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VIRGINIA SALTWATER ANGLER’S GUIDE VIRGINIA SALTWATER ANGLER’S GUIDE The Virginia Saltwater Angler’s Guide was prepared by the Virginia Marine Resources Commission. Funding was provided by saltwater recreational fishing license fees. Cover artwork by Alicia Slouffman. Back Cover artwork by Terre Ittner. Fish illustrations by Duane Raver. Graphic design by the DGS, Office of Graphic Communications. Welcome to the Virginia Angler’s Guide, a free publication of the Virginia Marine Resources Commission to help recre- ational saltwater anglers become better fishermen and to encourage responsible stewardship of our natural resources. Here you will learn what you can catch, as well as where and when to catch it. Here you will find useful angling tips and help identifying that mysterious fish you pulled in. We’ll also show you where to find pub- WHITE MARLIN lic boat launches, and give the locations of our man-made reefs. They’re fish magnets! If you land an exceptional fish of a par- ticular species, you may be eligible for a plaque through our Saltwater Fishing Tournament. We’ll tell you who to contact about that. Virginia has some of the world’s best TABLE OF CONTENTS fishing in the mighty Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries as well as in the ocean off our beautiful shores. Some record-setting Virginia’s Marine Waters and Fisheries ..................... 1 fish have been caught in Virginia waters in recent years, including bluefin tuna, A Guide to Virginia’s Saltwater Fish ....................... 10 striped bass, king mackerel and croaker. How, When and Where to Catch The biggest fish are yet to be caught. They’re out there. Virginia’s Public Boat Launching Facilities ............. 14 As an avid angler and outdoorsman, I The Modern Angler ............................................... 16 am proud of the con- Angling Ethics servation efforts we take at the Virginia Virginia’s Artificial Reef Program............................ 20 Marine Resources Commission to en- Virginia Saltwater Fishing Tournament .................. 46 sure our fish popula- tions not only survive Virginia Game Fish Tagging Program ..................... 49 but thrive. So please fish responsibly. Be respect- Fisheries Management .......................................... 54 ful to others and to nature. Be safe on the water. Abide by the fishing regulations. Enforcement and the Virginia Marine Police........... 61 They’re there for good reasons. Above all, please be stewards of our Virginia’s Saltwater Recreational Fishing License ... 64 natural resources so our children and grandchildren can experience the same Saltwater Fishing – Where to Begin ........................ 66 joy of fishing that we do. Fish Identification Guide ....................................... 70 Steven G. Bowman Commissioner Virginia Marine Resources Commission P.S. Thanks for all you do to conserve our marine resources series of natural phenomena have forces during the Ice Age, which helped shape the Susquehanna Valley, and the rising waters caused combined off the Virginia coast to by the melting ice cap as the Ice Age ended, trans- create some of the richest marine formed the southern portion of this river valley into the vast estuarine complex that today is the A waters in the world. The bounty of Chesapeake Bay. these waters is readily apparent to The Chesapeake Bay continues as the place where several of the great rivers in the eastern recreational fishermen who pursue a seemingly United States meet the ocean. The Susquehanna endless variety of finfish species. River has the greatest impact on the Bay, contrib- uting, on average, almost 50% of the freshwater The Chesapeake Bay and its major tributaries flowing into the Bay. The Potomac and the James join to form the largest and most productive es- Rivers provide more than 15% each, leaving less tuarine complex in North America. They supply a than 20% for the combined contribution from vast amount of nutrients into coastal waters and more than a dozen other rivers. The rivers and provide a huge spawning and nursery area for adjacent lands comprising the Chesapeake Bay many species of fish. watershed cover more than 64,000 square miles, The warm waters of the Gulf Stream flow north and the shoreline extends for more than 11,000 along the East Coast until they collide with the miles (approximately 4500 miles on the main por- cool, plankton-rich waters of the Labrador Current tion of the Bay). flowing south. The intermixing of these currents Water also flows into the Chesapeake Bay from occurs near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, and the Atlantic Ocean. A relatively constant inward in adjacent waters. This puts the southern coast flow of ocean water occurs along the bottom. of Virginia in the dynamic area where the Mid-At- These ocean waters, rich with salts and minerals, lantic Bight and South Atlantic Bight are joined, are heavier and denser than the freshwater flow- which brings a huge mix of finfish species into lo- ing down the rivers into the Bay and out its mouth cal waters. In fact, Virginia is the southernmost in the upper portions of the water column. range of real abundance for many temperate spe- The mixing of ocean and river waters in the cies of fish and the northern range of abundance Chesapeake Bay produces waters that are variably for many subtropical species. salty and fresh, often changing based upon short The large peninsula that forms the Eastern term weather phenomena, long term weather or Shore of Virginia is flanked by a chain of unin- climatic patterns, tides, depth and location. Certain habited and unspoiled barrier islands. These is- patterns, however, remain constant. Bay waters lands protect a rich complex of marshes, bays and along its eastern side are saltier than waters along sounds that provide a haven for a variety of ma- the western shore. This is due to large inflows of rine life. freshwater from the western rivers and a phenom- enon called the Coriolis force – a result of the rota- THE CHESAPEAKE BAY tion of the earth that “pulls” the denser saltwater north along the eastern side of the Bay. The main portion of the Chesapeake Bay fol- Tides, which are the rise and fall of ocean lows the ancient bed of the Susquehanna River waters caused primarily by the gravitational and extends for more than 185 miles. Dramatic forces of the sun and moon, create variations in Many anglers believe the Gulfstream waters harbor the most magnificent game fish found anywhere in the world. For a combination of power, speed and “greyhounding” jumps, no fish in the ocean can match the magnificent blue marlin. salinity. Tidal movements originate at the mouth of the Bay and, during periods of high or incoming tides, move up the Bay in a “wave” to the upper portions and into the tributary rivers. As the ocean water rises toward high tide the salinity increases, while the opposite occurs as the tide falls or ebbs. The “wave” of tidal water takes time to physically move up and down the Bay, causing differences in the times of high and low tide among places near the mouth of the Bay and those farther up the Bay or in the tidal portions of the tributary rivers. The variation in time can be as much as 5 to 6 hours. Events with seemingly little connection to the Bay can have major impacts upon salinity levels and water flows. Heavy rains in the western Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania mountains may create flash floods which can send pulses of nutrient-laden freshwater down major rivers, dramatically affect- ing salinity levels. These pulses are called “freshets” as they reach the brackish waters of the rivers near the Chesapeake Bay, and these sudden changes in salinity can have pronounced impacts upon marine life. In fact, the torrential rains in Pennsylvania asso- ciated with Hurricane Agnes in 1972, which created epic flooding from the Susquehanna River, had cata- strophic effects upon the Bay. This may have been the “triggering mechanism” for the disappearance of vast areas of underwater sea grasses in the Bay. Un- fortunately, the sea grasses have never recovered, probably due to a combination of pollution, turbid- La Nina, the opposite situation involving cooling ity and excess nutrients associated with the Bay’s Pacific waters, creates drier conditions in these water quality problems. same eastern U. S. areas. These cycles may last Changing salinity levels and water flows are not for periods spanning several years. the only dynamic forces impacting the Bay environ- The North Atlantic Oscillation, a cycle involving ment. Water temperatures vary dramatically on an the location of the predominant high and low pres- annual basis, probably having the highest average sure systems over the Atlantic Ocean that may last annual variance of any location on the East Coast. for a decade or longer, can affect the Bay. When Winter often produces skim ice and even harder the pressure over Iceland is low and is high over freezes on the lower Bay tributary rivers, and sev- the Azores, wetter weather results in the eastern eral times in the last century portions of the main United States. Drier weather occurs when the pres- stem of the Chesapeake Bay have been covered sure is high over Iceland and low over the Azores. with ice. Summertime surface water temperatures Long-term increases in freshwater flowing into in shallow bays may approach, or exceed, 90 the Bay system during “wet” climatic periods not degrees. Sudden changes in temperature, which only affect salinity, but also the delivery of nutri- may occur during extended cold snaps in the fall ents and pollutants. The more freshwater runoff or early winter, can cause water temperatures to into the Bay watershed, the greater the amount drop dramatically. This is particularly true when of nutrients delivered to the system, and this can the cold weather is accompanied by heavy snows have an adverse impact on water quality.

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