DOCSLIB.ORG

Deafness and Hearing Loss Caroline’S Story

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Deafness and Hearing Loss Caroline’S Story Deafness and Hearing Loss Caroline’s Story Caroline is six years old, A publication of NICHCY with bright brown eyes and, at Disability Fact Sheet #3 June 2010 the moment, no front teeth, like so many other first graders. She also wears a hearing aid in each ear—and has done so since she was three, when she Caroline was immediately Hearing Loss was diagnosed with a moderate fitted with hearing aids. She in Children hearing loss. also began receiving special education and related services Hearing is one of our five For Caroline’s parents, there through the public school senses. Hearing gives us access were many clues along the way. system. Now in the first grade, to sounds in the world around Caroline often didn’t respond she regularly gets speech us—people’s voices, their to her name if her back was therapy and other services, and words, a car horn blown in turned. She didn’t startle at her speech has improved warning or as hello! noises that made other people dramatically. So has her vocabu- jump. She liked the TV on loud. lary and her attentiveness. She When a child has a hearing But it was the preschool she sits in the front row in class, an loss, it is cause for immediate started attending when she was accommodation that helps her attention. That’s because three that first put the clues hear the teacher clearly. She’s language and communication together and suggested to back on track, soaking up new skills develop most rapidly in Caroline’s parents that they information like a sponge, and childhood, especially before the have her hearing checked. The eager for more. age of 3. When hearing loss most significant clue to the goes undetected, children are preschool was Caroline’s delayed in developing these unclear speech, especially the skills.1 lack of consonants like “d” and Recognizing the importance “t” at the end of words. of early detection, the Centers So Caroline’s parents took is the for Disease Control and Preven- tion (the CDC) recommends her to an audiologist, who National Dissemination Center that every newborn be screened collected a full medical history, for Children with Disabilities. examined the little girl’s ears for hearing loss as early as possible, usually before they inside and out, ran a battery of NICHCY leave the hospital. Catching a hearing tests and other assess- 1825 Connecticut Avenue N.W. hearing loss early means that ments, and eventually diag- Washington, DC 20009 treatment can start early as well nosed that Caroline’s inner ear 1.800.695.0285 (Voice / TTY) and “help the child develop (the cochlea) was damaged. The 202.884.8200 (Voice / TTY) communication and language audiologist said she had senso- [email protected] skills that will last a lifetime.”2 rineural hearing loss. http://nichcy.org Disability Fact Sheet #3 (FS3) Types of Hearing Loss cells of the inner ear or the How Common is nerves that supply it. These Hearing Loss? Before we describe the types hearing losses can range from of hearing loss a person may mild to profound. They often Each year in the United have, it’s useful to know that affect the person’s ability to States, more than 12,000 babies sound is measured by: hear certain frequencies more are born with a hearing loss; than others. Thus, even with 4 • its loudness or intensity often, the cause is unknown. amplification to increase the (measured in units called Profound deafness occurs in 4- sound level, a person with a decibels, dB); and 11 per 10,000 children; in at sensorineural hearing loss may least 50% of these cases, the • its frequency or pitch perceive distorted sounds, cause is genetic.5 (measured in units called sometimes making the success- hertz, Hz). ful use of a hearing aid impos- Through the Universal sible. Newborn Hearing Screening Hearing loss is generally program, many states now described as slight, mild, mod- A mixed hearing loss refers to mandate that all newborns be erate, severe, or profound, a combination of conductive screened for hearing loss within depending upon how well a and sensorineural loss and hours of birth.7 person can hear the intensities means that a problem occurs in or frequencies most strongly both the outer or middle and Signs of a Hearing Loss associated with speech. Impair- the inner ear. or Deafness ments in hearing can occur in A central hearing loss either or both areas, and may Just as with Caroline, our results from damage or impair- exist in only one ear or in both first grader, there will be signs ment to the nerves or nuclei of ears. Generally, only children that a child may not be hearing the central nervous system, whose hearing loss is greater normally. Parents may notice either in the pathways to the than 90 decibels (dB) are that their child: brain or in the brain itself. considered deaf. A diagram of the ear.6 There are four types of hearing loss, as follows.3 Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear Conductive hearing losses are caused by Semicircular diseases or obstructions in canals the outer or middle ear (the pathways for sound to reach the inner ear). Conductive hearing losses usually affect all frequen- Pinnus cies of hearing evenly Auditory and do not result in nerve severe losses. A person with a conductive hearing loss usually is able to use a hearing aid well or can be helped medically or External surgically. auditory canal Sensorineural hearing Eustachian Cochlea losses result from damage Eardrum tube to the delicate sensory hair NICHCY: http://nichcy.org 2 Deafness and Hearing Loss (FS3) • does not respond • complications during To access early interven- consistently to sounds or pregnancy (such as tion: To identify the EI to his or her own name; the Rh factor, program in your neigh- maternal diabetes, borhood, consult • asks for things to be re- or toxicity). NICHCY’s State-Specific peated or often says “huh?” Information for your A child’s hearing • is delayed in developing state (online at: http:// loss or deafness may nichcy.org/state- speech or has unclear also be a characteristic speech; organization-search-by- of another disability state). Early interven- • turns the volume up loud such as Down syn- tion is listed under the on the TV and other elec- drome, Usher syndrome, first section, State Agen- tronic devices.8 Treacher Collins syn- cies. The agency that’s drome, Crouzon syn- identified will be able to Causes of Hearing Loss 10 drome, and Alport syndrome. put you in contact with the and Deafness In all cases, early detection early intervention program in your community. There, you can Hearing loss and deafness and treatment are very impor- have your child evaluated free can be either: tant to the child’s development. of charge and, if found eligible, • acquired, meaning that the Is There your child can begin receiving loss occurred after birth, due Help Available? early intervention services. to illness or injury; or Yes, there’s a lot of help To access special education and • congenital, meaning that the available, beginning with the related services: We recommend hearing loss or deafness was free evaluation of the child. The that you get in touch with your present at birth. nation’s special education law, local public school system. Calling the elementary school The most common cause of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), requires in your neighborhood is an acquired hearing loss is expo- excellent place to start. The 9 that all children suspected of sure to noise. Other causes can school should be able to tell include: having a disability be evaluated without cost to their parents to you the next steps to having • build up of fluid behind the determine if they do have a your child evaluated free of eardrum; disability and, because of the charge and, if found eligible, he disability, need special services or she can begin receiving • ear infections (known as under IDEA. Those special services specially designed to otitis media); services are: address your child’s needs. • childhood diseases, such as • Early intervention | There are also special mumps, measles, or chicken A system of services to services available to low-income pox; and support infants and toddlers children through the Early Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, • head trauma. with disabilities (before their 3rd birthday) and their and Treatment (EPSDT) pro- Congenital causes of hear- families. gram, the child health compo- ing loss and deafness include: nent of Medicaid. To learn more • Special education and about the EPSDT program, visit: • a family history of hearing related services | Services http://mchb.hrsa.gov/epsdt/ loss or deafness; available through the public • infections during pregnancy school system for school- (such as rubella); aged children, including preschoolers (ages 3-21). NICHCY: http://nichcy.org 3 Deafness and Hearing Loss (FS3) More on IDEA “hearing impairment.”12 How- ever, the number of children It’s helpful to know that, with hearing loss and deafness while the terms “hearing im- is undoubtedly higher, since pairment” and “hearing loss” many of these students have are often used to describe a other disabilities and may be wide range of hearing losses, served under other categories. including deafness, IDEA actually defines the two terms Educational Implications separately, as follows: Hearing loss or deafness Hearing impairment is does not affect a person’s idiomatic expressions, and defined by IDEA as “an intellectual capacity or ability to other aspects of verbal commu- impairment in hearing, learn. However, children who nication. For children who are whether permanent or are hard of hearing or deaf deaf or have severe hearing fluctuating, that generally require some form of losses, early, consistent, and adversely affects a special education services in conscious use of visible com- child’s educational order to receive an adequate munication modes (such as sign performance.” education.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • NOISE and MILITARY SERVICE Implications for Hearing Loss and Tinnitus
    NOISE AND MILITARY SERVICE Implications for Hearing Loss and Tinnitus Committee on Noise-Induced Hearing Loss and Tinnitus Associated with Military Service from World War II to the Present Medical Follow-up Agency Larry E. Humes, Lois M. Joellenbeck, and Jane S. Durch, Editors THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS Washington, DC www.nap.edu THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS • 500 Fifth Street, N.W. • Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Insti- tute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study was supported by Contract No. V101(93)P-1637 #29 between the Na- tional Academy of Sciences and the Department of Veterans Affairs. Any opinions, find- ings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Noise and military service : implications for hearing loss and tinnitus / Committee on Noise-Induced Hearing Loss and Tinnitus Associated with Military Service from World War II to the Present, Medical Follow- up Agency ; Larry E. Humes, Lois M. Joellenbeck, and Jane S. Durch, editors. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-309-09949-8 — ISBN 0-309-65307-X 1. Deafness—Etiology.
    [Show full text]
  • Hearing Impairment Sheet
    Oklahoma State Department of Education Special Education Services • 405-521-3351 • www.ok.gov/sde/special-education FACT HEARING IMPAIRMENT SHEET ■ Definition of Intellectual POSSIBLE CAUSES Disabilities under IDEA • Acquired, meaning that the loss occurred after birth, Hearing impairment means an impairment in hearing, due to illness or injury; or whether permanent or fluctuating, that adversely affects • Congenital, meaning that the hearing loss or deafness a child’s educational performance. 34 CFR 300.8(c)(5) was present at birth The most common cause of acquired hearing loss is TYPES exposure to noise (Merck Manual’s Online Medical Conductive hearing losses are caused by diseases or Library, 2007). Other causes can include: obstructions in the outer or middle ear (the pathways • Build up of fluid behind the eardrum for sound to reach the inner ear). Conductive hearing • Ear infections (known as otitis media) losses usually affect all frequencies of hearing evenly • Childhood diseases, such as mumps, measles, or and do not result in severe losses. A person with a con- chicken pox; and ductive hearing loss usually is able to use a hearing aid • Head trauma well or can be helped medically or surgically. Congenital causes of hearing loss and Sensorineural hearing losses result from damage to the deafness include: delicate sensory hair cells of the inner ear or the nerves • A family history of hearing loss or deafness that supply it. These hearing losses can range from • Infections during pregnancy (such as rubella) mild to profound. They often affect the person’s abil- • Complications during pregnancy (such as the Rh ity to hear certain frequencies more than others.
    [Show full text]
  • Tinnitus What Is Tinnitus? Tinnitus Is Defined As the Perception of Sound When No External Sound Is Present
    Tinnitus What is tinnitus? Tinnitus is defined as the perception of sound when no external sound is present. The common vernacular is "ringing in the ears"; however, the quality of the tinnitus can range from roaring to hissing and chirping to clicking. Tinnitus can pulsate or be constant. It can be a single tone or multiple tones, and it's amplitude can vary from background noise to an excruciating experience. What causes tinnitus? Tinnitus has a variety of causes. The most common causes include wax in the ear canal, noise trauma or temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction. It can also be caused by Meniere's disease, endolymphatic hydrops, allergies, destruction of the middle ear bones, infection, nutritional deficiency, cardiovascular disease, thyroid disorders, certain medications, head injury and cervical disorders. Recently, migraine disorders have also been listed as a culprit. Regardless of the inciting etiology, it has been shown that the it is within the brain that the sound resides, persists, evolves and propagates. Tinnitus may begin with damage to the peripheral auditory system (the cochlea and auditory nerve), but its persistence is a function of the attention that it receives parietal cortex and frontal cortex), the importance that it is given (cingulate cortex, anterior insula) and it maintaining residence in the limbic system (the amygdala, hippocampus and thalamus). Ongoing research is being aggressively pursued to stop this feed-forward cycle in its tracks. Medications that may exacerbate tinnitus (adapted from Bailey's Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 4th ed.) include aspirin and aspirin-containing compounds, aminoglycoside antibiotics, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and heterocycline antidepressants.
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Noise and Preventing Hearing Loss at Work Code of Practice 2021 Page 2 of 54
    Managing noise and preventing hearing loss at work Code of Practice 2021 PN12640 ISBN Creative Commons This copyright work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International licence. To view a copy of this licence, visit creativecommons.org/licenses. In essence, you are free to copy, communicate and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, as long as you attribute the work to Safe Work Australia and abide by the other licence terms. Managing noise and preventing hearing loss at work Code of Practice 2021 Page 2 of 54 Contents Foreword ................................................................................................................................... 4 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 5 1.1 Who has health and safety duties in relation to noise? .......................................... 5 1.2 What is involved in managing noise and preventing hearing loss?........................ 7 1.3 Information, training, instruction and supervision ................................................... 8 2. Noise and its effects on health and safety ..................................................................... 9 2.1 How does hearing loss occur? ................................................................................ 9 2.2 How much noise is too much? ................................................................................ 9 2.3 Other effects of noise............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Background Paper 6.21 Hearing Loss
    Priority Medicines for Europe and the World "A Public Health Approach to Innovation" Update on 2004 Background Paper Background Paper 6.21 Hearing Loss By Béatrice Duthey, Ph.D 20 February 2013 Update on 2004 Background Paper, BP 6.21 Hearing Loss Table of Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................ 4 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 5 1.1 Hearing Loss definitions .................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Possible Causes of hearing loss ......................................................................................................... 7 1.2.1 Ear infections................................................................................................................................... 7 1.2.2 Untreated infections during childhood ....................................................................................... 8 1.2.3 Congenital hearing loss ................................................................................................................. 8 1.2.4 Injury/trauma .................................................................................................................................. 9 1.2.5 Aging ...............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Noise Induced Hearing Loss: an Occupational Medicine Perspective Emily Z
    Noise induced hearing loss: An occupational medicine perspective Emily Z. Stucken MD Michigan Ear Institute Robert S. Hong MD, PhD Michigan Ear Institute Corresponding author: Robert S. Hong MD, PhD Michigan Ear Institute 30055 Northwestern Highway, Suite #101 Farmington Hills, MI 48334 Phone (248) 865-4444 Abstract Purpose of review: Up to 30 million workers in the United States are exposed to potentially detrimental levels of noise. While reliable medications for minimizing or reversing noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) are not currently available, NIHL is entirely preventable. The purpose of this article is to review the epidemiology and pathophysiology of occupational NIHL. We will focus on at-risk populations and discuss prevention programs. Current prevention programs focus on reduction of inner ear damage by minimizing environmental noise production and through the use of personal hearing protective devices. Recent findings: Noise induced hearing loss is the result of a complex interaction between environmental factors and patient factors, both genetic and acquired. The effects of noise exposure are specific to an individual. Trials are currently underway evaluating the role of antioxidants in protection from, and even reversal of, NIHL. Summary: Occupational NIHL is the most prevalent occupational disease in the United States. Occupational noise exposures may contribute to temporary or permanent threshold shifts, though even temporary threshold shifts may predispose an individual to eventual permanent hearing loss. Noise prevention programs are paramount in reducing hearing loss as a result of occupational exposures. Key words: occupational noise induced hearing loss, occupational noise exposure, hearing protection programs Introduction Hearing loss is the most widespread disability in Westernized society.
    [Show full text]
  • A Systematic Review on the Association of Acquired Human Cytomegalovirus Infection with Hearing Loss
    Journal of Clinical Medicine Review A Systematic Review on the Association of Acquired Human Cytomegalovirus Infection with Hearing Loss Estrella Martinez-Gomez 1,* , Patricia Perez-Carpena 1, Marisa Flook 1 and José A. Lopez-Escamez 1,2,3 1 Otology & Neurotology Group CTS 495, Department of Genomic Medicine, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Avenida de la Ilustración 114, 18016 Granada, Spain; [email protected] (P.P.-C.); marisa.fl[email protected] (M.F.); [email protected] (J.A.L.-E.) 2 Department of Otolaryngology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Universidad de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain 3 Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-958-715-500-160 Received: 29 October 2020; Accepted: 10 December 2020; Published: 11 December 2020 Abstract: Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection induces a clinical syndrome usually associated with hearing loss. However, the effect of acquired CVM infection in adults and children has not been clearly defined. The objective of this review is to critically appraise scientific evidence regarding the association of acquired CMV infection with postnatal hearing loss or tinnitus. A systematic review of records reporting sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) or tinnitus and acquired CMV infection including articles published in English was performed. Search strategy was limited to human studies with acquired CMV infection. After screening and quality assessment, nine studies involving 1528 individuals fulfilled the inclusion criteria. A total of 14% of patients with SNHL showed evidence of previous exposure to CMV, while in individuals without SNHL (controls) the percentage rose up to 19.3%.
    [Show full text]
  • Occupational Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
    Review Occupational Noise-induced Hearing Loss MH Azizi Abstract Academy of Medical Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a well-known entity in daily practice of otolaryngol- Sciences of the IR Iran, ogy. A wide variety of NIHLs are work-related. Occupational noise is the most common cause Tehran, Iran of NIHL in adults which is up to now considered incurable and the best approach to it is to utilize maximal protection. An effective noise exposure prevention program consists of iden- WL¿FDWLRQRIVRXUFHVRIQRLVHDQGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIFRQWUROOLQJPHDVXUHVDQGUHJXODWLRQVDW working environments as well as performing periodic audiologic evaluation of those who are ZRUNLQJDWQRLV\HQYLURQPHQWV7KHSUHVHQWSDSHUEULHÀ\UHYLHZVRFFXSDWLRQDO1,+/PDLQO\ based on the related data available on PubMed up to early 2010. Keywords: Noise; Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced; Occupational Diseases Introduction gram and in due course in 1939, Bunch oise is considered as an “unwant- explained broadly the audiometric find- ed sound”1 with various harmful ings of NIHL.2 effects on health. Noise-induced At global scale, the major cause of NIHL N 3 hearing loss (NIHL) is an irreversible in adults is occupational noise which damage of the cochlear hair cells of the in- seems to be currently increasing in devel- ner ear. It may present as partial or total oping countries. hearing loss and its severity depends pri- Occupations at risk marily on duration of noise exposure and sound intensity. Noise production has raised parallel with The history of occupational NIHL the industrial growth and technologic ad- (ONIHL) probably dates back to many vancements and presently, many people centuries ago, even though as Alberti stat- in the world are exposed to intermittent or ed, it only became a major occupational continuous hazardous sound levels (>85 aural disorder after discovery of gunpow- dB) at their work environments.
    [Show full text]
  • Selected Complex Auditory Disorders
    Volume 42, Number 4, Pages 1–8 JRRDJRRD July/August 2005, Supplement 2 Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development Selected complex auditory disorders Maurice H. Miller, PhD;1* Jerome D. Schein, PhD2 1Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Steinhardt School of Education, New York University, New York, NY; 2Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Abstract—This article provides an overview of four auditory NOISE-INDUCED HEARING LOSS disorders relevant generally to adults and especially to veter- ans. The disorders are noise-induced hearing loss, idiopathic Among the many causes of hearing loss and tinnitus, sudden sensorineural hearing loss, otosclerosis, and Ménière’s exposure to excessive noise levels represents the most disease. Sensorineural hearing loss characterizes each, but frequent cause of new cases [1]. The National Institute additional aspects vary with each of the four conditions. This for Occupational Safety and Health recognizes noise as article describes the conditions, discusses their diagnoses and an occupational hazard—one that accounts for the second treatments, and outlines current and suggested rehabilitation. The emphasis is on recent advances, some of which await con- most frequently self-reported injury and one for which it firmation prior to possible acceptance as standard practice. has recommended noise-exposure levels that should not be exceeded [2]. The National Institute of Deafness and Other Communicative Disorders states [3], “More than Key words: audiologic rehabilitation, diagnosis, hearing loss, idio- 30 million Americans are exposed to hazardous sound pathic, Ménière’s disease, noise-induced, otosclerosis, sensorineu- levels on a regular basis. Exposure occurs in the ral, serial audiometry, spontaneous recovery, treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • Thoughts and Emotions
    Thoughts and Emotions Session 2 © Copyright: R.S. Tyler 2006, Thoughts & Emotions 1 The University of Iowa Overall Plan 1. Hearing and hearing loss 2. Tinnitus 3. Attention, behavior, and emotions 4. Changing your reactions 5. Activities for home © Copyright: R.S. Tyler 2006, Thoughts & Emotions 2 The University of Iowa Part 1: Hearing and Hearing Loss • How we hear and what hearing loss is • Causes of hearing loss © Copyright: R.S. Tyler 2006, Thoughts & Emotions 3 The University of Iowa How We Hear © Copyright: R.S. Tyler 2006, Thoughts & Emotions 4 The University of Iowa © Copyright: R.S. Tyler 2006, Thoughts & Emotions 5 The University of Iowa Cochlea is like a piano Low pitches High pitches © Copyright: R.S. Tyler 2006, Thoughts & Emotions 6 The University of Iowa Hair Cells in Cochlea © Copyright: R.S. Tyler 2006, Thoughts & Emotions 7 The University of Iowa Nerve activity carries information to the brain To Brain Inner Hair Cell Nerve Activity Nerve Fiber © Copyright: R.S. Tyler 2006, Thoughts & Emotions 8 The University of Iowa Spontaneous Activity on Hearing Nerves No Sound (Quiet) Hear Silence © Copyright: R.S. Tyler 2006, Thoughts & Emotions 9 The University of Iowa Different nerve responses result in the perception of different sounds No Sound Hear (Quiet) Silence Word Hear “Table” “Table” “Table” Sound of Hear a a Cricket Cricket © Copyright: R.S. Tyler 2006, Thoughts & Emotions 10 The University of Iowa Causes of Hearing Loss Head Injury Medications Noise Age Unknown? Disease © Copyright: R.S. Tyler 2006, Thoughts & Emotions 11 The University of Iowa Hearing loss is like missing piano keys Normal Cochlea Cochlea with hearing loss and missing hair cells © Copyright: R.S.
    [Show full text]
  • A Parent's Guide to Genetics and Hearing Loss
    About 1 in 500 infants is born with or develops hearing loss during early childhood. Hearing loss has many causes: some are genetic (that is, caused by a baby’s genes) or non-genetic (such as certain infections the mother has during pregnancy, or infections the newborn baby has). A combination of genetic and non-genetic factors also can cause hearing loss. For many babies, the cause of hearing loss is unknown. This booklet answers many of the questions that families have about the causes of hearing loss, including genetic causes. For some of the topics, more extensive details are given in the shaded boxes. 1 About The Causes of Hearing Loss What are the types of hearing loss? There are many different ways to talk about the different types of hearing loss. o One way is based on whether or not a baby is born with hearing loss. If the baby is born with hearing loss it is called congenital. If the hearing loss occurs after the baby is born it is called acquired. o Another way depends on whether or not the hearing loss gets worse over time. Hearing loss that gets worse over time is called progressive. Hearing loss that does not change is called non-progressive. o A third way depends on whether or not other symptoms are present; that is, is it syndromic or non-syndromic. o A fourth way depends on whether or not hearing loss runs in the family. If it does, it is called familial; if it does not it is sporadic o A fifth way is based on where in the ear the hearing loss occurs.
    [Show full text]
  • Addressing the Rising Prevalence of Hearing Loss
    Addressing the rising prevalence of hearing loss February 2018 Addressing the rising prevalence of hearing loss February 2018 Addressing the rising prevalence of hearing loss. ISBN 978-92-4-155026-0 © World Health Organization 2018 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Suggested citation. Addressing the rising prevalence of hearing loss. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at http://apps.who.int/iris. Sales, rights and licensing.
    [Show full text]