs o~ i I I CIS .__"..c::.~ as = - -..c._ =:.= ______t~~ 1&S~~r}3~C: ______~~ ______• ______L_~I ,~:~~~~ ______CHAPTER VII. Infirmities.

Accuracy of the s1ia.tistics. The enumerators were instructed to record in the last column of the sched ule only four kinds of infirmities VIZ. insanity, congenital deaf-mutism. total blindness and corrosive leprosy. The enunlerators all being lIt-ymeD it was very difficult for them to make a correct diagnosis between varying degrees of insanity and blindness. They' might have confused corrosive lepers with white lepers. As to deaf-mutes, tbey were less liable to err, Wilful concealment is another factor a.s to the correctness of the figures. Still all possible attempts were made to secure accurate information and on the whole the statistics give a fairly correct estimate of the infirmi­ ties in the stat.e.

Data. 2. The Imperial Table IX Parts I and II and the subsidiary Tables I, II" and III contain the facts aod figures discussed in the chapter under review.

3. The figures quoted on the margin show that insanity both among'

Distribution of iD88.Ility by soltes and tho census males and females is proportionally units. higher in tbe Karauli Town where Proportion per 1.00,000 passions, bickering~ and struggle for Consus Unit. Males. Fema.les. of the populatioD. maintenance reign supreme. Mandrail M. F. Tehsil stands next. The females of Karauli Town 6 8 fj5 67 MachiJpur Tehsil and the males of Hazur Tehsil 8 2 88 HI Machilpur 1 0 8 0 Utgir Tehsil al'e quite free from these Mandrail 4 51 44 2fj Utgir Tehsil 0 1 0 25 infirmities. An insight into the figures Sapotra Teh<5il ... 5 2 26 11 ------gives the conclusion that Urban tracts Total '.' 24 18 81 20 or neal:er approaches to them suffe:r more from insanity than the rural ones.

4. The highest proportion of insanes is among the males of ages 20-25 probably due to the influence DistributioD of insanity for the state by age periods. of passions. N ext stand the males of ProportioD Total. per 1,00.000 ages 45-50 foHowed by those between persons of Age. M. F. age period. the ages 55-60 due simply to the im­ M. F. paired mind in declining years. The

0- 5 1 1 9 10 proportion alDong feIDales rises gra­ D-I0 2 1 19 HI 10-15 2 1 20 13 dually with the age with an abrupt It.-20 8 I 42 17 20-26 4 I 77 17 fall in the ages 60 and over. This 515-30 2 I 30 19 gradual rise is due to the development SO-3fj 1 1 17 22 3fj-40 51 1 43 26 of female worries and anxieties as they 40-45 2 1 49 30 4fj-50 2 1 61 40 grow older and older as well as to the 60-50 1 1 37 48 55-60 1 1 56 67 fall in their actual numbers. 60 and o.ver. ------1 1 34 42 Total 24- 13

Number of female 5. Referring to the subsidiary Table III, it is concluded that in 5 iDsanes afflicted per 1.000 male age groups ViZ. 0-5, 80-85, 50-55~ 55-60 and 60 and over the proportion of iDsanes. both the sexes suffering from insanity is equal while in the remaining age groups, the female insanes are proportionally less. This reflects that insanity among femaJes in a9,v.anced age is chiefly due to their I:feneral health being impaired tpen. 65

6. The table gi ven on the margin and a reference to' the Subsidiary Table I show that insanes have Variation among insaneB. generally increased in all the census CenBWI 1981 19~1 Units. M. F. M. F. units except Machilpur Tehsil this Kazauli Town Ii 6 .Ii 1 time. rrhe increase is partly due to Hazu.:r Tehsil 8 !iJ iii 1 Md.ehH pUr ••• 1 o ~ 1 wrong diagnosis and partly to the Mandrail ..• "­ !i) 2 o u'tgir Tehsil o 1 o o actual increalSe. A perusal of t.he Sub­ .Sapoi;ra Tt'hsil Ii !iJ o 1 sidiary Table II indicates that the Total 24 13 9 4. increase of insanes among males of ages of 10-25 is due to the effects of early marriage and unsettled life. The comparative decline among the males of ages 25-50 Inay be due to the fact that they are by that time settled in life which gives them relief from mental worries to an appreeiable extent. Females show comparative increase in nearly all the age periods probably due to early marriage as well as to 'want of proper nourishment. Distribution of deaf-mutism by Tehails and sexes. 70' The table Gn the mar gin No. affiicted shows that the highest proportion Census F. per I,UD,OOE) Un_itIJ. M. of the population. of deaf-mutes of both sexes is in Utgir M. F. 'l'ehsil and the lowest in Machilpur Karaub TOWlJ 12 9 ;L09 1O!iJ Tehsil". both Sf;:xes combined. Hazur Tehaii 98 14- 135 86 Ma.chilpur TehBil 11 1 94 11 Mandrail Tehsil 8 10 8'1 HIS Utgir Tehail 7 '1 140 17~ Sa_potra TehBil 19 8 99 4.6 Total... 81i 49 110 7'J 8. The figures quoted. on the margin show that the higbtest proportion of deaf-mutes is among the persons aged 55 and over sim.ply due to old age. Dao,f-mutism by age pedods. Proportion per Ago. Tgtal deaf-mutes,. 100.000 persolOlS of each age peri",cJ. M. F. M. F. The lowest proportion is as is natu­ ral among the children_ Tbe re­ .o-Ii 8 1 2~ III li-l0 9 6 89 '1~ maining age groups give a general 10-11i ,9 ,6 91 78 lli-!ilO 6 4. 83 68 indication that the number up to the 2O-!iJ5 4. Ii '1'1 83 '5-S0 4- 3 6l 1i6 age group 25-30 does Dot rise above SO-86 t' jJ 121 44 Sli-40 7 3 14.9 '19 l,oooth of the total populatioD~ For 4.0-45 6 8 146 91 4.6-1i0 Ii !il llil 80 ages 30-55 it is about Ii times the 1i0-1i6 4. 1 148 4.8 1i6-60 6 3 S83 SIOO for,mer. ~O & over. 15 10 IiJ7 4.17

Total '"------85 4.9 9~ FroIl) a referel)ce to the Subsidiary Table III it is seen that the Num.bor of deaf-mute females afflicted proportion of geaf-mute females is lower than that of males among all the per 1,000 m.alea• • 'ge groups excepting the group 20-25. Ip. The table on the margin and a refe~ence to the Subsidiary Table I indicates. a general increase of deaf­ VariatioD among deaf-mutes. mutism in all the Census units except­ 1931. :1921. ing the fedlales in Machilpur Tehsil. Comus Units. M. M. F. The lill-round increase this time may be either due to the record of 1921 KarauJi Town 19 9 3 }U.zur :Tehail 28 14. Ii faUing short of the RetuRts or to in­ M6.chilpur Tebsii' 11 1 8 J4p.ndra~l T~hsiJ 8 10 clusion of hard hearers under the Uigir TehSil 7 '1 1 o Sapotm Tehail 19 8 3 1 category . .A perusal of the Subsidiary Tptal 81i 1.6 T", ble 11 shows aD increase amoDg 66

males of advanced ages and a decrease among the middle aged males it while females show a ge neral increase for all ages excepting a few ones.

'!!'he distribution of 11. the blind by the The figures quoted on the margin show that the proportion of the Census Units. No. afflicted per blind males is the highest in the Census Units. Total No. 100,000 of the Utgir Tehsil and the lowest in Ma­ population. M. F. M. F. chilpur Tehsil. The female blind Karauli Town 31 39 341 441 preponderate in MRndrail. Tehsil. Hazur Tehsil ... 69 '11 285 416 Machilpur Tehsil. .• 22 38 181 426 Persons living in the Tropics suffer MaDmail Tehail 24 44 261 041 Utgir Tehsil 18 19 360 410 much more from glycoma, cataract Sapotra Tehsil 61 85 290 481 and other Ilkin diseases, C this" is Total 211 3Q2 283 413 borne out by the figures quoted above. Taking that distinction of sex makes no difference. the proportion of persons suffering from blindness per 200.000 of the population comes to about 800 in all the units with the exception of Machllpur Tehsil.

12. The figures noted on the margin show that blindness gener&:l1y increases with 'the age. The Jowest The distribution of the blind by age periods. proportion is among the persons of Proportion per 1,00,000 Total blind. Ages. persoDS of age period. 0-5 years while the hiahest is M. F. M. F. among those aged 60 and over. 0-6 6 8 41 29 This is quite Datural. The continuous 6-10 8 6 79 72 10-15 6 6 60 18 increase from one group to another 16-20 6 6 70 86 20-26 8 6 113 99 mani fests the accuracy of these 25-80 9 9 181 167 30-36 8 9 189 199 figures. 35-40 II 13 238 388 40-45 13 16 316 488 46-5Q 12 23 360 9~5 50-65 12 23 449 1,108 li6-60 21 41 1,144 2,738 6Q and oVeJ: 99 142 8,418 6.084. Total ... 217 8Q9

XUDlber of blind 13. A reference to Subsidiary Table III shows that the female fe:malos afflicted per 1.000 blind sufferers exceed the males ones generally in all the age periods. They Dlalos. have to cook food in ill-ventilated and dark kitchens. Unscientific method of curing sore-eyes is another cause of the suftering among the females.

14. The figures given on the margin and a perusal of Subsidiary Table I indicat.es general increase in Varia.tion among the blind. all the Census Units this time in com­ Total No. Total No. parison to 1921. The increase is due Census Units. 1931. 1921. to more pains being taken to find the M. F. M. F. Dumber of the blind this time as well Karauli Town 87 39 24 13 Hazur Teheil 59 77 26 28 8S to actual increase in the number of Machilpur .. !i12 38 13 31 Manchail .. 24. 44 14. 13 t.he blind in consequence of natural Utgir .. 18 19 11 11 growth of population. Popular neg­ Sa.potra .. 67 86 30 48 ft Total ... 5117 3051 118 144 lect of eye-diseases is also nother factor for the increased malady.

The Subsidiary Table II indicates irregular rise and fall among both the sexes. The highest variation among males and females is between the ages 55-60 which is due to old age. 67

15. The Table given on the margin shows that the proportion of lepers is the highest in Mandrail Distribution of lopers by sexes and. tho census units.. Tehsil followed by Karauli TONn. Proportion per No particular cause can be assigned Ceasus Units. 'Total lepers. 1,00.000 of the population. for the rare instances. M. F. M. F. The Subsidiary Table II indicates Xarauli Town 0 I 0 11 Hazar Tehsil 1 0 Ii 0 tha.t the rDale lepers are between Ma.chilpur •• ...... Mandra.il .. 2 1 22 12 the ages 55-60 and 60 and over while Utgir .. Sapotra .. the female ones are between the ag~s ------~---- Total S 2 4- S 45-50 and 50-55.

16. Num.ber of feU1ale The Subsidiary Table III shows that. the female lepers are lepers afflicted. proportionally equal between the ages 45-50 a ad 50-55 while the ages 55-60 per 1.000 U1ale lepers. and 60 and over return no females.

17. The figures quoted on the margin show a little increase among the lepers this time. In Variation among lepers. Mandrail Tehsil there was only one Cousus Units. 1931. 1921. M. F. M. F. leper in 1921 and this time their number is 8. Among males the Karauli Town 0 1 Hazur Tehsil 1 0 increase is between the ages 55-6') and Machilpur Tehsil ...... 1 g Mandrail Tehail 2 1 1 0 63 and over anJ. among fe(nales Utgir Tohsil Sapotra Tahsil betweell the ages 45-50 and 50-55 as Total S 2 2 0 shown by the Subs,diary Table 11.

No. afflicted per 1,00,000 of the populat.ion.

Insane. Deaf-mute. Blind. Leper.

N9.meofthe 1981. 1921. 1931. 1921. 1931. 1921. 1931. 1921. State etc. M. F. 1\1. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F.

Karauli ... Bl 20 12 7 110 77 20 10 2t)3 473 160 240 4 3 3 0 Dholpur ..• Go) cU 17 15 iii iii 19 IS Go) ~ 208 875 ~ Go) 7 1 ..c ..c ..Q- ...c 19 ,.Q ..c ..c ...c Bharat{>ur. -..:t oS 1 4 CIS ~ 17 - -CIS 235 935 6 0 - - ~ ~ -CIS := Jaip1,lr -CIS 16 7 CIS 26 15 .;; 128 141 2 0 .- .--CIS -.- -.-CIS CIS - .--~ -.-~ .- :;.- I>- Gwalior. >- >- J8 10 ... 52 35 :;.- 162 227 >- :;.- 18 8 CIS CIS CIS ~ CIS CIS ~ CIS Rajputana. ....s ...:» 16 8 ...... ~ 32 20 ..... ~ 173 230 .- ..... 5 ~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 India. Z Z 3a 22 Z Z 70 49 Z Z 145 160 Z Z 4.6 18 18. The comparative statement given above shows that the pro­ Oomparison of the infirmities witb. portion of insanes was generallv lower in this state in 1921 in comparison other states and Provinces. to other contiguous states" Rajputana and India excepting Bharatpur. In the absence of figures for other states etc., no comparison can be made this time. The proportion of deaf-In utes in the state in 1921 was lower in comparison to the contiguous states and whole of Rajputana and India.

The proportion of the blind in this state in 1921 was lower than that of Dholpur, Bharatpur and the whole of Rajputan'l. but greater than that returned by Jaipur" Gwalior and the whole of India. The lepers too were proportionally lower in this state than those in aU the contiguous states" the whole of Rajputana and India in 1921 excepting .Jaipur. The same condition prevails this time too. 68

, '1681 C'I · · • t 68 I I CO : • ' • : : I - I, · · · · · · I; I '(06 [ Q ~ , .,; 1 '="I I ~ · · · · · -106 I I ~ I to- • • • , • ' CI> Qi:S 0) - .( 161 ~~t:'I~ : '1161-, ~ 8 -Qil-~ · I : , ..... CI> I I · - ~ - 00 <:>..,.y4 co co ·1~61. :co !:Ii -~ Q:I '1106 [ I ~ I . , . . . , . t:<1 I I · · ""'t - E-o 0) t;I '[661 ~ ~ Q'I l() ..... co co co Q) ::;s ;a:.... 0 00- ~ t- ' l- an 00 • .... 1:- ~ Q'I ~ '=" : ~ ..... ·I~61 I ~ \ QQ • : 0) ~ • • ._-;:: I -I cq <:> ~ 10 '"(C61 "'" ~ Q 0) ...... - 0 CQ 0)00-0) "[S6 [ ~ ~ It) : ~ • : ..... I I I I : ;;:s'" Qq - - , - ..... -- , ;:: '16S1 I .... c:t;I · , · · '(681 I;; I ~ ...... I - ....: ~ I Il<1 '1061 0 ~ , ...::I lQ .. .- · · 1061 (#) · · · · · · ~ ..... I I · >- -~ - ~ ~ 00 - t-e-ICO~ :CO -l1li ...._- 'l~61 ..... '1~61 Q I I '"'" · · a ...&:: 10 ~_ rn: l:- Q to- t:'t -IlQ ~ '196t ~ co .- : ~ ~.- '1961 enP ~ I I I I CO ~ I I ~ I C'I , - ~ I . C I '168"( , , · 1681 Q z · >< ._ -< ; · · · rn I I ~ Z ,I ao ~ - ..... I ~ = .. '1061 I : ·: : • '1061 E-t -&::L. ·• · ·• · • ~ Q · · · &::L. I I -< I ~ fIl ~ ::lO l~ =r: ..c::: cu I ...r. I 01 10 C'I U '1161 I :- ..._- -~ Q :s I-I · -- ~ ~ eo;I 10 0 c:I:I Q I CQ I _ "

._~ -- : ·: · · · E , ~ I · ...c:s r ~ -.&::) ! I S El= . .?J 0 I : : : ! ~ e-. I . · · · 'Q · CI I -== I .-m:-::: rn - -.c e'-I .... ..c or,; e'-I I - - ..... ~"::-:;... v - f ":I rn -~ E-t" - -=IV ~ ~ 0 oJ::" ~ 'Il , ~ I I ooE-o!

'(681

'[061

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~ \ ..0"'" 5: . . . ,.; . · · . : · · · · • : . CD · · · · · · •· ..... ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ to 0 to 0 to 0 It) Q to 0 s:: < <:) ~ Qq co co -.!I IQ to CQ CI;I to 1"""4 • • . • ""'"• • I I . . <:>- to Q aQ 6 IlO 0 \Q 0 IlO 0 6 11:) - - aQ 72 CHAPTER VIII.

Occupation.

Classification scheme I. The division of occupation into 4 classes sub-divided into 12 sub­ of occupation. classes is the same this Census as in 1921. These 12 sub-<.'lasses were further divided into 56 orders in ] 921; this time the number of orders is 55 only. This year, the three orders (1) Mines. (2) Hard rocks and (3) Salt. etc., used in ] 921. have been classed as (1) Metallic minerals and (2) Non­ metalic minerals.

The scheme of occupations, may best be described by the following Table.

Occupation.

Preparation Public Administra­ Production and supply tion and liberal Miscellaneous. of Raw of material materials Arts. Class IV. substances Class I. Class III. Class II.

In 1921 t.he population was divided into (i) Earners. and (ii) depen­ dents. This Census it is divided into (I) Earners, (ii) Working dependents and (iii) Non-working dependents. Working dependents refer to those persons who through infirrnity, age or sex consideration, cannot earn separately but help the principal earner. The aged father of an agri­ culturist though unable to till the soil, helps him in watching the field. His son still under teens looks after his cattle. The wife of a Bania. though not the pl'incipal earner helps him to aUllment his income. These are all working dependents with agriculture, cattle grazing. helpers in trade as their occupaticns. In 1921" columns 9 and 10 of the general schedule were meant for the principal and Subsidiary Occupations of the earner and column 11 was meant for recording the occupntion which supported the dependent. This year both the occupations of the earners have been re­ corded. But dependents have been divided into working and non-working ones. The occupation of a working dependent was recorded in the column meant for the SuLsidiary Occupation.

This year persons Jiving on land have been divided into 4 categorieli.

(1) Non-cultivating land owners. 78

(2) Cultivating land owners.

(3) Agricultural Tenants.

(4) Agricultural Labourers.

2. The distinction between an earner and a dependant was fullyex­ The accuracy of the return. plained to the Census Staff. St.ill mistakes in this respect were noticed. The wives of agriculturists who worked equally wIth their husbands, formed the main stumbling block. Onp. of the charges was of opinion that they .hould be treated as earners. In following the instructions from the Pro­ vincial Census Superintendent all these women were treated as dependents if they did not e9Tn in cash. The occupation which brought in more in­ come was to be recorded AS the principal occupation and the other if any as subsidiary. The figures in this respect cannot be said to be absolutely correct for the following reasons :-

(1) The Enumerators, most of whom were unpaid might have put them down in the order in which they were given by the enumerated, without questioning as to which of them brought him more income.

(2) The diffidence of the enumerated in returning these occupa­

'Lions correctlyy especially when money-lending was one of the occupations. This diffidence seems born of some vague fear or superstitions. Organized industries being only a few in KarauJi Town alone the difficulty was got over by issuing special instructions to the Census Staff. 'rhe system saved a. great deal of time. The alphabetical indexes of o.ccupations issued by the Provincial Census Superintendent.. Rajputana and l\jrner proved of immense help in the tabu­ lation stage with the result that the Inspector of the Tabula­ tion offic:e expressed his t!ntire s:ttisfaction after personalJy testing on t.he spot the classification sheets for Table X.

3. The Imperial Table X and the Sutsidiary Tables 1 (A), 1 (B), II (A). Data. II (B), III and IV contalll all the figures discussed under this chapter. As set forth In para 2 supra they can be relied up to be true for all practical purposes. Absence of seasonal or abnormal factor on the census night to influence the normal functional distribution of the populat.ion, ma.kes the figures still less liable to serious shortcomings.

4. Class A -Production of raw materials engages 69,760 persons i. c. Distribution of population by nearly 50 per cent of t.he t.otal population and 70 per cent of the working classes. population Class B. Preparation and supply of material substances occupies 17.282 I. e. ~2 per cent of the total population and 19 per cent of the working populatlOn. class C Public Administration and Liberal Arts has returned 5,ll6 i. e. 4 per cent of the total population and ahout 6 per­ cent of the working population. Clt\sR D. Miscellaneous has returned 8.6540 per~ons i. e. about 3 per cent of the total population and about 4 per cent of the ,_,.,orking population. 74

5. The statement 01\ the margin shows the general distribution of population by occupation for t;.be General distribution of population by occupation. whole state for 1981. According to Sub-Classes. Principal It~ the sub-class I engage'!; the highes~ earners Subsidiary number of persons that is nearly 50 No. Name. iDcluding occupa- working tions, per cent of the total population. Next dependents. comes Industry engagir.g 8 per cent I Exploitat,ion of ani­ 10,4.88 maJs aDd 'Vege­ of the total population. Trade stands tation. (IDcludes agriculQu-.o) 8rd returning a percentage of about. II Exploitation of minerw Nil B per cent. Public Administration III Industry 9,311 !Il,197 IV Transport 810 8GB ranks 4th giving a percentage of t·. V Trade 3.491 990 VI Public Force 1,195 103 followed by professions and liberal VlI Public AchniDiatra.- tion. I.GeS 874. arts returning a percentage of I·S_ VIII ;Profes,l1ions 1,410 846 IX P_BODS living on Un-productive, Public Force and their income. 11'1 36 Transport 1· 2, ·9, ·S pel' X Domestic service. 69S 86 occupy only XI Insufficiently des­ cent. of the people respe<.>th-ely. Ex­ cribed occupa­ tions. 851 lSI ploitation of m.ineraJs returns not a XII Un-productive. 1.4.45 li!S6 Npn-wOJ"king Do· single soul thIs time due to a. few of pendents, 60.061 -_....---.-...... -the workers in stone-mines being re- l 140,525 10,298 Tota ... turned under the group No. 90 of tlt.one CUt.t.eI'S.

Orders of special interest. for t.he 6. The .ub-cla.s8 I consists of 2 o:rders, 1st pasture and agriculture and Elitploitation of 2nd fiBhing ..nd hunting. Past.ure aDd agriculture alone support 69.751 vegetation and animals. penKlnl that is Dearly 50 per cent of the total population. This again consists of Ii sub.. orders the most importaot of which are cultivation and .t;ock 'l"aisiQg r~turDilJg 61,760 and 7,633 persons respectively VIZ. 45 per cent. and. 5 pel' cent of -the ent.ire popUlation.

IBdustry. (a) The sub-class III contains 18

Q orders the notabJe of which are' those .. Population P. C. of i supported the total quoted on the .margin. It shows "1:1 Name. by each popula- , order. tion. that textiles, hides and skins and industries of dress form the chief 5 Textiles 3,572 51'6 6 Hides and skins 1.899 l'S hand industries in the state. The 1 Wood 801 ·6 .8 MeWs 197 '1 workers returned under thft orders 9 Potters 706 .2 10 Chemical products 488 '3 met.ab and potters respectively form 11 Food Industries 4~5 '3 .~ 1. Iad.ustri~ of dress and 1,149 1'2 only ·1 and of the total population. toilet. 14, Building industries 054 '4 The group ., chewical products" in­ 17' Undefined 1.178 '8 cludes refining of vegetable oils.

Transport. (b) Tbe ~,ub·class IV Transport hilS 3 orders the important of which is transport by r0sds returning 1,096 persons that is ·8 per cent of the total population. In other words it means that there are only 8 persons to cater to the transportation needs of 8 population of 1,000 souls. The low percentage is due to the want of cOlDQlunications which cannot be easily extended owing to the hilly nature of thoe country. Transport by rail has returned only 43 persons. as there is only one Railway Station within the precincts of the state. '75

(c) The sub~class V has 17 orders -the chief of which are noted on Trade. the margIn other trade in food stuffs Total Percentage having a percentage of .·S of the Name of order. following of the total total population represents the lar- occupation. Population. f d b gest number of traders ollowe y _ Mo n ey-Ienders 9!iJ6 .,. money chang-el'S etc. those engaged in money-lending. • .; 'rnLde in textiles _o' 271 '.2 The trade in fuel ranks 8rd while 31 Hawkers of drink 116 '08 and food-;,;tu.:lfs. trade in textiles 4th followed by trade 31 Other tra.de in food !iJiOl &tuifs. of other sorts. Hawkers of drink and 33 Trade in clothing aud toilet arti­ food stuffs stand last of ~U. cles ::sr Tntd., in fuel 1;70 .., 38 Tmde of othe-r sorts 238 01'1

(d) Sub-class VI Public Force consists of 4r oJ"ders the i rn port-ant of which are given on the margin. The Public Force. percentage for the Army for the Total Percentage MaUle of orde... following of the total whole of Rajputana in 19'21 was '5 occupation. population. and the same for th is state for this 40 Army ·s 4S Police '14 c-ensus comes to oS. The apparent inc.rease is due t.o the inclusion, under this bea.d~ of persons employed in the count.ry fQr watch and w31'd and who are locally termed as IJ'regular Forces. (of:) Sub·cJas8 Vlll ProfesBioDs and liberal arts contains 5 ordel's the notable ones of which a.re quoted on Total No. )Tame of aNorB. followillg Pe~D~. the margin. Religion ~bQwS the higbest occupation. percentage. It is curiQU~ to note 4Jj neligiQD .... Law that the percentages retllrned under 4.1 M4i)dieiJ:u, 48 IDBtruction .nedicine and instrll("tion for the whole 49 ,L"ttons Md arta ••• of Rajputana in 1921 exactly tally with those for tbe state tbis 'tIme.

(/) Sub class XII contains two orders noted on the margin. The

Unproductive. percentage of Jail 1nmates for the state this time is nearly the same as Total No. N arne of orders. following Percentage. for the whole of Ua.jputana. and India occupatioa. in 1921 which means that the morality 53 Inmates of Ja.il etc. 6'1 &4. Beggars and pr08ti- 1,624 of public is on the whole satisfactory. 1;utes. But the percentage of beggars return- ed in the state this time although showing a fall against 2 .. 665 of i. 921 is still to be deprecated. 7. The marginal statement shows that the largest number of PPl"SODS re­ Im.portant Groups. Total Percenta.ge turned is under group No.6 of tenant No. Name of Group. following of the Total Occupation. population. cultivators numbering 55.796 giving Q.

1 Non-cultivating pro_ 1.68& percentage of '0 of the total population prietors. t. Cultivating owners and each having on an average 2'7 6 Tenant cultivators 7 Agriculturallabou- acres of cultivated area now as against rers. 2'5 in Cattle and bu.f"alo acres in United Provinces in breeders and kee- 1921. These tenants pay rents to the pars. • 8 Hcmisrnen and she­ 1,086 ·s Darbaro The next in importance pherds. "Ii Cotton Rpinnera IIoDd l'S comes group No. 21 for cattle and wea.vers. iiI Working in lea.ther. 1,897 I'S buffalo breeders and keepers retUl"n­ 00 Ctupenten 470 'S ing 6,547 persons with a percentage of 76

69 Blacksmiths 169 ·1 86 Barbers 727 ·5 4-7 of the total population each having 100 Scavengers 766 ·s OD 68 Potters 7Q5 ·5 28 milch cattle an average accord· 82 Shoe-maken 457 ·3 ing to the cattle census held iD 88 Tailors 224 ·IS 98 l\1:akers of orna­ 380 .!iJ January 1930, Forest areas not ments. 85 Washing 335 -!iJ being ~rought under regular survey 110 Pack animal own­ 1'69 ·6 ers and drivers. not.hing definite can be said as to the Uil9 Grain a.nd pulse de­ 1.301 ·9 alers. extent of fodder and pasture ava.iltl.ble 145 Dealers i n fi r e­ 670 ·4 w"Ood. fJr t.he cat..tle. But it is certain that 160 Service of Indian ],671 1-2 states. out of the t.otal area of 794,880 acres 187 Domestic aervice ... 776 -6 191 Gcnera.llabourers. 965 ·7 for the state 645,006 acres lie uDculti- vated providing ample grazing ground for cattle. Of course water scarcity is met 'Wlth in the Dang or the hilly portion of the st.a.te specially in the hot season. Agricultural labourers stand third having a. percentage of 2·1 per cent of total population and 5 per cent of the tenant cultivators_ This num­ ber of field labourers is smull compared w-ith the number of the cultivators gl ving a prop~rtion of 5 to 100 cultivators_ If the 1ft bourers a.nd work­ men returned as un-specified under group No. 191 'W"ere also included among t.he field labourers even then the percentage of the hired labourers to the cultivators comes to 7 which is very sinall compared W'ith that re­ turned in England and Wales as 3 to every far[l~er in 1911. Even the Provinces of British India have la.rger percentages, as for example, Central Provinces nnd Berar had 82 per cent, Madras 58, Bomba.y 41, Bengal 19 aDd United Province~ 16. The only conclusion derived from this is that the tenants have small holdings a.nd their finances are not good. Next in order come Non-cultivating proprietors hQ.ving a percentage of 1·2. These are generally the Be potiders and the ..J agirdars of the state holding land on feudal tenure. Free-holders or Muafidars holding land in lieu of religious service or for SODle faithful and meritorious service rendered by the present holders or their ancestors are also included among them. Their fiefs are liable to lapse to the state in case of fa.ilu~e of lDQ.le heirs to the fief-holders. The saIne renlarks apply to the coltivating ow-ners returning a per cent of -9. Cotten spinning and weaving is t.he chief hand industry in the state having a percent.Rge of l·S of the total population. The SW'adeshi SPIrit pIominent in British India, produced a healt.hy effect on the ou'Cput of the country cloth produceq in the state.

Leather working returns a percentage of 1·3_ These generally repre­ sent the Chamars of the state who are entitled to get the skins of the dead cattle In lieu of services to the state. Country shoes and water bucket~ are generally made of them_

Group No. 160. U Service of the state'" returns a percentage of 1·2 as against. ·4, -6. ·7, ·9, and 1-01 in the respecti ve states of Dholpur, .Jaipur, Bharatpur, Kot.ah and Karauli in 1921. The apparent higher percent-age in thls state is due to "" t.he state service" as subsidiary oc~upat;.lon being included among the statistics of this state this census "" hich "'as not the case in 1921. The industries of daily need to the society such as follow-ed by barbers,. sea vellgers, potters, tailors, washers and shee-makers have returned percentages of ~5, -5, -5, -15. ·2 and ~8 respectively as against -7" 4-2, 5·6, ·4, ·7 and ." for t.he whole of India. in 19~ 1. The COIn'" "17 paratively very low percentages of these industries in the state are specially due to these occupations beIng confined to the particular castes only. These industries cannot be expected to expand in the near future, unless or.her castes shake off pl'ejudices and boldly take to them for the economic comfort of the society.

The owners of pack.anirnals have returned a percentage of ·6 this time as against °07 and °08 in t.he respective states of Bharatpur and Dholpuro The higher percentage in this state is due to the lack in this state of Railways which are comparatively Inore extensive in the two sister states.. The average nurniJer of pack-ani,uals per head comes to 8 which does not include bullocks numbering 22,5~8 that are mostly bred for exporto S. A reference to the Subsidiary Table II (a) shows the distribution DistributIon of population by the of population by the census units and the sub-classes_ According to it, census units and the sub· classes. H"zur Tehsil stands first returning agriculturists snd Graziers 14 per cent of the total population for the state and 53 per cent of the population of the Tehsil. SR.potra stands next having 10 per cent of the total population and 42 per cent of the Tehsil only Karauli T ....--,wn stands last giving a per­ centage of lOS of the total and 10 of the Town only. As regards Industry Karauli Town stands first with a percentage of 2·8 of the total population and 16 of the Town only_ Next cOlnes Sapotra with a percentage of 1-7 of the total and 6'7 of the Tehsil only. Hazur Tehsil occupies the Brd place with a percentage of 1°1 of the total and "·5 of the Tehsil only.

As regards Transport Karauli Town. Sapotra and Hazur Tehsils return comparatively fair pt'oportion due to their having more level tracts of land than the relnaining Tehsils which are hilly.. In Trade Karauli Town stands first wit.h a percentage of 7 of the town population and -9 of the total population owing to its Urban characteri8tics. Hazur Tehsil occupies 2nd place with a pel'centage of 2'1 of its population and -6 of the total populadon Sapotra st.ands third having a percentage of 1°9 of its population and °5 of the total populationo

Public :F'orce returns a highc::r percentage of °6 of the total population at Karauli Towll which IS the capital of the state while each of the other units has a percentage of about '06. The percentage of Public Administration is also higher at Karauli Town. It comes to '8 per cent of the total population as against ·14 in Hazur Tebsil and °07 in Sapotru. Tehsilo

Professions and Liberal arts are also found greatly at Karauli Town which gives 3 per cent of the total population. Sapotra and Hazur Tehsils each has a percentage of ·25 and '2 respectively.

Persons living principally on their own income are chiefly returned 'by Karauli Town which has a pel'centage of 'I of the total. Other unitS' do not return any appreciable number.

Domestic service returns a percentage of ·27 nt Karauli Town followed by Sapotra. 'Tehsil with a percentage of -13. Other Tehsils return negli-­ gible percentage. The reason is the former two units are the seats of aristocratic class who ,have .means enough to engage domestic servantso 78

Unspecified workmen and labourers are returnf'!d more in S"'potra Tehsil than in other units of the state They form 5'8 per cent of the tot.al population. Karauli Town has returned a percentage of ·05 "nd Utgir Tehsil nil. The higher percentage in Sapotra is due t.o the enume­ rators of the Jagir and Bapoli villages not taking pains to specify the labourers Sapotra "rehsil also ranks first in returning beggars with a percentage of "8 of the tot.al populat.ion followed by Hl\.zur Tehsil ha.ving a percentage of ·25. Karauli Town stands 3rd with a percentage of ·2 "While Utglr last with a percentage of '08. The Dumber is neverly pro­ portionat e to the magnitude of each unit.. 9. The statement on the margin shows that the number of persons following more than one occupation Eamon Earners _ith two with only W-orking is throughout t.he state very small. Unit. occupa- one occu- dependents. tioDS. pation. The principle that the higher ..he percentage of subsidiary occupations Xarauli Town ..• 1.,674 7,091 1,899 Mazur Tehail ••• 3,9 HI 8,989 10,606 the less is the income from the princi- Machilpur !iI.961 h 84.6 3,821 h Mandrail:: !iI,166 3:047 4,!il38 pal occupation,. holds good ere Utgir.. 1.,707 1,661 2.0H~ I . d b th t th Sapotra.. ~,8S9 10,'282 7,SS7 a so. It].s no ou t true a e Total 11>.298 36,21>6 !il8,911 absence of varied cottage Industries is xesponaible foy this low pyopo~tion of subsidia.~y occupa.tions. 1.0. The Dlarginal statistics indicate that subsidiary agriculturists Agricult.u-ral Subsidiaey and PcrD1&D.cnt are 1.0.433 to 59.327 for the stat.e Occupations. P:i =:~ with a proportion of 17 to 1.00. The Pennancnt Subsidiary sidiary hi"hest act.ual number is returned Unit. agricul- agricul- to per- turiBbi. turists. Dlansot by Hazur Tehsil and the lowest by occupa- t.ions. Karauli TOW-D but the latter ranks Karauli Town 1,9.1 7 962 1>0 Hazur Tehail 1.9,789 2,616 J.3 first in returning the largest propor- :~~';~~J: ::~:~ ~::~~ ~~ tion of 50 per cent w-hile Sapotra Utgir Tehsil Sapotra. Tehsil •.. 146:;~:, !,.~:~ :n stands last. The largest proportion Total 1>9.827 10,488 ~ 7 of the persons fono~ing agriculture as their subsidiary occupation in the Karauli Town is due to the fact that state servants of a 10'Wer grade getting low pay trust to agriculture '1.0 supplement. their income. For the Tehsil this phase is nat ural. 11. There are 28.91.1 working dependents to 51,558 principal W-orking dependents and earner.. earners with a proportion of 56 to Pe~cent Ea~Ders W-orking of 100 for the state. Hazur Tehail prin.cipal depen­ W. D. Units occupa.­ dents. to stands first in returning the highest. tion. Eamen. Karauli Town 8,760 1,399 16 nUlnber as well as proportJOD of work- Hazur Tehail ~!it,901 10,606 8!i1 Machilpur 8,!il96 3.321 43 ing dependents Karauli Town st.ands Mandrail I>,itHI 4.238 81 I Utgir Tehail 3 s'08 !iI,010 6!i1 ast in both respects which is quite Sapotra. Tehail :I S, UU 7.337 66 natural owing to its urbanity. Total 1>6 w-orkiDg dependency by ses. Percen­ 12. The marginally noted figures tage of Units.. W-orking show that fema.le working depen­ dependents. female W-. D. dents are returned more in number to lDale M. F. W-. D. and proportion than male ones in all X.rauli To,,", '46 1.11>8 469 Hazur Teh.il .,01 !it 8,1>94. 4!i17 the units. This is due to agrieultu­ 'Machilpur 411 !it,904 700 Mandrail 978 3,!il65 331> rist adult ,,·omen having been return­ Utgir Tehail SI~ 1,698 .54.4 Sepotr& ------=------1,017 6.320 6!iJ1 ed as working dependent.s.. Total '8.984 481 79

1.8. The figures noted Inargina.lly indica.te tha.t 60,061 non-working dependents are returned to 80.4.64. Non-working dependents. total earners for the state with a Proportion Non· of non- percentage of 71 as against 58 in Total ~orking _orkh.g Units. earners. depen- dependents 1921. The return of higher percen­ denta. per 100 earners. tage this time is due to the existence of more children under 10 years of KarQ.uli Tewn 10.164 9.507 95 Mazur Tehsil .23.507 13.589 61 RJ!e this census t.han in the past. Machilpur 11.617 9.039 88 Mandrail 9,450 'T,881 80 decade which saw it.s tender children Utgir Tehsil 5.968 3.780 7ft Sapotra Tehall .20,4.58 16.272 80 swept away by epide[uics. The highest proportion in Karauli TOW-D Total 80.464 60,061 71 is due its urbanity that is the females and younger sons of the traders and the officials in the town generally depend on the heads of their respective families for their subsistence. The lowest percentage in Hazur Tehsil is due to its enumerators haVing classified some of the nOD-working dependents under .... working depen­ dents'" as is borne out by the percent.age of the workillg dependents to the principal earners vide paragraph above.

The number of ma.rried males and females is 31. ,873 nnd 32,245 respec­ tively. Ta.king the smaller figure for discus~ion, we corne to the conclusion that each married male earner supports" on an average~ two souls besides himself which ma.y possibly be his wife and one child.

141. The marginal statement shows the main occupa.t.ions by main religions in the state. Out of the Occupations by lD&in religions and main groupe. tota.l Muslim Population of 7.601, Total following occupation. 8,,866 are non-working dependents No. of group. Hindus. Muslims. Ja.ina. leaving 3,4.85 persons 10 all as

(Tenant cultivation) 54.S12 968 16 workers. Out of 3,465 Musliln (Cotton spinning. W"eav- 2.224 323 8 ing.) W'or kers 2,560 persons I. e. 74 per 11'1 (Trade in piece goods 15 wool. textile etc.) cent of the total Muslim workers :164- (Army) 844- 247 o are engaged in the occupations noted :157 (Police) 9'1 104- o 160 (Service of Indian 1.260 370 41 on the margin. The remaining 26 States.) 16' (Village officiau) !it9ft 39 !it per cent are distributed over various 187 (Domestic service) 682 127 17 193 (Beggars) ], • .244 3Sg o remaining occupations. Frorn the

Total .•• ------61.659 !it.560 99 statement it is clear that they follow chiefly 5 occupations viz., cultiva.tion. state service in some form or other, cotton weaving and spinning. begging and domestic service. The notable feature is that their number exceeds that of the Hindus in group No_ 157 Police.

The colDparati ~ely higher number of beggars is deplorable and is due to the inclusion under this bead of Faqirs" who differ from beggars in this that ... he former ha\te settled homes. The'total No of -Tains lS 448 of whom !.1R8 are non-working leaving 180 as workers of whom 99 i. e. 6~ per cent are engaged in the occupations noted on the margin, chiefly in trade and state se:r:vice.

The, Hindus being larger in number predominate in agriculture, industry and trade in actual number as well 8S in proportion but in the occupations noted on the margin excepting group No. 6 ordinary- 80

eultivation and group No. 117 trade. the Muslims proportionally exceed 'the Hindus as the total Hindus to Muslims In the state are 18 to 1.. The propo~tion of MusliIllS in service IS higher t.han t.hat of Hindus. 1.5. The subsidiary Table I (a) sho",-s the distribution of principal Diatribution of principal occupations by orders occupations by class, sub-class and and 'I'ehsils or rural area. orders in K arauli Town and Tehsils No. Name of order. Total Percentage of population. ,""orkers. the important orders of ,\,\Thich are In K arauli In ci'Led 00 the maJ.·gin. The 'totaJ Town. Temils. population of Karauli Town bears a pre-portion of 1. to 6 of t.he total population for all the Tehsils. As re- gaIds pasture and agriculture Karauli

culturists in villages. l6. Distribution of subsidiary Occupations In Karauli ToW'o and rural area is shown in subsirliary Earners as subsidiary Occupa.tion in Karauli Town and Rural ares.. Table 1 (b) 'The irnportant subsidiary

Earners occupations are noted on the margin. follow­ Percenta.ge of BUmi­ diary "Workers in Bearing in mind the fact that the ing sub­ Order No. sidiary total population of the Karauli Town occu­ Karauli TehaU_. pation. ToWD. to the total population of the r-rehsils I Pasture a.nd agri- 10~433 9 91 L"lllture. is as 1 to 6, the subsidiary Occupa­ 6 Textiles 263 70 t.ions J.·eturoed under orders Nos. ~, 6" 6 Hides and skins. 1,109 100 7 W"ood 216 9 91 7, ]2. 20, and 54 in Karauli To'Wnare ] 2 Dress a.nd Toilet 278 4 96 20 Tra.nsport by roa.d 839 1.2 88 proportionally less than those in 23 Bankers 853 25 75 39 Trade in other 357 19 81 Tebsils while the Occupations returned food ~tuffs. 44 Public Adminis­ 374 26 under orders No.5, 28, 32. 44. and 45 tration. . b4 Bej:rgars 236 97 are proportionally greater in the 45 Religion 295 80 Karauli rrown. The lower proportion of the 1&t set of occupations and higher proportion of the 2nd set of Occu-. pations in the Karauli rrown are specially due to the urban characteristics of the Town. 17. Subsidiary Table III shows the proportion ate strength of females 1.1el5. per 1,000 males following each occupation. The figures iuclude those for 81

No. Name of Group.

1 Non-cult.iva.tng pro- prietors. Ii Cultiva.ting owners .. . + 1,301 + 1.30.100 6 Tenant culti vators .. . +639 + t·l 7 Agricultural labour- + IbS + 6'9 ers. Ca.ttle and buffa.lo + 5.077 breeders. Herdsmen and. shep­ + S99 +58·1 herds. 48 Cotton spinning and -391 -13·S weaving. 45 Rope and ollie'!:' fibres +~93 + 916 49 Uyeing and printing - 41 -9·0 of textiles. 63 Potters -140 -16'5 IIQ Owners and drivers + 116 of pack auium.ls. 111 Porters +1 + '9 85 W"ashing -48 -H~·5 115 Money-lenders 0000 ••• +2~2 + 31.-8 86 Ba.rbers -107 -12·8 129 Grain a.nd pulse deal­ + 1.179 + 966-4 margin_ ers. 133 Dea.lers in fodder ... + 194 + 120'5 The highest. percentage of varia­ 134 " other food st.uffs -1,172 - 71-6 145 Dealers in fiTe-wood. + 129 + 29-5 tion is among the cultivating owners ~Og Dea.lers in sca.veng­ + bQ +8·5 due to f'he fact that 1.921 they were ing. in 160 Service of Indian +310 not classified so but were included Sta.tes. 162 Village officials + 144 + 76 among group NO.1. Next in impor­ 163 Priests a.nd mini.sters + 643 + 184 187 Domestic service ... - 373 -32'9 tance corrles grain and pulse dealers. 191 Unspecified labour- + 81.1 + 5'86-6 ors. The apparent high variation is Dlainly Nil_ ;1.93 Beggars Nil. due to their being classified under 192 Iurnat:_ of Jail " ... .•"uP No. 129 this time while in 1921 t.hey were cla.ssified under g'l'OUp 82

No. 134. The increase of 916 per cent undt!r rope and other fibre is chiefly due to the export of the l"opes on a large sCdole. The increase of 526'6 per cent among unspecified labourers is simply due to their being returned so this time instead of their being classified as agricultural labourers as wa.s done in 1921. The increase of 345·4 per c!nt among cattle and buffalo breeders is due partly to the inclusion of the followers of this occupation as a subsidIary one this 'time and partly to an actual increase in the vocation owiug to its being more paying than ordinary cultiva.tion. The increase of 184 per cent among priests and ministers is partly due to the inclusion of those following this occupation as a subsidiary one. Ordinary cultivation under group No.6 shows an increase of 1'1 per ('ent but jf the partially agriculturists numbering 5,006 were also added to the total actual culti­ vators returned as 55,157 in. ] 921 they corne up to 60,163 as-aga.inst 55,796 this time. This gives a faU of 4,367 or 7 per cent which shows that ordi­ nary cultivation is not so paying as in the past decade owing to low prices of food-grains in the closing year of the decade in the face of high wages paid to field labourers. "rhe fall cf 18"3 in cotton spinning and weaving is due to most of women not being recorded as so this time according to their declaration that spinning is practised by them not as a rneans of production but simply by way of recreation. The fall among dyers and printers of textiles, potters, washermen barbers and domestic-servants may be ascribed to the reasons stated about the fall among the spinners etc. The increase among porters, money-lenders, dealel·s in fodder and tire wood, Village officials is ascribed to the inclusion of the followers of the corresponding subsidiary occupatiol1s this tiule. The increase of 58·1 anj 116 per cent arnong .c herdsmen and shepherds" and •• owners ani drivers of pack animals" is due to the in­ clusion of the followers of the subsidiary occupations as well to the exis­ tence of some out-siders from Bundi and Jodhpur on the census night. The increase of 22·7 per cent in the service of Indian States is simply due to the inclusion of the subsidiary occupaloion as well as to the maid-servants of the palace who were clas8ified under group Domestic service in 1921.

EcoDomic CODditioD. 19. Variations in economic conditions are closely connected with occupational distribution. There has been an abnormal fall among the prices of food-grains during the closing year of the decade which hRs greatly affected ordinary cultivators among whom there has been a faU of 7 per cent as pointed out in the preceding paragraph. The econonlic condition of the cultivators is closely connected with that of ind ustr"ious and trading classes whose main cust.omers are cultivators, the largest factor of population. Consequently the industrious and the trading classes have also suffered as is indicated by their respective fall of 11 and 8 per cent this time as worked out on the Inargin. Public Administration and Liberal arts which bear a proportion of ~.9 ~ .~ .g.... Variation. 1 to 35 to the remainder of the ] § ~ g 1 a~ ______popuJation of the state and 1 to 12 Sub-Classes ;:s i . il i 8;; .9 Actual P. Co of the agricultural population show .... ~::I ;?:;;= '3 g~ .9 8 ~ = .g ~ an increase of 9 per cent which is not ~ o .... ::;;:j 0 z·_-< ------so much due to the cheaper prices Indus·~ 11,574 "',197 9,317 10,551 -1,174 -11 Trade-.J' ~:~ 4,486:<> 995 3,491 3,801 -310 -8 of food-grains as to the natural Public Ad- 0.116 828 4.298 8,921 + 872 +- 9 Dlinistra.- growth of population because the tion a.nd d . . h Liberal arta. persons engage In occupations t at 88

greatly tax mental or nervous energy are not economically much benefitted by the cheaper prices of food-grains specially because the prices of other necessaries of life have not lowered in proportion to the fall of priees of food grains nay they have remained as high as they were beforp. the prices of food-graIns lowered. In short the econolnic condition of the people in general bas gone from bad to worse which was also effected by the swelling of the No. of the Non·working dependents from 52.678 in 1921 to 60,061 in 193] returning an lDClease of 13 per cent. Organized industries. 20. Information about Organized Industrie~ WetS recorded in column 12 of General Schedules but the tR.bul~tlOn t.hereof was dropped in view of economy under orders from Provincial Census Superintendent, Rajputana and Ajmer Merwara. By way of passing remarks it may be said that t.here is only one ginning factory at the ca.pital of the sta.te where work is carried on on organized labour. The contractors of stone and Abkari have some orga.nized labour the first. for working out quarries of hard stone and the 2nd for hIS distillery.

21. Labour is not. a. permanent occupation. It changes with a La.bour. change in the season as even cultivators I'!an take to labour in their leisure. It may be divided into three Inain classes VIZ., perm:1.nent. periodic and sea~onal. Permanent labour is req ULrdd only in org iouized factories which are but few in the state. it is also required by the well·t.,-do persons in the town for their household work. who ca.n ea~ily obtain it from among uneducated BrahmlLns whom they prefer to lower castes. r,rbere were 778 persons in domestic service on the C'ensus night of whom 418 were in the Knrauti Town. Periodic labour is required by the Public Works Department for the construction of roads and tanks fot' which there No. Name of Group. Total persous.· is no dearth. The groups noted on 9g Lime burners. cement workers, 5.54 the margin show that there \vere 7.'>0 well sinkers. stone cutters, masons etc_ persolli under this head on the census 106 Labourers employed on roa.ds 196 night. and bridge~. Seasonal Jabour is required for agriculture at the breeding and the No. Name of Group. Total persoDB_ harvesting ti meso '1 Agricultura.l labourers 2,9Q3 Under this class 191 Uuspecified labourers 965 there were 3, ~68 persons noted on the margin w hose proportion to culti vatol'S is very low in comparison to that of India and England as shown in para. No. 7 consequently the field labourers whose demand is sadden and great ch:uge higher W8tireS than are warranted by the standard of current prices of food-grains. which reacts adversely on the economic condition of the local cultivators and affects the local prices of food-grains in the long run.

22. The extent to which different castes are reta.ining their traditional Occupa.tion by castell. occupations can not be a~certained in the absence of any statistics which were not tabulated t.his time in view of economy under orders from ProvinclUJ Census Superintendent. Rajputana. but. It. may be said with certainty that lowe,· castes sU3h as Bhangies. Dhobies and Khatiks still fol~ow their tradltional occupations specially because other castes of higher strata regar~ these occupations too filthy to be followed. None of the higher strata likes to ta.ke to leather·work the t.raditional occupation of Chamars. Still the latter abandon it in favour of stone cutting and building. Next to them Mahajans, Gujars, and Kachhies and .Tats largely follow their traditional occupations. 84

CHAPTER VIII.-SUBSIDIARY TABLE I (a). [Earner" (p".incipal occupation) and 'Working dependents.]

PERCENTAGE RECORDED.

Class, Sub-class and ol·der.

Non·working dependents 4.274 16 84

All o("cupations 6.815 12 88 [Earners (prineipal occupation) and working dependents ... 5,726 12 88

A.-Production of raw materia's .. , 4,222 8 97

I.-Exploitation of animals and vegetation 4,222 3 9'7

1. Pasture and agricult.ure 4,221 3 97

(a) Cultivation 8,936 8 97

(b) Cultivation of special crops. etc. 15 100 (c) Fores try ...... 1 100 (d) Stock raising 269 1 99

3. Metallic Minerals 4.. Non-Metallic Minerals ....

B.-Preparation and supply of material substances 973 86

IlI.-lndustry ... 667 85 65 5. Textiles ... 286 44 56

6. Hides. skins and hard materials fcom the animal kingdom ._. 56 8 97 T. Wood ...... 42 22 78

8. Metals '0' 12 48 52

9. Ceramics .... 46 14 86 10. ChemIcal products properly so-called and analogous 26 26 11. Food Industries ...... 29 67 83 ]2. Industries of dress and toilet 105 83 87 85

~rABLE VIII.-SUBSIDIARY TABLE 1 (a).-(Contd.) [Earner. (principal occupatzon) and 'Working dependents.]

gcr <:) 0 PERCENTAGE ~ _ .....!!o:S <:) - RECORDED.

~ ""3 11> 0.. .-c Class, sub-class and ordeT. ':'0 s:: s- o.. ~ -~ 11>- '" TIl ..c !!o:S ""

340. Trade in furniture '" ...... · ...... 35. Trade in building mat erials ·...... 86

TABLE VlIl. -SUBSIDIARY TABL.E I (a).-(Contd.) [Earner.f (principal occupation) and working dependents.J

Qo . oC PERCENTAGE ~ 0 0-':; RECORDED. .-I = - - 1\-0 ;:s - e I tV ~ ~ c Class. sub-class and order. p..o CIS'- en ,..p., ,..ell aD tV Ul - QJ S:::'~;..0 c:I3 ~- .;;: do ~ ,..=' It) S~ .-..a <'l ... CJ ;..0 :s Q w ==,E 1-4 z- c:: :S"1::l 0 - 86. Trade in means of transport 1 89 11

87. Trade in fuel 28 18 82

38. Trade in art.icles of luxury and those pertaining to letters .'. 100 ... and the arts and sciences. 39. Trade of other sorts ... 15 11 89

C.-Public administration and liberal art.s 806 57 4&8

VI.-Pu blic force 85 68 82

40. Army 71 72 28 41. Navy ......

42. Air force ... o •• ... 43. Police 14. 44. 56

VII.-Public Administration 120 69 31 "4.. Public Administration ... 120 69 81 VIII.-Professions and liberal arts 10J 88 67

.5. Religion 60 29 71 .6. Law 2 69 81

Medicine 6 4.0 60

48. Inst.ruction 4t 54 4.6 "9. Letters, arts and sciences 29 37 68 D.-Miscellaneous 226 I 28 72 lX.-Persons living on their income ... 13 80 20 50. Persons living principally on t.heir income ... 13 80 IJO X.-Domestic service 49 55 45

61. Domestic services 49 55 45

XI.-Insufficiently described occupation 61 8 92

62. Genera.l terms wh\ch do not indicate a definite occupation 61 8 9!J 87

TABLE VII I.-SUBSIDIARY TABLE I (a).-(Concld.) Earners (principal occupation) and working dependents.

0 0 ~ PERCENTAGE 0 0 ~.- Q ~ RECORDED. ~ -J-I ::s ~ Go)p_.- Class. sub-class and order. ~o c:C • Go) _ r::I ..,; cO J-o s::.. =..... Go) rI5 ell -J-o Go) ..... CIII ..Q c:C ::s cu .... J-I :.w=!::..... m rn. QS S-e::s.pa c:.l...o ::s =J-o~ = z-0 -= -

XII.-Unproductive ...... o •• 103 20 80 5S. Inmates of Jails. asylums and almshouses ...... " 100 ... 54. Beggars, vagrants, prostitutes ...... 99 17 88 55. Other unclassified non-productive industries ...... 8S

CHAPTER VIJI.-SUBSIDIARY TABLE I.-(b) (Earner. as Subsidiary Occupation).

C> . 10 CIS PERCENTAGE 0'- ~ RI£CORDED. Q ...... 0 ~ A. Class, sub-class aud order. -(l) c.-;; In ~~ In ..o~(l) d rURl'al ° 0 cities. 0°8 --.- ..... areas. Z ------

All occupations ...... 6~815 12 88 (Earners as subsidiary occupation) ...... · .. I,.! 0 89 11 89 A. Production of Uaw Materials ·.. ... ·.. 742 9 91 I. Exploitat.ion of animals and vegetation ...... 742 10 90 1. Pasture and agriculture ...... 742 10 90

(a) Cultivation ...... o •• 459 15 85

(b) Cultivation of special crops. fruits, etc...... 9 · .. 100

(c) Forestry 00...... 100

(d) Stock raising ...... ·.. 274- 1 ~9 (e) Raising of small animals and insects ...... ·.. ·.. . .. 2. Fishing and bunting · ...... · .. ·.. i j 11. Exploitation of Mjnera~s ·...... , ...... S. l\letallic Minerals ...... ·.. · .. · .. ...

.... N on-Metallic l.\1 inerals . .. . , . ·.. .. . · .. ... B. Preparation and supply of material of substances ... 253 11 89

11[, Industry 0" , 911 · .. . . o •• 156 7 -

5. Textiles ... o •• ...... 18 30 70

6. Hides, skins and hard ma.terials from the animal 79 o •• 100 kingdOlu.

7. Wood ...... 15 9 91 8. Metals ...... 2 I 23 77 I Sq 9. Ceramics ...... •• 0 ... 4 11

10. Chemical products properly so-cAlled and analogous ... 9 4 96 1]. 29 Food Indl1~tries .. - ... o •• ·.. 1 71 12. Industries vf dress and 'the toilet 4 96 - 0 • · .. 20 89

CHAPTER VIII.-SUBSIDIARY TABLE I (b).-(Contd.)

(Earner. as S'Ub~idlary Occupation.)

O. Oed PERCENTAGE Q- Qp..- ::::s RECORDED. -0 ,_.p.. Q) Class, sub-class. and order. p..- ,...,:J In Q) 0 • In ..c-C cities. rural areas. a-·9::::I0~ Z

18. Furniture Industries ...... 14. Building Industries 7 7 98

15. Constructions of means of transpoxt •••

16. Production and transmission of physical force ••• 17.. Miscellaneous and undefined industries 1 18 82

IV. Transport ... 26 11 89 ] 8. Transport by air

19. Transport by water ... 1 100

20. Transport by road 12 88

21. TJ"snsport by rail

22. Post-offices.. TeJegraph and Telephone services 100 v. Trade 71 22 78 28. Banks, establishments of credit. exchange Bod insurQ.nce ... 25 25 75 24. Brokerage. commission and export

25. Trade in textiles 8 26

26. Trade in skin. leathers, furs, feathers, horn, etc. 100

27. Trade in wood 100

28. Trade in metals

29. Trs de in pottery 80. Trade in chemical products ...

81. Hotelll, restaurant, etc. ... I 59 41 82. Other trade in food-stuffs 26 19 81

33. Trade in clothing and toilet articles ] 10 90

84. Trade in furniture '! ••

85. Trade in building materials DO

CHAPTER VIIl.-SUBSIDIARY TABLE I (b).-(Co"td.) (Ea.rners as Subsidiary Occupation).

0 I o cIS PERCENTAGE 0- .. ~ RECORDED. o ~ -0 J-o~ v Class,. sub-class and order. ~c.; So("S • In In v_ c rural .Q 0 cities. 8"S::s .-_ areas. Z 86. Trade in means of Transport ... . 87. Trade in fuel 18 21 79 88. Trade in articles of luxury and t.hose pertaining to letters and the arts and sciences ... 89. Trade of other sorts ... 2 9 91 Co Public Administration and liberal arts 59 29 71 VI. Public force 7 52 48

40. Army 6 57 48 41. Navy ... 42. Air force

48. Police 1 • 28 77 VII. Public Administration 27 27 73 44. Public Administration 27 26 74.- VIII. Professions and Iiheral arts 25 25 75

45. Religion 21 20 80 46. Law 75 25

47. Medicine 1 88 62

48. Instruction 50 50

49. Letters.. arts and sciences 8 57 48

D. Miscellaneous 35 11 89

IX. Persons 1 iving on their income 8 83 67

50. Persons living principally on their income ••• 8 88 67 X. Domestic services ... 6 33 67 51. Domestic services 6 88 67 r IX. Insu1H.ciently described occupation 9 I 6 94 91

CHAPTER VIII. -SUBSIDIARY TABLE I (b).-(Concld.) (Earners as Subsidiary Occupation.)

o . PERCENTAGE 0.c- - :::s RECORDED. o~ -0 ... ~ cu CI.S8, 8ub-class and order. ,:::1.,--;; ~ In ...v 0 • In ..c~= rural 8 -0.9 cities. areas. ::::s ------,------'____ Z 52. General terms which do not indicate a definite occu­ 9 6 94 pation.

XII. Unproductive 17 8 97

58. Inmates of .Jails. asylums and alms houses

54. Beggars, vagrants, prostit.utes 11 8 97 55. Other unclassified non-productive industries 92

J .; , I ..I:CI J ::s-< 111;1 I ..... '0 ~=='0 _c ..... f I >< I - == -- I · c:q--...,.~- ..... I · ~ I ><- -c.. I .-CJ co- . c (0 vi ..... : : :CI't Q) I rn : :co rI} · 0 .-w= >< · · · .. ~ · · ..._c.. J · - aD CJ ->< rI} CD c- - - ~ co '0 lC') ~ w V,l <:'I II) en ~ I'll CI~ = 0 0 0 ... <:,) CD . 0 : ~ . I ..c · t:- - o --- ~~ I :- :- >< rI.) GI'J >< . . . - -CI ca Q) .- ""tj ...s::; eI

- I 0 0 CD~ 0 ._ = ..._:. .- ...... ,. ':10 (0 'Ot:-o C .- : ·: : i : : c..._ ..... I C< I C)~ , CJ CI , > -- =CJ o CD 0 0 - CI"t:S c co U') co 10 co ~ 0 o C ..... (0 . I>-. ""'CNCN~C- - -. .- - ..... =""tj - :E ra >- -..... oo..brJ _ IX) ...... ,.-~ co -= t:- CN - ..c f ..... r:r.l - ~ 0...= I :::II ...:I U'.II ...:I -,...!:itI >- ~ '0 ...,.CN-CN_=> J:Q I < .a~ I - -< ~ ..... Eoot brJ E-4 t:- O't co _ - _ CN - J -Sfi':: it-- - 0) '0 CI > I (0 Q'I - >- CD"t:S >- I ::...... t> D:I ..ct CI ~ ca I ~= -< I ..c co 0 ~ 0 0 :- Q -_ ..... cc ...,. Q U'.II . . • °Cl , ':C co - .... I'll ...... £0 j:q - I .- . - - m > - :;J ~ :> ~ ...... =i til cd Ul Sc.. I CD IX) '0 ~ ~ 00 t:- I I t g co 0 _ ~""'t-lC')lr)t:- ..... co ~ lQ CQ- co co .....4 ~ c..CJ ..... I ..... w 0 -c - ;> Q) I -=> 0 > - ..c - - - .-~ ...... cd C'd e ..... c= I 0 : :: ..,. .. : . ~ CN ...,. rzl Z= I ~ .. .. -c..= -, ... -0:.;0 ,. ~ - t - ~ 8.. l:>- 00 ...,. '0 IX) It') co ~_:e I -< ~ CQ co ~ < ca Ie) ...,. - ...,. lQ ...,. =...,. - ::r: ..... I ::r::: 0 I t.) U - I ..... IX) _c:q CM- c:q co c:Q co IX) _ -0 ..... co ..... co -o~ it'- II) - udn ...,. - (oO!1 O)O)O I ...,. ""'COCOlO fO ..... co...,.coCOCQ co - ('8dpupd) I .--E 0 S.IQO.1'B~ t _ C c.. ._ o_ -co-.,.c:q=co Pot :. :: ...... Q) I - .. s1.tI~poQdQP I t:-ooCO""'CN~C ..... I ..p ~ - .suPpoM I CN ,.-4 c::-. ~ - 0. - ~ 8 -~ I 0 cr: co 00 It') 'lIO c:q t:- z= ~ -c 0= IX)"'" ~ -s1.u~p I ...,. ~co~t:- ...,.oe CQ...,.co co ....It) ...,....,.- """ ...Qo;I t- - -oQdap ~U! I ..... t - -~.IO.MoUON I I - . 0 0 . . 0 0 . • : 0 . : : . . . · • : : . I _ or;;· · ..l .-r.a ...... -II) .. .. -..c .. C _ ..c .-1:1 .. .. :: .- ...... =_ CD = ~ I 0;; E-t 0 I e:: .;:': E-c 0-~ e:: -~= ..._:. 17.1 ~ I O..c ... 0 o...s::; ... 0 !:::2 F- CI,) Ul ~ CI,) ::s:-:::: ~ rn=' =_ E-4 ._ E-t c..'~ C r ca .- ~ .,e..;; = Pot CD -- II.< ... =cu I "'3 ..... _... U ::s:;:.a'"'t''''~ q =..c "t:S ... ~ I ca CJ c·- 0 I = lSI I:) C'- 0 :;~cac:tl~~ ~===~~ I ::.c::::C~~~rI;) I ~::r:::~~::::JrI.l 93

CHAPTER VIII.-SUBSIDIARY TABLE III. Occupation of females by sub-class, selected order.q and groups.

NUMBER OF ACTUAL WORKERS INCLUDING WORKING DEPENDANTS. Number of Occupation. females per 1,000 males. Males. Females.

------1 2 3 4 5 ----1------,------·------·------

SUB-CLASS I EXPLOITATION OF ANIl\:lALS AND 45,511 24,249 538 VEGETATION.

Total, order I, pasture and agriculture 45,60S 533

Total, order I (a), cultivation 38,$4-0 S3,6/a0 616

1 Non-cultivating proprietors taking rent III 1,552 133 85 money or kind.

5 Cultivating owners ...... 980 871 899 6 Tenant cultivators ...... 84,121 21,675 635 7 Agricultural labourers ...... 1,562 859

Total, order I (b), cultivation of special ft66 78 S93 crops, fruit etc.

13 Pan-vine 142 Nil

15 Market gardeners, flower and fruit growers 124 78 628

Total. order I (d), stock-raising 6.98~ 661

21 Cattle and buffalo breeders and keepers 6,024 523 87

22 Herdsmen, shepherds and breeders of other 958 128 134 animals. Total sub-class II. ea:pioit':Ltion of minerals...... Total, sub-class III. Industry ... 8,4-09 3.165 376

T.:Jtal, order 5, textiles 1,839 1,740 1J50

... 2 Cotton-ginning. cleaning and pressing 171 69 404.

48 Cotton-spinning, sizing and weaving 1,163 1,892 1,197

45 Rope, twine, string and other fibre fl19 106 484

49 Dyeing, bleaching, printing and preparation 257 156 607 of text lIes.

Total, order 6, hides and skans 1,843 66 90 51 Working in leather ••• ... 1,843 .06 80 94

CHAPTER VIII.--SUBSIDIARY TABLE III.--(contd.)

Occupation of {em/lies by sub-class. selected orders and grou,pG_

NU."IB(o~R OF ACTUAL WORKERS INCLUJ)(l'lG WORKING DEPENDENTS. Number of females per ~cCllpatjon • I ~OOO males. Males. Females.

------1 2 3 4 5 ------Total, order 7. 'Wood 706 101 143

li6 Basket-makers and other industries of woody 243 94 887 materIals including leaves and thatchers, etc. 68 Potters and makers of earthenware ... 454 251 553 68 Manufacture and refining vf vegetable oils 385 69 179

-li.866 71 Rice-pounders and huskers ....1 ... S 131 Total. order 1fJ industries of dress and toilet 1.356 366 la69 83 Tailors ...... 135 80 659 85 Washing and cleaning ...... 199 136 683 86 ]36 230 Barbers and hair-dressers •• r -.. 591 Total. order 17, miscella.neous and undefined 773 406 61!4 'tndustnes.

100 413 353 854 Scavenging ... .. ~ ... Total. sub-class Ir. transport ••• ... 1,097 75 68 106 Labourers employed in roads and bridges ... 156 40 256 ]10 Pack elephant. camel, mules, ass and bullock 785 34 46 owners and drivers. Total, sub-class V. trade ...... 9,848 638 165 115 Bank managers, money-lenders & brokers, etc. 869 57 65

Total. order 9fJ, other trade in foodstuffs ... :1.,807 394- 218 133 Dealers in fodder for animals ... 186 179 962 145 Dealers in fire-wood, charcoal and cowdung. 389 181 465 etc. Total, sub-class r I, public forces ... 1,997 1 ·8 Total, sub-class Y II. public Administration. 1,g05 157 8S 160 Service of Indian and Foreign States ... 1,526 145 95 95

CHAPTER VIll.-SUBSIDIARY TABLE III.--(concld.)

OccupatIOn of female~' by sub-class, selected orders and. groups.

ACTUAL WORKERS. Numbp.r of Occupation. females per 1,000 males. l\1ales. Females.

____ ------,------___, __ 1______--- ______3 4 5 ------1 2 ------_._-_._- 160A Rulers and their families 2 5 2,500 Total. sub-class r III. professions and 1,593 163 96 liberal arts.

163 Priests and ministers 810 28 34

172 Midwives, vaccinators and compounders etc. 15 88 2,533

1~2 Musicians. (composers and performers other 198 83 429 than military) actors and dancers etc.

Sub"class IX, persons living on their income. 86 127 1,477

185 Proprietors (other than of agricultural Jands) 86 127 1,477 fund scholarship holders and pensioners.

Total, sub-class X, domestic service 599 179

Total, s'I.lb-class XI, ins1.tfficiently described 4-63 509 1,099 occupata.ons.

191 Labourers and workmen othe"l'wise un­ 456 509 1,116 specified.

T~tal sub-class XII, unproductive 165 109

192 Inmates of jail ...... 56 1 18

193 Beggars and vagrants 1.460 164 112

194 Procurer and prostitutes e •• 96

CHAPTER VIII.-SUBSIDIARY TABLE IV.

Yariatlon in occupation 1931-91, Karauli State.

TOTAL FOLLOWING VARIATION. OCCUPATION. Occupation. Actual Percen­ 1921. tage lU31. J931-21. 1931-21. ______---·---1------3 5 6 ------._------1 2 ------1 Non-cultivating proprietors taking rent 1,685 1,671 +14 in money or kind_

2 Estate agent and managers of owners 75 +73 +8.650

5 Cultivating owners 1,301 +1,301 +1,80.100

6 Tenant cultivators 55,796 55,157 +689 +1·1

7 Agricultural labourers 2,908 2,715 +188 +6'9

Total, order I (a), cultivahon ... 61,760 59,545 +~,215 +3·6 IS Pan-Vine 142 +142 +14,200

16 Market gardeners. flower and fruit 202 201 +1 growers.

Total, order I (b), cultivation of special 1401 +143 +71°1 crops and fruit etc.

17 Forest officers, rangers, guards, etc. 14 48 -29 -67·4

Total, order I (c), forestry 1.4- -30 -68'S

21 Cattle and buffalo breeders and keepers 6,547 1,470 +5,077 +345'4

23 Herdsmen, shepherds and breeders of 1,086 687 +899 +58·1 other animals. Total, order I (d), stock-raising ... 7,638 1J.159 +6,,4.74 Total, order I, pasture and agricul­ 69,751 61,9.4-9 +7,80e ture.

27 Fishiog and pearling 9 +9 +900

7'otal, sub-clau I, exploitation of 69,760 61,949 +7,811 ana mals and vegetatIOn.

Total, class A, production of raw 69~760 69,160 +7,600 matc'Iaals.

42 Cotton- ginni IJg, cleaning and pressing 240 288 -43 -15"2

43 Cotton-spinning. sizing and weaving ... 2,555 2,946 -391 -13°S

45 Rope, twine, string and other fibres 325 32 +293 +916 97

CHAPTER VIII.-SUBSIDIARY TABLE IV.-(contd,)

Yariation in occupation. 1931-11 1, Karau,/i State,

TOTAL FOLLOWING VARIATION, OCCUPATION.

Percen­ Occupation Actual 1931 1921 tuge 1931-21 1931 21 ------'--1------1 2 3 4 5 6 ------.------46 Wool-carding, spinning and weaving ... 39 68 -29 -42'6

49 Dyeing, bleaching, printing. preparation 413 454 --41 and ~ponging of textilt:s. Total ~ order 5, tex~ile ... 3,571] 3,783 -S11 -5'5

51 Working in leather ... .., 1.899 754 +1,145 +60 Total. order 6, hide.~. skins and hard 1,899 798 +1,111 +60 materzals from Ihe animal kingdom. 55 Carpenters. t.urners and joiners etc. 470 393 +77 +19'6

56 Basket-makers and other industries of 337 263 +74 +28'1 woody materials including leaves, thatchers and baildars working with bamboo, reeds or similar mat.erials. Total. order 7. wood .•• . .. 807 656 +181

58 Makers of arms, guns etc, 10 2 +8 +400

59 Blacksmiths, other workers In iron. 169 19:d -30 -15·6 makers of it-uplelnents. I

60 Workers in b.rass, copper and bell- 18 16 +2 +12'5 metals. Total, order 3, metals 197 -65

63 Potters Rnd makers of eart.henware 705 845 -11.0 -16'5 Total, order fJ, ceramics ... 705 850 -14-5 -17'1

66 Mallub.cture of matches. fire-works and 32 9 +23 +255-5 other explosi ves.

68 IVlanufacture and refining of vege­ 454 474 -20 -4'4 table oils.

70 Others ...... 2 4 -2 Total. order 10, chemical products 4-88 4-89 -1 properly so-called and analogU1./,s, 71 Rice-pounders Rnd huskers and flour 134 221 -87 -39'3 grinders 72 Grain-parchers, etc. 7 9 -:2 -22'2 73 Butchers 96 47 +49 +104,'2

75 Sweet-meat and condiment makers 188 165 +13'9 Total, order 11, food industries ... 4-25 44-9 -'5 98

CHAPTER VIII.--SUBSIDIARY TABLE IV.-(contd.)

Va,.iation in occupation 1931-Bl~ Karauli State.

TOTAL FOLLOWING VARIATION. OCCUPATION.

Occupation. Actual Percen­ 1931. 1921. tage 1931-21. 1931-2 t. _-_ ----.---.---.------_·-----1------3 5 6 ___1 ------_·_------1------2 ------·---,1------82 Boot, shoe, sandal and clog makers. ". 457 566 -109 -19'2

88 TailC)rs~ milliners. dress-makers and 224 169 +55 + 32·6 darners.

84 Embroiderers, hat-makers and makers +6 +500 of other article of wear.

85 Washing and eleaning ••• 885 383 -48 -12'5

86 Barbers, hair dressers and wig makers 727 834 - 107 ._ 12·8

87 Other industries connected with the 1 +1 +100 toilet. Total, order 1£. industries of dress and 1,749 1,955 -206 -10 the toilet.

90 Lime burners, cement workers, exca­ 554 179 +375 +209'5 vators and well sinkers, stone-cutters and dressers. bricklayers and masons building (other than buildings made of bamboo or similar materials) painters, decorators of house, tiles, plumbers etc. Total. order 14, Bulldzng industries, 554 179 +375 + i!09oo

95 Printers, engravers, book-binders et(l. 2 1 +1 +100 96 Makers of musical instruments ... +2 +200 97 Makers of clocks and surgical or scien­ 1 + 1 +100 tific instruments.

98 Makers of jewellery and ornaments 380 463 -183 -28·7

99 Other miscellaneous and undefined In­ 77 +77 +7.700 dustries (toy-making), taxidermy. 100 Scavenging ...... 766 706 +60 +8·5 Total, order 17, miscellaneou,s and 1,278 1,170 +8 +'7 undefined Industries. Total, Sub-class III, Industry. 11.574 10,551 +1,023 +9·7

102 Ship-owners. boat owners and their 19 +19 +1,900 employees, officers, boat-men and turners. Total, order 19, transport by water .... 19 +19 +1,900 99

CHAPTER VIII.--SuBSIDIARY TABLE IV.-(contd.) Pariatiofl in occupation, 1991-B1, Karauli State.

TOTAL FOLLOW(~G VARIATION. OCCUPATIO N •

Occupation. Percen­ Actual 1931. ) 92 I. tage 1931-21. 1931-21. ------,-----_._------11------1 2 3 4 5 6 ----______~---- __.______------1------1------106 Labourers employed on roads and brid­ 196 224 -28 -12·5 ges.

107 Owners, managers and employees (exclud­ 4 2 +2 +200 ing personal servants) connected with mechanically driven vehicles (including trR.ins.)

108 . Owners, managers and employees (ex­ 1 - 44 -98 cluding personal servants) con­ nected with other vehicles.

109 Palki etc., bearers and owners 4 +4 +400

110 Pack elephant, camel, mules, ass and 769 356 +413 +116 bullock owners and drivers.

111 Porters and messengers ••• 122 121 +1 +·9

Total, order BO, transport by roads 1,096 764 +891}

112 Railway employees of all kinds other 43 27 +16 +59 than coolies. Total, order Bl, transport by rail ... 48 99 +10 +30·0 114 Post-office. Telegraph and Telephone 14 6 +8 -1-133 services. Total, order Be, P. T. and T. s. ... 14- 6 +8 +133

Total, SUb-class IV, Transport ••• 803 +069 +.45'9 115 Bank managers, money-lenders ex­ 926 704 +222 +81'5 change and insurance agen ts, money changers aDd bankers and r- other employees. Total. order ~3 ... ••• 9fJ6 704 +SBfJ +81'6 116 Brokers. commission agents, commer­ 1 1 Nil cial travellers warehouse owners and employees. Total, order ~4, brokerage, commission 1 1 Nil and e.xport.

117 Trade in piece-goods. wool, cotton. silk. 271 261 +10 +8'8 hair and other textiles. Total, order B(), trade in textiles ••• 1171 I e6l .... 10 +0·8 100

CHA PTER VIII-SUBSlDIARY TABLE IV-(contd.)

Yariatio1l. an occu.pation 1931-tt1, Karaulz Sta teo

TOTAL FOLLOWING V ARIA'lION. OCCUPATlON.

Occupation. Actual Percentage 1931. }.,21. 1931-21. 19iH-~1. ------1 2 4 5 6 ------_._------_._------118 Trade in skins, leather, furs, feathers, 19 5 + 14 +280 horns. etc. and the articles made froln these.

Total. order e6, trade in skins, leathers 19 .5 + .14- +1180 and furs.

12.1 Trade in bamboos and cane 3 +3 +300

Total, order !J7. trade in u'ood ... 9 +3 +300

12d Trade in metals, machinery. knives, etc. 46 9 +37 +411·1

Total, order 28, trade an metals ... 9 +37 4.11'1

125 Drugs, dyes, paints, petroleum explo­ 9 +9 +!l00 sive etc.

Total. order 30, trq,de in chemical 9 +9 +900 I Jroducts.

126 Vendors of wine, hquors. mrat.ed 21 14 +7 +50 waters and ice.

127 Owners and managers of hotels, cook­ 6 ... +6 +609 shops. saralS etc., and employees.

128 Hawkers of drink and food-stuffs 89 70 +19 +27-1

Total, order 31 116 84- +311 +39

] 29 Grain and pulse-dealers 1,301 122 +1,179 +966"4

130 Dealers in sweetmeats, sugar and 16 , .. +16 +1,600 spices, j ~ 131 Dealers in dairy products, eggs, poultry. 24 44 I -20 -45'4 ]88 Dealers in fodder for animals 855 161 I +194 + 120"fj

134 Dealers in food-stuffs 464 I,' 36 -1,172 -71"6

135 Dealers in tobacco 41 ]5 +26 I +173"3 Total. order 911, other trade in food­ 13,1101 2,154- +47 +11·1 stuffs. - 101

CHAPTER VIII.-SUBSIDIARY TABLE IV.-(contd.)

Yariation in occupation 1931-~1. Karauli State.

TOTAl. FOLLOWING VARIATION. OCCUPA'l'ION. Occupation.

1931. 1921. Actual Percentage 1931-21. 1981-2'. ------1------1 2 3 5 6 ------1------138 Trade in ready-made clothing and 72 8 +64 +800 other articles of dress and t.he toilet (hats. umbrellas, socks, ready­ made shoes, perfumes etc.)

Total, order 33. trade in clothing and 7fJ 8 +64 +800'0 toilet artacles.

14.4 Dealers and hirers of elephants, camels, 10 20 -10 -50 horses, cat.tle, asses, mules, et.c.

Total. order 36, t,.ade in means of 10 20 -10 -60 transpu,.t.

1.5 Dealers in fire- wood. chal'coal, cow­ 570 441 +129 +29"5 dung etc.

Total, order 87. trade in fuel 570 ~~1 +1119 +149"6

148 Publishers, book-sellers. stationers, 4 +4 +400 dealers in music. pictures, musical Instruments and curiosities. Total, order 38, trade In articles of 9 -6 -66"6 1'l,uxl4.ry and those perta.n'tng to letters and the A rts ana SCI.ences.

150 General store-keepers and shop-keepers 238 72 +166 +281 otherwise unspecified. Total, order SIJ, trade of other sorts ... te~8 *146 +93 +64'1

Total, sub· class V, trade 4,486 3,801 +686 +18'0

Total. class B. preparation and supply 17,2311 15,155 +2.077 +10'7 of material substances. 154 Army, Indian States 1,091 1,041 +50 +4"8 Total, order 4-0, army '.' 1,091 1,067 +84 8'4 157 Police 201 202 --1 -'5 158 Vina~e watchmen 6 1 +5 +509 Total. order 49, polICe 1]07 SO:; +4 +M

Total, sub-class Yr, puhlic f01"ce 1.~98 1,260 +88 +8

"Hawkers traQsferred to different order. 102

CHAPTER VIII.-SUBSIIHAH.Y TABLE IV. - (contd.)

Variation in occupation 1931-21, Kara'ltii State.

TOTAL FOLLOWING VARIATION. OCCUPATION. o Occupation. \ g.. 198 I. I 1921. Actual P1erce1otage ~ I 1931-21. U8 -2 1 . ------;----1----·---- _J______! ______~ __ j--~--I--~-_I--~-_ , I 159 Service of the State 5 +500 I +5 \ 160 Service of Indian and Foreign States 1,671 1.361 I HHO I +22·7 160 (a)' Rulers and t.heir famihcs 7 1 I +6 +'600

161 Municlpal and other local (not village) 46 45 +1 +2°a service.

162 Village officials and servants other than 333 189 +144 +76 watchmen.

Total, order 44, publi.c administration I,60S +.4-60 +~8°'1

Total, a'lb-clau IT 1I, public adminlS­ 1,60~ +460 +~8''1 trataon.

168 Priests, ministers etc. 838 295 +5,3 +184.. 0

1641 lHonks. non-religious mendicants 12 14 -2 -14"""

165 Other religious workers 287 240 +4.7 +19

Total. orde'r .4-5, religIOn 1,137 549 +588 +107·1

167 Lawyers of all kinds including qazls, 3- 81 -28 -~l Ja w agents and nlukhtiar~.

168 Lawyers. clerks, petition-writers etc. 30 +80 +3,000

Total, order 4-6, law 33 31 +~ +6·5

] 69 Regi.stered medical practitioners In­ 9 cluding occulists. +7 +22'~

170 Other persons practising the healing 29 I arts without beIng registered. 172 Midwives, vaccinators. conlpounders, 53 +10 +23'2 murses and masseurs etc.

Total, order .4-7 medici1le 91 74 +17 +1)8

174 Professors and lecturers of all kinds 58 +30 +107

Total, order 48, Instruction 68 31 +B7,~ +87'1 103

CH.\prER VIII -SUBSIDIARY TARLE IV. --(co'1td.'

Yaf'lation in occupatIOn 1991-1! 1. Karauli State.

TOTAL FOLLOWING VARIATION. OCCUPATION. ------11------,------Occupation. Percen­ AC'tual l~B I. 1 n21. tage 1981-21. 193 L-21. ------1 2 4 5 6 ------_._------177 Archite('ts, surveyors, engIneers and 21 +21 +2,100 other employees not being State servants.

178 Authors, editors, journalists and pho­ 18 &9 -76 -84'5 togra phers.

181 Horoscope-cnsters. astrologers, fOl,tune­ 1 2'2 -21 -96 tellers, wizards

182 Musjcian~, composers and performers 263 +18 +6·7 other than Inilitary actors, dancers etc.

] 83 Managers and employees of places of +7 700 publIc entertaJl1Tnent. race-courses, societies and clubs

184 Conjurors. acrobats, milit9 ry exhibitors 114 +114 11,400 of curiosities aud wtld animals.

Total, order 49 437 374 +16'8

Total, suh-cla.\·s YIIJ, professions and 1.756 1.059 +697 +65·8 Izberal arts.

Total, clan C, public administration 6,116 8,921 +1,195 +80'4 and liberal arts.

185 Proprietors other than of agricultural 213 IS:{' +59 +'-'8'3 land, R{'hohn-ship holders and pen­ sioners.

Total, o1·der /}O, pe"sons principally 154- +59 +38'3 living on their Income.

Total, s'll.b-('la.~>s IX tal8 154 I +59 +88"3

186 Private motor-drivers and cleaners 2 +2 +200

) 87 Other domestic service 776 - 873 -82

Total. order 51, domest'tc service 778 1.159 -381 -3S'9

Total sub-class X 778 1,159 -381 -Bf4'9 104

CHAPTER VIIl.-SUBSIDIARY TABLE IV - (concld.)

JTarlation in occupation 1931-141. Kara'IJ,ii State.

TOTAL FOLLOWING V ABlATION. OCCUPATION.

Oc!!upation. Percen­ Actual 1981. 1921. tage 1931-21. 1931 21. ------_.__ .---_._--_._-_._-_.---_._------_._------_ 1 2 3 5 6 ----1------·------_·_-_·_------1-----·--

188 Manufacturers. businessmen and con­ 8 +8 +800 tractors otherwise unspecified.

189 Cashiers. accountants, book-keepe:u. 8 +6 +300 clerks and other employees in un­ specified offices and warehouses etc.

190 Mechanics otherwise unspecified 1 +1 +100

191 Labourers and workmen otherwise un­ 965 154 +811 +526·.s specified.

Total, order 5fJ. General 'Workers whick 9811 156 +81J6 +699 do not indicate a definite occupa­ hone

Total, sub-class X I, insufficiently des- 989 156 +8S6 +6iJ9 cTlbed occupations.

192 Inmates of jails, asylums. and alms- 57 57 Nil houses.

Total, orde,. 63 ...... 67 57 Nil 198 Beggars and vagrants ...... 1,624- 1,624 Nil

Total. orde9" 54, beggars, vagrants and 1.69.4- lJ6~.4- Nil prosti lutes.

Total, sub-class XII, unproductive ... 1,681 1,68/ Nil

Total, clas8 D. mIscellaneous ... 0,65.4- 8,150 of. 504- +16 Grand total ... 96,769 84-,386 + 113'76 +10'5 70000 GeDeru.1 distribution 0 occ:upat10DS Karauli Sta~e General dist:ribution 0 (X.--eupatioDS 0'1' "'9'81 Ka.rauli. 19B1 by classes. sub-classes and order 1 (a) &nd (tI) Stat.e by orders.. and group Now 6.

6-5000

60()[)O , '. ,I • 55OQO

5000a

4.5000

4.0000 4.000

B5000 3500 ,! I,: , , , ,. , , 80000 , BOOQ ,I' : , I , , , , ·, I 25000 • 2500 ·, ·, I 20000 ·, ' , , ·: : :, I , , , : ~ ; I , I , , I , , , , :1' I l5OO0 \ ., 1500 , , : ~ , I, , !\ , ,'f' . . , ! , II " , I , I , ., I , ' , , , r I , I ,I , , I I I , I I I , 10000 , I , I , I 1000 , , (' , .I I I , I I I ~ : ,,~ ; I , I I , ,' I ," , , I . I • , I , t I', " I I , ' , I I I I I I " I) f I I I I I ' I • • I I I I I I I I I I , " I I I "\ I I I I, I .' I , I , , ... I", I I I I I , I I , I t 5000 500 • I ( , I I , , .j , I • 'I I I , I l '" , .... ' ',: ~ I I I I • II , ' 1, ' t 1\: • J " " I, 'I ~ " l I l ,~~ I : "J I " " :: · : :;'lf: " , f ,t I, : ;' "1,' " \",. .. / \ /~ • I ~ I I I \_~'f-l I f ! ~ \"1 r r"i ; : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :!::::::::::: 105 CHAPTER IX. Literacy. Column 16 in the general schedule was provided for general literacy The ecope of the statistics. and 17 for literacy in EnJllish. The instruct.ions issued wert: to consider all the persons as litt"raT.e who could write a letter and read the answer to it. For literates in Hindi or Urdu, the word Hindi or Urdu, was recorded. Otherwise the word' Literate' 'was re('orded against all persons who could both read and write a letter In any other language For literate in English, the word yes wq,s put down in column 17. Illiterates both in Hindi and EngJish were represented by X.

2. The facts dIscussed in this chapter are based on the Imperial Data. Table XVIII. the Provincial Table II. Subsidiary Tables attached and the statistcs of the Education Department.

3. Even the persons who could s{'rawl their signatures declared t.hem­ 'Ihe accuracy of the selves as lit.erates some out of ignorance a.nd others simply out of vanity. statistics. In the case of children. age was also taken as a guide to ascertain their literacy. The literates in English being in a hmited nU11.1ber and all known to the charge Superintendents and the state census Superintendent as well, there wal" no difficulty in the classification of literates or illiterates. The enumerators who were all locally selected were well acquainted wit.h the literacy of the persons of advalJ{'ed ages. Hence the figures of literacy are reliable for all practical purposes

4. Considering all the children of ages 0-5 as illiterate, there are The extent of general literacy in the state by sex 5,106 literate [naJes. 278 females total- aDd age. Age. Literate. ling 5,384 literates returning a pro­ M. F. portion of 77 males. 5 females and 45 0- I> 1 o 6-10 179 ]3 literates in all per 1,000 of the total 10-15 374, 31 16-~0 663 52 population. The highest number re­ 2Q and over 3,889 182 turned is among the persons of 20 and 278 over with a proportion of 100 male and 6 female literates per 1.000. (Vide st.atement in the margin.)

5. Fron) the table on the rnargin, it is seen thnt the Hindus predo­ minate as regards the total number of The extent of actual general literacy in the state by religions. literates and both males and females Number of Number per 1.0g0 literates. who are literate. but proportionally Christians stand at Religions. M. F. M. F. Hindus .... 601 224 73 ... the top a.nd Hindus last of all • .Tains Musli:rns 347 28 102 10 Jains 1.&0 SIS 765 U6 being all traders or officials occupy Christians 7 4 1.~Og 571 the next plare as regards the propor­ Sikhs 1 0 1.000 0 tion of lit.erates. The lowest propor· 0,106 lU8 tion among the Hindus is due to the apathy of th~ agricultural classes towards education. A reference to subsi­ diary Table III shows that t.he proportion of the Christian literat.es is highest in the Karauli Town followed by Jains. Muslims stand 3rd and Hindus last. The reason is that Chri~tians and .Tains are only a few and most of them are literate, excepting Machilpur Tahsil. Jain literates are proportionally higher in all the 'rehsils where second position is occupied by the Muslims. The proportion of Hindu literates in all the Tehsils is the least in comparison with Mushms and J ains. 10ft

6. The figures on the mR.rgin indicate that t.be number of literat.es is Distribution o:f literu.cy by tho census unita. the highest in Karauli Town due to Na.m.e of the Total literate Number per l.gog unit. 6 a.nd over. who are literate. it.s having educational facilit.ies as well as to its urban chara.cter. The next Karauli To_o ~.3~.s .1!i ~8 ~5 place is occupied by Sapotra Tehsil MachilpurHuzu.r Tehsil 417G'l7 1~u ,..~18 11 having three Primary state schools ~~~ra.il ::~ 1~ ~: ~ and a number of aristocrats. Utgir Sapotra 1.0CH 49 61 S being the least populous aDd purely rural stands last. As regards proportion, Karauli 'Lown. and Utgir Tehail hold the same posit.ions but t.he 2nd position is occupied by l\IJandrail rrehsil instead of Sapotra Tebsil. 7. The figures on the margin indicate that both the tot.al No. of

Extent; o:f lit;era.cy by age periods, in the _hole lit.erat.es and their proportion rise st;lI.to. Number per gradully with the age groups iu the Age Total. nUDlber of 1,000 of state. period litera.te.. & &.I:Id lit:erates _ho over. are Ii a.nd oveT. A reference to the subsidia.ry 6 a.nd M. F. M. F. over. 1i.~OIi tr78 77 Ii Ta.ble I leads to the same conclusion S-10 .179 ~s 18 ~ 10-IS 874- 31 88 ... that the number of the literates rises 15-20 663 6i1 93 9 !irO and over. 8~889 ~8f11 100 6 with the age in each of the main religions as well. The same inference is drawD from t:he subsidiary Table I I which shows that the highest the age pc-riod the greatest the number of the lit.erattS in ea.ch of the census units of the state. 8. The Table on the margin shows that: the hi~hest Dumber of literates The extent of literacy by ca.st_. is among Agarwals followed by Bra.h­ mans. All the castes of loW' st.rata Total number NUJDber per 1.000 Castea. of who are. combined stand third and Rajputs literat;es. literates. the last. But proportionally Sh 1 i­ M. F. M. Bra.hnm.ns F. 1.615 66 199 10 DIals with a proportion of 688 out Rajputs 49~ 119 141 Aga.rW"ala 46 1.7!iJ6 5 4~S 1 of 1,000 stand first followed by Shri:um.l 64 15 688 Saraogi 163 Ss 7 648 189 other Mahajans. Palliwals occupy Pa.lliwa.l 86 o S15 o Other Mabaja.ns JoI7 o 658 o Srd place and Ago.rw-als the 4t.h R e D:la in i n g I.lIst 66 castes.. 18 1 place. BrR.hrnans rank 5th and Raj­

Total ------5178 puts 6th. "rhe remaining castes return only 18 male literate and I. female literate ouf; of 1,000. It means that the other castes excepting Kayasthas are still very back-W'ard e,"en according to the census standard of literacy.

9. The figures quoted on the margin show aD aJl round increase in Variation in general literacy. literacy in comparIson to 1921 CeDIJWI uni tao Total Literat;6s Difference. excepting Utgir 'rehsil which has 1981. 19!iH. yetul.·ned a decrease ot only 2 per- Karauli Town 2.496 2.23... + 269 sons. Ha.zur Tehsil 690 490 ... 200 Mach ilpur ,. 42Si1 SiI&9 Mandrail ,. +J63 &66 839 +227 A reference to the subsidiary Utgir 160 162 Sapotra -2 Table V also indicates a gener31 •• I.Q50 '198 + fl5!i1 Tot&! --- increase among all ages 10 and over + 1,10~ in all the Tebsils excepting Ut.gir Tehsil whel"ein the people are mostly rural. 'l."be existence of a lowex Primary school a.t the Tehsd Headquarters bad not. been able t.o improve literacy therein. The highest. increase of 88 per mille is in Mandrail 107

Tehsil. The progress of education can best ga.uged by looking at t.he proportion of the literates in the age-group 15-20. Kara.uli Stnte ha.s shown a continual progress from 1911 up to date with an increase of 47 per J ,(JOO males. The females literates have shown little increase due to the apathy of the public. KarauIi Town has returned an increase of 84 per 1,000 males in comparison to 1921 and of 136 as against 19) I. Literacy bas progressed in the Tehsils also which return lower progress than the Karauli Town Literates of aged 20 and over also have progressed since 1921. The marginal table shows that the remaining castes namely Kachhies.

Variation of general literacy of sleeted caates. Malis, Nai, Pathsn, Teli, Sunar, Kayasthas, Chhipa, Daroga. k:hati, Liter­ etc., have shown a grea1;.er tendency Total ates. Di1f'er- Varia­ 1931. 19!iU.. ence. tion P. C. towards progress in literacy. It does not mean that. the number of literates BralunBDII 1.,681 1,349 of- 339 +24 Ra.jputs 611 39~ +919 +56 in the low castes exceeds that among Agarwa.la 1,731 1,553 -+ 1.78 of- 11 Shrimab 79 56 +23 +41 the high castes. as thenumber of liter­ Saraogi 49 39 +IQ +31 PaUi_a} 3& 32 +3 +9 ates among these lo-w castes exclud­ Depressed 7 o +7 + 700 cla.sse._ ing the depressed classes is 13 out of Rema.ining 1.198 441 +757 + 171 cast:es_ 1,.000. The depressed L'lasses stand nex to' though t.he number of literates Total 5,384 3.8.50 + 1.,099 among them is nil out of 1,000. Rajputs stands Brd with a variation of 56 per cent followed by ShrimaJ. The progress among the Rajputs is due to the special patronage of the Durbar 'Who ha,,·e granted hanrlsome stipends to the sons of Rajputs by way of encouragement. Agarwals have shown but little progress due to their taking to businesS rather earlier. The extent of literacy in English. 10. There are 140 male alld 9 Age. M. F. female literates jn English in the 0- 0 'Whole state as detailed OD the ma.rgin. 0-10 1 1 1.0-10 8 2 The highest number returned belongs 1.S-90 20 !it 20 and over III 4. to the ages 2(1 and over. In brief there is only one person literate in Engbsh Total 14Q 9 out of 1,000. The oxtent of English literacy by religions. Total number of Number per mille 11. The marginal 1:;able shows ReligioDs. literates in aged 0 English. and over. t.he hi.ghest number of literates among M. F. 1\'(. F. Hindus and the lowest among Sikh Hindus 106 8 2 0 Muslims 1.3 0 4 0 hut proportionat.ely the position is Jains 15 0 77 0 Christians .; 1 714 143 reversed .J sius have returned a pro­ Sikh l. 0 1,000 0 portion of 77 out of I,LOO. Towl l40 9

The extent of English literacy by the ceDSUS units. Total number of Proportion per 1. 2. Tbe figures on the margin Units. literates in 10,""0 all agos English. .; and over. show that Karauli Town having a High

M. .(1'. M • F. School returns the highest number of Kara.uli'rown ... 1.07 8 111 10 literates in English both actually and Hazur Tahsil 12 0 '1 0 Ma.chilpur 3 0 8 0 propurtionately. Other Tehsils baving Ma.ndrail 8 0 10 0 Utgir Tehl'ln 1 0 !iJ Q no English school return but a few Sapotra Tehdil 9 1 Ii 1 literates in English. Total 1.4.0 9 21. 2 108

..('he extont of English literacy by selected castes. 18. The figures quoted on the Total number of Number of litera.tes margin shoW' t.he highest pl'oportion of Casto. literates in in English per English. 1,000. English amon~ Shrim"l.ls wh~ are all M. F. M. F. offic~als followed by Saraogis. Brah­ Brahmans 50 1 6 o Raj pub 25 6 7 2 mans. Raj puts and A garwals return Aga.rwals 16 o 4 o but a lirnlLed proportion 'rhe depres· Shrimals 9 o 97 o Saraogi 3 o 66 o sed classes are altogether illiterate in. Palliwal 2 o 29 ~ Other Mahajan I o 24 o English. Alnong the remaining castes, Depres.. ed castes o o o o Remaining castes 34 2 I o the only literate in English are Kayas­ Total ... 140 9 thas and a few Muslims.

Variation in English literacy. 14. The figures on the margin Proportionate Census Litera.tes Actual varia.tion per shoW' an aU-round increase in English in Eaglish. variation. 10,0(.10 of a.Il Unit. literacy in all the Census unit.s in the ------ageH D & over. 1931 1921 1931 to 1921 stat.e. In Karauli ~rown it is 64 per F_ M. F. M. M. F. M. F. 10.000 among 8 Kara.uli Town 107 8 6 2 ~ Jj.5 +6 .,..64 +8 males and among I-Iazur Tehl'lH 12 0 .5 0 +7 0 +7 0 females. Thf! whole sta te has also l\1achilpur " 3 0 1 0 ""2 0 +3 0 Ma.ndra.il 8 0 1 0 +7 0 + 10 0 returned an increase by II ·per 1.,000 Utgir ., 1 0 1 0 0 0 +2 0 Sapotra ,. 9 1 7 0 +2 +1 +5 +1 among rnales and 2 per I.COO among Total ... 140 9 67 liJ + 78 + 7 + 11 + 2 f~males.-

15. The marginal tnble shows that the actual nUlober of the Ii terates NUDlber of the literates in Hindi a.nd Urdu both. both in HIndi and Urdu is highest among the Hindus followed by the ..; MuslllIl.S. The Jains stand last.. But m :a""cO .& :;i ... Ill! ~c:I !! .;:: ..d proportionately the position is quite bit ::I ~ -< ::s ~ ~ e ti5 ~ inverse. 'rhe J alliS return the highest M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F'. M. F. M. F. 0- 6 proportion of 47 out of 1 .. 000 while 7-13 4 0 8 I o 0 o 0 0 0 7 I 14-16 8 2 6 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 15 8 the l\tluslilns 14 followed by the 17-23 25 0 18 0 3 0 o 0 0 0 46 0 !il4 & over 10"3 7 74 2 17 0 0 0 o (.) 19-1- 9 Hindus -with a proportion of only I. ------The hii!'hest proportion of the .Tains Total 140 9 101 4 21 0 0 0 o 0 26~ 18 is due to their being generally officia.ls. The extent of literacy in Urdu•

..; ,.,; 5 16. The figures on the margin ..; .~ ..; ..a ";;;:! ~ ..d c:I .5 'r;:: ,.!d show that the total hterates l.n Urdu g, ...CI ~ -< ~ ~ U ti5 E-4 alone al.-e 116 males and 20 females of M.= F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. 0- 6 'W hom ) 13 are Muslim males and 17 7-13 1 0 '1 2 0 0 o 0 o 0 8 2 ]4-J6 0 0 6 1 Q 0 0 0 o 0 6 1 Muslim feluales. The remaining. are 1'1-23 o 0 26 4 o 0 Q 1 o 0 26 Ii !!4 & over L 1 '14 10 C) Q 1 L o 0 '16 12 Hindus and Christians. Total 2 1 118 1'1 o 0 1 2 o 0 116 20 17. The margins I statement The extent of literacy in Hindi. shows that the total number of literates in Hindi is 4,824 giving a ~ . ~ percentage of 89 out of the total ~ - ~ ~ number of literates in all the languages ~ ~ ti5 E-4 M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. Hindu literates in Hindi predomi­ 0-610000 gOO o 0 1 0 7-18 312 14 14 0 13 600 o 0 889 21) Da te as re~ards the actual Dumber of 1"-16 385 28 9 2 13 600 o 0 857 31 17-23 792 54 28 2 17 4 Q 0 Q 0 ~37 60 the literates. Their proportion is 35 ... and 2,918 :Ll5 69 8 71 61.1 o 03,054 125 over. out of 1,000 as against 17 among

Total. 4.358 206 UIO 7 114 22 1 1 0 0 4.588 236 Muslim.s and 835 among J ains. 109

18. Literacy among females is also on an incrense but on a very small

Literacy among females. scale. The total number of female Number of literates aged 10 and over is only Religion. female literates per 1,000 6 out of 1,000 as against 4 in 1921. aged 0 and over. The marginal figures show the All Religions (j Hindus 4 highest proportion of literacy Bmong Muslims 10 Jains 116 Christians follo\\'ed by J ains. Mus­ Christians o7l lims stand 3rd and the Hindus the last of all. High proportions among Christians and J ains are due to their religious tenets that enjoin the reading of their holy books. Islam though imposes the reading of the Koran on the fair sex too yet it disallows them how to write letters simply out of worldly motives. Hindus are generally prejudiced towards female education. There is only one Girls' School at the capital of the state which teaches only the three R's. The Dumber of the girls in the school on the Census night was only 31.

19. This time there are 15 schools for boys and 1 for girls as Progress of literacy according to the against the same number of institutions in 1921. The total number of returns of the Educational the scholars in 1931 is 806 as against 70'l in 1921. Thus there is an Department. increase of 104 scholars. This number of the literates furnished by the Educational Department nearly tallies with that returned by the Census statistics which give the total number of the literates for the ages 7 and 16 as 810 as contained in the Subsidiary Table VII. In brief out of 35,347 boys and girls of the school going ages of 7 to 16, only 806 children are under the effective instru~t:'on which gives a proportion of the children under instruction as 28 out of 1,000 of the school going age which means that the state still has to do much in this respect.

20. The marginal table shows that. in 1921 this state was not much inferior to other states in Rajputana Comparison of literacy with other states and Provinces. and Central India as regards the Number per mille Number per mille extent of general literacy. Of who are literate who are literate Name of state. all ageE> 0 all ages 0 course it wao; far below India and over and over 1931. 1921. as a whole. This time it has pro­ Total. M. F. Total M. F. gressed and so might he the case Karauli 45 77 [j 37 63 S with other states and British India Bharatpur 88 65 4 Dholpur 31 52 [j so it may be said that the state Gwalior 40 67 7 Rajputana 39 68 o stands on equal footing in literacy India 82 139 21 with other Indian states. Though it will take long time to compete with the British Provinces in India. 110

I

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CHAPTER IX.-SUBSIDIARY TABLE VI.

Education by Castes, Karau,li State 1931.

NUMBER PER ] ,000 WHO NUMBER PER 1,000 LITERATE ARE LITERATE. I IN ENGLISH. Castes. REMARKS. Total. Males. Females. Total. Males. Females. ------I 2 3 -----,------14 5 l_~_ 7 8 Brahman -_. 113 191) - 10 S 6 \ ••• I Raj put. ... ]00 141 46 5 7 2 Mabajan AJIarwal 232 423 124- ... ,9 Shrimal ... 414 688 158 47 97 ... .. Saraogi ." 462 648 189 88 56 ... n Palliwal 250 fi15 ... 14 29 ... ,. Khaod.ctiIwal 833 533 ... 42 67 ... n Mahesri 450 6-loa ... ~.- ...... •• Oaswal ... 1,000 ],000 ...... Others ... 692 818 ...... Tot.al Mahajans ... 2 t,l 431) 7 4 7 ... Depressed classes ... I ...... Other remainin_g castes IU 23 2 ... 1 ... I SUBSIDIARY TABLE VII. Proportion of Literacy at Certain ages.

NUMBER OF NUMBER OF LITERATE IN POPULATION. LITE ItA T E. LITERATE PER LITERATE IN ENGLISH. ',000 ENG. PER 1,000 Age group. . U; . rn IV fI'l r:IJ iii m til ~ 173 a.i v rn Q) en c ~ . = =:I flJ Q.J en = riI c:e m c:e ~ rn - -a Q) v Q,) °r.. 8 rn til V til= - til= - r..° :IS S °r.. 8 °~ 8 °~ 8 v - v (l) Q,) Q,) d Q) ~ c:e - Q,) IV V IV C";r;. - - a.. ~ ---_ Clot :?2 c.. I c... :g ~ 0.. ~ 0... ~ t:I:.. - 13 25,536 14,"270 11,266 ------_ -- -~------7 HMO 355 25 I 3 1 2 15 25 2 ...... 14-16 9,811 5574 4,237 430 219a 15 2 44 71 9 2 S ... 17-23 1.5,721 37 17 8,839 6,882 9lJ9 932 61 ! 24 23 1 64 105 10 2 3 ... - 24 andover. 62,118 34~3SH 27.727 8.574 3,425 149 105 10l 4 I58 hoo 5 ! 2 8 ... Number of institutions and pupils accordinq to the returnfJ of Education Department, Karauli Slate 1931.

SECONDARY PRIM- I PRI V A TE ~LEMEN - /1 ~ SCHOOLS. Any INSTI rUTIONS. TARY -::: ------SCHOOLS. SCHOOLS. 0

Particulars ENGL[SH. f VERN A(.'U­ i ARABIC. SA.NSKRIT. VERNA-I ~_ 1--1- of LAR. CULAR. :=> Institutions. "" I ! :::s::: • • .n 00 C..,;.= • 1m1:;, .1°'.=, li ~ ~ b d ~ '.g :; :, • 5 =~ 5 :, .! ~ ,.£' ~ I-§ r.; I ._;; C 0 ~ 0 '0 ::! '0 .~ g 0 ~ ,a_ 0 '!: § I ~ _-;! ~ ~ "=. ·z .... ~ ..c -.... ,...., - .- ~.- -a ' ~ ..g ~ "-' ~ - ... '-·4 - on <7.1 ~ "':": ="-l - -- ~ ~ --s:;! •..:-:! -C J rr. ...:= Q I:,) ~ c;j t:l I:J = _ ~ _ .... /'-;;; >:..> ~ ~ I- 00 - 00 ..... 00 _ rIJ ,_ 00 _ en, c en ,_ " ------,~~~~~~,-~~--~~~~~----~--~--~----~--~----.---~--~~~~~---~------State ...... : I ::: ::: ...... {~r:.: l~! ~ ~.~6 ~ ~.~6 ~:l ~ ~.~ 1 31 Aided J Boys 11 ...... lGirJsnil ...... 0. .._... 1 37 Unaid-{BoyS 4 ...... ' ...... 2 7u ed. Girls nzll ••• ...... ,...... 114 OK A.PTER X.

Language.

1. Long before the Preliminary Enumeration, specimens of dialects that were likely to be fo~nd in the state were framed on the basis of the linguistic survey of India, Volume IX, Part J, and issued to all the cha.rge Superintendents to report after comparison with the dialects actually spoken in their charges. These reports formed the basis of divisions of the state into Jinguistic units, lists showing the names of _the dialects and the localities where spoken were issued to all the supervisors and the enumerators for their guidance. Despite all these precautions. and safe­ guards it is possible that errors might have crept in. None of the Census workers being a Jinguist, the task can not be said to be perfect from a professional view point, but for practical purposes the statistics may be relied to he approximately correct.

This time columns 14 and 15 were provided in the general schedules for recording dialects. The Census staff was instructed to put down in column 14 the mother tongue of the enumerated and to record in column 15 the c!ialect or the language which the enumerated habitually spok.e in addition to his mother tongue.

Da.ta.. Imperial Table XV, Part I, and Provincial Table IV and subsidiary Tables I and II contain the facts and figures illustrated undel" this chapter.

2. According to the linguistic survey, all the languages spoken in the state belong to Indo-Aryan inner Sub-branch of Aryan Sub-family of Indo­ European family as shown in the Subsidiary Table 1. The language of Eranian branch has returned only S persons; none is returned under Teutonic group.

General distributIon S. According to the marginal table. the majority of the persons in of languages. the state speak western Hindi. This includes .Jado-w~ti, Jagroti, Brij­ Bhakh;l., Kalimal, Dangi, Dang-Bhang. Urdu and Hindi.

Of these dialects Hindi returning 79048 predomina.tes followed by Jadoni-wati which is spoken by Number speak­ 27,268 persons. The remaining dia­ ing per Language. Total strength_ 1,00,000 of lects of western Hindi are Kalimal, the populatiC?n. pangi Jagroti, Dang-Bhang, Urdu ,------and Brij-Bhakha retul'ning 11,588 Western Hindi 1,39,699 99,401~ 10,79 J, 3,4086, 3,379, 8.485 and 664 Rajasthan! '1140 508 Punjabi 10 7 speakers respectively. The next im­ Bengali 76 portant language Rajasthani includes Oriya 3 Marwari, Central Eastern Rajasthani, Marhati 10 Dravidian 1 ~ Northern Eastern Raja8thani, and Tamil 1 1 Kathiawadi. The remaining langu­ 7 D ~ ages spoken by the foreigD settler. Persian 3 African 1 1 in the state need n9 mention. 115

4. The marginal table indicates a predominance of We&tern Hindi Description of languages by the Censua Units. in all the state Units. Out of its various dialects. Hindi is spoken in Karauli Town and Hazur Tehsil while Census Uoita. Urdu is confined to the Muslims of Karauli Town only.Jado wati is spoken Karauli Town 105 19.4514 951 o in Machilpur. Mandrail and Utgir Hazur Tehail 85 87.001 3 g Machilpur Tehail !il14 20.482 9 1 Tehsils the ancient sea.ts of .J adons, Mandrail Tehail 181 17,148 J o Utgir Tehail o 9,O·17 1 o the ruhng family of the state. Dangi Sapotra Tehllil 19 86,646 i 8 is preva.lent in Machilpur and Utgir Total 714 1.39,699 108 4 Tebsils and .Jagroti in Macbilpur Tehsil only. Kalimal is spoken in Utgir and Sapotra Tehsils specially in the vina.~es adjoining .Jaipur territory Brij-Bakha is chiefly spoken by the villages of Machilpur Tehsil adjoining Bharatpur territory.

5. The Subsidiary Table I shows the percentage of variation among Variation among language. and important languages and dialects returned this time in comparison with dialectB. 1921. Western Hindi indicates an increase of 7·4 due to classification being different as well as to actual increase in the population. .J adon­ wati, .Jagroti, Brij -Bhakha and KalimRI are returned as separate dialects this time while in 1921. they were classified unJer Hindi. This accounts for the decrease of .. 8'S per cent this time under Hindi. Dang-Bhang is also shown as a separate dialect, while in 1921. it was included under Dangi which shows a fall of 82'1 this time. Rajasthani indicates a fall of 80'8 per cent this time due to one of its dialect Dhundhari which returned 8,522 persons in 19',n being classified this time under 'Kalimal' with which it has apparent affinity. The increase of 87"8 per cent in Bengali and decrease of 89' 28 in Oriya is due to classification simply.

6. The percentage of Ii terates being small education and literature DiBplacement of can not be expected to produce any appreciable effect in levelling langu­ languageB. age distinctions and barriers. The various dialects represent the various phases of the sa.me language produced by local peculiarities. 7. The sorting of bilingualism was dropped under orders from the Provincia.l Census Superintendent, Rajputana and Ajmer-Merwara, and figures are not availa hIe but it may be said that the few foreign settler. can well speak Hindi in addition to their mother tongue. lUI

CHAPTER IX.-SUBSIDIARY· ·r.o\.BLE. Ie

Dastrlbution of total populat.an by language accordin.91y to Census, .1991, Karauli ,!,'Iate.

NUMBER SPEAKING ;::;.... ~..c LANGUAGE ~ Group Percent- .- =~ co:s Language with its age of rn l,~o.oO() ~ -8 ..c~ Per ~ and sub- o:s ~..c dialects. of the variation. I == I C group. population ...: -.-E ..c 0::"9 1931. 1921. 1921-1931 • ::!! as -::s ~ ... of the liS! ~ 00 ~rn Sta.te, ~ ---- 1931. Central. (1) Western-H\ndl ... 139.699 180,030 99,412 +7'4 Jadon-Wati .. . 27~263 ... 19.401 +2.726.300 ~ Jagrot.i 3,486 2.481 +348,600 0:1 ..d ...... - =;;... c:J Brij Bhakha ... 664 ... 472 +66,400 S ~ «I- 0:: < ~= Kabmal ... 11.583 ... 8,243 + 1,158,300 ..Q Dangi ... 10.791 15,884 7,679 -H2·1. -=CI5 ..6 Go) ::s Dang-Bhang ... 3,379 ... 2,404 +337.900 CI.. Ul ~ Urdu ... 3,485 3,575 ?480 -2',::' fa CI.) ::I Q Hindi ... 79,048 110.571 56.252 -28'0 s::: 0 .... nOJJ' h'qnq. 1:1o:s (2) RaJasthanl ... 714 3,625 50l'« -80'3 ;::;.... Mar," ari Standard 877 268 +9,425 = ~ -0:1'" -< Dhundhari 48 3,522" 34 -99 .... • " 0 lVlerwara 1. ... 1 +100 c: -0 " .....r::: ., Merwari 2 ... 1 +200 9l) C> ,. Gujrati ... 94 67 -5'0 Ul Khathia- 20 14 +2,000 .... • if ... !'II wadi. -C.) ,. Shekha- 29 ... 21 + 2,900 =m =... wati. QJ Central-eastern 11 ... 8 +1,100 > Jaipuri. Central-eastern 61 ... 4·3 +6.100 .( Katherla. Central eastern 68 ... 48 +6,800 Harauti. North-eastern 2 ... I +200 ?1ewati- North-eastern 1 ... J +100 Bundail-Khandi.

(3) Punjahi ... 10 4 7 +150 Rat.hi of Bikaner. 9 4 6 +125

~ QJ Gurmukhi ... 1 ... 1 +100 +:t....c= Eastern +R7·8 :::s ~ (4) Bengali ... 76 41 54 o = C,!! d..c (5) Oriya ... 3 28 2 -89'~8 1>... J....o..c Southern <:::sI rn (6) Marahti ... 10 ... 7 +1.\100 0 '"t:S -= (7) Dravdia ... ] ... 1 +100 (8) Tamil ... 1 ... 1 +100 (9) Napali ... 7 ... 5 +700 Total A vernaculars of India ... 140,521 188,728 99,997 +5'08 Persian fl.~ ... 3 1 2 +200 ..!!I .... Arabic ... _. 1 I ... -100 I'~<.::! m African ... I ... 1 +100 ... +> il)Q§ .----_. :> -=s e ------• C) Grand total 140,525 133,730 +5'08 =:I ....e ...... l I 1.17

00

· ·

· ·

.... 00

cU I ==a · S$j I · ---___,-___

·

· · · · ·

· · · . ,... · .--rn 13 E-4 118 CHAPTER XI. ReligIon.

Data. 1. The Imperial Tables V, XXI and XX II and the SubsidiR.ry Tables I, IJ~ III and IV include the figures discussed under the chapter.

Accuracy of the 2. The religious practices of ("ach religion returned in the state are figure•• well-known. The enumerators therefore found little difficulty in recording correct reli,:don. The task was further simplified by the absence of modern reformatory organizations such as Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj. etc.

8. The figures quoted on the margin show that. out of a total popu- Goneral distribution of religion. Jation of 100 there are 94 Hindus, 5 Musalmans and 1 follower of other

~ -CD reljgions. The proportion for the Religion. .s- last Census also was the same. This means that the Hindus have main­ j tained their predominating position Hindus 132,709 HIG,337 940 940 and that all the religions have been }\.lusalmans 7,301 6,961 52 o~ Jains 448 407 3 3 stationary. Chriatians 16 19 ... Sikhs 1 4 .•. Parsis !il .•.

Total ••• 140 •.5SM 183,73Q ••. • ••

4. The statement in the margin gives the figures per cent for each

Local distribution of religions. religion in each of the 6 charges:- This shows that the Hindus pre~ dominate everywhere. Their num­ ber is higher in the rural area than ------that in the Urban as the agricul­ Hindus 76 9R 91 98 99 96 turists are almost Hindus. Moham­ "MusalmaDS 21 2 3 .2 1 40 Jains Sf mudans. being state servants are Chri..tians 1 Sikhs numerous in Karauli Town only. The

Total 100 100 100 lQO 100 100 .J ains being either traders or in State service are mostly found In the Karauli Town.

Christians are 16 this time as against 19 in 1921. They are aJllndians and reside in Karauli Town. 14 of them belong to Roman Catholic Church. and 2 to Anglican communion. The missionaries visit 'the place chiefly to minister to the religious needs of their followers.

5. The margina11y noted figures show that there has been an increase 5·08 General variation in religions. of per cent. among the Hindus during the decade as compared with

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6. The figures given 00 the previous page show that there has been an increase among Hindus in all the Tehsils and Towns excepting Karauli Town where there is a fall of 1"4 per cent, which is due to migration. The Hindus of Mandrail Town show the highest increase of 16'4, Sapotra Town stands nearest with 9.n increase of 15'S per cent. Among the rural population the Hindus of Mandrail Tehsil have returned the highest in.crease of 12'5 per cent. Sapotra Tehsll stnnds last of all having an increase of 2'8 per cent. only.

The comparative low pf"'rcentage of increase among the Hindus of Sapotra 'rehsil is due to some of its Hindus having migrated to the Fair held at Karauli Town on the Census nigh t, For Mohammedans, the units, arranged in descending order of increase. are Mandrail Town. Mandrail Tehsil, Machilpur Tehsil, Karauli Town. III Hazur and Utgir Tehsils there is a fall. Natural increase and migration from one Tehsil to another seems to be the main factors responsible for the increase. The Muslims of Karauli Town show a percenta.ge of increase higher than that returned by the Hindus of the Town by 8'41. The reason is that a large proportion of the Hindus of the Town belong to higher castes, which forbid widow re.marriage. This factor affects adversely the growth of population among the Hindus and favourably among the Muslims. Jains mostly reside in Karauli Town which shows an increase of 10"7 per cent.

....riatiOD ..m.ODg 7. 16 Christians in all were returned this time as against ]9 in Christians. 1921. In ) 881, their Dumber was 17. All of them almost belong to the remnants of a single family whose head immigrated here as a medical officer. The descendants are still in state employ.

:aeligioD ef Urban aDd 8. If we take the total Urban population to be 1,000 souls, the Bural population. corresponding proportions for Hindus. Mohammedans and Jains will be 800. 185 and 15 respectively. On the same hypothesis, the proportions for the rural area for three religions are 975, 24 and 1 respectively.

The comparative fall of Hindus and the increase of the other two religionists in the Urban area is accounted for by the following facts:-

(1) Muslims and .Jaios, being generally non-agriculturists. reside in towns.

(2) The Hindus, being agriculturists also, are more numerous in villages than in towns.

Sectarian moyem.en... 9. There has been no sectarian movement in the state during the decade, to influence the figures of main religions. The depressed classes have also shown no attitude to rebel against the time honoured caste system. They feel content with t"heir lot, But considering the activities and trend of thought of their fellow brethren in British India, the continuance of this state of contentment for a long time should not be taken to be securely established. The state is practically free from the modern politi­ cal upheavals which have become the order of the day in British India. The Obly result of it, indirect of course, has been the increased output of Khaddar by the weaving classes here. 121

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o o . o · . o · . · · : . ·• · ·: · · · · 124 CHAPTER XII. Race~ Tribe and Caste. Nature of the returns. 1. The enumerators felt DO difficulty in recording the caste, the tribe or the race of the enumerated in column 8 of the General Schedule as the various castes in the state are well-known to the enumerators who were all local men. The lists of well-defined castes and their corrected names issued to them for their guidance gave them additional help. Data.. 2. The facts and figures discussed in this chapter are embodied in the Imperial Table XXIII and the Provincial Table II and the Subsidiary Table I and II. Necessity of c&ste S. The reasons for recording caste, despite adverse remarks against returns. it from certain quarters, are given in the Census Report of this State for 1921. Suffice it to say that so long as caste distinctions are observed in marriages and other social activities, return of ca.ste is desirable. Cases of persons objecting to return their castes resulting from advanced ideas of nationality were practically nil here. 40. No tendency was noticed OD the part of any caste to substitute New caste names. its new caste Dame for an old one nor did any caste evince any attitude towards social ascension. Instances of castes of lower strata trying to get themselves recorded as higher castes were rare. Distribution of castes. Percentage 5. The Imperial Table XVII Names of castes. T0l:a:l of the total POpula.t.lon. Population. and the Subsidiary Table II show the distribution of the various castes Bhisti 897·3 Bhangi 1,3UO·9 returned in the State~ t.he important Mina 32,(ljiiJ 28 Chamar !in,08S 1.5 of which are noted on the margin. Gujar 15,164 11 Brahmans ••• ... 14,874 10·0 The first seven castes in descending Agarwals ••• 7,460 O·S Ra.jputs 6,U98 4·3 order of their numerical strength Kachhi 9,&24 1 Khati ~.068 1·4 are Minas, Chamars, Gujars, Brah­ Koli 4.228 3 mans, Kachhis, Agarwals and Raj­ Kumhar ,.. 2,921 2 Mali - 1,801 1·9 puts. These seven castes form about Nal 1,893 l·S Pathan ." 1,74!:! 1·2 76% of the total population, the Sheikh 1,407 1 Teli 1,256.9 remaining castes, forming only 24". Suna.r 157·5 Lahar 875·2 Khatik 080'4 JOgl 1.741 1-2 Jat .,. 669 '4 Faqir 1,087·'1 Dhobi 788'0 Daroga '191'5 Chhipa 502·S 6. The marginal table shows that the Minas are largely found in Distribution of main castes by Tehsil. Sapotra and Hazur Tehsils. Chamars :5 ...... 8.] =~ :; "'] are more numerous in Razur Tehsil Cutes. ... 0 ._0 I!!~ 1 b O =~ 11 E-4 'g E-4 .&h~ 0 E-4 than in other Tehsils. Gujars are = ~ ~ p i returned in largest number in Hazur ------~---- Mina 850 '1,953 2,8!iJO 5.-.39 2,81.18 12,859 Tehsil where in old times t.hey were Chamar ••• 918 6,514 8.439 2,610 1,584 5,908 f Guiars ... 2'10 6,111 4,400 823 1,'151 J,699 so strong as to de y the state Brahmans 8,262 51,992 2,60S 2,176 119 2.li~!il Kachhi ... 1,345 5.516 1,128 1,084 357 394 authorities. Brahmans number great- Agarwal ••. 2,041 1,283 760 934 ~65 2,1'17 Iy in Karauli Town where they can Rajput ••• ~66 l,uOl 1,486 616 10.:1. 1.969 live on charity. Kachhies are found mostly in Hazur Tehsil where they have facilities to grow vegetables in the alluvial valleys of various rivu­ lets. Agarwals predominate jn Sapotra Tehsil but proportionately they are returned largely in Karauli Town the centre of Trade. Rajputs arc found most.1r ip Sapotra Tehsil where there are their feudal estates. 125

7. The figures quoted on the margin show that .Jadons being the Main sub-castes of Rajputs. rulers of the country predominate Name. Actual Number. in the state. Chauhans stand next. Males. Females_ Bhadoria 16 276 Excepting .Jadolls the females of Badgujar Chauhan ~!~ 1~: each sub-caste generally exceed the Jadon Ko.chhvvahe 9,6i; ~~~ males owing to the fact that RaJ- Naroka Pa.D'war ~~ 2!~ pu ts cannot marry among the Raja'Wat 62 111 same sub-caste. "rhe females are Sengar 141 87 Sika.rwar 30 84 general1y the wives of .J adon Raj- Tanwar 67 116 Others ---176 27(,> puts whose marriage relations are Total 8,494 2.6g4 all outside the state specially in United Provinces and the 'table also shows that Bhadoria and Panwar wives are in excess of others. ':I'he head ". Others" includes all sub cast.es, each less than 1.00 in numerical st.rength. 8. The subsidiary Table gives the castes by their traditional Occupa.- Castes cla.ssified according to their traditional tions. The important groups with occupations. Proportion Proportion the comparative proportion for each per mille for Rajputa.na. Name of the total in 1921_ In Rajputana in 1921 ~ are noted on population. the nlargin. 'The forest and hill tribes Land-holde~ 43 66·S Cultivators 91 193·9 rank first ill magnitude followtd by Forest and Hill tribes 228 ].11·6 Graziers and dairymen 108 85·6 priests and de,\70tees. Graziers stand Priests and devotees ..• 132 J 11·9 Tra.ders ..• 67 6g·6 third while cultivators 4th followed BaTbers .•• 1.3 16·1 Washer-men 5 4·1 by land-bplders. Traders stand 6th Weavers .•. S7 35·6 Land-holders and cultivators in the Tailors 2 4·2 Carpenters 16 18·2 State are proportionately less than Potters 21 80·3 Black-smiths 3 7·5 those in Rajputana in 1921, but the Gold-smiths 5 6·6 Oil-presse~ 9 8·0 proportions of Forest and hill tribes Leather-vvorkers 160 96·3 Domestic servants 8 18·7 and also of Graziers and Leather- Sweepers 9 1:;·2 Labourers 12 2·8 workers exceed tbo8e for the same castes in Rajputana. Priests and devotees are also proportionat~ly higher in the State. Tailors. Carpenters~ Potters and blacksllliths, domestic servants and labourers represent lower proportions in the State. 9. Subsidiary Table II~ shows the variation in the castes- The im- portant variations are given on the Variations in castes. margIn. .l'\'1ali shows the highest in­ Persons PeTcentage of Caste. in variatiun crease of ) ~&"'·1 SImply due to the 192'1. 1991 to 1931. Kachhis getting thenlselves returned Bha.ngi 1,305 + 1·4 Brahman 14,H74 --2 as Mali. Agarwal 7,460 --6 Palliwai 14g +42·8 Saraogi 91 + 12·3 Palliwal. Saraogi, Shrimal" Darzi, Shrima.l 191 + 7·9 Daroga 791 --26 Gujar, Jogi, Khati .. Kumhar, Mina, Chamar 21,083 + 2·9 Chhipa. 502 -7·-1, Pathan and Rajput all show increases Darzi 226 + 26"5 in excess of the normal growth of Dhobi 788 + ·6 Gujar 16,164 t- 7·2 population specially to their better Jat 6.>2 -48 Jog{ 1.71,1 +22·8 econornic conditIon. Mina being forest Kachhi 9,824- -7·9 Khati 2.U68 +8·6 tribes are healthier Koli and Shekh Koli 4.2f'l8 + 4·6 Kumhar 2,921 + 11·9 both show normal increase. Bhangi, Mali ] ,801 + I,H94"1 Mina Si?,022 +8·2 Chumar.. Dhobi and Khatik all show Nai 1,893 -S·7 Pathan 1.748 + 1 )"4 inc1·eases t.hat are below the normal Raj put 6,<'98 + 14"1 Shekh 1.407 -+ 6-0 which means that they have not Khatik. 585 -+ 1·7 thrived so- well chiefly owing to their ];26

filthy occupations which makes them hable to contract deadly diseases Brahman,. Agarwal Daroga.,. Chhipa, Ju.t and Nai show a fall. The decrease among Brahman and Daroga is due to their Inigration to British districts in search of employment. The nUlnber of. Agar\va.ls has fallen OWiog to their econolnic olstress brought on by the depression of trade. The decrease in Brahmans and Agarwal~ is due to some extent to prohibition of widovv Tp.-marriage, perluanent excornmunication for breaches of caste rules and 't.o lavish expendit.ure in marriages. Chhipas return a fall of 7"4 due to the decay ~f the industry of printing textiies. Jats show 0. fall of 4°8. The fall among Nais is due to their (nigraLion to Bombay and Paoua to get higher wages despite the fact that they ca.n get a-dequate wages in their own home w here they are rnuch needed

The depressed classes, as per detail in the margin number 22,481 in Depressed Classes. all. They represent 20 per cent of

Bhangi 1,30.'. the total population of the state. Chaum.r 21.08! ~"hey are generally regarded impute Balai Dhana.k and nearly all are illit.erate and seem- Ka.njar 3: NO!I.t 26 ingly quite content. w-ith their lot. Sa.rbhangi 2 Kbanga.r 6 rChe political importance gained by Baguri HI such classes in Southern India is st.ill Total a dream here. 127

CHAPTER XII.-SUlJSIDIARY TABLE I. Caste, Race or Nationality. Ca.stes classified according to their traditional occupations Karauli State, 1931.

Proportion 0 per mille Z Group and Caste. Strength. of the total -.-= population. rn~ - 1 Land-holders ...... 6,098 43 Rajputs ...... 6,098 ... - 2 Cultivators including growers of special 12,824 91 products.

Tamoli ...... 439 ... Dhakar ...... 20 -.. .Tat ...... 651 . .. Kachhi ...... 9,824 ... Kuobi ...... Lodha ...... 89 ... l\'lali ...... 1,801 ...

8 Labourers ...... o •• 35 ·2 Dhanak ...... 85 ... 4 Forest and hill t.ri bes ...... 82,022 228 Mina ...... 82,022 ... 5 Graziers and da. irymen ...... 15,380 108 Ahir ...... 1.5 ... Gadariya ...... 1 ... Gujar ...... 1.5,164. ...

Rebari ... 0 ...... 200 ... 6 Fishermen, boat;men, and ps.lki bearers. 1,117 8 Kir ...... 77 ... Kahar ...... 807 ... Dhhn~r mallab ...... 283 ... -r--- 128

CHAPTER XI I.-SuBSIDIARY 'l"ABLE I. (Contd.)

Proportiol) 0 per mille Z Group and Caste. Strength. of the total -._,_.oS population. cu en

7 Priests and devotees ...... 18,535 1.82 Bairagi (Sadhu) ...... 290 ... Brahman ...... 14,464 ... Oadupanthi ...... Faqir ...... J.,087 ... Gosain ...... 283 ... Joshi ...... 410 ... .Jogi ...... 1,741 . .. Sadhu ...... Sanjogi ...... 860 .0· Sanyasi ...... 8 Genealogists ...... 410 8 Bhat ...... Jaga...... 410 ... 9 Bards and astrologers ...... 115 ·8 Rao ...... 11.5 ... 10 Writers ...... 116 ·S Kayasthas ...... 116 ...

"11 Musicians, singers" dancers, mimics. 506 4r and jugglers. Rana ...... -.. 106 .... Kalarnat ...... 16 . ... Bhand ...... 87 ... Kathik ...... Dom ...... 297 ... 12 Traders and peddlers ...... 7,940 57 I 129

CHAPTER XII.-SUBSIDIARY TABLE I. (Contd.)

Proportion 0 . per mille Z Group and Caste. Strength. of the total .--...cd population.

Mahajans 7,940

1.8 Carriers by pack animals 815 2 Banjara 815

14 Barbers 1,898 18

Nai 1~893

].5 Washerman 788 5

Dhobi 788

1.6 Weavers, carders, and dyers 5,240 37 Kandera. 510 Chhipa 502

I Koli 4,228 I I 17 I Tailors 226 I I Darzi ... 226 ... 18 j Carpenters 2,068 15 Khati 2,068 v I 19 Potters 2,92] 21

Kumhar 2,921

20 Blacksmiths 875 3

Lohar 875

21 Gold and Silversmiths 757 5 Sunar 757

22 Oil pressers 1,256 9 Teli 1,256

23 Toddy drawers and distillers 94 -7

Kalal 94

24 Butchers 878 6 1.80

CHAPTER XII.-SUBSIDIARY TABLE I. (Concld.)

Proportion per mille ~ Group and Caste. Strength. of the total ._- population. ....cu= U.l

Kasai ...... 288 ... Khatic ...... 585 ... 25 Leather workers ...... 21.,083 150 Cbamars ...... 21,088 ... 26 Domestic servants ...... 1,188 8 Bhisti ...... 897 ... Daroga ...... 791 ... ~7 Sweepers ...... 1,805 9 Bbangi ...... 1,.805 ... 28 Others ...... 10,.045 73 Total ... 1,410,525 -- ... 131 CHAPTER XIl.-SUBSIDIARY TABLE II.

Yariation in caste, tribe, nationality since 1901 for the Karauli State, 1931. . PERSONS. PERCENTAGE OF VARIATION. -0 ~=o- =s.pb«lo~ .... Caste, tribe or race. 1921 1911 1901 ....,:O~O 53';::: ....,:0 1931. 1921. 1911. 1901. to to to ~ ~ ~«I QQ- 1931. 1921. 1911. V ~ ~ -- Ahir .. , ,. , 15 17 61 ... - 11'7 -72'1 , , , , .. Bairagi ... 290 199 246 878 +45"7 -19'1 -71'8 - 66'7 Banjara ... 315 28 39 ." +1025 -28'2 ... " . + 1'4 -20'0 - 21"5 Bhangi ". 1,805 1,287 1,584 1,664 -4'8 I Bhat ..• ...... 22 14 .,. ... +57'1 ... , .. , Bhisti ... 897 344 452 ..' +15'4 -23'8 ...... Brahman .,. 14,874 14,903 17,424 19,760 -'2 - 14'5 -11'7 -24'7

Mabajan Aga.rwal 7,460 7,499 .. , .. , -'5 ...... " .

Khandailwal 24 42 .. , - 42'9 .. , ." " ... '" Mahesri .. , 20 13 ...... +53'8 .., ...... " Palliwal ... 140 98 , .. " +42'8 .,...... " . . Saraogi .. , 91 81 ... .. , + 12'3 ...... " .. Shrimal ... 191 177 .,. ... +7'9 ...... " , n Oaswal .. I .. , .,. .., ., ...... Others ... 13 ... .,...... , ...... " Total Mahajans .. , 7,940 7,900 8,578 9,638 +'5 - 7'9 -11'9 -17'6 Chaker (Daroga) 791 1,081 1,081 1,220 - '26 ." -II'S - 35'1 Cbama.r ... 21,088 20,488 22,383 22.187 +2'9 -8'2 - 1'9 -7'4 Chhipa ... 502 542 570 659 - 7'4 -4'9 -13'5 -2S'5 Christian-Indian 16 I 19 27 22 - 15'7 - 29'6 +22'7 - 27'2

Darzi .,. 226 180 207 .., +25'5 - 18'0 '" ... Dhakar ,., 20 8 22 .,. + 56'6 -63'6 ... .. , Dhanak .. , 85 68 64 - 44'4 -1'5 - ." '" '" Dhobi .. , 788 783 {l45 1,082 +'6 - 17'1 - 8'4 - 23'8

, -8'82 .., ,., Dhadi ." 62 I 68 58 .. + 17'2 Europeans and allied races. ,., 1 ., , -100 ,., , I '" " , .. Faqir .,' 1,037 I 947 912 ." +'95 +3"8 .. , .,. Gadariya .. , 1 4 3 .,' -75'0 +838 ,., .,. Gosain ... 238 244 199 ... - 4'50 +22'6 ...... Gujar ... 15,164 14,186 14,876 15.754 + 7'2 -1'7 -8'7 -3·7 1 132

CHAPTER XI I.-SUBSIDIARY TABLE 11.-( Concld.) Yariatlon in caste, tribe, nationality since 1901 for the whole Karauli State 1991.

PERSONS. PERCENTAGE OF VARIATION. 0 -IUCO c.e--bOO -0) Caste, tribe or race. 19~1 1911 1901 .....-CI.~ .s Q) ,... 1931. 1921. 1:J 11. 1901. to to to c:.> ~ c.e~= - 1981. 1921. 1911. II) 0) ~ - Jat ...... 652 685 821 829 -4'8 - 16'5 -'9 - 21'3 Jogi ...... 1,741 1,4] 7 ],661 1,730 +228 - 14'6 -S'9 +'6 Kachhi ... 9,824 10.588 10,195 10.936 -7'2 +3'8 -14'5 -17'6 Kalal ... 94 84. 151 ... + 11'9 - 44'S ...... Kalldera .. . . 510 458 578 ... + 11'S - 20'7 ...... Kasai ... 288 286 318 ... +"6 -9'0 ...... Kayastba .. , 116 109 149 ... + 6'4 - 26'8 ...... Khati (Barhai) ... 2.068 1,904 2,192 2,231 + 8'6 - IS'. - 1'7 -7'S Khatik ... 585 594 634 627 + 1'6 -6'3 -1"1 - 6'6 Kir ... .. , 77 13 1 , .. + 492'3 +1,200 ...... Koli ... .., 4228 4.010 4.687 4,991 +4'6 -18'8 - 6"1 - 15'3 Kumhar ... 2,921 2,609 2.848 2,,873 +11'9 - 8'2 -1'0 + 1'6 Kuohi ...... 1 ...... + 100 ... ., .

Lodha .. . 89 H6 lOS .,' +3'4 - 16'5 ...... Lohar ... 875 413 412 .,. - 9'2 +'2 ...... Mali ... 1,801 86 96 ... +1,994'1 -10'4 ...... Meo (Mewati) ...... 1 ...... -100 ...... Mina ... 32,022 29,369 80,802 31,605 +8°2 - 4'0 - 2°5 +P5 Mira...... 32 ...... - 100 ...... Moghal ., . 116 941 218 ... +28'4 - 56'9 ...... Moghia ... 173 142 129 ... +21'8 +10'0 ., . ... Nai ...... 1,R98 1,961 2,078 ... I - 8"7 - 5" ...... Patail ...... 3 ...... -100 ...... J Pathan , 1,748 1,568 2,853 I + 11·4 - 22"5 -29·t - 88·7 .. 2.023 I I Rajput ... 6,098 5,348 6,092 I 7,887 + 14·1 - 122 -17'5 -17'4. i Rebari .. . 200 115 114 .. + 7S'9 +'9 ...... I . Saiyed ... 269 330 885 , .. - 18·4 - 14'2 ...... Sansi ...... 1 ...... +100 ...... Sheikh .. , 1,407 I 1,333 1.944 5,4'74 +5'5 -81'4 -64'4 -7·1'2 Sonar ... 757 76! 769 776 -'6 -'9 -'9 -2"4

Teli ...... 1,256 1,240 1,2~2 ... + 1'2 -'2 ...... i 188

t- ...,.eo CQ :at) c:D Col C'Q "t96 T U! ~Hm ~.l'enbs to Col t:-- eN co I .... Q':II to ...... I .... .lad SUOS.IOO }O .I~qmnN - fI5 r .... eo co -n t- ll) I:- 0 .... eo ~ ? co l:- I:- -- 0 Qo.1 .... 0) Q) .... 00 ~ -I:- 0- 00 Qo Ja:;l +..1 ..... - ,..., ...... I J ,..., ~ + I I ~ ~.... - I I I < E-o E-o I J Z ....< JZl a:- eo C!:I 'o:JI eo cal DO 0 = 1""'1

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PROVINCIAL TABLE Ill.

Karaulz State Raj pu tana.

U NIT OF ABSTRACTION.

Caste,

------1------1-____ ------Ahir ... 15 8 • •• 7 Sadhu 653 158 229 90 18 12 14 Balai 5 1 4 Bhangi 1,305 409 194 109 96 87 4,10 Bhat 410 59 182 52 22 27 68 Brahma.n 14,848 8.250 2,P9J 2,603 2,776 719 2,509 Cbamar 21.088 918 6,574 3,439 2,615 1,584 5,953 791 Daroga. 895 47 ~o ·7 12 307 Dhakar 20 17 3 Faqir 1,037 .211 285 127 63 11 840 Gadaria. 1 1

Gujar 151 164 270 6,171 4,450 823 1.751 1,699 .Tat ... 652 17 429 3 1 198 Jogi 1.741 67 428 264 194 78" 710 Kachbi 9.824 1,845 5,516 1,128 1,084 857 894. Khati 2,091 367 563 231 296 140 494 Khatik 585 108 {II 68 59 59 205 Koli . 4.228 1,425 556 569 829 154 1.195 Kumhar 2,921 258 814 462 328 122 942 Kunbi 8 a Lodha 89 89 .... Lohar 875 124 71 53 76 18 83 Mahajan 7,940 2,429 1~311 760 935 266 2,239 Mali ],801 58 26 95 168 1,459 Mina 82,022 355 7,958 2,820 5,239 2,803 12,852 Nai 1,893 390 418 244 217 99 530 Pathan ),748 1,266 40 110 92 17 228 Raj put 6,098 866 1,001 1,485 676 101 1,969 Rebari ... '200 82 54 6 39 IU Sheikh 1,407 988 41 138 116 58 66 Sunar 757 893 49 81 98 19 117 Teli 1,256 194 259 171 149 87 896 ------1------1------TOTAL 132,190 16,338 85,969 19,518 16,316 8.720 35,334

NOTE.-The abovo figuros do Dot include minor castes. 186 I~ · . - · . I · · · ... · · · · · · . · · · · · · I - . . · · · · · . . . . · ·I I I r:o _ r:o 00 "Hsq;)..L · . · . .CNI · · · · -· · · · H'B.lPU'Bli\1 · . · . '0- · · · · · · · · · (0 it) _ _ 00 o -co ·Hsq~~l. aQ : : · · :· .: · - •· .Iod nqnuW - · · · . · · I~~ _cor:o~_ · ...... · -- · · · · -- · .. . - · · I _ (0 _·0010 - it) ·U.M0..L t:- - · . · · no'S.! '8}J · . · - · · · · Q)_(OI:-OQ-co __ =1 ·.8url('8~ds StJos ~ ~- o I -.l~d JO 1'B1- ..L I I _ ...... --.1

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.-k e:as I~ l:t;:l 187

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IMPERIAL TABLE VI.-{Birtlt-place.)

Name of Locality where born. Males. Females.

A. Born in India I. Rajputana \a) Ajmer-Merwara ... laO 10 1.0 (b) IndIan States ]. Kar3uli 122,571 71,610 50,961 2. Mount" Abu 1 1. 8. AlwB.r 140 67 73 4. Bharatpur 1,161 856 805 5. Bika.ner 2 2 6. Bundi lot 53 48 7. Dholpur 2s273 722 1.551 8. .Jaipur 10,117 2.751 7,366 9. Jaisalmer 1 1

]0. ..Thalawar 10 2 8 ]1. Jodhpur 3211 190 138 12. Kotah 118 81 87 18. Tonk 57 21 36 14. Udaipur 28 11 17 Total (b) Indian States 1,86.908 75,816 61,092 Total I Rajputana 1,86,928 76,8S6 6:1.,:1.02 II. Provinces adjacent to Rajputana- (a) United Provinces-

1. Agra 504 139 865 2. Aligarh 25 28 2 8. Allahabad ... 8 8 5 4. Banda 8 2 6 6. Badaon 1 1 6. Benares 18 6 7 7. Bijnor 1.0 7 8 8. Bulandshahr ... 7 7 .. .. 9. Bareilly 8 1 10. Barabanki 8 1 11. Balia 1 1. ... 148

IMPERIAL TABLE VI.-(Birth-place)-(Cont.l.)

en ...!:C: ~ CI:I Name of Locality where borD. Total .. Males. Females. 8 Q.) ~ ------12. Cawnpore ... 85 5 80 13 Etah ... 26 13 13 14. Etawah .. .. 92 5 87 15. Farrukhabad ... 10 1 9 16. Firozabad .. .. 1 ... 1 17. Fatehpur .... 5 1. 4 18. Gazipur ... I ... I 1.9.. Hardoi ... 3 ... S 20 J"alaun .... 35 1 84 21. .Jaunpur ... I 1 .... 22. .Jhansi ... a ... s 28. Khurja ... 1 1 ... 24. Kanauj ... 2 2 ... I 25. Lucknow ... 1 ... 1 26. Meerut ... 6 5 1 27. Moradabad ... 6 5 1 28. Muttra ... 1.00 60 40 29. IVIainpuri ... 37 10 27 30.. Muzaffarnagar ... I .... I 81. Sitapur .... 15 .. .. 15 32. U. P. unspecified. 43 12 31 Total II (a) U. P. (Brlti.flh TerrItory .... 1,067 313 744- (b) Gidhaur ... a .... 3 Total II (b) and (a) U. P. 1,060 813 747 III. Delhi _.- 14 6 8 Total Del"i, ... 14- 6 8 IV.. Punjab- 1. Amritsar ..... I I .. .. 2. Gurgaon ... 2 2 s. .Tullunder ... I" 1 .... 4. Multan .... 4 2 2 5. Panipat ... 1 1 ... 6 .. Rohtak ... 1 I .... 1441

CHAPTER XI.-IMPERIAL TABLE VI.-(Birth-place)-(Contd)

ai ,..!:IiiI s-. cs Name of Localit.y where born. Total. Males. Females, E CD --- - _-0:: 7. Rewari ... I ... 1 8. Narnaul ... 1 1 ... 9. Punjab unspecified. 27 14 18 Total .L r Punjab ... 41 118 18 v. Gwalior:- 1. Bblnd ... 57 8 54 2. Bhelsa ... 2 1 1 8. Bijaipur ... ~ 1 ... 4. Lashkar ... 40 5 86 5. Narwar ... 14 ... 1.4 6. Sabalgarb .... 26 • 6 20 7. Sajolpur .... 2 .... 2 8. Sheopur ... 766 205 561 9. Tamarghar ... 877 150 727 '10. Ujjain ... 10 7 B 11. Gwalior Town ... 1.96 68 128 12. Gwalior unspecified 229 17 212 Total Y. Gwalior ... IJ,IJIJO 469 1,767 VI. Central India Agency 1. Bhopal ... 2 ... 2 2. Dewas ... 4 1 8 8. Indore ... 14 7 7 4. Narsingbgarh ... 7 8 4t 5. Rewa ... I 1 ... 6. Rut Ism ... I 1 ... 7. Chhattrapnr ... 2 ... 2 8. Central India un- a 1 2 specified. Total rI. Central India ... 34 14 1]0 VII. Other states ;- Ca) 1. Hyderabad ... 4.. 1 8 2. Nabha ... I 1 ... 3. Patiala ... 16 9 7 4. Nepal ... 5 3 2 145

IMPERIAL TABLE VI.-(Birth-place)-(Coratd.)

Name of locality where born. Total. Males. Females.

5. Baroda 8 '1 2 6. Idar 6 4 2 7. Rajpipla 4 a 1 (b) 1. Gujra't unspecified 17 5 12 2. Kathiawar unspeci­ 3 S .... fied. 3. J' amnagar (Kathia­ 53 25 28 warj. Total r II (a) and (b) 112 65 67 VIII. Other Provinces. Central Provinces, .Jubbul­ 2 1. 1 pur:- Total rIII. Other Provinces 2 :1. 1

IX. Bombay Presidency:- 1.. Bombay 1 1 51. Broach 17 17 3. Ahmedabad 1 1 ... Total IX. Bombay Presidency 19 :1. 18 x. Bengal Presidency :- 1. Bankura. 1. 1 2. Bardwan I 1 8. Bengal unspecified 5 1 4. 4. Calcutta 9 1 8 5. Cooch Behar I 1 6. Hooghly 7 3 4, 7. Manbhum 2 2 8. Midnapur 1 1 9. Mymensingh 2 2 Total I. Bengal Presidency 1J9 10 19 XI. Behar and Orissa- 1. Bhagalpur 8-5 1 2. Balasore 2 2 3. Cuttack 1. 1 4. Monghyr 1.0 2 8 146

IMPERIAL TABLE VI.-(Birt"-place)-(Contd.)

wi ~ N am.e of Locality where born. .... Total. Males. Females. aGIS !U I ~ 5. Puri (Jagannath) ... I I ... 6. Kharagpur ... I ... I 7. Gaya ... I I ... 8. Behar unspecified. 4 1 3 Total XI. Behar and Orissa. 55 9 46 XII. Madras Presidency- " 1. Madras ... S 1 2 2. Tanjore ... 1 I .. - B. Madras unspecified. I 1 ... Total XII. Madras Presi- 6 8 S dency. XIII. India uDspecified ... l. 1 ... XIV. Burma unspecified ... 1 I ... Total I to XIY (born in India) 140,5!B1 76,726 63,796 Born in Kabul ... S 3 ... Total A6ia ... .140,624- 76,7149 68,"98 c. Born in Africa ... 1 ... 1 Grand Total ... 140,625 76,7!B9 68,7911 14,7

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IMPERIAL TABLE X. Karauli State, 1991.

Total Earners 51,553 " Working Dependents 28,1Hl " Non " ,. 60,061 , 140,525 Occupation. " PopulatioD ..

~ Total As subsidiary :::s As principal As working 0 following to other ~ dependents. occupation. occupation. occupation. - 1 2 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 M. F. M. F. M. F.

Total Clan A.- 69,760 31,068 11,028 .4-,584- ~1,647 9,859 57.4- Production of Raw Materials. Total Sub-Class I - 69,7(10 91,068 B,OB8 4-,584 ~1,647 9,859 1574 ExploItation of Animals and vegetf.Jtion. Tot.al Order I.- 69,7151 81,060 1J,01!8 J,.,589 ~1,64-7 9,8159 67.4- Pasture and A.griculture. TotaL Order I (a).- 61.760 fJ9.140 1,887 18 ,148 ~1 ,1.315 5,95B .f.98 Cultivation. 1 Non-cultivating pro- 1,685 1,192 111 2 11 858 IJ prietors taking rent in money or kind. 2 Estate Agents and 75 63 ...... 12 ... Managers of owners. 8 Estate Agents and ...... Managers of Government. 4t Rent colJ ectors, ...... clerks, etc. 5 Cultivn.tlng owners ],801 376 129 4 218 550 24 6 Tenant Cultivators 55,796 26.695 955 3,030 20,418 4,896 302 7 Agricultural labourer 2,903 814 692 112 488 636 161 8 Cultivators of jhum ...... tauogya and shifting areas. 7'otal Order I (b).- 8.4-4- 140 III fJ 55 11l.f. It Cultivation of special crops, frUIt, etc. 9 Cinchona ...... 10 Coconut ...... 11 Coffee ...... 12 Ganja. '.4 ...... 13 Pan-Vine ... 142 140 ... 2 ...... 14 Rubber ...... 15 'l'ea ...... - ...... 16 Market gardeners 202 ... 21 ... 55 124 2 flower and fruit growers. . Tolal Order I (c).- 14 11 ...... S ... Furestry. \ 157

IMPERIAL TABLE X.-(Contd.)

Karaull 8tute, 1931.

Total Earners ... •.. 51,553 Worklllg Dependents ... 28,911 " II N on-Working Departments ... 60,061 Population ... •.• 140,525 Occupation. .. ------.~------.------,------Total A s subsidiary As principal As working to other following occupation. dependents. occupation. occupation. -1------1------,.------;----- I 3 __4_1 5 6 7 8 9 M. F. M. F. M. F.

17 Forest officers. ra.n­ 14 11 ••• 8 gers guards. etc. 18 Wood cutters and charcoal burners. 19 Collectors of forest produce. 20 Collectors of lac •.. Total Order I (d).­ 7,633 1,769 120 1.433 4.57 8,780 7. Stock raising. 21 Cattle and buffalo 6.547 1,877 102 998 849 3,649 72 breeders and keepers. 22 Breeders of tra nsport ... animals. H.erdsmen, shepherd s 1,086 392 18 485 108 181 2 and breeders of other animals. Total Order I (e).­ RaiSing of small an't~nals and Insects. ~, Birds. bees, etc. • .. 25 Silkworms 26 Lac cult.ivat.ion Total Ordf,r 2.- 9 8 1 ...... Fishing and RUTl.ting. 27 Fishing and Pearling 9 8 1 ... 28 Hunting ' •• Total Sub-Class II.- ... Exploitation of MInerals. Total Order 3.-Me ... tallic MineraLs. 29 Gold .. . 30 Iron .. . 31 Lead, silver and zinc. 32 Manganese ...... 83 Tin and wolfram '" 34 Other Inetallic minerals. Total Order 4..­ NOTl-il1etallic Minerals. 158

IMPERIAL TABLE X. - (Contd.)

Karauli State. 1931.

Total Earners ...... 51,553 Working Dependents .•. 28,911 " Non-Working Departments ... 60,O(H " Population •.. ... 140,525 Occupation. ,. ------r------.------.------As subsidiary Total As principal As working following to other occupation. dependents. occupation. occupation.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1.\-1. F. M. F. M. 1e''. 85 Coal...... 86 Petroleum ... 37 Building materials (including stone. DOaterials for cement-manufac­ ture and clays). 38 Mica ...... 39 Precious and semi­ precious stones. 40 Salt, saltpetre and other saline subs- tances. 41 Other non-metallic minerals. Total Clas.Y B.­ 17,9914 9.698 1,714 261 fB,005 .,395 159 Pre11aration and 6upply of Ma­ terial Subs­ tances. Total Sub- Clals 11,674 6,199 170 1,697 •• 100 9'1 III.- Industry" Total Orde ,. 6 _- 9,5711 1,560 654 75 1,,090 197 66 -Textiles. 62 Cotton ginning, 240 154 83 84 17 2 cleaning and pressing. 68 Cotton spinnin2. 2,555 1,018 457 68 888 71 sizing and weaving. 44 J ute pressing, ... spinning and weaving. 45 Rope, twine, string 825 141 78 81 74 and other Ii bres. 46 Wool cardin2 89 8 1 16 19 ... spinning and weaving. 47 Silk spinning and weaving. 48 Hair (horse·hair), .... etc. 49 Dyein2. bleaching, 418 244 90 3 61 10 5 printing, pre- paration and sponging of textiles 159

IMPERIAL TABLE X.- (Contd.)

Karauli State. 1991••

Total Earners ...... 51,558 I Working Dependents ... 28,911 s.: " 60,061 CI) •• Non-Working Departments .,. .,Q ,. Population 140,525 8 Occupation...... ::l C Total As subsidiary ~ As principal As working follOWIng to other 0= occupation. dependents. ... occupation. occupation • CJ 1 2 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 - M. F. M. F. M. F. 30 Lace. crepe. embroi- ...... deries. fringes. etc., and insuffi- cieIltly described textile industries Total Order 6.- 1,899 'l39 1$1 8 "1 \ 1.096 13 Hides, skins and hard materials from the anImal kingdom. 51 Working in leather. 1.899 789 ].2 8 81 1,096 18 52 Furriers and persons ...... occupied with feathers, and bristles; brush makers. S8 Bone, ivory. horn, ...... shell, etc.• workers (except buttons). Total Order 7.-- 807 499 49 7 48 B06 10 Wood. 54 Sawyp.l·s ...... liS Carpenters. turners 4.70 390 1 4 a ~9 1 and joiners. etc 56 Basket makers and 837 108 4.~ 8 48 187 9 other industries of woody rna- 'teriajs, including leaves and that.chers and bUllders working with bamboo, reeds or similar materials. Total Order 8.-- 197 165 1 fJ 9 .6 ' .. Metals. 57 Smeltin3, forging ...... and rolling of iron and other metals. 58 Makers of arms, 10 8 ...... 2 " . guns, etc. 69 Blacksmiths, other 169 140 1 2 8 28 ... workers in iron, makers of imple- ments. - 160

IMPERIAL TABLE X.-(Contd.) Karaula Slate, 1931. "

Total Earners ...... 51.553 Working Dependents ... 28,911 Sol " Q) Non-Working Oependents ... 60,061 ..c " ,~ Population ...... 140,525 E= Oc('upa tioll. =~ As subsidiary Total As principal As working 0=' to other foHowing occupation. dependents. ... occupation. -C occu patlon. 1 2 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 -- M. F. M. F. Ai. F~ 60 Workers In brass, 18 17 ...... 1 ... copper and bell Dletals. 61 Workers in other ... '" ...... metals (exeept precious metals). 62 Workers in mints, ...... "f ...... die sinkers. etc. Total 01'der 9- 705 380 90 15 158 69 3 Ceramics. 68 Potters and makers 705 380 90 15 158 59 3 of earthen-ware. 64 Brick and tile ...... makers. 65 Other workers in ...... ceralnlCS. Total Order 10.- 488 B78 15 7 60 1~6 3 Cltemzcal pro- ducts properly so-called and analogous. 66 Manufacture of 82 18 ...... 7 7 ... match(>s" fire- works and other explosives. 67 Manufacture of ...... aerated and mineral waters and ice. 68 Manufacture and 454 260 14 7 52 118 8 refining of vegetable oils. 69 Manufacture and ...... refining of mineral oils. 70 Ot.her ... t ... 1 ... 1 ...... Total Order 11.- ,f.~5 fJ81 109 5 13 7 10 Food Irtdustraes.

71 Rice pound~rs and 134 8 108 ... 13 .p. 10 huskers a [1 d flour grinders. 72 Grain parchers, etc. 7 5 1 1 ...... 73 Butchers ... 96 91 ...... 5 ... 74 l\'Jakers of sugar, ...... , ...... molasses and gur. I 161

IMPERL'\L TABLE X.-(Contd.)

Ka'l'auli State, 1931.

Total Earners ...... 51,553 ~ Working Dependents ... 28,911 cu " Non-Working Dependents 60,061 ~ " ... S ~, Population .. 140,525 := Occupation. . ... Z Q. Total ::s As principal As working As subsidiary 0 following ,_. occupation, dependants. to other 0 occupation. occupation. - - 1 2 8 4 IS 6 7 8 9 M. F. M. F. M. F. 75 Sweetmeat and con- 188 182 ... 4 ... , ... diment makers. 76 Toddy drawers ...... 77 Brewers and distil- ...... lers. 78 Manufacturers of To- ...... ••• bacco. 79 Manufacturers of ...... Opium. .- 80 Manufacturers of ...... Ganja. , 81 Others...... - ...... '.}'otal order 111.-In- 1,749 1,059 S1J1 18 1811 1J76 :3 dustries of dress and the toilet. 82 Boot, shoe, Sandal 4S7 249 9 2 24 178 ... and clog ma- kers. 89 Tailors, milliners. 224 119 48 46 12 ••• dress-makers and darners. '" 84 Embroiderers, hat- S 8 1 ..... 1 ...... makers and ma~ kers of otber arti- cles of wear. 85 Washing and clean- 885 157 74 0 60 87 2 ing. 86 Barbers, hair-dres- 727 530 85 7 51 154 .... sers and wig-ma- kers. 87 Other industries COD- 1 1 ...... nected with the toilet. - Total Order 19~ ...... furniture industries.

88 Cabinet-m a k e r s , .~...... carriage painters, etc. 89 Upholsterers, tent- ...... " ...... makers etc. Total Order 1.1", 554 457 B .,f. ... 91 ... building indus- tries. 90 Lime burners, ce- 554 457 2 ... Gl ... ment workers. Excavators and " I well sinkers. slone 162

IMPERIAL 'l'ABLE X.-( Contd.)

Karauli State, 1931.

Total Earners ...... 51,558 Workmg Dependents 28,911 ~ ... III " Non-Working 60,061 ..c ., Dependents ... I, Population ...... 140,525 8::s Occupation. Z ~ Total As subsidiary ::s As principal As working 0 following to other Ilol occupation. dependants. C!l I occupation. occu pa tioD. 2 8 is 6 7 8 9 - \ M. F. M. F. M. F. cutters and dres- sers, Brick-layers and masons; buil- --

ding (other than ~ buildings made

of bamboo or si- .< I milar materials) , pa,inters, deco rators of houses, tilers, p.umbers, etc. Total Order 15, ...... ~ .. ••• ...... - Construction of means of trans- port. 91 Persons engaged in ...... ••• ...... making assembl- ing or repairing motor vehicles or cycles. 92 Carriage, cart, palki, ...... etc. maker8 and wheel-wrights. 93 Ship, boat. reroplane ...... builders. To.al Order 16, Pro- ...... duction and trans mission Qf physical force. 94 Heat, light, electri- ...... city. motive power, etc., gas works and electric light and power. Total Order 17, 1,178 7fJ7 BStJ 29 J7fJ 17 ... Miscell a nf: OUB and undefined . industraes• 95 Printers, engravers, 2 ~ ...... book-binders etc. 96 Makers of m.usical ~ 2 ...... , ...... instruments .. 97 Makers of clocks and 1 1 ...... surgical or scien- tific instruments, etc. - -. 163

IMPERIAL TABLE X (NEW).-(Contd.) Karauli State, 1931.

Total Earners ...... 51,553 Working dependents ... 28,911 cu..: " Non-Working dependents 60,061 ,.Q ... " Population 140,525 e Occupation...... =' " Z ~ Total A s subsidiary =' As principal As working to other 0... following occupation. dependants• C occopation. occupation.

8 9 2 8 , I 4 5 6 7 M. F. M. F. M. F.

98 Makers of jewellery 380 302 17 2 7 ~ ... and ornaments. 99 Other miscellaneous 77 89 22 2 6 8 ... and undefined industries (toy-

r making, taxider- DlY. etc). 100 :Scavenging. 766 881 194 25 159 7 ... Total Sub-class IY.- 1,17B 7B6 61 18 16 864- 8 Transport. , ,Total Order 18.- ...... Transport by air. 101 'Persons concerned ...... with aerodromes and aeroplanes. Total Order 19.- 19 1 ...... 18 ... i Transport by 'Water. 102 "Ship-owners, boat- 19 1 ...... 18 ••• owners and their employees, of- ficers, boatmen and tow meo. lOS' Persons (other .than ... , ...... labourers) em- ployed in har- bours, docks rivers and canals, including pilots. 104 Labourers employ- ...... ed on harbours, docks, rivers and canals. . Total Order 20.- 1,096 67B 61 18 16 831 8 Transport by road.- 105 Persons (other than ...... labourers) em- ployed on the construction apd maintenance of roads and brid- ges. 106 Labourers employed 196 114 38 8 88 on roads and " " bridges.

- 164

IHFERIAL TABLE X.-(Conttl.) Karauli State. 1931.

Total Earners ...... 51,553 .... Working dependents ... 28,911 ~ " .,Q Non-Working dependents ..• 60,601 e " Population ...... 140,525 ::I Occupation. " Z g.. Total As As subsidiary ::I following principal As working to other e dependants. U occupation. occupation. occupation. 1 2 8 4 5 6 7 8 I 9 -- M. F. M. F. M. F. 107 OWners, managers 4 4 ...... and employees (excluding per- sonal servants) connected with mechanically dri- ven vehicles (in- cluding trams). 108 Owners, managers 1 ... 1 ...... and employees (excluding per- sonal servants conDected with other vehicles.) 109 Palki. etc.,. bearers ...... 4 ... and owners. " 110 Pack elephant, 769 442 17 18 18 280 6 camel, mule, ass & bullock owners and drivers. III Porters and me~- 122 112 ... 1 ... 9 ... sengers. Total Order Sl.- 48 40 ...... 8 ... Transport by rail.- 112 Railway employees 43 40 ...... 8 ... of all kinds other than coolies. 118 Labourers employed ...... on railway con- struction and matntenance and coolies and por- ters employed on railway premises. Total Order IiS.- 14 111 ...... S ... Post Office, 7'ele- graph and Tele- phone services. 114 Post office. Tele- 14 12 ...... 2 ... graph and Tele- phone services. Total Sub-class Y.- 4,486 S,894 S911 79 S9S 941 6.f, Total Order sa - 9S6 618 411 9 4 8.f.S 11 Banks, establish- ments of credit, exchange and in- _u,ranee. 165

IMPERIAL TABLE X.- (Contd.)

Karauli State. 1931.

------Total Earners ...... 51,553 t' Working Dependents ... 28,911 .,..: Non Working Dependents 60,061 ..c " ... S Population ...... 140.525 0 Occupation. " Z r::l. Total As As As subsidiary 0 ...0 folJowing principal working to other 0 occupation. occupation. dependents. occupation. - I ] I 2 J 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 8 I 9 M. .If. M. F . M. F.

115 Bank managers, 926 518 42 9 842 11 money lenders. exchange and in- " surance agent.s, money changers and brokers and their employees. Total Order 24.- 1 1 ...... Brokerage Com- mission and e{C~ port. 116 Brokers, commission 1 1 _.. .., ...... agents, commer- cial travellers. ware house owners and em- ployees. Total Order S5.- B7l .35 ... 1 ... 95 ... Trade in textiles. 117 Trade in piece-goods, 271 285 ... 1 ... 85 ... wool, cotton, -- silk, hair and other textiles. Total Order B6.- 19 18 ...... J ... Trade .n skins, leather and furs. ]18 Trade in skins, lea- 19 18 ...... I ... thers, furs, feath- I ers, horn, etc., and t.he articles ulade from these. Total Order B7.- S ...... 1 ... Trade in wood. • 119 Trade in wood (not ...... firewood). l20 Trade in barks ...... • •• ... 121 Trade in bamboos 8 2 ...... I ... and canes. 122 Trade in thatches ...... and other forest produce. Total Order e8.- 46 46 ...... -.. ... Trade in metals. 166

IMPERIAL TABLE X.-( Contd.)

.B.arauli State, 1931.

Total Earners ...... 51,558 ~ Working Dependents ... 28,911 u " ,.Q ,. Non Working Dependents ... 60,061 a Population ...... 140,525 ~ Occupation. " Z ~ Total As subsidiary ~ As principal As working 0 following to other ~ occupatIOn. dependents. -~ occupation occupation. 1 2 8 5 6 7 8 9 - M." F. M. F. M. F. 128 Trade in metals. ma- 66 46 ...... cbinery, knives, tools, etc. Total Order S9.- ...... , ...... Trade in pottery, bricks and tiles. 124 Trade in pottery, ...... bricks and tiles• Total Order 30.- 9 9 ...... Trade in chemical products. 125- Drugs, dyes, paints. 9 9 ...... petroleum, explo· sives, etc. Total Order 81.- 116 99 ...... 17 ... Hotels, restaurant etc. 126 Vendors of wine, 21 17 ...... 4 ... liquors, aerated waters and ice. ]27 Owners and manag- 6 8 ...... S ... ers of hotels, cook- shops, sarais, etc•• (and employees). 128 Hawkers of drink and 89 79 ...... 10 ... food stuffs. Total Order 811.- .,901 1,451 196 87 161 819 88 Other trade in food stuffs. 129 Grain and pulse deal- 1,301 1,082 17 28 10 162 2 ers. 180 Dealers in sweet- 16 11 , ...... 5 ... meats, sugar and spices 181 Dealers in dairy pro- 24 22 ...... 2 ... duct, eggs and poultry. 182 Dealers in animals ...... for food .. 188 Dealers in fodder for 855 81 98 6 56 89 26 animals. 184. Dealers in other food 464 214 80 8 95 61 11 stuffs. 185 Dealers in tobacco ... 41 41 ...... la6 Dealers in opium ...... ,...... - ...... -- . 167

IMPEIIlAL TABLE X.-(C~ntd.)

Kat-auli State, 1931.

Total Earners ... 51.558 Working Dependents 28.911 " Non W or king Dependents 60,061 " Population •.. Occupation. ,. ••• 140s525

Total As princi pal As subsidiary following As working occupation. dependents. to other occupation. occupation.

1 8 5 6 7 8 9 1\-1. F. M. F. M. F. 187 Dealers in Ganja ... Total Order II a.­ 711 ... Trade in clothing and toilet articles 188 Trade in ready-m ade 72 52 20 clothing and other articles of dress and the toilet (hats, umbreJ)as, socks, readY-1llade sboes, perfumes, etc). Total Order 8,4..­ ." ••• Trade an furni­ ture. 189 Trade in furniture. • •• carpets, curtains and beddings. 14.0 Hard ware, cooking ...... utensils, porce lain, crockery, glassware, bottles articles for gard­ ening, etc.

Total Order 96.­ '" .. , _ Trade in building materials. 141 Trade in building ... materials (other than bricks. tiles and woody mate­ rials). Total Order 36.­ 10 9 ...... " Trade in means of tran8port. 14.2 Dealers and hirers~ in mechanical transport, motors cycles, etc. 14.3 Dealers and hirers in ...... ••• other carriages, caIts, boats, etc. 188

IMPERIAL TABLE X.-(Conttl.) Karauli State, 1931.

Total Earners ...... 51~558 Working Dependents ... 28,911 ti " Non Working Dependents ... 60,06. ~ " ,. Population ...... 140,525 a::s Occupation. Z ~ Total ::s As principal As working As subsidiary 0... following occupation. dependents. to other c:!) occupation. occupation. -- I 9 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 -- M. F. M. F. M. F. 144- Dealers and hirers 10 9 ...... 1 ... of elephants, camels. horses, cattle, asses, mules. etc. Total Order B7.- 670 1ge 6. B6 194- 17. S Trade in fuel. 145 Dealers in firewood, 570 192 52 25 124. 172 5 charcoal, coal, cowdung, etc. Total Order 88.- 4 4- ... ., ...... Trade 'In article. ... of luxury and those pertaining to letters and the arts and sciences. 146 Dealers in precious ...... stones jewellery ...... (real aDd imita- tion). clocks, opti- cal instruments, etc, 147 Dealers in cornmon ...... bangles, bead ne.. ... • •• c klaces, fans, small articles. toys, hunt- ing and fishing tackle, flowers etc. 1 48 Publishers, booksel- 4 4 ...... lers. stationers, ...... dealers in music, pictures, musical instruments and curiosities. j Total Order 99.- 1/98 198 3 1 9 Trade of other 98 ... sorts. 149 Dealers in rags, ... • p • ...... stable refuse. etc...... IpO GenerH I ~tore-keepers 288 198 8 1 2J 88 a no shop-keepers ... ot !~el'wise unspe- ci ned. 151 Itinemnt traders!> ...... p('-'fHars and haw- ...... ket·~ (of other than food. ete.) - 169

IMPERIAL TABLE X.-(COftfd.) Karauli State, 1992.

Total Earners ...... 51,553 ,..wi ., Working Dependants ... 28.911 ..cIU " Non-working Departments ... 60,061 S Population 140,525 ::s Occupation...... Z " ~ Total As principal As working As subsidiary ,..0== following to other occupation. occupation. dependants. --t!J occupation. I - 2 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 M. F. M. F. M. F. 152 Other trades (includ- ...... jog farmers of . pounds. tools and markets). Total Class C.- 6,116 9,965 266 !fJ1 41 809 14- Public Adminis- tration and libe- ro.l Arts. Total Suh-cl ass 1,998 1,191 J 8 ... J09 FI.-Public ... Force. Total - Order 40- 1,091 998 1 S ... 90 .. Army. . 158 Army (Imperial) ...... 154 Army (IndIan States) 1,091 998 1 2 ... 90 ... Total order 41.- ...... ,. ... Navy. 155 Navy ...... Total Order 49.- ...... Air Force. -. ... 156 Air Force ... ••• ...... • •• ••• Total Order 49.- e07 199 ... 1 ... 19 ... Police. 157 Police 201 190 ... 1 ... 10 ... 158 Village watchman 6 8 ...... D ... Total Sub-c las s 2,0614 1,636 1.4,0 S 10 867 7 f7II-Public A. ttministration. Total order 44.- 11,069 1,686 140 9 10 867 '1 Public Administ- ration. 159 Service of the State. 5 5 ...... 160 Service of Iridian 1,671 "~883 134 I 9 142 2 aod Foreign States. l60 Rulers and their 7 9 6 0 ...... (a) famIlies. 161 Municipal and other 46 21 1 0 ... 19 5 local (not village) service. 162 Village officials and 883 125 ... 1 1 206 ... servants other than watchmen. Total Sub-elas, 2,756 1,988 1146 16 91 889 7 rIIL-Profes- SiOR and liberal I .drts. 170

IMPERIAL TABLE X.-( Co n til.)

Karauli State. 1931.

Total Earners ••• ... 51,553 n Working Dependants '0' 2R.911 u Non-working Departrnent '0. 69,061 Occupation. " Population ...... 140,525

Total As As subsidiary following As principul occu- working pation. I or other oecupation. dependants. occupation. ------1 2 . S 4 5 6 7 8 9 ------~--- M. F. M. F:-- M. F.

Total Order 46.­ 1,187 798 81 10 8 /BOil 8 Bel,yion.­ 168 Priests, ministers.. 838 585 23 7 218 8 etc. 164 Monks, nuns. reli­ 12 6 .0' 6 gions mendicants. 165 Other rei i g i 0 u s 287 ~13 2 s 1 68 workers. ... 166 Servants in religious ...... --. ••• edi £ices, burial ••• and burning grounds. pilgrim cond uctors, cir.. cumcisers etc. :1'otal Order 46.­ 98 S9 ...... Law.- .167 Lawyers. of all kinds • 8 8 ...... including Qazis, 1..aw Agants and Mukhtiars. 168 Lawyers, clerks, 80 26 ...... ptl Jtion-wrllie.rs. etc. Total Order 47.­ 91 47 f!7 1 8 6 8 Medicine.­ Registered medical 9 ~ .. pra.ctitloners in· eluding ocuiists. 170 Other persons prac­ 29 25 1 8 tising the healing 3 I t..s v,' ttl()ut being registered. 171 Dent.ists . 0 • I ...... 172 p Midwlves Vaccina.. I'. 53 13 27 o 8 2 8 1iors, compound- ers, nurses, mas- I seurs, etc. 173 Veterinary surgeons., Total Order 48.­ 58 53 1 ... ••• Instruction.- ... 1.141 Professors 8 nd ten.- 5S 58 1 ...... _J chers ofall ~iD~S. 171

IMPERIAL TABLE X.-{Contd.) Karauli State, 1931.

Total Earners ... 51,553 " W or king Dependants 28,911 " Non-working Dependants 69,061 Occupation. u Population ... 140,525

Total As As subsidiary foJlowing As principal occu­ pation. working to other occupation. dependants. occupation. ----1------1 ------~------.------,----- 1 2 8 6 7 8 9 M. F. M. F-. M. 175 Clerks and servants ...... connected with education. Total Order 49.­ 48'1 811 68 so 84 1 Letters, arts and sciences (other than 4-4-.) 176 Public s ~ rib e s , ... stenogra phers etc. 177 Architects. surveyors 21 20 ...... 1 ••• engineers and their employees (not being State Servants). 178 Authors, editors, 18 7 2 ... journalists and photogra phers. 179 Artists. sculptors and ...... imagemakers. 180 Scientists (ast.rono~ ... mers, bota.nists, etc.) 181 Horoscope casters, 1 1 astrologers for~ tune~t ell e r s , wizards. witches and mediums. 182 Musicians (compo­ 281 176 62 1 20 21 1 sers and perfor­ mers other than milItary) actors" dRncers, etc. 188 Managers and em­ 7 ...... 7 ployees of places of public enter­ ta inlnents. race courses, societies. clubs. 184 Conjurors, acrobats, 114 108 1 4 1 rectors exhibitors ... of curlOsities and wild animals, etc. Total Class D_­ 8,664 '110 111 469 SIJ Miscellaneous. 172

IMPERIAL TABLE X.-( Contd.) Karauli State, 1991.

Total Earners •.. 51,553 " Working Dependants 28,911 n Non-working Dependants 69,061 Occupation. " Population •.. 140,525

Total As subsidiary following As principal occu­ As working pation. dependants. or other occupation. occupation.

1 2 8 5 6 7 8 9 M. F. M. F. M. F. Total Sub-class 213 68 115 4 S8 8 LX.- Persons living on their income. Total Order 50.­ SlS 58 116 S8 8 Persons living principally on their income. 185 Proprietors (other 213 58 115 28 8 than of agricul­ tural land), fund and sc holarships holders and pensioners. Total Sub-class X. 778 605 140 IS 86 81J 3 - Domestic ser­ vice.- Total Order 61.­ 778 605 140 1S 36 811 3 Domestic services. 186 Private motor-dri­ 2 ... - vers and cleaners. 187 Other domestic ser­ 776 508 140 12 36 82 3 vices. Total Sub-class XI. 9814 8S6 11 170 118 18 - i·n,suffic i en t 1y described occupa­ tions_ Total Order 51].­ 9814 11 170 118 18 General terms whick do not indi­ cate a definite occupation. 188 Manufacturers busi­ 8 5 8 ... ness-men and con­ tractors oth e r­ wise ullspecified. 189 Cashiers, account­ 8 ...... ants, book-keep­ ers, clerks and other enlployees 10 unspecified Offices and ware­ houses and shops. 190 Mechanics otherwise 1 1 ... unspecified. 173

IMPERJAL TABLE X.-(Concld.) Karauli State, 1991.

Total Earners ...... 51,558 I ., Working Dependants ... 28,911 .~ ,.: •

191 Labourers and work- 965 884 326 II 170 III J3 Olen otherwise unspecified. l~olal Sub-class 1,681 1,197 1~9 88 31 ·SSl 6 XII.--U n 'P ro- ductive. 7"ofal Order 53.- 57 ...... 56 1 ...... Inmates of Jails, asylt,ms and alms houses. I 192 Inmates of Jail, asy- 57 I ...... 66 1 ...... lums and sims houses. Total Order 54.- 1,694- 1,197 1119 9~ 30 S31 6 Beggars, vag- ran,s, prostatutes. 198 Beggars and vag- 1,624 1,197 129 32 80 281 5 rants. 194 Procurers and pros- ...... titutes. Total Order 55.- ...... other unclas~i- fied non'produc- tlve industries. ... 195 Ot.her unc18sslfit'd ...... non-produ c t i v e industrle~. ------Total ... 95,76~ 46,1138 4,718 4,977 ~9,934 14,5!iJB 776 114,

IMPERIAL TABLE XIII.-LITERACY BY RELIGION AND AGE.

LITERATE TOTAL. LITERATE. ILL1TERATE~ IN ENGLISH.

Religion. ai ai ai .n rn QJ ..,; CIJ u5 Q,) fIl CIJ c r.Q C r.Q «'I rn fIi 0 QJ - 0 QJ «'I 0 CIJ ~ 0 cu as . G'l =~ ~ =on - cu - 8 GIl e k «'I C k --;; e QJ 'CiS QJ - till ..""" """Q,) -::g Q,) Q,) - CI.) cu cu < :a ~ Q..c t:ro4 C4 :s ~ Il.. ~ t":a:04 ------1------1--- ( I Hindus ... 19,730 10,021 9,709 1 1 ... 19,729 10,020 9,709 ...... Muslims ... 1,087 522 565 ...... 1,087 522 5f'5 ...... I .Tains ... 68 83 80 63 88 80 ... JI J ...... I Q Christians 2 ... 2 ...... 2 ... 2 ...... I S."hs ...... Total ... 110,8814 10,576 10,906 1 1 ... $0,881 10,676 10.1J06 ...... ------1 ------1': Hindus ... J7,515 ~,5991_;,916 168 160 8 17.84.7 9 ••89 7,908 2 1 1 1: Muslams •.. 891 490 40t 14- 12 2 877 478 399 ...... I'~ Jains ... 60 27 38 10 7 8 50 20 80 ...... I~ l ' Christians 1 ... 1 ...... I ... 1 ...... I Sikhs ...... I 7"01al ... 18,467 10,116 8.861 19$ 179 18 18,~75 9.987 8,898 B 1 1 1------. I I Hindus ... 16,720 9,412 7,808 859 837 22 16,36) 9,075 7.286 9 7 2 I Muslim~ •.. 853 480 878 26 23 8 827 457 870 ...... aQ,f ..... 1 JaiDS ... 58 29 29 20 14 6 88 15 j8 1 1 ... I Christians ...... -...J ~I ~i , Sikhs ...... ==1 7'olal ... 17.691 9,991 7,710 400 874 91 17,1/116 9,047 '1,679 10 8 S

IMPERIAL TABLE XIII.-EnuCATION BY RELIGION AND AGE.-KARAULI STATE, 1981. . ., POPULATION • -.------.~------.---.------.~------..c LITERATE IN TOTAL. LITERATE. ILLITERATE. ENGLISH. ~ Religion. ,; r,j ~ en :j cO ~ uS :j ~· 8 t3 ~ 8 ~ CdS ~ ;l C;; § ;3-8- 8_ ~ ~ - S C - ... a; E ~ - Z ~ c:f:a t:! ~ ~ ~ ~ :s ~ ~ ~ ~ -1-2[--8"-----4---5-6 7 8 9 -10 II 12 13 l~ 15 ---1------Hindus .. . 1.724 856 868 1.724 856 868 ... Muslims .. . 610 801 309 610 30) H09 ••• ...... Jains 58 27 26 58 27 26 ••• Christians 2 2 ... 2 2 .•. Sikhs .... T"tal ••• fJ,3R9 1,184 1,1406 ••• I ...... 11,389 1,184 1,B06 ••• ••• • ••

--, -H·-i-n-d-u-s--•.-.I-- ·-,-5·-a-f_ --827 ---708 -- 691-- 66 8 --;-:466 --761 --705 1 .... 1 1 Muslims ... 500 283 217 12 10 2 488 278 215 •.• ... . •• ~"I .J ains ••• 49 22 27 0 6 8 40 16 24 ..• ••• • •• I 10 Ch ristians 1 ... 1...... 1 0 ) ••• ••• • •• 1 Sikhs ...... ••• ••• ••. ... ••• .•. .•• ••• ~...... •• I Total... 11.086 1.189 958 901 811 8 1,996 1,060 946 1 ... 1 I __1 ______. __ • __ 1 _____ 1: ____

Hindus •.. 1,564 864 700 1561-140 16 ~,408-724-684-_;--; 2 z Muslims .... ~ 481 277 204 22 19 3 459 258 201 •.. ••• • •• ~ ~ Jalns •• - 45 22 28 17 12 5 28 10 18 1 1 ••• :3 < ~ 1': Christians ••• •.. ••• I ...... '...... ~ Sikhs ... •.. ... ••• ••• ... .•. ••• ••• ... ••...... = Total... f!.09(J 1,163 9117 196 171 144 1,895 9911 903 8 6 B ~ 1------1------'------I HIndus ".j 1.4H4- 798 6861 283 255 28 1,151 543 608 18 Ii 2 I Muslims ··'1 413 210 203 43 88 5 870 172 198 1 1 .•• I ~ J ains ... ; 83 15 18 19 15 4 14 0 J 4 4 4 ••• I:!:. Christians i ~. 1 I 2 1 1 -'. ... ••• I ) 1 ..• I Sikhs ... : ....•....•••...... ••....•••...... I Total... 1.8811 1.0f!4 858 947 909 98 1,595 715 81t0 19 17 II 1------I f HlIl~US ••• ! 8,833 5,083 8,150 1,568 1.471 92 7,270 3,612 8 658 65 63 2 I ~ Mushms ... 2,209 1,157 1,052 208 185 18 2,006 U72 1,0340 9 9 ••• I !' Jain~ ... 172/ 86 86 89 81 8 88, 5 78 8 8 ... I~ ~~:~:t.ian~.. ... 11/ ••• 6 ••• 5 ••• 9 ••• 6 ... 8 ••• 2 ... 0 ••• 2 ••. ;; •.• 4 ••~ I Total ••. 11.~B6; 6.3311\ 4,899 1,864 1,748 l!el 9,361 4,589 .f,,77fJ 87 84 tJ

l- TOTAL ••• 19,671 -;;;;;;;'-;;;;-;;:;;;;--;;;; J91 -;:;'-;;-;~~I~~ 115 107 8 176

IMP~RIAL.TABLE Xlli.-E(juCA~ION BY RELIGION ANP AGE.-KARAUl..I STA,-E .. 19B1 ..

. POPULATIuN. -.-rIJ ..c LITERATE ~ TOTAL. LITERATE. ILLITERA TE. E-4 Religion. _ - IN ENGLISH .. rIJ 0 rn t'Ilcu v.. cu !:Ii rncu ~ 4) ~ C u) C Q cu - 0 !:Ii «' 0 GO 0 rn 0 r:n "';t

IMPERIAL TABLE XIII.~EDUCATION BY RELIGION AND AGE. -KARAULI STATE, 1981.

. POPULATION . m .­- I LITERATE -5 TOTAL ~_LITERATE. ____ ILLITERATE~ __ IN ENGLISH. E-t Religion. o rn ri' rIi r.-i .; rn rI2 C ..= C . ~ C 4) C ..,..; 4) -IU 8 cU ~ ~ CIS ~ fj 8 g ~ ] ~ cul cO bII t '"; ~ t Gi cu t ""; Q) t '"; cu Z < 0.. ~ ~ 0.. ~ c- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ------:a 1 2 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1~ 15 ------f I Hindus .. . 2,875 1,544 1,381 2,875 1,544 1,381 .. . I Muslims .. . 89 38 51 89 38 51 .. . I i J ains ...... ••. ... .•...... I 0·1 ~:::~~jaD~.. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: I ::: ::::: I I Total... !II,961, 1,58!11 1,88B ••• ••• ••• I 2,961, 1,B8B 1,882 ...... •• 1--1------1------"------I I Hindus ... 2,678 1,546 1.182 8 8 .,. 2,670 1,538 1,132 ..•

I <:) ~::ims ::: 78 40 88 ••• ..• ••• 78 40 88 ~~~ ~~~ :: ...... 1 I 1~l~~:tian~.. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: \ Total ... 1!,766 1,686 1,170 8 8 ... S,748 1,678 1,170 ... ------'--·--I----,r---I------~ J Hindus .. . 2,597 1,536 1,061 28 28 ••• 2.574 1,513 1,061 •.. tc 10 Muslims .. . 88 47 36 ... 83 47 36 ••• ...... E-t~ -I J'alns ...... ~ ~ S IChristians ' ... ••. •.. '.. ••• ...... ~ Sikhs...... •.. •...... j ...

53 Total... 14,6801 1,583 1,097 ~8 S8 ••• _s,657-l,6601-1097 •.. .•. . •• ~ ------,------1----1--·-- f Hindus ... 1,8'2 1.062 ';80 50 49 1 1792 1.013 779 ..• ...... 2 ••. 62 36 26 •.. ::: ._.6' ... 38 ... 26 ... 2 I;; ~~=:ims 1 I~ Christians I Sikhs ...... 1 · Total... 1,906 1.100 806 B!II 51 1 1,8B4 1.049 8001 ...... I-·I------_--__ ------I---I----I---~.---- ~~ J Hindus ... 10,029 5,698 4.S81 817 818 4 9.712 5,U85 4,827 2) 2 .. I ... Muslims •.. 821 189 182 22 22 ... 299 167 182 J •• J -! J ains ...... 0 ...... 1 ; I Christians I ~ Sikhs ••...... I Total ... 10,860 5,887 4,469 989 395 4- 10,011 6,65S 4,469 a lJ or.

l- TOTAL ••• SO-;;;;; 11,788 8,918-~-~-~~~~~I-;,;;---;--;·· 178

lAJPERIAL TABLE XIH.-EnuCATION BY RELIGION AND AGE.-KARAULI STAorE. 1\)51.

.., POPULA TION. -..c.- L1TERATfi: ~ TOTAL. LITERATE. ILLITERATE. IN ENGLISH. ~ Religion. 1 ui riI Q 1'1.) QJu5 I'll QJ g'J enQJ rn QJ -I» e § rn -;; g t1 == § -rl ";; § u5'i CIS E ..; 5 E -: ~ ~ -;; 8 ~.; ~ Z 0.. ~ ~ ~ ~ r.c ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ------1-----1------1----1----1----1------I 2 8 4 5 6 7 ~ 9 10 II 12 IS 14 15 --.------1----1------1----1------Hinrlus 2,647 1,829 1,UIS I J ••• 2,646 1,328 1.318 .•...... Muslims •.. 67 3] 36 67 SI 86 ••• ...... Jains ...... Christians ...... SJkhs ...... Total ... 2,714 1 :1...... 1/,719 1,959 1,864 ••...... ------1----1------I----~----- Hindus ... 1.258 1,121 27 26 I 2352 1,~82 1,120 ...... Muslims ••. 28 26 54 28 26 •.• ...... Jains ...... 71ao Christians

I SJkhs .~ ...... I I Total .•. 11,439 1.1186 1,147 B6 1 B.406 1,1160 1,146 .•• ...... 1 1 1 1 1 1 ~ --Ii Hindu:-=- --2-,-2-5-6---l-,2-4-?-I--.-,-O-1-4- ---4-5---4-4----1 ~-2-1-1 -1-,'-]-9-8- --.-.0-18- --.'.-.- -.:: -e.-. ~ I Muslims .•. 51 25 26 2 2 ••. 49 23 26 ••• ...... ~ I f1 ~~::tiaD~·· ....•...... e...... :~ '.. ~ ~ :~~ ::'0 ...... =~I _...... _...... -< Sikhs ...... 0:: o Total... B,907 1,I!67 1,0J,.0 47 46 1 .B.1J60 1,fUJ1 1,089 ••• ...... Z --______1 ____ 1 __ .______------1----1---_

~ II I Hindus ••. 1,580 839 7~1 72 70 2 1.508 769 789 1 I ... I 0 Muslims ••. 35 19 16 2 2 ... 88 17 ) 6 ••• ...... Q.1 Jains ...... I 1 \ I !2 I Christ.inns ...... f Shik~s ••. I Total .•. 1,615 868 757 74 I! 1.541 786 766 1 1 ... 1 1 1--;-·----- ",826 -;,748 -401-S9() ---18- --7-,6-6-6- --8-,9--8-6 -8-,7-8-0 --5 --5 -••• I .1 Hlnd.us ••. 8,060 t Mushms ••• 192 102 90 18 18 .•. 179 89 90 2 2 ••• ~I t Jains ••. 1 1 1 1 •.. ... 11] 1 Christians ...... Sikhs ... I g I Total ••• 8.S6B 4,4fl9 8,833 417, 404 18 7,84-6 "f.,Oe5 8,8fO 7 '1 ••• I ' --1------TOTAL ••• 17,881 9,BOO 8.131 566 64-9 17 16,765 8,661 8.114 1 8 ..• 179

IMPERIA1~ TABLE Xli I. -EOUCA'rI'ON BY RELIGION AND AGE.-KARAULI STATE,.; 1931•

POPULATION. .--rn LITERATE TOTAL. LITERATE. ILLITERATE. ~ IN ENG LISH. - Religion. I ~ rn 0Il.,j ~ ~ rB..n:j e cu =0 V..., ~= 0= - -c:!S 0c ..n -c:G 0= c:I'J -as ~~ t -;; ~ t : ~ ~ : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ P-4 ~ ~ c.. :;: ~ Q..:;:~ 1 !~ ___& ___ ._4_-_-_-_~!1-_-_-_-5==.:~~~~~6~~1_7 ___ 8_ -9_1_0___ 1_1 ___ ~:_ 13 -1415

'I Hindus ... 1,85 J 675 6761 ••. .•• .•. ] ,351 675 676 ... ••• • •• Muslims ... 14 6 B...... J 4 6 8 ••• .•. . •• ao Jains ...... ••• ... .•. .•. .•. ••• ... • •• I J o Christialls Ij ,Sikhs ... ••...... II . Total... 1,365 681 684 -.. 1,865 681 68.4. ... 1 1 1 1 -H-i-n-d-u-s---••-. --)-,-2-8-5 '-0-5- ---5-8-0- ----;1----1--..'-.- --}-,-2-7-9 ---6-9-9.--5-8-0---.-••- ~~- -••- .. 1--, 6 Io' Muslims ... 15 6 9 •.. ••. ..• 15 6 9 .•. ... • •• ~ J ains ... ••• ... •.. ••• ••• ... ••...... ••.. .• I ~ Christians ... .., ••. ... ••. ..: ...... I Sikhs ...... ,.. ••. ••..•...... 6 I __ ~potal...:::_ 1..900 711 __5_8_9--1----- j __6_ .._'_I __l_._$!_9_.4.,~ ____7_0_5 589 ••• • •..•• I ~~I----- I Hindus ... 1,218 678 588 8 8 ••• 1.208 670 588 ••. •••••• 1 ::3 _I l\'luslims ... 18 6 7 ... ••• .., 18 6 7 ••...... r:n ~ J ...... :c 1 1 ' ains rzJ Q)I Christians ••• ... ••• ••• ••• ...... ; 1- Sikhs ••. ••• •.. .•. .•. ••......

~ I I Total .. r 1,IJS9 684 545 8 8 ••• 676 545 ••• :;J I ---~------I--I·------. I ! Hindus ... 890 499 891 14 18 1 876 486 890 ...... I 0 ,M usli ms .. , 9 5 40 1 1... 8 4 4 .. . , i {Jains ...... ••• ... ..• ••• ...... Ill) I Christians ,...... •. ••. . •• ...... SIkhs .•...... ••. .•. ...,' ••. I -, t I ; Total... 899 504 895 15 14 1 884- 490 99.f" ••• ......

, __t ~indus ~--4.207 -;'893 ~814--122--1201---;~085 2.273 ],812 ••. t Muslims ... 46 29 17 7 7 ... 39 22 17 ...... ;:;.. o .Joins ... 1 1 1 1 ...... I "0 • I ~ Christia.ns ...... ••. ... .•...... Cot Sikhs ••. 1 1 ••• 1 1 ••• 1 1 ••• I Total ... 4,~5/j S.424 1,831 181 1149 I! 4.1IJ4 S,IJD5 1.81?9 1 1 ... ------1 I. I TOTAL ••• 9,048 5,004 4.044 1601 157 !J 8,8811 4,8,4.7 4.0.4.1 1 :1 •.• 180

IMPERIAL rrABLE XIII.-EDUCATION BY RELIGION AND AGE.-KARAULI STA'rE, 1981. ._-. POPULATION. LITEidATE TOTAL. LITERATE. ILLITERATE. IN ENGLISH. e: Religion. I ----;:------I ~ a ~ CI.I ] ~ I ~ ~ .:; Q) 0 fIl -;; =2 en CIS 0 .,; ca: 0 CI.I" 5 ~ ~ ~ e t: ~ ~ {3 ~ E ~ : e z< ~ ~ rZ ~ :8 ~ ~ ~ c..:g~ ------r: ----- 1 2 S 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 18 14 15 ------( f Hindus •.. 5,640 2,733 2,907 5,64( 2.783 2,907 •...... I I Muslims .•. 21~ Ie'S 109 ~12 J08 109 ...... Itt) I Jains ... 7 4 8 7 :3 ••• ...... I < I Q I Christians...... •...... I ISik bs •.. •.• •.• •.. •...... •• • .. I " Total... 5,859 2,840 8,019 ••• ..• ••• 5,859 2,840 S,O 19 •.. •.• • •• 1------I f Hindus ••. 4,8401 2,564 2,277 89 :l5 4 4.R02 2.529 2,273 .•...... I I Muslims ... 179 101 78 2 2 ... 177 99 78 ••...... I ~ I J ains . .. 7 B 4 1 1 ••. 6 - 21 4 ...... I J. 'I Christ ians... •.. •...... ••• .•. .. . • .. I I Sikh...... •.. •.. ••• •.. •...... I " Total ... 5,0~7 2,668 2,959 49 98 4 4,985 S,690 S.965 ... ••• ••• t I I .1-, Hindus--=-4,485.~461 -;'024- 80- 75 5 ~405 2,386 2,019--I-~~ ~ I I Muslims ... 160 88 72 2 2 ••. 158 86 72. •. ••• • •• tr= II ~ I J ains ... 9 5 4 8 2 I 6 3 8 ••• ~ I ~ ...... ~ I ;::. I Christians...... <-< ...... =I I Sikhs ... ••...... E-4o I I \ Total,.. 4.654 S.554 2,100 85 79 6 4,569 2.4.715 2,094 1 1 .•. ~ ;;j 1-, Hindus ~-8~S7 ~666-]-,4-7-1-1---13-611--1-2-81-'-8-B,-OO-I-I-,5-3-8-1-,-46-8-..-. -,-. -... I Q IIMuslims ... 121 61 60 3 a... 118 58 60 •...... ~ I Jains ... 10 5 5 5 4 1 5 1 I -< " ... S I Christians... .•. ... ••• ••. ••...... ••

~ ISlkhs .•. ••. ... ••• ··1' L L "1· So ···9 S·,·l· ID L ;,'~97 1·,·~1D7 ... \ .•. . •• , \. Total... 9,268 1.79S 1,586".". jI;I". _____ , ___~_,-.-.-.-I- ..-. ------,--1---- = 1 r Hindus ... 17.241 9,116 8,125 788 708 30 16,503 8,408 8,095 6 6 I I ElM \lslims ... 648 854 294 22 ~2 ••• 626 332 294 ••• ...... 0 I J ains .•. 88 19 14- 19 19 ... 14 14 2 2 ••• I "'C::S< I ~ I Christians...... ••• I ...... I ~ ISIkhs ...... • .. ... I t Total... 17.922 9,4-89 8,493 779 749 30 17,1.43 8,740 8,409 9 a 1 t-- TO-TA-L-.-•• -3-6.-7a-0-19-.~-a-3-17-.4-4_-7r-1-,O-5-0-1.-00-1-4--9-1-3-5-,-6-8-0!\-1-8-,-s-a-2-'-1-7-,3-9-8 1 --10--9 ~ 181

IMPERIAL TABLE XIV. Educat;on by selected Castes, Tribes or Races, Karauli State, Rajpl.ltana.

POPULATION.

LITERA.TE IN TOTAL. LITERATE. ILLITERATE. ENGLISH. Caste, Tribe or Race. rn til . u3 .r r. II.) ell ClJ en ill) J:: s::: ~ s::: cari ~ rn 0 rn as 0 as fIi CIS 0 II.) as ClJ -til 0 II.) rn r.r. ~ - jl.o - rn - ,.. 8 ,.. CIS 8 ellS 8 r.. S -== II.) II.) - II.) Q,) IU -ellS Q,) ~ ~ ~ c... :s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ :; ~ ------6 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 7 121 13 - ----_------_ ------Brahman ... 14,874 8,185 6,739 1,681 1,615 66 13,198 6.520 6,673 51 50 1

Rajput ... 6,098 3,494 2,604 611 492 119 5.487 3,002 2,485 81 25 6 Mahajan-Agarwal 7,460 4,077 3,388 1.731 1,726 5 5,729 2,851 3,378 16 16 ... Shrimal ... 191 93 98 79 64 15 112 29 9 9 " 83i ... ,. Saraogi ... 91 54 37 42 35 7 49 19 30· 3 3 ••• Palliwal 140 68 72 85 35 105 83 72 2 " ...... 2 ... .. Khandaihval 24 15 9 8 8 ... 16 7 9 I ) ... Mahesory ... 20 14 6 9 9 11 5 6 " ...... ••• 1 ] f' Oswal ... J 1 ... J ...... ••• Others ... 18 11 2 9 9 ... 4 2 2 ... " ...... ------7'otal Mahajan ... 7,940 4.338 3,607 I,914 1.887 ~7 6,0£6 ~,446 3,580 91 31 ••• ------I -- Bhangi ... 1 305 692 613 ...... 1,305 692 618 ...... Chamar ... 21.083 10,946 10,1.87 5 8 2 21.078 10,943 10,135 ...... Dhabi ... 786 428 358 ...... 786 428 358 ...... Kbatik ... 585 820 265 ...... 585 320 ~65 ...... Koli ... 4,228 2,28' 1,994 4 4 ...... ,2240 2.280 1,994 ......

---- 56,899 90,68S 116,317 4,1115 4,001 1]14 5S,684 1]6,581 S6.103 Z18 106 7 182

:s \ 's~l"&m~J1 \ ~.... : : • : ~ ~ i I-----s-i:l-ft-r~-J~I-;g:;;;--:-:-:---:-11~~~--; CQ I ~ ·S3(,8.11\1 ..: • : ::.. \ ------,r-----I CQ I 'sUOSJ

~S3('8ru~ J I . . • • . . I • -~o al .:_: : : : :1 : ...... (Un , I CO • • • • • I ~ D~ .,. I ::::: 1

z < ·S3rBW~..!J 1 . : : : . :: ? CI -;;> ''&;;l (11 W i . i : : f """i < -< 1- Q- .:= Z ~ - ·SUOS.laa 1- : :- : : :- I?004 ·S3f'8ru3~ I . :~...... :I 00

·S3f'BW 1- :- : : :- I~ r - .cc ..... • l~ ·saOS.laa I:, : : I W3 -.: .,~ l_~·s_a_1 '8 .tl1 . :.... : . : I

'~OIOO C!

:'0 •• I~ 'saI'Jm~~ 1I ::::: I 188

· . . . . . I . 'sa('BW9 or II II :::.:: I • ::::::1- a ~~ ..•... I . ..: r . · . • • . . I . ~ :·~:·:I: ~ I 'sa['BW I ~ 1 :::::: I . -<- · . .• . I : : : . :, . I·SUO~.Iad I~ I :..::: I : --~------_------_~----- · . s ..... l ... w .... or I "'II' I =.. · I ~ ....,. .... W> · . : : : : I_:_ "'a I CQ I :. _ : : I .- . :. :. I :. I--'S-~-'-V-w---;-I-~':---a:---.-.-: : :-,-;:- .• .. I · : : : : :, : •• • 1- :.: .. :,- :· :. .. : : . :1. I . :· . : :• . : :1. I :• · . . .. 1-. =a:-IAOl::-Q 1~ : : : : : : I : 'SUOS.Iad I o:l I - = CQ = = eN - .I~I ~(C)(C)~ ~ I~ 'sal'BW I ~ I .• ••. I -:------~~--- : : . : : : , -'- I I 'saIlIwa J oa Q _ : : J .• •... I I I ~ ~ ~ 'suos.lad I ac I : : .. : :, . ~Ic:-ll - ... 1C'l I I ----_------~-_- ·s .... ('8 nT a:- ~ ~ ~ ~ ... nlc:-llI I -:_ -- I11:'1 I S:!~ --~ I~ ·suOS.lad I ~ II ;s.....: - I ~

'S'"'Iuw'"' or I at) 7-1--.-.-_--. -. ~I -.- '31 t:7a , fN I .:::::,: ~----_--~--,--_--

.S .... IUTAT I ~ I . 00 : o. _ I - ... 611. I c:-l I . _ " . I

. . . . . · . . :: • 0 .• · . · l I .. ·• 0 · I I I I I I I I I f 1-\ I J I I 184

TABLE XV 11.-RACE, Karauli State,

POPULATION. KARAULI TOWN. H'AZUR TEHSIL.

. . !'I.i 0'2 rn W ~ cu cu r:n 4) Caste and Religion. C C I ul I c 0 rn 0 CI5 0 r:n -;; en Q) -= rn .-u - cu J.< cO e ~ cO 8 ... e cu - cu cu u u I - c... :8 ~ 0.. ::;; ~ c..- = ------I :s &: Ahlr Hindu ... ]4 7 7 71 5 2 ...... Ahir Musalnlan ... J I ... I 1 ...... Aund (Odh) Hindu ... 7 3 4 2 ... 2 ...... Babaji (Sadbu) Hindu ... 290 198 92 72 54- 18 73' 45 28 Banjara Hindu ... 3)5 177 188 ...... Bari Hindu ... 64 2:10 40 64 2' 40 ...... Bhadbhunja Hindu ... 2 ~ ... 2 2 ...... BhadbhuDJa Musalman ... 5 3 2 5 3 2 ...... Bhand Hlnduk- ... 87 45 42 ...... 53 2' 29 Hhangi Hindu ... 1,305 692 618 409 215 194 )94 108 91 Bisati 1\'1 usalnlan ... 27 15 12 27 15 12 ...... Bhatu Hindu ... 3 2 1 a 2 1 ...... Badhai {carpenter) Hind u ... 2,068 1,105 968 344 175 169 568 809 254 Balai Hindu t..- ... S 2 3 ...... 1 1 ... Bagu.Iya Hindu ... 18 10 8 ...... , •......

Brahman Adigod Hindu ... 22 8 1 14 10 ... 10 5 5 ... Brahman Bengali Hindu ... 68 35 88 R6 85 31 2 ... 2 Bra.hman Chaturvedi Hindu 1,056 578 478 807 156 151 729 405 824 Brahman God Hindu ... 12 3 9 ...... 3 1 2 Brahman Gujargod Hindu ... 708 370 838 90 43 47 24 13 11

Brahman Gujrati Hindu ... 95 52: 43 92 .9 43 3 8 ... Brahman JOiSI Hindu ... 410 19.' 216 64 42 22 73 28 45 Brahman Kankubj Hindu ... 99 58 46 38 18 15 16 10 6 Brahman Maba Hindu ... 26 12 14 12 6 6 I ... 1 Brahman Nadbania Hindu ... 8 ... 8 5 ... 5 2 ... ~ Brahman Sanadh Hindu ... 12,057 6,656 5.401 2,580 1.842 1.188 -2,026 1,166 870 Brahman Sanadh Jain ... S 3 ... 8 8 ...... Brnhwan Saraswat Hindu ... 261 l53 108 29 ]6 13 108 65 48 BIahman others Hilldu ... 49 18 31 21 9 12 ...... ------_ ------... Total Brahmans ... 14.874- 8,135 6,789 9,~61t 1,719 1.64-3 fII,991l 1,686 1,806 Chalnar Hindu ... 21,08B 10.946 10,187 918 475 4148 6,574 8.458 3,116 Chhipi Hindu ... 502 ~74 228 973 152 121 62 29 33 Chobdar Hjndu ... 16 10 6 16 10 6 ...... ChrIstian Indian ... 16 7 9 16 7 9 ...... Daroga Hindu ... 791 850 441 895 163 232 47 24 28 Darzi Hindu ... 81 46 85 29 17 12 1 I ... 12H Darzi Musalman ... 185 77 58 74 55 ... P •• ... Dhadi M usalman ... 55 32 28 34 24 10 9 2 7 Dhadi Hindu ... 7 4 8 8 ••• 3 ...... • •• Dhaker Hindu ... 20 20 ...... 17 17 ... Dhanak Hindu ---- ... S5 20 15 ...... Dhimar Mallah Hindu ... 238 129 104- 4- 4 ...... • •• ... Dhobi Hindu ~ ... 786 428 358 18J 101 80 178 101 77 Dhobi M usalman ... 2 1 1 ...... • •• ...... Dom MusalmsD ... 12 4 8 I 1 ... S 1 2 185

TRIBE OR CASTE.

Rajputana.

MACHILPUR TEHSIL. M ANDRAII.. TEHSIL. UTGIR TEHSIL. SAPOTHA TEHSIL

I a; rn ~ rn u} . rn U2 It) rn rn ..!leI CU CU C CU ... ui 0 =5 fIi .,j CII.'I 6 a.. rI.I= 0 ~ 0 Q) rr. = ~ = -8 ... -8 rn ~ - rn -'" 8 ... ~ ... 8 Q) CU = CU CU Q) CU = -CU """ -= CU c.. :; ~ A.. :;; ~ Q.. ...eo ~= ::s ~ ------~ .------== ...... • GW 7 2 5 ...... ·...... 5 3 2 ...... · ...... 67 44 23 13 11 2 6 6 ... 59 38 111 113 6e 47 137 71 66 ...... 65 40 25 ...... I ...... 22 18 9f 12 8 4 11)9 60 49 06 50 46 87 46 41! 410 218 192 ••• ...... I ...... I ...... 281 127 104 296 154 142 140 75 65 494 265 229 4 1 S ...... ·...... ~ ...... · .. ... lR 10 8 ...... 7 8 4 ...... 9 6 3 ...... 5 5 ... 6 6 ... 5 ... 5 ...... 2 2 )4 14 ...... 24 IS 11 556" 287 269 ...... ••• ...... 42 17 25 70 39 31 a 2 1 158 66 92 ...... 32 14 18 12 8 4 6 3 3 ...... I ...... 13 6 7 ...... 1 ... I 2,414 1,365 1.049 2.642 1.430 1.212 (l75 405 270 1.770 958 812 ...... · ...... 117 68 49 6 3 8 ...... J 1 ... 2 2 ... 19 3 16 ...... 7 4 3 ------14,608 1.472 1,131' 2.776 1,499 1,e84- '119 4-39 ~86 £,5142 1,399 1,189 3.439 1,882 1 607 2.615 1,827 1.288 1,584 826 758 5,953 3,028 2,925 52 28 24 ...... 115 65 50 ...... · ...... ·.. · ...... · ...... ·...... 30 17 13 ...... 12 8 4- 307 138 169 28 15 13 23 13 10 ...... ·...... ·.. (i 3 3 4- 2 2 ...... 1 8 4 8 1 ...... · .. "4 4 ...... ·.. r ... · ...... S 3 ... 6 3 8 29 17 12 ... , ...... 192 110 82 86 14- 22 I I ... 40 25 15 145 7() 75 80 42 88 162 89 73 2 1 I ...... 2 2 ...... 6 . .. 6 186

TABLE XVII.-RA.CE, Karaul& State

POPULATION. KARAULI TOWN. HAZUR TEHSIL.

Caste and Religion.

______--_------1----1------Dom Hindu -­ 285 148 137 22 12 10 91 49 42 Faqir Musalman 1.037 560 477 211 116 95 285 159 126 Farrash M usalmall 1 1 1 1 Gadaria M usalman 1 -.J.i-- ••• Gosain Hindu 233 152 81 9 9 41 29 12

Gujar Hindu 15,164 9,032 6,132 270 173 97 6,171 3,785 2,436 Gapdhl l\lusahnao 2 1 1 2 ) 1 ...... Gunijan (Prostitutes) Musalman 29 9 20 28 9 19 ...... (;atrara " ,. 9 6 3 Halwai H ,f 26 18 8 26 18 8 ......

Jags Hindu 410 218 197 59 36 23 182 97 85 Jat Hindu 65) 356 295 17 ]4 :3 429 285 194 Jat Sikh .... 1 I Jogl Hindu 1,741 960 781 67 46 21 428 235 193 J ulaba Musalnlan 50 3" 17 50 83 17 ... Kachhl Hindu 9,824 5,396 4.428 1.345 702 643 5,510 3,046 2,470 Kabar Hindu 807 4056 851 806 161 145 113 69 44 KahLmat Hindu 16 9 7 3 3 ...... Kamnigar M usalman 39 24 15 39 24 15 ...... Kandera M usalman 31 I~ 19 31 ]2 19

Kandera Hindu 479 2.58 221 74 44 30 72 83 39 Kasai Musalman 288 17" 114 286 172 114 Kayastha Hind u 116 61 55 99 49 50 Kazi Musalman 60 34 26 55 81 24 Khanazad Hindu 58 33 25 56 31 25

Khangar Hindu c..­ 6 4 2 Kharadi Musalman 23 14 \) 23 14 9 Khati k Hindu ..... 585 320 265 103 52 51 91 55 86 Khatri Hludu 13 9 4 12 8 4 1 I Khawaswal Hindu 56 32 24 .4 6 8 10 6 4

Kir Hindu 77 40 37 Kirar Hindu 9 7 2 6 4 2 Koli Hindu y/ 4.228 2.284 1,994 1,425 750 675 556 801 255 Kumhn.r Hindu 2,921 ],580 1,341 258 160 98 814 436 378 Kanjar Hindu V'"" 1 1 1 1

Kalhar Hindu 94 52 42 20 11 9 21 14 7 Kurmi Hindu 3 1 2 Kakhera Hindu 6 2 4 6 2 4 Kunjra Musalwan -74 35 39 74 35 89 Lakhet'3 Musalman 61 39 22 53 88 20 Lakhera Hindu ... 37 19 18 7 6 1 Lodha Hindu 89 40 49 89 400 49 Lohar Hindu 271 161 110 35 17 18 70 42 98 Lohar M usal man 104 61 43 89 50 ~9 1 1 NiJgar Musslman 99 42 57 47 22 25 187

TRIBE OR CASTE. Raiputana.

MACHILPUR TEnSIL. MANDRAIL TEnSIL. UTGIR TAHSIL. SAPOTRA TEHSIL. 0 en .:n rn ui ,..!:d I'll

52 21 81 22 12 ]0 27 15 12 68 32 86 8 1 2 1 1 ... S 8 ... 198 102 96 ...... 1 1 ...... 264- 145 119 194 105 89 78 43 35 71(1 886 324- ...... J,It8 625 508 1,084 592 492 357 210 147 394 221 178 180 78 52 159 84 75 49 81 18 50 88 17 ...... IS 6 7 ...... ~ ...... 55 32 23 91 44 47 11 8 8 176 97 79 ...... ••• ...... 2 2 ... 1 1 ... 14 9 5 1 1 ... 1 I ...... 5 8 2 ...... 2 2 ...... 6 4 2 ...... 68 84 84 59 86 28 59 31 28 2:05 112 98 ,...... 19 11 8 9 6 3 4 3 I ...... 77 40 87 ...... a 3 ...... 569 299 270 829 168 161 154- 90 6f. 1.195 6t6 569 462 253 209 823 174 149 l22 64 58 493 44'J ...... 942 ...... 12 5 7 6 4 2 11 5 6 24 13 11 • ou ...... 8 1 2 ...... S 4 1 3 2 1 ...... I ...... 80 18 17 ...... ! ...... 39 27 12 76 44 82 18 10 8 88· 21 12 14 10 4 ...... 3Q 11 19 ...... ···22\ 9 18 188

TABLE XVII.--RACE, Karauli State

POPULATION. I KARAULI l'OWN. I HAZUR TEHSIL .. r:Ii 00 ~ rn Q.) ~ 003 Q.) Caste and Religion. Q Q.) Q =0 uS 0 en -;; 0 ui =I Q.) =s Q.) r.:l <'-I en - - ~ s-o IllS S F-4 ':C 8 F-4 CIS 8 Q.) - Q.) cu oU U - IU 0.. ::a ~ c... :s ~ c.. ::a ~ ------, MHhajt111 Agarwal Hindu ... 7,44,0 4,069 3,871 2,089 1,196 8403 1,'l88 710 573 Mahajan Agarwa) Jain ... 20 8 12 2 ... 2 ...... Mahajan Khandailwal Hindu 22 13 9 8 5 3 ...... Mahajan others Hindu ... 13 11 2 13 11 2 ...... Mahajan Khandailwal Jain ... 2 2 .... 2 2 ...... Mahajan Mahesri Hindu ... 20 14 6 20 14 6 ...... Mahajan I-'alliwal Jain ... 140 6H 72 115 52 68 24 15 9 Mahajan Saraogi Jain ... 91 54 37 79 48 81 1 1 ... Mahajan Shrimal Jain . . . 191 98 98 150 66 84 3 8 ... Mahajan Oaswal .Jain ... I I ... 1 1 ...... ------Total .J.J1ahaja1l, ... 7,940 4,393 3,607 !i!.41!9 1,995 1,034- 1,311 7S9 58B Mali Hindu ... 1,801 965 836 58 28 25 26 11 15 Mina Hindu 'V' ... 32,022 17,290 14,732 355 819 St) 7,953 4,851 8,602 Mochi Hindu .,,/ ... 31 20 11 25 15 10 ...... Moghal Musalman ... 116 69 57 101 48 53 ...... Moghia Hindu ... 173 87 86 173 87 86 ...... M adarl M usalm".n 'V'" ... 21 8 13 ...... l\tlir Musalman ... 5 1 4 ...... Nai Hindu ... 1.725! 938 787 291 148 148 412 223 189 Nai Musalman ... 168 84- 84 99 46 53 1 1 ... Nat Hindu ... 26 14 12 ...... 7 5 2 Naga HIndu ... 6 5 1 ...... 5 4 1 N aga M usalman ... 2 2 ...... Nakkarchi Hindu ... 1 I ... 1 1 ...... Nakkarchi l\-lusalman ... 26 14 12 26 14 12 ...... Niaria Musa]man ... 10 [1 5 10 5 (, ...... Pathan 1\1 usalma II ... 1,748 937 811 1 1,2(56 66] 605 40 85 5 Pattidar Hindu ... 1 1 ... 1 ...... Patwa Hiudu 9a. 50 58 35 23 ... 441 1 8 4 4 Puriya Hindu ... 47 28 19 47 28 19 ...... Rajput Bai~ Hindu ... 8 6 2 3 3 ...... RaJput Bsksariya Hindu ... 4· H 1 3 2 ] ...... Rajput Bhat.i HIndu ... 7 3 4 7 3 4 ...... Rajput Bhadauria. Hindu ... 292 16 276 ]2 3 9 29 3 26 Hnjput Badgujar Hindu ... 172 126 46 14 12 2 80 27. 8 I I Rajput Brijbashi Hindu ... 20 Jl 9 201 1 I 9 ...... RI1.1put Bankawat Hindu -.. I 18 3 15 1 . .. 1 1 ... ] Rajput Chandrawat Hind u ... 1 ... 1 ) ... J ...... 0' • Rajput Chandaila Hindu ... 8 ... 8 5 ... 5 1 ... 1 Kajput Chauhan Hindu ... 3:lS 147 176 63 41 22 71 85 36

Rajput Gour Hindu ... ~2 6 J6 6 4 2 1 ... 1 Rajput Gurkha Hindu ... 4 1 3 1 3 ...... Rajput Gautam Hindu ... 4 2 2 :1 2 2 .. . .-. ... Hajput Hada Hindu ... 24 3 21 7 5 ...... Rajput Jadon Hindu ... 8,596 2,616 980 472 86:1_ 108 497 386 161 189

TRIBE OR CASTE. (Rajputana. ) .. MACHILPUR TEHSIL. MANDRAIL rrEHSJL.! UTGIR TEHSII•• SAPOTRA TEHSIL. J l rn. en :n I ell ,.,; ~ ell II) vi Go> rn eLl en II) r:: C C s: ... ell as rn "IS ,.,,; -;; 0 rn cO a: 0 Q) 0 - 0 Q) II) CLI rI.) - rn - ell rn e ... as 8 CIS E ~ E E 4) II) ... Q) ~ cu - II) - u cu""' u ~ ~ ~ 0.. ::a ~ ~ ;; ~ ~ :;: t:a:. cz:: ------. ------760 425 8a5 934 505 429 265: 141 124 2,159 1,092 ),067 ...... ' .. ... 18 8 10 ...... 14 8 6 ...... ~ ...... J ...... 1 1 ... ••• ...... o •• ...... 11 5 6 ...... 1 1 ... 1 1 ... 36 22 14 ...... ------760 425 386 985 506 4119 266 14tJ 194 11,1J39 1.136 1,103 95 49 46 ••• ...... 168 96 12 1.459 781 678 2.820 1,559 1,261 5,239 2,768 2,471 2,808 ],549 ],254 12,852 6,744 6,108 ...... 3 2 1 ...... S 8 ••• ...... 13 9 " J 1 ... I I ...... 21 8 13 ...... S 1 4 ...... 244 186 108 217 115 102 99 56 48 462 260 202 ...... 68 87 81 19 9 10 ...... - ...... I 1 .... 2 2 ...... I ...... 0 ...... o •• ...... • •• ...... I ...... 110 65 45 92 43 49 17 11 6 223 122 10) ...... I ] ...... '28 5 28 ......

••• ...... S I} 2 ...... 1 1 ...... 105 2 103 88 1 37 2 ... 2 106 7 99 2 ... 2 1 1 ...... 120 86 3(, ...... I ...... I ... 1 2 1 1 ...... 18 2 11 ...... 2 ... 2 60 25 35 12 5 7 ...... 117 41 76, 8 ... 3 ...... 12 2 ...... 1°1 ...... I ... I ...... 16 1 15 1,006 796 210 4.20 277 - 148 57 41 16 1,144 797 847 . 190 . TABLE XVIJ.-RACE Karauli State

. I POPULATION. KARAULI TOWN. HAZUR TEHSIL. . u; wi rn Caste and Religion. CI) cu CI) cu u I C . Q o CF.I IllS 0 rn IllS rn IllS rn cu - en - cu - E .... ~ e 8 II,) CIS II,) IllS cu IllS ... - r;:.;.. r;:.;.. - cu ------~ ~ ------~ ----~ ---- j I =a ~ R ajput Jhala Hindu ... 5 ... 5 4 ... 4 1 ... 1 R ajput K"chhwaha Hindu ... 17) 87 134 40 16 24 6 3 8 R ajput Khichrn Hindu ... 2 2 ... 2 2 ...... R BJput Kalanot Hindu ... 16 8 13 4 2 2 3 ... S R ajput Kumawat Hindu .. - n ] 8 I 1 ...... R ajp\lt Naruka Hindu ... 100 2'J 78 11 B 8 21 ... 21 R ajput Panwar Hindu ... 8~1 75 24ft 24 17 7 83 12 71 R ajput Pachanot Hindu ... 62 23 39 6 4 2 25 8 17 R ajput Rathor Hindu ... 88 16 22 14 5 9 10 7 3 R ajput Rajawat Hindu ... 168 52 III 48 28 20 14 4 10 , R ajput Si~odia Hindu ... 25 16 9 15 12 3 ...... R ajpllt Sbekawat Hindu ... 36 10 26 9 4 5 8 4, 4, R ajput SoJanki .. . 21 11 10 2 I 1 2 .0 • 2 R ajput Sengar Hindu ... 228 141 87 J6 10 6 122 105 17 R ajput Sikerwar Hindu ... 114 30 84. 5 3- 2 87 8 29 R ajput Tamar Hindu ... 178 57 116 31 21 10 ) 1 ... 11 R ajput Others Hindu ... 111,1 55 56 )2 7 5 23 15 8 ----_.------Total Rajputs ... 6,098 9,494 9,604 866 589 1177 1,001 567 43~ R ana Hindu ... 106 6. 45 12 6 6 20 18 7 R Bngrez M usalman ... 126 59 67 115 55 60 ......

R RO Hindu ... 115 64 51 31 19 12 87 22 )5 R ebari Hindu ... 200 147 53 82 57 25 54 49 5 S adhu Ram Sanehi Hindu ... 3 8 ... S S ...... '0 • ... S ayyed M us,dman ... 269 142 127 206 102 104 21 )2 9 S anjogi Hindu ... li6U 185 175 88 44 89 156 81 75

S helkh Musalman ... J .407 750 657 988 498 490 41 SCi 11 S akka Musalman ... 897 2U4 198 178 9)\ 80 19 10 9 S !klig9r Hindu ... 28 I 1 12 13 7 6 ...... o •• :s'UDAr Hindu ... 757 412 345 893 229 164 4".;) 27 22 S arbhangi Hindu ... 2 ] 1 ...... T amboH Hindu ... 439 250 189 48 22 21 2 2 ... T eli Hindu ... 431 239 192 192 110 82 43 27 Ifi reli l\'Iusalman ... 825 442 383 2 2 ... 216 118 98 1 'hathera Hindu ... 7 3 4- 7 8 4 ...... ] T anchrn Hindu '0' 12 5 7 4 2 21 1 ... Musalman Unspecified ... 11 11 ... 11 11 ......

------G"'and Total ... 1-'10,51)5 76,7e9 63,796 19,671 10,835 8.886 97,089 fO,669 16,4130

- 191

. TRIBE OR CASTE.

(Bajp'Ulana.) . MACHILPUR TEHSIL. MANDRAIL TEHSILo UTGIR 'rEHSIL. SAPOTRA TEHSIL. . ~ rIi I ..i!. ~ Il'i v rn rn rn en Q,) ,..!:4 r. c Q,) c:: IU c r.. 0 rIi QIS 0 rn C;; 0 rn 0 ui as r:n cu - w 1.1 rn Q,) -== rn V -== J-I QIS 8 t-I 8 ... 8 J-I QIS 8 8

...... I ... J 2 1 I 7 8 4 ...... 2 1 I ...... 17 1 16 2 ... 2 ...... 15 10 5 9 1 8 86 19 17 4 8 1 41 3 88 43 9 34 21 9 12 5 1 4 8 ... 8

25 8 22 70 22 48 13 6 7 23 5 1~ 14 ... 14 8 5 3 4- 4 ... 50 24 26 ------1,480 876 609 676 965 81]1 101 61 40 1,969 1046 9'2!J ...... 74 42 32 4 2 2 ...... 7 2 5 I 21 10 11 12 4- 8 ) 1 ... 13 8 6 6 6 ... 39 26 13 ...... 19 9 10 ...... 18 8 5 2 2 ... 6 3 3 21 15 6 28 11 12 5 ... 5 6 8 8 87 406 41

138 79 59 116 71 45 58 3) 27 66 41 25 47 18 29 ...... 153 78 75 6 3 8 3 ... S ...... 1 1 ... 81 46 85 98 46 52 19 10 9 117 54 63 ...... 2 1 I ... -.. ...

853 208 150 9 5 1 3 2 1 32 16 16 2 J ) 103 58 50 87 ~5 42 4 3 1 169 92 77 46 24 22 ...... 392 206 186 ...... 2 . .. 2 5 2 3 ...... ~ ...... ••• ......

------SO, 666 11,738 8,918 17,331 9,200 8,131 9,048 5,004 4-,044 36,730 19,583 17,4-47

I I I I 192

I 18tH : ~ : -alquHuA'B !IoN

\ 1681 o"'(qvHUA'B 10N I:: l - gi ...:I I0611~ ·S~e·"l -oc: I ::Ii! &! 1161 1= 1 '666"81 1~61 I~ : "P.""'QI 1£61 , ~ I ·ZeL '''1 =1 1881 -=-1 ____oalqlll!1JA'B 10N QC IIr;1rn 1681 -alq'BHuA'B !IoN "'""' •ac - rI2 t:- ·38(;' L 1 E-4 ""'1 1061 e:II ...:I - -oc: IlIlI co '808'91 ~ ~ 1161 IlIlI - ~ Di;l ao o~fZ 1"9 [ rIJ 1~61 If&. - 0 1961 ~ "On~' L I Z c:s - 0 -"L I" ... 01 samoa e: =II:S - "as'B ;}.toaa ~ -1961 ol1.061 po!.tad ;S as'Bo}taUI _. ~ - + 'IS61 = a Q.. aq1. U! uo!l'B!.t1J£\ 1 N bra. 0.... 188 ( DO!1-'8!.1'B A 1a N 0 oalq'BH'BA'B 10N Q... --~ ~ If&. 16~1 01 1881 oaIquH'BA'B ....oN 0 ~ c:t - Z - 0 ~ z+T 1061 01 I68[ "'""' ·alq'BH'B·\'B 10N o CIo1 0 - -_ - {Ill Dr;l ~ ;s !;; '< {Ill -<:> 2 - 1&1 -< [1.61 01- [061 '908- :;: ~ -!XI =I:J !iii!XI - -- ~ _1l4Z CJ I ~ -Q 1361 Ol [161 I = "88(';'1- ...... • 1 - ...... 100 >- 186! 01- ((,;61 °e9"· &+ >< 1 !iii [RSl't:- U1!UA'B ..:I "alq 10N t:Q --= col foot 1681 I oalq'BI!'BA1I lON ~ ~ Ill'.) z 1061 lQl "S09'IG 1:11: 0 - 1'1.) I ~ !XI ...,.1 ...... ::Ii! !III 1161 "&08"09 ~ I Q;)I 1~61 1 °609'6(,; -~-I 1961 I 0330'(';8 :;.:.. I ------" .-~ I ~ ~ 0 ~ I I ~c I _. I : CCl . Q.) I I ,J:l cCIS --E-t"'" I I .- I I ~