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Entrepreneurial Pursuit in Academic-Industry Collaboration: an Exploratory Study of Factors Influencing Financial Success in Private Universities in Malaysia

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Entrepreneurial Pursuit in Academic-Industry Collaboration: an Exploratory Study of Factors Influencing Financial Success in Private Universities in Malaysia ENTREPRENEURIAL PURSUIT IN ACADEMIC-INDUSTRY COLLABORATION: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF FACTORS INFLUENCING FINANCIAL SUCCESS IN PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES IN MALAYSIA KIZITO EMMANUEL NYEKO A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Commerce (by Research) Performed at Swinburne University of Technology February 2016 Abstract Entrepreneurship has attracted much attention in the academic circles. Many universities are offering entrepreneurship education courses with the aim of equipping students with entrepreneurial values and skills. Entrepreneurship is also accepted as a legitimate domain of research with many scholarly journals dedicated to advancing knowledge in entrepreneurship theory and practice. More recently, entrepreneurship has been approached as an academic practice that extends beyond the traditional mandates of teaching and research. This is because as competition for student enrolment drives private universities to improve their academic standing and reputations, the academicians are pressured to undertake scholarly activities beyond conventional mandates of teaching and research. The present study is a pioneering attempt to explore multi-level factors that influence the performance of industry engagements by academicians in private universities in Malaysia. In the study, the research hypotheses were structured around three specific research objectives, namely, measure academics’ engagement in entrepreneurial collaborations with industry, investigate the influence of personal variables, and examine multi-level factors on the academics’ engagement in entrepreneurial collaborations. Specifically, selected social-psychological, organisational and inter-organisational factors were analysed. This was accomplished after a concise review of relevant literature which resulted in research objectives and a general conceptual framework with hypotheses to guide the study. To collect data, a cross-sectional design was adopted, where data were collected from a sample of 510 full-time academicians in private universities and foreign branch campus universities in Malaysia. A survey questionnaire was utilised and hypotheses were tested using multiple regression analysis modelling. The study measured respondents’ involvement in 17 academic-industry collaboration activities, related to teaching, research and company-creation. More than 40 percent i of the respondents indicated active and sustained involvement in at least one of six teaching-related collaborations, namely external teaching, development of new degree programmes, placing students as trainees in industry, conducting industry seminars and training, teaching a subject that involves significant interactions with industry and sitting on the committee of industry/ trade bodies. At least 37 percent of the respondents’ indicated active and sustained involvement in at least one of seven research-related collaborations, namely, research-based consultancy through the university, research-based consultancy privately, acquiring external funding, joint-research projects, new product development; providing research-related assistance to small business owners; and secondment to the university. Only, 14 percent of the respondents indicated active and sustained involvement in at least one of five company-creation activities, namely, forming university centres for commercialisation activities, forming spin-off company owned by the university, establishing university incubators and/or science parks; forming joint-venture privately and forming own company. Overall, the study findings show less than half of the respondents were involved in active and sustained collaborations with industry. The results of regression analyses indicate that a number of factors are related to academicians’ industry engagements. First, the academicians’ proactiveness is positively related to breadth of teaching collaborations. Second, readiness to collaborate is positively related to breadth of teaching, research, company-creation, and cross-functional collaborations. Third, universities’ learning orientation is positively related to research and company-creation collaborations. Fourth, strong collaborative purpose is positively related to research collaborations. Fifth, strong collaborative environment is positively related to company-creation engagements. The study also found significant relations between collaborations and selected performance measures. Research collaborations is positively related to performance variable enhanced reputations and resources, while research and teaching engagements are positively related to performance variable effective knowledge transfer. ii The study has three practical implications for policy makers from government agencies, industry and universities who are now able to design more effective policies and management practices by proposing a set of guidelines that universities should follow to get the most value out of their academic industry engagements with industry. Firstly, define the academic-industry collaboration project’s strategic context as part of the selection process. Secondly, universities and their industry partners must share a project’s collaborative purpose with academicians and provide a strong collaborative environment. Lastly, universities should invest in long-term relationships. In addition theoretically, these results fill four important gaps in existing literature. Firstly, the study provides empirical evidence establishing the entrepreneurial industry engagement activities that characterise the academicians’ engagement with industry. Secondly, it establishes the antecedents and consequences of academic-industry collaborations. Thirdly, the study establishes the multi-factors that influence the outcomes of academic-industry collaborations in the Malaysian context. Lastly, this study sought to introduce, and achieved, several methodology improvements. Unlike previous studies that were conducted in one or two universities, the present study involves all private universities in Malaysia. In contrast to previous research with findings based on a limited sample size, which attracted criticism on their validity, this study provided evidence of validity with high number of samples in a real life work scenario. iii Acknowledgment Thank you Almighty God for standing by me and strengthening me throughout my life. He has always been my light, guide and protector by blessing me with mentors, family and friends who have lighted my path and shouldered my burdens. Great are You Lord, and greatly to be praised. Lord you reign. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my principal supervisor, Dr Ngui Kwang Sing and associate supervisor, Dr Voon Mung Ling for their excellent guidance, patience, support structure, detailed feedback and overwhelming devotion to supervising this thesis. I feel greatly honoured and privileged to have the opportunity to work under your tutelage. I remain ever grateful and indebted to both of you. I am thankful to Chair, Human Research Ethics Committee at Swinburne University of Technology, Professor Dr Ken Heskin, Associate Professor Dr Lo May Chiun, Dr Ho Chye Kok and Dr Amer Khan for their guidance, direction, and assistance. They provided me with a detailed feedback and advice on my thesis, which has been instrumental in my completing the thesis. I would like to express sincere appreciation to them for supporting me in many ways throughout the elaboration of this thesis. I would also like to express my appreciation to the Director, Research and Consultancy, Associate Professor Wallace Wong Shung Hui, all the administrative staff in the Research & Consultancy Office and all the administrative staff in the Faculty of Business and Design for their support and corporation toward my postgraduate affairs. To my parents, thank you for constantly tolerating my mood swings and indulging my eccentricities. My deepest gratitude goes to you for having continued faith in me, for not giving up on me, and for being proud of me. To my siblings (Paula, Greyc, Andrew, Simon, Patricia and Jeje), nieces (Natalie, Maria- Luci and Amy), nephew (Samuel) and the most diligent family guard dogs, pets and comrade ones would ever wish for (Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin and Hernia), thank you iv for being the fun in my life. You have always helped me fight for the things I want and need in life and to make me realise that life is worth living and dreams can come true. I’m going to keep fighting, keep living, and keep dreaming. To my friends near and far, thank you for all of the unforgettable memories, advice, companionship, jokes, and one-liners. You all were so supportive of my decision to move to Borneo and constantly push me to be a better person. To my dearest confidant Jemimah, even though we were separated in space and time, you always patiently stand by me, through thick and thin while I pursue my professional career. To Jane Gray and Darren John Angking for your valuable help editing and proofreading. I would like to thank New Zealand Rugby (NZR) teams, namely, All Blacks, Maori All Blacks, All Blacks Sevens, Black Ferns, NZ Women’s Sevens, Provincal Unions, Junior All Blacks, New Zealand Schools, New Zealand Under 20 and Heartland XV. Your dedication and commitment to the craft results in swashbuckling rugby scoring points from seemingly impossible scenarios. This has been responsible for about 20% of my ecstasy and happiness over the past two decades. Last, but certainly not least, to my therapists. Thank you for
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