DOCSLIB.ORG

Guidelines and Management Practices for Artificial Reef Siting, Use, Construction, and Anchoring in Southeast Florida

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Guidelines and Management Practices for Artificial Reef Siting, Use, Construction, and Anchoring in Southeast Florida Guidelines and Management Practices for Artificial Reef Siting, Use, Construction, and Anchoring in Southeast Florida Updated: June 2011 TP-176 Southeast Florida Coral Reef Initiative Maritime Industry and Coastal Construction Impacts (MICCI) Local Action Strategy Project 18 & 19 Southeast Florida Coral Reef Initiative Guidelines and Management Practices for Artificial Reef Siting, Use, Construction, and Anchoring in Southeast Florida Completed in Fulfillment of PR4104144-V3 for Southeast Florida Coral Reef Initiative Maritime Industry and Coastal Construction Impacts (MICCI) Local Action Strategy Project 18 & 19 Florida Department of Environmental Protection Coral Reef Conservation Program 1277 N.E. 79th Street Causeway Miami, FL 33138 This report should be cited as follows: Lindberg, W.J. and W. Seaman (editors). 2011. Guidelines and Management Practices for Artificial Reef Siting, Use, Construction, and Anchoring in Southeast Florida. Florida Department of Environmental Protection. Miami, FL. xi and 150 pages. This publication was edited and revised for the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP) by the Florida Sea Grant College Program at the University of Florida. Funding for this publication was provided by a Coral Reef Conservation Program grant from the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management Award No. NA06N0S4190100, and by the FDEP, through its Coral Reef Conservation Program. The total cost of the project was $24,723, of which 100 percent was provided by NOAA. The views, statements, findings, conclusions and recommendations expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the State of Florida, the Department of Commerce, NOAA or any of its subagencies. Cover photograph courtesy of: Miami-Dade County Department of Environmental Resource Management Maritime Industry and i Guidelines & Management Practices for Artificial Reefs Coastal Construction Impacts June 2011 Southeast Florida Coral Reef Initiative Contributors Joanna C. Walczak, Florida Department of Environmental Protection Coral Reef Conservation Program Keith Mille, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Artificial Reef Program Jocelyn Karazsia, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service – Habitat Conservation Division Melody White, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Steve Blair, Sara Thanner and Melissa Sathe, Miami – Dade County Ken Banks, Broward County Janet Phipps, Carman Vare and Brock Stanaland, Palm Beach County Kathy Fitzpatrick and Baret Barry, Martin County Editors and Contributors William Lindberg and William Seaman, University of Florida Dorothy Zimmerman, Florida Sea Grant College Program at the University of Florida Acknowledgments The contributors drew significant information from a plan for artificial reefs in Florida prepared in 1992 by DeWitt Myatt and Evelyn Myatt, and are grateful for that resource. The editors thank Jackie Whitehouse for technical assistance in preparing the manuscript. Additional thanks to the MICCI 18&19 project team and public reviewers. Maritime Industry and ii Guidelines & Management Practices for Artificial Reefs Coastal Construction Impacts June 2011 Southeast Florida Coral Reef Initiative Preface This document is one means of putting into action concerns for the conservation and health of the important, valued and numerous coral reefs of southeast Florida. It addresses a specific type of undersea construction that has impacted coral ecosystems but also offers a tool for repair of damage to them. That tool is the deployment of structures on the sea floor to serve as artificial reefs. In fact, artificial habitat materials such as limestone boulders and concrete are already in use to “mimic” to varying degrees the natural structure and ecological function of coral habitats, and thereby hasten recovery and repair damage from accidental vessel groundings, as well as intentional disturbances such as occur with the laying of submarine cables. To the degree possible, state-of-the-art practices concerning artificial reef science and technology are presented in this document. In some cases, so-called “best practices” are based on solid research; in others it is a matter of relying on tried-and-true practical experiences that have evolved over time. As a first document of its kind in Florida, it offers a benchmark for developing future science-based guidance for the placement of artificial reefs in waters where coral reefs are found. At this stage of the technology, it is realistic to defer “teasing out” best management practices into distinct pages until the next edition of this document. The history of planning and developing artificial reefs in southeast Florida, as well as across the state generally, features strong involvement and leadership of volunteers. In many cases, private citizens laid the foundations for more recently organized artificial reef programs in county governmental departments. Meanwhile, this document came to exist because a group of public servants, employed in various federal, state, and mostly local agencies concerned with natural resources and coastal environments devoted time outside of their normal employment responsibilities to draft its various chapters. It has been a privilege to work with these dedicated colleagues in editing the present version. William J. Lindberg William Seaman, Jr. June 2011 Maritime Industry and iii Guidelines & Management Practices for Artificial Reefs Coastal Construction Impacts June 2011 Southeast Florida Coral Reef Initiative Contents Contributors ........................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. ii Preface .................................................................................................................................. iii Chapter 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Rationale, Purpose and Readership of the Document ................................. 4 1.2 Artificial Reefs in an Environmental Context ............................................... 8 1.3 Artificial Reefs in a Resource Planning Context ........................................... 9 1.4 Best Management Practices and Acceptable or Customary Management Practices Concerning Artificial Reefs ............................................................. 12 1.5 Contact Information .......................................................................................... 13 Chapter 2. Environmental and Management Context for Artificial Reefs in Southeast Florida ............................................................................................ 14 2.1 What Constitutes an Artificial Reef? ............................................................... 14 2.2 Fisheries and Artificial Reefs in Southeast Florida: Status, Trends, Historical Issues ....................................................................................................... 15 2.2.1 Artificial Reefs in Florida ............................................................................ 15 2.2.2 Artificial Reef Trends in Southeast Florida ......................................... 16 2.2.3 Historical Lessons Learned .................................................................... 18 2.2.4 Socioeconomic Aspects of Artificial Reefs ........................................... 18 2.2.5 Overview of Southeast Florida Offshore Reef Habitats and Fisheries ............................................................................................. 21 2.3 Ecological Functions of Artificial Reefs in the Fishery ..................................... 23 2.3.1 Reproductive and Life-History Functions ............................................... 23 2.3.2 Trophic Functions: Who Eats Whom ........................................................ 24 2.3.3 Refuge Functions .......................................................................................... 25 2.3.4 Interaction and Tradeoffs between Habitat Functions of Food and Shelter ............................................................................................ 27 2.3.5 Behavioral Stimuli ................................................................................... 28 2.3.6 Hydrodynamic Effects ........................................................................... 28 2.4 Fisheries Management Issues and Considerations ....................................... 29 2.4.1 Production Considerations: Ecological and Economic ......................... 30 2.4.2 Spatial Considerations ............................................................................ 32 2.4.3 Fishery Dynamics Considerations ....................................................... 32 2.5 Artificial Reef Research Questions .................................................................. 33 Chapter 3. Administrative Responsibilities, Risk Management Concerns and Funding ..................................................................................................... 38 3.1 Elements of Program Success and Viability .................................................. 38 3.1.1 Artificial Reef Committee ...................................................................... 38 Maritime Industry and iv Guidelines
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Safety and Rescue
    SAFETY AND RESCUE Ventilation and Fueling everyone on your boat knows the location of the fire the tide changes direction is known as “slack water.” extinguisher and its use. Operation of a fire extinguish- “High tide” is the highest level a tide reaches during Gasoline fumes are heavier than air and will er is rather simple. Just remember PASS. ascending waters, and “low tide” is the lowest level a settle to the lowest part of the boat’s interior hull, tide reaches during descending waters. the bilge. All motorboats, except open boats, must The tidal cycle is the high tide followed approxi- have at least two ventilator ducts with cowls (intake Running Aground mately 6 hours later by low tide (two highs and two and exhaust). Exhaust blowers are part of most boat Keep a sharp lookout when traveling on waters lows per day). The tidal range is the vertical distance ventilation systems. Permanently installed fuel that have shallow areas to avoid running aground. between high and low tides. The tidal range varies tanks must be vented. Navigational charts, buoys, and depth finders can from 1 to 11 feet in Pennsylvania on the Delaware Most boat explosions occur from improper fuel- assist in this task. If you run aground and the impact River. Boaters should consult tide tables for times of ing. Portable gas tanks should be filled on the dock does not appear to cause a leak, follow these steps to high and low tides. or pier, not on board. The vent on the tank should refloat the boat: be closed and the gas pumped carefully, maintain- • Do not put the boat in reverse.
    [Show full text]
  • TP 170 2010 Florida Artificial Reef Summit Abstracts
    Conference Sponsors These organizations are contributing to the research and outreach that supports the wise development of artificial reef programs and sustainable management of Florida’s marine fishery. 2010 FLORIDA Platinum MARI AN NE Artificial IC G R R E O M U A P N o 3 r 3 fo 00 lk, 0- VA (757) 99 Reef Summit Gold Silver Bronze Abstracts & Program January 21-23, 2010 • Cocoa Beach, Florida Conference Organizing Sponsors As chairs of the organizing committee, we welcome you to the 2010 Florida Artificial Reef Summit. With 1,357 miles of coastline, involvement by 34 different counties, and over 2,500 artificial reefs deployed to date, Florida manages one of the most diverse and most active artificial reef programs in the United States. Because artificial reef development in Florida works with, and depends upon, a network of local partners, inter-county coordina- tion and communication is critical to ensure successful implementation of statewide strate- gic objectives for artificial reef development. This Summit occurs every 3 to 5 years and provides the format for local partners to meet and exchange information. It is a critical opportunity for the Florida Fish and Wildlife Con- In Memoriam servation Commission Artificial Reef Program and Florida Sea Grant to disperse high-quality information, experience and program goals and objectives directly with all of Florida’s The 2010 Artificial Reef Summit is dedicated to the memory of Chris Koepfer, the long-time Lee County Arti- artificial reef stakeholders. ficial Reef Coordinator who passed away in 2009. Chris was a well-respected member of Florida’s artificial reef community and played a major role in establishing one of the most successful county artificial reef programs in This will be the eighth Summit.
    [Show full text]
  • US COLD WAR AIRCRAFT CARRIERS Forrestal, Kitty Hawk and Enterprise Classes
    US COLD WAR AIRCRAFT CARRIERS Forrestal, Kitty Hawk and Enterprise Classes BRAD ELWARD ILLUSTRATED BY PAUL WRIGHT © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com NEW VANGUARD 211 US COLD WAR AIRCRAFT CARRIERS Forrestal, Kitty Hawk and Enterprise Classes BRAD ELWARD ILLUSTRATED BY PAUL WRIGHT © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 4 ORIGINS OF THE CARRIER AND THE SUPERCARRIER 5 t World War II Carriers t Post-World War II Carrier Developments t United States (CVA-58) THE FORRESTAL CLASS 11 FORRESTAL AS BUILT 14 t Carrier Structures t The Flight Deck and Hangar Bay t Launch and Recovery Operations t Stores t Defensive Systems t Electronic Systems and Radar t Propulsion THE FORRESTAL CARRIERS 20 t USS Forrestal (CVA-59) t USS Saratoga (CVA-60) t USS Ranger (CVA-61) t USS Independence (CVA-62) THE KITTY HAWK CLASS 26 t Major Differences from the Forrestal Class t Defensive Armament t Dimensions and Displacement t Propulsion t Electronics and Radars t USS America, CVA-66 – Improved Kitty Hawk t USS John F. Kennedy, CVA-67 – A Singular Class THE KITTY HAWK AND JOHN F. KENNEDY CARRIERS 34 t USS Kitty Hawk (CVA-63) t USS Constellation (CVA-64) t USS America (CVA-66) t USS John F. Kennedy (CVA-67) THE ENTERPRISE CLASS 40 t Propulsion t Stores t Flight Deck and Island t Defensive Armament t USS Enterprise (CVAN-65) BIBLIOGRAPHY 47 INDEX 48 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com US COLD WAR AIRCRAFT CARRIERS FORRESTAL, KITTY HAWK AND ENTERPRISE CLASSES INTRODUCTION The Forrestal-class aircraft carriers were the world’s first true supercarriers and served in the United States Navy for the majority of America’s Cold War with the Soviet Union.
    [Show full text]
  • I. I NOV20 2017
    or UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration * i. I NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE Southeast Regional Office 4rES O LQi 3U Ie1U SOU St. Petersburg, Florida 33701-5505 http://sero.nmfs.noaa.gov F/SER3 1: NMB SER-2015- 17616 NOV20 2017 Mr. Donald W. Kinard Chief, Regulatory Division U.S. Army Corps of Engineers P.O. Box 4970 Jacksonville, Florida 32232-0019 Ref.: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Jacksonville District’s Programmatic Biological Opinion (JAXBO) Dear Mr. Kinard: Enclosed is the National Marine Fisheries Service’s (NMFS’s) Programmatic Biological Opinion (Opinion) based on our review of the impacts associated with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE’s) Jacksonville District’s authorization of 10 categories of minor in-water activities within Florida and the U.S. Caribbean (Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands). The Opinion analyzes the effects from 10 categories of minor in-water activities occurring in Florida and the U.S. Caribbean on sea turtles (loggerhead, leatherback, Kemp’s ridley, hawksbill, and green); smalitooth sawfish; Nassau grouper; scalloped hammerhead shark, Johnson’s seagrass; sturgeon (Gulf, shortnose, and Atlantic); corals (elkhom, staghorn, boulder star, mountainous star, lobed star, rough cactus, and pillar); whales (North Atlantic right whale, sei, blue, fin, and sperm); and designated critical habitat for Johnson’s seagrass; smalltooth sawfish; sturgeon (Gulf and Atlantic); sea turtles (green, hawksbill, leatherback, loggerhead); North Atlantic right whale; and elkhorn and staghorn corals in accordance with Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act. We also analyzed effects on the proposed Bryde’s whale.
    [Show full text]
  • A Numerical Assessment of Artificial Reef Pass Wave-Induced Currents As a Renewable Energy Source
    Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article A Numerical Assessment of Artificial Reef Pass Wave-Induced Currents as a Renewable Energy Source Damien Sous 1,2 1 Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Université de Toulon, 13288 La Garde, France; [email protected]; Tel.: +33-(0)4-9114-2109 2 Univ Pau & Pays Adour/E2S UPPA, Chaire HPC-Waves, Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Ingénieur Appliquées à la Méchanique et au Génie Electrique - Fédération IPRA, EA4581, 64600 Anglet, France Received: 21 July 2019; Accepted: 19 August 2019; Published: 22 August 2019 Abstract: The present study aims to estimate the potential of artificial reef pass as a renewable source of energy. The overall idea is to mimic the functioning of natural reef–lagoon systems in which the cross-reef pressure gradient induced by wave breaking is able to drive an outward flow through the pass. The objective is to estimate the feasibility of a positive energy breakwater, combining the usual wave-sheltering function of immersed breakwater together with the production of renewable energy by turbines. A series of numerical simulations is performed using a depth-averaged model to understand the effects of each geometrical reef parameter on the reef–lagoon hydrodynamics. A synthetic wave and tide climate is then imposed to estimate the potential power production. An annual production between 50 and 70 MWh is estimated. Keywords: artificial reef; positive energy breakwater; numerical simulation; turbines 1. Introduction Low-lying nearshore areas host a significant and increasing population. Under the combined actions of sea level rise [1], modified storm patterns [2], and increasing urbanization, these regions will face growing risks of submersion, inundation, and erosion [3–6].
    [Show full text]
  • Politecnico Di Milano Performance and Cost
    POLITECNICO DI MILANO Scuola di Ingegneria Industriale e dell’Informazione Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Ingegneria Energetica Dipartimento di Energia PERFORMANCE AND COST ASSESSMENT OF INTEGRATED SOLAR COMBINED CYCLES USING DIRECT STEAM GENERATION IN LINEAR COLLECTORS Relatore: Prof. Andrea GIOSTRI Co-Relatore: Prof. Marco BINOTTI Tesi di Laurea di: Angela D’Angelo, matricola 817329 Alessandra Ferrara, matricola 816318 Anno Accademico 2014-2015 Summary The incoming sun radiation can be converted in electricity directly with photovoltaic technology, or transferred to a working fluid and then converted into electric energy into a power plant. Costs of solar thermal collectors employed in stand-alone power plants are noticeably higher than more mature technologies one. A suitable alternative to exploit the solar thermal energy is the integration of solar collectors in already existing fossil-fuelled power plants; in this way, the investment cost of the power block is avoided and solar thermal energy is converted at higher efficiency. The present thesis work presents the analysis of several layouts of Integrated Solar Combined Cycle (ISCCs) in terms of nominal and annual performances and costs of the electricity. In the first part of the work, an analysis of the existing integrated plants and the state of the art of the ISCC technology have been presented. Advantages and disadvantages of the integration of solar collectors in different kind of power plants have been pointed out and a literature review of present studies about ISCCs has been made. Several commercial solar collectors have been analysed and a thermal model has been built to estimate the heat losses of collectors receiver.
    [Show full text]
  • Seminar on Hydraulic 3 ·"' ,,- Laboratory·~ Techniq~Es • , R And·
    Seminar on Hydraulic 3 ·"' ,,- Laboratory·~ Techniq~es • , r and·... Instrutnentation ' '\ -(,,: I ,;;;.,-. ..... '\ . ~ . October l r3, ~1980 l,' ~ ".,/ ',. .. : ~ - . ~~ -~ INTRODUCTION Since 1956 Government laboratories have been meeting to exchange ideas on hydraulic laboratory techniques and instrumentation. These meetings have been held at about 2-year intervals. This seminar was the eleventh of the series and represented a radical departure from the traditional participants. For the first time, university and private laboratories were invited to attend. This outside participation added additional spice to the meetings. To maximize the exchange of information, participation was limited by invitation to the major laboratories in the United States. A strong emphasis was placed upon discussions of what did not work as well as what was successful. In addition to the scheduled talks, an impromptu session was held to discuss "who knows about ?" One of the highlights of the seminar was a panel discussion following the banquet concerning the management of research from the Government, private industry, and university viewpoints. Surprisingly, there were far more similarities than differences between the three types of laboratories. The format of this report is an overall summary of each session, comments on each paper, followed by the papers. It was felt that this format promoted the greatest amount of candid response from the participants. Seminar Agenda Organizing Committee Danny L. King E. J. Carlson Henry T. Falvey Thomas J. Rhone Session
    [Show full text]
  • IMCA D022 the Diving Supervisor's Manual
    AB The International Marine Contractors Association The Diving Supervisor’s Manual IMCA D 022 www.imca-int.com May 2000, incorporating the May 2002 erratum AB The International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA) is the international trade association representing offshore, marine and underwater engineering companies. IMCA promotes improvements in quality, health, safety, environmental and technical standards through the publication of information notes, codes of practice and by other appropriate means. Members are self-regulating through the adoption of IMCA guidelines as appropriate. They commit to act as responsible members by following relevant guidelines and being willing to be audited against compliance with them by their clients. There are two core committees that relate to all members: Safety, Environment & Legislation Training, Certification & Personnel Competence The Association is organised through four distinct divisions, each covering a specific area of members’ interests: Diving, Marine, Offshore Survey, Remote Systems & ROV. There are also four regional sections which facilitate work on issues affecting members in their local geographic area – Americas Deepwater, Asia-Pacific, Europe & Africa and Middle East & India. IMCA D 022 The Diving Supervisor’s Manual was produced for IMCA, under the direction of its Diving Division Management Committee, by Paul Williams. www.imca-int.com/diving The information contained herein is given for guidance only and endeavours to reflect best industry practice. For the avoidance of doubt no legal liability shall attach to any guidance and/or recommendation and/or statement herein contained. The Diving Supervisor’s Manual First edition, 2000 Published by The International Marine Contractors Association Carlyle House, 235 Vauxhall Bridge Road, London SW1V 1EJ, UK www.imca-int.com © IMCA 2000 ISBN: 1-903513-00-6 The Diving Supervisor’s Manual Chapter 1 - Introduction.........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • SAFETY PRACTICES a BASIC GUIDE Adopted January 2002 Amended October 2014
    INTERSCHOLASTIC SAILING ASSOCIATION SAFETY PRACTICES A BASIC GUIDE Adopted January 2002 Amended October 2014 Special thanks to our sister organization, the Intercollegiate Sailing Association of North America, for allowing us to use this Safety Guide, modeled after their own. TABLE OF CONTENTS General Safety Practices ..................................................... 1 Personal Equipment ............................................................ 2 Personal Training ................................................................ 4 Capsizes ............................................................................... 4 Safety Boats ........................................................................ 5 Safety Boat Crew Training ................................................... 6 Head Injury Awareness ....................................................... 9 References .......................................................................... 9 Foreword: Interscholastic (high school) sailing requires competitors to be safety conscious. It is our obligation to maintain the positive safety record that Interscholastic Sailing Association has enjoyed over the past 85 years. This is a BASIC GUIDE for Member Schools and District Associations to follow in regard to SAFETY PRACTICES during regattas, and instructional and recreational sailing. George H. Griswold As amended by Bill Campbell for ISSA 1. GENERAL SAFETY PRACTICES You sail because you enjoy it. In order to enhance and guarantee your enjoyment, there are a number of general
    [Show full text]
  • Harbor Protection Through Construction of Artificial Submerged Reefs
    Harbor Protection through Construction of Artificial Submerged Reefs Amarjit Singh, Vallam Sundar, Enrique Alvarez, Roberto Porro, Michael Foley (www.hawaii.gov) 2 Outline • Background of Artificial Reefs • Multi-Purpose Artificial Submerged Reefs (MPASRs) ▫ Coastline Protection ▫ Harbor Protection • MPASR Concept for Kahului Harbor, Maui ▫ Situation ▫ Proposed Solution • Summary 3 Background First documented First specifically Artificial reefs in First artificial reef Artificial reefs in artificial reefs in designed artificial Hawaii– concrete/tire in Hawaii Hawaii – concrete Z- U.S. reefs in U.S. modules modules 1830’s 1961 1970’s 1985-1991 1991- Present • Uses • Materials ▫ Create Marine Habitat ▫ Rocks; Shells ▫ Enhance Fishing ▫ Trees ▫ Recreational Diving Sites ▫ Concrete Debris ▫ Surfing Enhancement ▫ Ships; Car bodies ▫ Coastal Protection ▫ Designed concrete modules ▫ Geosynthetic Materials 4 Multi-Purpose Artificial Submerged Reefs (MPASRs) Specifically designed artificial reef which can provide: • Coastline Protection or Harbor Protection ▫ Can help restore natural beach dynamics by preventing erosion ▫ Can reduce wave energy transmitted to harbor entrances • Marine Habitat Enhancement ▫ Can provide environment for coral growth and habitat fish and other marine species. ▫ Coral can be transplanted to initiate/accelerate coral growth • Recreational Uses ▫ Surfing enhancement: can provide surfable breaking waves where none exist ▫ Diving/Snorkeling: can provide site for recreational diving and snorkeling 5 MPASRs as Coastal Protection Wave Transmission: MPASRs can reduce wave energy transmitted to shoreline. Kt = Ht/Hi K = H /H t t i Breakwater K = wave transmission t Seabed coefficient, (Pilarczyk 2003) Ht= transmitted wave height shoreward of structure Hi = incident wave height seaward of structure. 6 MPASRs as Coastal Protection • Wave Refraction: MPASR causes wave refraction around the reef, focusing wave energy in a different direction.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Reef Effects of Offshore Wind Farm Strucurse and Potential for Enhancement and Mitigation
    REVIEW OF REEF EFFECTS OF OFFSHORE WIND FARM STRUCTURES AND POTENTIAL FOR ENHANCEMENT AND MITIGATION JANUARY 2008 IN ASSOCIATION WITH Review of the reef effects of offshore wind farm structures and potential for enhancement and mitigation Report to the Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform PML Applications Ltd in association with Scottish Association of Marine Sciences (SAMS) Contract No : RFCA/005/00029P This report may be cited as follows: Linley E.A.S., Wilding T.A., Black K., Hawkins A.J.S. and Mangi S. (2007). Review of the reef effects of offshore wind farm structures and their potential for enhancement and mitigation. Report from PML Applications Ltd and the Scottish Association for Marine Science to the Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (BERR), Contract No: RFCA/005/0029P Acknowledgements Acknowledgements The Review of Reef Effects of Offshore Wind Farm Structures and Potential for Enhancement and Mitigation was prepared by PML Applications Ltd and the Scottish Association for Marine Science. This project was undertaken as part of the UK Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (BERR) offshore wind energy research programme, and managed on behalf of BERR by Hartley Anderson Ltd. We are particularly indebted to John Hartley and other members of the Research Advisory Group for their advice and guidance throughout the production of this report, and to Keith Hiscock and Antony Jensen who also provided detailed comment on early drafts. Numerous individuals have also contributed their advice, particularly in identifying data resources to assist with the analysis. We are particularly indebted to Angela Wratten, Chris Jenner, Tim Smyth, Mark Trimmer, Francis Bunker, Gero Vella, Robert Thornhill, Julie Drew, Adrian Maddocks, Robert Lillie, Tony Nott, Ben Barton, David Fletcher, John Leballeur, Laurie Ayling and Stephen Lockwood – who in the course of passing on information also contributed their ideas and thoughts.
    [Show full text]
  • Know About Boating Before You Go Floating
    Know About Boating Before You Go Floating KEY TERMS All-around white light: Navigation light that Gunwale: Upper edge of a boat’s side. is visible in all directions around the boat from Hull: The main body of a boat. 2 miles away. Port: The left side of a boat. Bow: The front part of a boat. Propeller: A device with two or more blades Buoy: An object that floats on the water in that turn quickly and cause a boat to move. a bay, river, lake or other body of water and Sidelights: Red (port side) and green provides information to boats. (starboard side) navigation lights on a boat, Capsize: To turn a craft upside down in visible from 1 mile away. the water. Skipper: The person who commands a boat. Cleat: A wooden or metal fitting on the deck Starboard: The right side of a boat. of a boat. It has two projecting horns around which a rope or line may be tied. Stern: The back part of a boat. OBJECTIVES After completing this lesson, students will be able to: zz Name the main parts of a boat. zz Explain some boating terms. zz Describe some important safety equipment that should be on a boat. zz Demonstrate putting on a life jacket. zz Explain how to board a boat. zz Understand how to balance a boat. zz Explain what to do if a boat capsizes (turns over). MATERIALS, EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES zz Poster: Know About Boating Before You Go Floating zz Several Type II and/or Type III life jackets (in the various sizes that would fit the students) zz Mat or tape to create outline of boat zz Chairs (6) zz Watch or clock with a second hand zz Crayons, markers
    [Show full text]