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Tesismaestriafinal.Pdf UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO UNIDAD ACADÉMICA MAZATLÁN POSGRADO EN CIENCIAS DEL MAR Y LIMNOLOGÍA (BIOLOGÍA MARINA) “TAXONOMÍA DE ESPONJAS PERFORADORAS (DEMOSPONGIAE, PORIFERA) ASOCIADAS A ARRECIFES CORALINOS DEL PACÍFICO ORIENTAL TROPICAL CENTROAMERICANO Y FILOGEOGRAFÍA DE Cliona mucronata” TESIS QUE PARA OPTAR POR EL GRADO ACADÉMICO DE: MAESTRO EN CIENCIAS PRESENTA: CRISTIAN PACHECO SOLANO TUTOR PRINCIPAL DR. JOSÉ LUIS CARBALLO CENIZO INSTITUTO EN CIENCIAS DEL MAR Y LIMNOLOGÍA, UNIDAD ACADÉMICA MAZATLÁN, UNAM COTUTOR DR. JOSÉ ANTONIO CRUZ BARRAZA INSTITUTO EN CIENCIAS DEL MAR Y LIMNOLOGÍA, UNIDAD ACADÉMICA MAZATLÁN, UNAM COMITÉ TUTOR: DR. ALBERTO ABREU GROBOIS INSTITUTO EN CIENCIAS DEL MAR Y LIMNOLOGÍA, UNIDAD ACADÉMICA MAZATLÁN, UNAM DR. ENRIQUE ÁVILA TORRES INSTITUTO EN CIENCIAS DEL MAR Y LIMNOLOGÍA ESTACIÓN DE EL CARMEN, UNAM DR. PÍNDARO DÍAZ JAIMES INSTITUTO EN CIENCIAS DEL MAR Y LIMNOLOGÍA, UNAM MÉXICO, D.F. FEBRERO 2015 “TAXONOMÍA DE ESPONJAS PERFORADORAS (DEMOSPONGIAE, PORIFERA) ASOCIADAS A ARRECIFES CORALINOS DEL PACÍFICO ORIENTAL TROPICAL CENTROAMERICANO Y FILOGEOGRAFÍA DE Cliona mucronata” TESIS QUE PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE: MAESTRO EN CIENCIAS (BIOLOGÍA MARINA) PRESENTA: CRISTIAN PACHECO SOLANO DIRECTOR DE TESIS: DR. JOSÉ LUIS CARBALLO CENIZO COMITÉ TUTORAL DR. JOSÉ ANTONIO CRUZ BARRAZA DR. ALBERTO ABREU GROBOIS DR. ENRIQUE ÁVILA TORRES DR PÍNDARO DÍAZ JAIMES MAZATLÁN, SINALOA 2015 Agradecimientos Agradezco al Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, así como al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de México por el apoyo académico y económico que me permito llevar a cabo estos estudios de maestría. Así como expresar mi agradecimiento a la Fundación Henrich Böll por el apoyo que recibí como becario para realizar mis estudios en los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Agradezco al doctor José Luis Carballo, que hizo posible mi estancia en su laboratorio y que con su paciencia y consejo es que ahora logro concluir esta investigación. También agradezco a los doctores: José Antonio Cruz, Alberto Abreu, Enrique Ávila y Píndaro Díaz por sus correcciones y comentarios en la elaboración de este documento, el cual representa tiempo y dedicación de todos ellos. Agradezco la ayuda de la biologa Yolanda Hornelas que con su paciencia y dedicación hizo posibles algunas de las fotos de microscopía electrónica que se presentan en esta investigación. Agradezco a toda la gente del laboratorio de Ecología del Bentos: Benjamín Yáñez, Cristina Vega, Jesús Armando Chavez, Lilia Rendón, Eric Bautista, y Julio Ventura con los que compartí mi trabajo en el laboratorio y una que otra gira. A ellos les agradezco especialmente las atenciones y consejos. Los mejores deseos en sus proyectos. Además deseo animar a las nuevas generaciones del laboratorio: Jéssica Orrante y Mateo Amillano, que disfruten de la ciencia tanto como lo hago yo. Agradezco al Dr. Jorge Cortés, que desde Costa Rica me apoya con su consejo, trabajo de campo e invitaciones a colaborar en manuscritos. Verdaderamente considero que su colaboración ha sido muy importante en mi desarrollo profesional. Por último agradecer a mis padres todo el apoyo que me han dado desde el inicio de la carrera y durante la maestría. Su acompañamiento y consejo, han contribuido en gran medida al éxito de esta gran aventura en país extranjero. Índice de Contenido Introducción .................................................................................................................. 1 Objetivos ....................................................................................................................... 3 General: ............................................................................................................................... 3 Específicos: ........................................................................................................................... 3 Sitio de estudio: ............................................................................................................. 3 Capítulo I ....................................................................................................................... 6 Taxonomía de Esponjas Perforadoras del POT Centroamericano ............................................ 6 Esponjas perforadoras del POT Centroamericano reportadas en la literatura ....................................... 8 Materiales y Métodos ........................................................................................................... 9 Resultados .......................................................................................................................... 11 Orden Hadromerida Topsent, 1894 ......................................................................................................... 11 Familia Clionaidae d´Orbigny, 1851 ......................................................................................................... 12 Cliona amplicavata Rützler, 1974 ........................................................................................................ 13 Cliona californiana Laubenfels, 1932 .................................................................................................. 17 Cliona euryphylla Topsent, 1887 ......................................................................................................... 21 Cliona microstrongylata Carballo & Cruz-Barraza, 2005 ..................................................................... 25 Cliona mucronata Sollas, 1878. ........................................................................................................... 29 Cliona pocillopora Bautista-Guerrero, Carballo, Cruz-Barraza & Nava 2006. ..................................... 29 Cliona tropicalis Cruz-Barraza, Carballo, Bautista-Guerrero & Nava, 2011. ........................................ 32 Cliona vermifera Hancock, 1867. ......................................................................................................... 34 Cliothosa tylostrongylata Cruz-Barraza, Carballo, Bautista-Guerrero, Nava 2011 .............................. 40 Pione cf. carpenteri (Hancock, 1867) ................................................................................................... 44 Pione cf. mazatlanensis (Hancock, 1867) ............................................................................................ 48 Orden Astrophorida Sollas, 1888 ............................................................................................................. 51 Familia Thoosidae Rosell & Uriz, 1997 ..................................................................................................... 52 Thoosa mismalolli Carballo, Cruz-Barraza & Gómez 2004 .................................................................. 53 Thoosa cf. calpulli Carballo, Cruz-Barraza, Gómez 2004. .................................................................... 58 Discusión ............................................................................................................................ 63 Conclusión .......................................................................................................................... 69 Bibliografía ......................................................................................................................... 71 Capítulo II .................................................................................................................... 81 Análisis morfológico y filogeográfico de la esponja Cliona mucronata: ¿especie cosmopolita o especies hermanas? ................................................................................................................ 81 INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................................................. 81 MATERIALES Y METODOS .................................................................................................... 83 RESULTADOS ...................................................................................................................... 89 Descripción morfológica de la especie ................................................................................. 89 Análisis morfológico................................................................................................................................. 93 Análisis molecular .................................................................................................................................. 104 DISCUSIÓN........................................................................................................................ 108 Distribución cosmopolita de Cliona mucronata .................................................................................... 108 Variación espicular de Cliona cf. mucronata en el POT ......................................................................... 110 Variación espicular en el Caribe ............................................................................................................. 111 Variación molecular en D2-28S .............................................................................................................. 112 Variación molecular de COI ................................................................................................................... 113 CONCLUSIÓN .................................................................................................................... 116 Referencias ......................................................................................................................
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