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Politecnico Di Milano Performance and Cost

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Politecnico Di Milano Performance and Cost POLITECNICO DI MILANO Scuola di Ingegneria Industriale e dell’Informazione Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Ingegneria Energetica Dipartimento di Energia PERFORMANCE AND COST ASSESSMENT OF INTEGRATED SOLAR COMBINED CYCLES USING DIRECT STEAM GENERATION IN LINEAR COLLECTORS Relatore: Prof. Andrea GIOSTRI Co-Relatore: Prof. Marco BINOTTI Tesi di Laurea di: Angela D’Angelo, matricola 817329 Alessandra Ferrara, matricola 816318 Anno Accademico 2014-2015 Summary The incoming sun radiation can be converted in electricity directly with photovoltaic technology, or transferred to a working fluid and then converted into electric energy into a power plant. Costs of solar thermal collectors employed in stand-alone power plants are noticeably higher than more mature technologies one. A suitable alternative to exploit the solar thermal energy is the integration of solar collectors in already existing fossil-fuelled power plants; in this way, the investment cost of the power block is avoided and solar thermal energy is converted at higher efficiency. The present thesis work presents the analysis of several layouts of Integrated Solar Combined Cycle (ISCCs) in terms of nominal and annual performances and costs of the electricity. In the first part of the work, an analysis of the existing integrated plants and the state of the art of the ISCC technology have been presented. Advantages and disadvantages of the integration of solar collectors in different kind of power plants have been pointed out and a literature review of present studies about ISCCs has been made. Several commercial solar collectors have been analysed and a thermal model has been built to estimate the heat losses of collectors receiver. The reference Combined Cycle has been designed in Thermoflex®, using the HRSG arrangement of an existing combined cycle and thermodynamic inputs from the European Benchmarking Task Force (EBTF) document. The behaviour of this plant has been analysed in off-design conditions and its annual performances have been obtained. The base cycle has been used as a base to build the Integrated Solar Combined Cycle layouts. Several different integrations on the bottoming cycle have been studied, including integrations with revamping of some components. In addition, fuel preheating and solar cooling hybridisations have been investigated. Nominal conditions evaluation has been performed for all ISCC layouts. Variation of temperature, effective DNI and load have been simulated for a defined series of values, to obtain a good interpolation of parameters; this is necessary in order to evaluate the response of the power plant to meteorological conditions variation. The chosen location for the ISCC is Las Vegas, with a typical desert climate, high annual DNI and high mean temperatures. Meteorological data for Las Vegas were taken from the National Renewable Summary Energy Database (NREL). Effective DNI has been evaluated for each collector for every hour of the year, starting from the calculated sun position. To analyse the power plants behaviour at varying operating conditions, both daily and annual simulations have been carried out. It must be noticed that, with the aim of avoiding the overload on the steam turbine, a control on GTs load has been activated to limit the inlet steam turbine mass flow at about 115% of its nominal value. Yearly simulations have been carried out for a power boosting scenario, assuming full load operation for 8760 h per year, and for a fuel saving scenario, where the power plants had to follow a scheduled power request. Results of yearly simulations have been employed in the economic analysis. The cost of the electricity produced has been evaluated, using the International Energy Agency (IEA) simplified method, based on the Levelised Cost of Electricity (LCOE). A sensitivity analysis on the main economic assumption (i.e. fuel price and solar field specific cost) has also been performed. Power boosting scenario simulations have been performed for all configurations analysed and the ISCC layout with best performances has been found. In this case, the parameter of merit selected is the solar marginal LCOE, since it is the more appropriate for comparisons among different solar configurations. Then, the best configuration has been simulated in fuel saving scenario over a year period. In this case, the LCOE is regarded as the suitable parameter of merit, since it accounts for different fuel expenditures for the analysed configuration. In the last section of this work, considerations about obtained results are exposed. It has been found that, thermodynamically, the best layouts are the ones that includes a superheating section. The cost analysis concluded that the layout with integration of high pressure evaporation only (EVA HP layout) shows the best compromise between additional electricity production and incremental costs. However, the cost of electricity generated in this ISCC results higher than the one produced in the reference combined cycle. In the fuel saving scenario, EVA HP configuration has been compared with the reference combined cycle and it has been found that the ISCC cost of electricity results lower. II Riassunto L’energia proveniente dal Sole può essere convertita in direttamente in energia elettrica, grazie alla tecnologia fotovoltaica, oppure trasferita come energia termica ad un fluido di lavoro. I costi della tecnologia solare termodinamica, utilizzata in impianti solari stand- alone, sono ancora particolarmente elevati, in confronto ad altre tecnologie più mature. Un’alternativa agli impianti stand-alone, per sfruttare l’energia solare termodinamica, è quella di integrare i collettori solari in impianti fossili già esistenti, risparmiando così il costo di investimento del blocco di potenza e convertendo l’energia solare con una maggiore efficienza. In questo lavoro di tesi viene presenta l’analisi di diversi layout di cicli combinati integrati con la tecnologia solare termodinamica (Integrated Solar Combined Cycle –ISCC); ne sono state valutate le prestazioni nominali, le medie annuali e i costi dell’elettricità prodotta. Per prima cosa, è stata fatta una revisione della letteratura e dello stato dell’arte della tecnologia, evidenziandone le debolezze e i punti di forza. Le specifiche tecniche dei diversi collettori commerciali sono state raccolte ed è stato implementato un modello termico per la stima delle perdite termiche nel ricevitore, che saranno poi utilizzate per le successive fasi dello studio. Per l’analisi dell’integrazione è stato necessario definire il layout di un impianto a ciclo combinato, usato come base per gli impianti integrati. Dell’impianto di base sono stati valutati il comportamento nominale e in condizioni di off-design durante l’anno. Sono state studiate diverse integrazioni nel ciclo a vapore, anche considerando alcuni casi di ridimensionamento dei componenti della caldaia a recupero. Inoltre, sono state studiate anche le integrazioni sullo scambiatore di preriscaldo del gas naturale e in un ciclo frigorifero ad assorbimento usato per il raffreddamento dell’aria in ingresso alla turbina. Sono state simulate le condizioni di off-design degli impianti integrati al variare di temperatura, radiazione efficace e carico delle turbine a gas. I valori ottenuti sono stati interpolati per valutare il funzionamento annuale dell’impianto. La località selezionata per la valutazione dell’impianto è Las Vegas, che è caratterizzata da un clima tipicamente desertico, elevate radiazione annuale ed alte temperature medie. I dati metereologici per questa località sono stati presi dal “National Renewable Energy Database” (NREL) ed è stata valutata la radiazione efficace per ciascun collettore, per ogni ora dell’anno. Riassunto Sono state condotte analisi giornaliere e annuali sugli impianti integrati per valutare la risposta del ciclo integrato alle variazioni delle condizioni ambiente. Per evitare condizioni di sovraccarico sulla turbina a vapore, è stato posto, come limite massimo della portata in ingresso, il 15% in più della portata nominale. Per verificare tale limite si è tenuto un controllo sul carico delle turbine a gas. Due possibili scenari di carico sono stati presi in considerazione: uno in cui l’impianto funziona per 8760 ore all’anno al suo carico massimo (power boosting) e uno in cui il carico è imposto dalla rete (fuel saving). I risultati ottenuti dalle simulazioni annuali sono stati utilizzati per l’analisi economica. Il costo dell’elettricità prodotta è stato calcolato utilizzando il metodo semplificato dell’International Energy Agency, basato sul “Levelised Cost Of Electricity” (LCOE). È stata infine fatto un’analisi di sensibilità sui principali parametri di costo utilizzati (costo dei campi solari e del combustibile). Il caso di power boosting è stato valutato per ogni configurazione presentata; per questo caso, il parametro di merito selezionato come più appropriato per il confronto tra gli impianti integrati è stato l’LCOE solare marginale La configurazione che risulta migliore dall’analisi in condizioni di power boosting è poi stata analizzata anche in modalità fuel saving. In quest’ultimo caso, si è effettuato il confronto dell’LCOE delle diverse configurazioni, in quanto tiene conto del risparmio del combustibile che si può ottenere grazie all’integrazione solare. Le considerazioni riguardo i risultati ottenuti sono state riportate nell’ultima sezione. Dal punto di vita termodinamico, l’integrazione più efficiente è quella che prevede l’integrazione del campo solare anche nella
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