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863 Miljøhensyn I Skog 863 Miljøhensyn i skog Relativ betydning av naturreservater, nøkkelbiotoper, livsløpstrær og kantsoner Egil Bendiksen Anne Sverdrup-Thygeson Erling Bergsaker Karl-Henrik Larsson Tone Birkemoe NINAs publikasjoner NINA Rapport Dette er en elektronisk serie fra 2005 som erstatter de tidligere seriene NINA Fagrapport, NINA Oppdragsmelding og NINA Project Report. Normalt er dette NINAs rapportering til oppdragsgiver etter gjennomført forsknings-, overvåkings- eller utredningsarbeid. I tillegg vil serien favne mye av instituttets øvrige rapportering, for eksempel fra seminarer og konferanser, resultater av eget forsk- nings- og utredningsarbeid og litteraturstudier. NINA Rapport kan også utgis på annet språk når det er hensiktsmessig. NINA Temahefte Som navnet angir behandler temaheftene spesielle emner. Heftene utarbeides etter behov og se- rien favner svært vidt; fra systematiske bestemmelsesnøkler til informasjon om viktige problemstil- linger i samfunnet. NINA Temahefte gis vanligvis en populærvitenskapelig form med mer vekt på illustrasjoner enn NINA Rapport. NINA Fakta Faktaarkene har som mål å gjøre NINAs forskningsresultater raskt og enkelt tilgjengelig for et større publikum. De sendes til presse, ideelle organisasjoner, naturforvaltningen på ulike nivå, politikere og andre spesielt interesserte. Faktaarkene gir en kort framstilling av noen av våre viktigste forsk- ningstema. Annen publisering I tillegg til rapporteringen i NINAs egne serier publiserer instituttets ansatte en stor del av sine viten- skapelige resultater i internasjonale journaler, populærfaglige bøker og tidsskrifter. Miljøhensyn i skog Relativ betydning av naturreservater, nøkkelbiotoper, livsløpstrær og kantsoner Egil Bendiksen Anne Sverdrup-Thygeson Erling Bergsaker Karl-Henrik Larsson Tone Birkemoe Norsk institutt for naturforskning NINA Rapport 863 Bendiksen, E., Sverdrup-Thygeson, A., Bergsaker, E., Larsson, K.-H. & Birkemoe, T. 2014. Miljøhensyn i skog. Relativ betyd- ning av naturreservater, nøkkelbiotoper, livsløpstrær og kant- soner. - NINA Rapport 863. 115 s. Oslo, mai 2014 ISSN: 1504-3312 ISBN: 978-82-426-2458-1 RETTIGHETSHAVER © Norsk institutt for naturforskning Publikasjonen kan siteres fritt med kildeangivelse TILGJENGELIGHET Åpen PUBLISERINGSTYPE Digitalt dokument (pdf) REDAKSJON Egil Bendiksen KVALITETSSIKRET AV Erik Framstad ANSVARLIG SIGNATUR Forskningssjef Erik Framstad (sign.) BIDRAGSYTER(E) Norges forskningsråd, Natur og Næring (prosjekt 173927) og Skogtiltaksfondet KONTAKTPERSON(ER) HOS BIDRAGSYTER Olav Gislerud, Petter Nilsen FORSIDEBILDE Slutthogsthensyn i form av gjensatt tregruppe i ett av studieom- rådene, Oslo, Nordmarka, Kamphaugåsen N, foto: AST NØKKELORD Norge, Vestskogen, Østmarka, Nordmarka, Hadelandsåsen, vedboende sopp, biller, skogbehandling, gammelskog, fragmen- tering, rødliste, vedlevende, naturreservat, kantsone, slutt- hogsthensyn, evighetstrær, nøkkelbiotop, MiS (miljøregistrering i skog), naturtypelokalitet KEY WORDS Norway, wood-inhabiting fungi, beetles, forest management, old forest, old-growth, fragmentation, red list, saproxylic, nature re- serve, margin zone, retention patch, woodland key habitat, for- est environmental inventories, nature type locality KONTAKTOPPLYSNINGER NINA hovedkontor NINA Oslo NINA Tromsø NINA Lillehammer Postboks 5685 Sluppen Gaustadalléen 21 Framsenteret Fakkelgården 7485 Trondheim 0349 Oslo 9296 Tromsø 2624 Lillehammer Telefon: 73 80 14 00 Telefon: 73 80 14 00 Telefon: 77 75 04 00 Telefon: 73 80 14 00 Telefaks: 73 80 14 01 Telefaks: 73 80 14 01 Telefaks: 77 75 04 01 Telefaks: 73 80 14 01 www.nina.no 2 NINA Rapport 863 Sammendrag Bendiksen, E., Sverdrup-Thygeson, A., Bergsaker, E., Larsson, K.-H. & Birkemoe, T. 2014. Miljøhensyn i skog. Relativ betydning av naturreservater, nøkkelbiotoper, livsløpstrær og kant- soner. - NINA Rapport 863. 115 s. Rapporten presenterer resultater fra et samarbeidsprosjekt mellom NINA og NORSKOG. Vi har sammenliknet samme type død ved i de tre forvaltningskategoriene naturreservat, nøkkel- biotop og slutthogsthensyn (kantsoner og gjensatte grupper av livsløpstrær), og sett på artsan- tall og -sammensetning av både biller i nydød osp og sopp på granlæger. Undersøkelsen er foretatt i fire ulike landskaper i Sørøst-Norge, nær Oslo, i sør- til mellomboreal sone. Gran er dominerende treslag, og alle stokkene har vært valgt ut fra blåbær- eller småbregneskog. For insektsundersøkelsen, som ble utført i tre av landskapene, ble det felt ferske ospetrær, kappet i lengder på 1 meter. De ble plassert ut stående og parvis med 1,5 meters mellomrom, ett par per prøveflate. Alle tre arealavsetningskategorier ble studert i tre landskap, med 24 stokkpar i hvert av dem, 72 stokkpar totalt. En vindusfelle ble festet til hver stokk. Med to stok- ker var det mulig å sammenlikne billemangfoldet som ble tiltrukket av stokkene med det som faktisk ble produsert i stokkene. For å få til dette ble en av stokkene tildekket med et nett an- nethvert år, etter at begge var åpne for kolonisering i år 1. Vindusfellen hang inne i nettet og fanget insekter som klekket fra stammen. Av vedlevende billearter som inngår i analysen her, ble det registrert 345 arter med til sammen 13208 individer, av 573 arter fanget totalt. Mange arter ble funnet i lave antall; 60 vedlevende arter (17 % av alle vedlevende arter) kun med ett individ. Den vanligste arten, kortvingen Hap- loglossa villosula, forekom med 775 individer (6 % av alle vedlevende individer). 154 av de vedlevende artene er tilknyttet osp i større eller mindre grad, mens 11 har osp som eneste eller foretrukne treslag. Til sammen 21 arter er truet eller nær truet. Både vanlige og rødlistede biller som er tilpasset å leve i nydød osp, syntes langt på vei å kun- ne utnytte slikt substrat uavhengig av om det var lokalisert i et naturreservat, en nøkkelbiotop eller i et slutthogsthensyn. Biller som er spesialisert til å leve i nydød osp, ble fanget i lik arts- rikdom i våre eksperimentstokker i alle tre kategoriene, mens de øvrige ospeassosierte billear- tene hadde høyest artsrikdom i tilknytning til stokker som stod i nøkkelbiotopene. Slutthogst- hensyn-stokkene tiltrakk seg det høyeste artsmangfold av vedlevende biller totalt, inkludert mange arter som ikke kan leve i våre eksperimentstokker. Dette indikerer at forekomst av til- strekkelige mengder egnet dødved-substrat er viktigere enn hvor i landskapet det forekommer, for denne gruppen av biller og i våre studielandskap. Vedboende sopp ble registrert på 390 granstokker, fem for hvert par av ospestokker. For to av landskapene ble alle de tre kategoriene undersøkt, mens for de to øvrige landskapene ble stu- dert bare naturreservat og nøkkelbiotop. Til sammen ble det registrert 205 arter av vedboende sopp, fordelt på 30 poresopper, 169 barksopper og 8 corticoide heterobasidiomyceter. Hele 69 arter ble bare funnet én gang, mens fem arter hadde over hundre stokkforekomster. Totalt ble det observert 23 rødlistearter. Disse utgjorde 161 (5,9 %) av totalt 2745 stokkforekomster. I tillegg ble det undersøkt et antall granlæger i granplantasjer med ungskog, samt foretatt noen mer kvalitative studier i mer påvirket gammelskog. Svært få av disse stokkene hadde rødliste- artsforekomster. For vedboende sopp på granlæger var det en tydelig kontrast i artsrikdom og antall rødlistear- ter mellom naturreservat og nøkkelbiotoper på den ene siden, og gjensatt tregruppe (oftest kantsone langs myr) på den andre siden. Men også her er det viktige nyanser: Når kantsonene var brede og bestod av skog med naturskogskarakter, syntes også den å fungere som leve- sted for en rekke arter, inkludert visse rødlistede arter. Vi fant også en begrenset forskjell i artssammensetningen mellom de forskjellige forvaltningskategoriene. Det var imidlertid for bå- de sopp og biller en større forskjell mellom de ulike landskapene. 3 NINA Rapport 863 Nytteeffekten av å avsette en arealenhet, enten det er som nøkkelbiotop, tregruppe, kantsone eller reservat, kan være høy for alle tre kategorier vurdert ut i fra de kriterier vi har målt i pro- sjektet og med oppfyllelse av ulike roller. Dersom man legger til grunn at den økonomiske kostnaden med å sette igjen virke er den samme for alle kategoriene, blir også det økonomiske tapet likt. Men dette er en forutsetning som ikke alltid holder. Den økonomiske verdien av å kunne høste en ekstra m3 når en drift er planlagt og maskinene i er i felt (grensenytten), er større enn gjennomsnittsverdien pr m3 for et større verneområde eller annet større areal som gjensettes. I virkeligheten kan derfor de minste avsetningene (gjensatte enkelttrær) antas å koste mer per m3 enn de større (naturreservater). På den annen side kan småskala hensyn i større grad plasseres der de koster minst, slik at denne effekten kan reduseres. Resultatene antyder altså at det er en viss valgfrihet i hvordan areal gjensettes, selv om de økologiske resultatene også understreker betydningen av større, dødvedrike områder i sluttet skog for vedboende sopp. Undersøkelsen understreker videre at nøkkelbiotopene har en viktig funksjon for å ivareta rødlistearter. Dette gjelder ikke bare signalarter som i mange tilfeller var registrert på forhånd, men også andre rødlistearter som ikke eller i liten grad kan kjennes mak- roskopisk, men som ble registrert i dette studiet. Soppenes eventuelle spredningsbegrensning- er og nøkkelbiotopers og kantsoners mulige rolle i et spredningsnettverk sammen med natur- reservater er diskutert. Våre resultater viser også at betydningen av kantsonens bredde er vesentlig. Det vil derfor være
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