THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL

Photo from C. E. Guyant. TYPICAL COSTA RICAN MOUNTAIN LANDSCAPE

Vol. VIII SEPTEMBER, 1931 No. 9 WASHINGTON AND HIS GENERALS FOREIGN S JOURNAL

PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION

VOL. VIII, No. 9. WASHINGTON, D. C. SEPTEMBER, 1931 Telling the World About the Washington Bicentennial

By HONORABLE SOL BLOOM, Member of Congress from New York, and Associate Director of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission AMERICA’S dip¬ of every foreign coun¬ lomatic and com¬ try : as soon as its pop¬ mercial repre¬ ulace comes to know sentatives the world Washington as he over have a unique and really was, it will be splendid opportunity to fired with the ambition acquaint every country to make his Bicenten¬ on the globe with the nial the greatest trib¬ plans of this Commis¬ ute ever paid to any sion to celebrate in hero of any nation. 1932 the George Wash¬ There are various ington Bicentennial. It ways in which all the is within their power to embassies, legations arouse in all nations and consulates of the an enthusiastic interest United States can help in the Bicentennial and to carry out the will of a determination to con¬ Congress by working tribute largely to its for the world-wide suc¬ cess of the Bicenten¬ Our experience thus nial. In the first place, far has demonstrated it is our hope and pur¬ that the individual’s en¬ pose that Americans, thusiasm for the cele¬ wherever they may he bration follows inevi¬ residing abroad, will tably upon his acquir¬ stage ceremonies and ing an intimate knowl¬ festivities to mark the edge of George Wash¬ Bicentennial. Already ington’s character and in the world capitals career. The same thing and many other for¬ will be found to be true HONORABLE SOL BLOOM eign cities the Ameri- 341 can colonies have set up George Washington Bi¬ this country and went to Mount Vernon as the centennial committees to cooperate with our na¬ guest of George Washington, who left many tional body. references in his diaries to the sculptor’s visit Obviously, therefore, this country’s representa¬ and work. tives abroad can give us constant and invaluable I thoroughly agree with the finding of our com¬ assistance by keeping those American colonies mittee of artists and historians. Since the Hou¬ and the foreign populations acquainted with our don bust was made in Washington’s presence and plans as they develop. Let us have such cooper¬ under Washington’s criticism, there can be no ation from all our representatives in other lands, doubt that the work pleased its subject; and from and inevitably the result will be a splendid Bicen¬ this it follows that the likeness must have been tennial celebration girdling the globe. good. To me, that portrait bust is superb. It is The United States George Washington Bicen¬ not only a wonderful work of art, but in its ex¬ tennial Commission has received assurances from quisite portrayal of George Washington it shows many of our ambassadors, ministers and consuls us the man as he was, reveals those lofty quali¬ that they are eager to give us any help we may ties of mind, heart and soul which made him the need or desire. Naturally, such assurances are greatest of ail the sons of America. highly gratifying. But we shall be still more The Commission is having more than a quarter gratified and encouraged if these gentlemen will of a million photographic copies made of the display to us and to the world at large a badge Houdon bust. We shall be glad to send this pic¬ of their enthusiasm—an outward and visible sign ture to every American representative abroad who of the spirit with which they approach the Bicen¬ requests it. tennial. Such a sign will be a banner held aloft We could, of course, have it sent to them with¬ to attract the attention of all men and to enroll out waiting for requests; but we want to feel them in our campaign to make the George Wash¬ that they are sufficiently interested in the Bicen¬ ington Bicentennial a 100 percent success. tennial to ask for it in a letter addressed to the To be specific, we should like to know that the United States George Washington Bicentennial “official portrait” of George Washington is hung Commission, Washington Building, Washington, on the walls of all the United States embassies, D. C. We believe that, if they do this, we may legations and consulates. rest assured that they will hang the portraits on Right here let me explain the significance of the walls of their offices. the term, “official portrait.” One of the first That is to say, we shall regard their letters of acts of this Commission was to request a commit¬ request as proofs of their enthusiasm for the Bi¬ tee of distinguished American artists and histo¬ centennial, and as evidence that they will give us rians to select from all the known likenesses of and the Bicentennial celebration all possible as¬ Washington the one which they regarded as the sistance. best, the most life-like and absolutely authentic. The Bicentennial is to be observed from Wash¬ This action was taken because the Commission ington’s birthday, February 22, 1932, until the had decided to put Washington’s portrait into following Thanksgiving Day. In the United every school in the United States and, in addi¬ States each community will designate, within the tion, to give it through other channels a tremen¬ celebration period of nearly 10 months, a number dous circulation and display. of patriotic dates on which it will have exercises The committee of artists and historians, after to mark the event. In this way for almost a year, painstaking study of the likenesses, fixed upon from cr.e end of the country to the other the peo¬ the Houdon bust as the best of them all. This ple will be thinking of George Washington’s deeds bust was made at Mount Vernon by the French¬ and ideals. man, Jean Antoine IToudon, who during the last So far as is possible, Americans residing abroad quarter of the eighteenth century was at the will follow this general plan; and, according to height of his fame as that era’s best portrait unofficial advices from diplomats stationed in our sculptor. national capital, practically every foreign gov¬ In 1784 the Legislature of Virginia adopted a ernment in the world will participate in the com¬ resolution “that measures be taken for procuring memoration. a statue of General Washington, of the finest Hence, American diplomats and consuls can be marble and best workmanship.” After careful of constant aid to us by seeing that the foreign inquiry and consultation, in which Thomas Jeffer¬ press carries much information about the prog¬ son and Benjamin Franklin played important ress of our plans to celebrate the Bicentennial and parts, Houdon was selected as the artist best also a large volume of our publicity material equipped to fashion the likeness. He came to about the personality and achievements of Wash- 342 ington. Nobody knows better than these gentle¬ on George Washington by President Hoover. By men that the personal touch is essential in secur¬ means of a gigantic hook-up this speech is to be ing publicity. Consequently, if they will make carried around the globe. Following it on the personal appeals, and requests through their air, will be the singing of the Star Spangled Ban¬ friends, to foreign publishers to give the Bicen¬ ner by a mammoth chorus in the national cap¬ tennial as much space as possible in their col¬ ital ; and our idea is that Americans and others, umns, they will do great work in creating and wherever they may be, will join in singing the sustaining a world-wide interest in the commemo¬ national anthem. ration. This vision of the populaces of the world simul¬ They will help us, too, if they will stress, in taneously singing our national hymn conveys a their contacts with publicists, the fact that this picture of what the Commission is trying to Bicentennial is to be a cumulation of individual bring about: a world-wide thinking about George homage and tributes. In every sense, we are tak¬ Washington, such a universal Washington mind¬ ing this celebration to the people, limiting it edness that all the nations shall be inspired by neither to one place nor to one date. knowing more intimately, and coming closer to, As every community in the United States is to the heart and spirit of the great American. To be a vital link in the chain of commemoration, so bring this about, a great deal of preparatory work will all the American colonies abroad and all the has been done and must still be done, and to make foreign governments be essential parts of the great this work effective abroad, the cooperation of our world-wide drama of the Bicentennial celebration. diplomats and consuls is essential. In other words, our ideal is that everybody in That they will gladly and enthusiastically give foreign countries, as well as every American at us this cooperation, the Commission has not the slightest doubt. Needless to say, we shall take home, shall develop such enthusiasm for the char¬ acter and career of George Washington that they pleasure in providing them with any information they may desire about George Washington and will eagerly seize every opportunity to contribute in answering all their inquiries about our plans to the success of his Bicentennial. And in no way can this enthusiasm be aroused so surely or so to celebrate the Bicentennial. In conclusion, and by way of reminder: we universally as by giving the people a thorough hope that, upon reading this article, they will knowledge of Washington. write to this Commission for their “badges of This knowledge can be imparted best through enthusiasm,” the official portraits of George the press of the various nations. But it is our Washington. plan to use also the radio abroad, as at home, for dissemination of our publicity; and in this the diplomats and consuls can give us help we could THE OLIVER BISHOP HARRIMAN FOR¬ get from nobody else. EIGN SERVICE SCHOLARSHIP The United States George Washington Bicen¬ The Advisory Committee of the Oliver Bishop tennial Commission hopes that all over the world Harriman Foreign Service Scholarship announces every structure or locality associated in any way that the scholarship for the scholastic year 1931- with the name and fame of George Washington 32 has been awarded to Messrs. Edgar Williams will be suitably marked and decorated throughout Lakin and Edgar A. Dow, Jr. the Bicentennial celebration period. Wherever there is a street, a boulevard or a park named after him, it should be hung with American flags HELPFUL HINTS FOR CONSULS and decorated with red, white and blue bunting. (From Florence, Italy) Every monument to Washington, no matter what As consular officers are not infrequently in its form may be, should be appropriately adorned. receipt of inquiries from returning foreign resi¬ All places associated with him or with the for¬ dents relative to the free entry of household ef¬ eigners who came to his aid in the Revolution fects, the recent decision of the Customs Court, should be the scenes of public addresses or other Third Division, in this regard will prove of in¬ ceremonies in his honor and theirs. Nor should terest. such functions be restricted to one day. Always This decision will be found in Treasury De¬ and everywhere the idea is to have the Bicenten¬ cisions, Vol. 60, No. 1, for the week of July 2, nial observed with such continuity that the per¬ 1931, at the top of page 53. Paragraphs 1531 sonality of Washington will be permanently im¬ and 1695 are cited. pressed upon the popular mind. It is suggested that consular officers examine The celebration is to start with a radio address these paragraphs of the Tariff. 343 University Training for the Foreign Service of the United States

By DEWITT CLINTON POOLE, Chairman of the Advisory Board, School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University IN CONSIDERING university training for individual is to advance far, he must have within the services of the national government it him bases of understanding which, except in very seems well at the outset to make a wide dis¬ rare cases, come only as the precipitates of higher tinction between the technical services and those study. which may be described as administrative and To educate men in the universities so that they political. If a department of the national gov¬ can make the most of their natural endowments ernment requires a soil chemist or a statistician, in a service of this kind seems to me a different it comes into the market for a definitely equipped and more difficult understanding than to equip individual and in making a selection can apply them for technical positions; and satisfactory tangible specifications. If the selection is by com¬ standards of selection by the Government are petitive examination, I take it that the examina¬ more elusive. For technical work, training and tion is not difficult to formulate and that the in¬ selection can be direct, while for an administra¬ dividual receiving the highest grade among the tive and political service education ought, I think, number of competitors is likely to be the one best to be indirect, that is fundamental, and methods qualified to do the job. Similarly it seems to me of selection the same. that the problems of university education in tech¬ The educational difficulty has, I think, been nical fields are perhaps simpler because the re¬ illustrated rather interestingly in the case of the quirements are concrete. Diplomatic and Consular Service. I refer to the What I mean, on the other hand, by an “admin¬ tendency among educators to grasp at the purely istrative and political” service is perfectly illus¬ administrative parts of consular, and to a less trated by our subject today—the Diplomatic and extent the routine parts of diplomatic, work and Consular Service of the United States, which is emphasize these in university training. For two now known legally as the Foreign Service. In decades or more numerous institutions have of¬ the lower ranks of this service the duties are ad¬ fered courses in consular organization and prac¬ ministrative and routine. From this they develop tice. I gave such a course myself at a university into the highly discretionary administrative and in 1911; and I was interested to observe that I the political. The individual begins, as a Vice was asked to speak at this conference on the Consul, upon clerical and simple administrative “Consular and Diplomatic Service,” that is, with duties, for which he needs no more than a medium the accent apparently on the consular or admin¬ intelligence, a secondary education and a disposi¬ istrative. tion to orderliness and accuracy. If these are It is an American habit, left over to us perhaps his limits, he remains in the lower ranks. If. from frontier days, to seize upon the direct and however, through higher education, of a kind immediate and by emphasis there to seek to elude which I shall endeavor to describe later, he has the difficulties of the indirect, subtle and endur¬ gained a good grasp of history and the social ing. Consular technique, especially American con¬ sciences, if his intellectual imagination has been sular technique, is voluminous and it has been aroused and he has mastered intellectual methods, highly systematized. To organize a course on the then the possibilities of his advancement are un¬ subject and keep a number of practically minded limited. He can certainly go to one of the higher youngsters busy with its little practical problems, consular posts. He has a good chance of becom¬ is for the teacher just the easiest thing in the ing a Minister Plenipotentiary and may in excep¬ world. It is essentially the same with diplomatic tional cases reach positions of the widest political practice. It is playing with blocks, and it is a scope such, for example, as that now held by Mr. wicked waste of time in a university. Hugh Gibson, who besides being Ambassador to Even American consular practice is by no Belgium is the President's most constant reliance means a stupendous mystery, and I am certain in the disarmament negotiations. For this, per¬ that all such techniques—whether consular or sonality alone is by no means sufficient. If the banking or what not—are much more quickly and 344 accurately learned in the actual practice of the The school is an integral part of the univer¬ business. What is taught outside is bound to be sity. In the undergraduate division it brings to¬ wrong to some extent; at best it will Ire partially gether the departments of history, politics, eco¬ out of date. Even if there is some absolute gain nomics and modern languages. Students are ad¬ to the individual from an introduction to the sub¬ mitted at the beginning of the junior year, but as ject matter, the time in the university would be prerequisites they must have completed in the relatively much better spent upon subjects which sophomore year basic courses in the four depart¬ provide the foundation for later superstructures ments. In junior and senior years each does his of vocational accomplishment. major work in one of the four departments but At best there is hardly enough time in the has an enlarged opportunity to elect courses in university for basic studies. If a student is to the other departments, so that the school offers dispose of the essentially secondary-school work in effect a coordinated field of upper-class study which in the United States is carried over into in history and the social sciences, to which mod¬ the first two years of the university, and then ern languages are joined. The individual curric¬ to do what would seem to me a bare minimum of ula are drawn together by a central core of studies history, learn the principles of political and eco¬ which each student must take, with certain varia¬ nomic science, take a fair number of advanced tions and exceptions. This central core of studies courses in those fields and add some cultural includes American history, constitutional inter¬ studies as in literature and philosophy, I do not pretation and jurisprudence, money and banking believe that he has any time left over, especially and international finance, and languages and lit¬ for matters of doubtful value. If he has, he erature. In addition the school maintains a spe¬ would do better to lay down the foundation of a cial course where all its students meet—a so-called good game of golf. conference on public and international affairs. Out of 20 years’ practical experience in both Here current public problems are studied, but not consular and diplomatic work I am profoundly primarily for their factual content. The emphasis convinced that the best education—the only really is upon method in research and presentation, valuable education for that career, is general edu¬ written and oral. cation, that is, fundamental education; and I do Undergraduates in the school may win the de¬ not hesitate to extend the maximum and apply it gree of Bachelor of Arts and are given in addi¬ to the whole field of administrative and political tion a certificate that they have met the school’s work in government. special requirements. Graduate study in the school is in process of organization. For the pres¬ The School of Public and International Affairs ent the degree of Master of Arts is offered and which was recently established in Princeton Uni¬ can be attained in one year by exceptional students versity rests upon this idea in broad application. and in two by the generality. The emphasis will I find considerable evidential value in the fact still be upon fundamental subjects and upon that not only experienced educators helped to method, but keener specialization will be allowed formulate the basic principles of the school but than in the undergraduate years. In order to so-called practical men as well—lawyers, bank¬ pound in good intellectual method a special course ers, business men and government officials—and is being organized, in which the graduate student that all were agreed upon the paramount neces¬ will be introduced to the raw materials in the field sity of getting away from directness and super¬ of his special interest, and he will prepare re¬ ficiality in education—what Abraham Flexner ports, some of which will be based upon actual subsequently dubbed “ad-hoc-ism.” They agreed field investigations. that study should be in fundamentals, whether With reference specifically to the education of the student’s later goal were government service, students for the Foreign Service of the United the professions or business. States, two problems are in our minds at present. Let me explain that the School of Public and The first, which is that of the entrance examina¬ International Affairs is not designed to prepare tion for the service, may be on the threshold of students merely for the Foreign Service and other a solution through action by the Department of services of the National Government; but also for State, but for the time being at any rate it is still the service of state and local governments; for with us. Instruction in fundamentals, such as is politics as an avocation ; for journalism ; for bank¬ offered in the School of Public and International ing, industrial management, public utilities and Affairs, should enable a student to cope with the other businesses involving a large amount of pub¬ oral part of the entrance examination for the lic contact and responsibility; and we believe that Foreign Service and with the written examination it provides also excellent pre-law training. (Continued to page 374) 345 Flight to Persepolis

By HENRY S. VILLARD, Vice Consul, Teheran, Persia IT IS like a page from the Arabian Nights brought up to date, this flight to Persepolis and back—450 miles each way over dusty desert and barrier mountains. No Magic Car¬ pet, wafting its passengers over impossible ob¬ stacles in incredible shortness of time, could rival the Junkers Luftverkehr Persien in its annihilation of distance. By motor from Teheran it is three days under the best conditions—a week for the round trip; by camel, the only other means of transport, a month might suffice. But by air, if one arranges beforehand for a car at the Shirez aerodrome, it is possible to leave the capital in the morning, spend the best part of the day at the ancient seat of Persian royalty, and be back be¬ fore the following noon. In the cool of early dawn you step into the cabin of a low-wing monoplane whose pilot and mechanic, of Teutonic blondeness, have already warmed the motor and are waiting for the sched¬ uled departure. The name of your machine, ap¬ propriately enough, is the Bulbul—which, of course, means “nightingale”; but the overwhelm- Photo by H. S. vmard ing roar that drowns conversation has no rela- THE “BULBUL” AT REST tion to the limpid note of that other bird which skims the Persian skies. With a rush, you sweep down the field and point upward into the east, to wheel over the flat-roofed city and head south at a steadily increas¬ ing altitude. To clear the mountains between here and Isfahan, it is necessary to rise some 9,000 feet above sea level. You sight the Daria-i- Namak in the first 20 minutes of climbing, the Great Sea of Salt, which is beginning to reflect the deepening blue of the sky; and as you fly over the streaky white¬ ness of its edges, merging with the desert waste, you marvel at the sterile desolation of the scene. Then the brown baked plain is wrinkled into hilly shapes as on a contour map and the hilly shapes give way to more formidable heights over which the plane floats as if they were mud pies. Through your window comes RS w ayi r l'HIBfiFBI‘t* ? ° '~'’Mllllll ' Photo by H. s. vuiard the thin, chill air of the upper TEHERAN FROM THE AIR reaches—the hot sun that floods 346 the picture is only noticeable when you are below. Before Isfahan is reached, you have passed within a yard, it seems, of snow-tipped peaks sliding by your porthole as if on a slow-motion movie reel. Then Isfahan—spread in squared relief mid patches of careless verdure, luxurious to the eye after the parched sameness of table-land and hills. Mud roofs and trees, narrow tracery of streets, a blue-tiled dome or two; gardens and bits of water. The Bulbul’s song is cut and it stands at a crazy angle to swoop down upon the outskirts. There is half an hour at Isfahan to change the mails, and the aerodrome is on a rise which permits a view of the city. Here was the Persian capital up to a hundred and fifty years ago; here flourished the arts that brought Persia fame, and Photo by H. S. Villard the aspect of the town is unchanged, less mod¬ PERSIAN MILITARY ESCORT, NEAR SHIRAZ ernized than Teheran, as becomes its story. The pilots eat a light breakfast in the mud- trained cavalry can be routed bv a single well- walled office while the sun gathers strength in the placed egg from the skies? The army craft quiet, clear air. manoeuvers closer so that the pilots can wave a By 8 o’clock you are winging an airy path over greeting, and the passengers in the Bulbul crowd jumbled, rusty-colored foothills, among which the the windows to watch. motor road winds tediously. Now and then you Before you reach Shiraz there are broken see a crawling car below or a snaky line that is a caravan bound for the Persian Gulf—boxes and mounds to cross and valleys where tiny villages bales on mule or camel; while here in the Bulbul’s nestle among green trees like an oasis. Over on cabin are post and freight traveling toward the the left is a strange mountain, a grass-covered same destination in a fraction of the time. No¬ plateau atop an oblong hill with inaccessible sides where is there greater contrast in means of trans¬ —a billiard table of the gods. Then at the crest portation than in Persia, where the camel plods of a height you realize that the motor has been its tiresome way and the airmail soars overhead. stopped and you commence a long glide to the Again the air grows cold as you scale the lofty ridges, and irregular stretches of snow appear along the barren tops. In the distance is a white-crowned range that gleams majestically in the sunshine, sug¬ gesting Alpine glories rather than Persian barreness. It is rather bumpy through the passes and there are disconcerting voids en¬ countered, and upward pillars of air; but for the most part it is placid sailing, a route unique and far from the tourist’s ken. High above our tail appears the mate of the Bulbul—a Persian military machine flying to Shiraz. It is a Junkers plane of the same model as ours, but fitted to carry bombs for recalcitrant tribesman in the Kashgai region. What chance has the most war-loving Sheikh against this destructive vis¬ Photo by H. S. Villard itor, one wonders, when his best- ISFAHAN, SHOWING ROYAL MOSQUE 347 city of Shiraz, capital of the province of Fars You drive back to Shiraz as night falls, well sat¬ and home of the Persian wine industry. isfied with your flight to Persepolis. You drop rapidly to the spacious aerodrome In the morning, you will take the Bulbul, re¬ and your escort turns and dips until you have turning from Bushire, and be back in Teheran in landed and he has the field to himself. From time for lunch. Isfahan in two hours you have accomplished what takes the caravans a good 18 days. RETIREMENT OF CONSUL GENERAL Your car is waiting, as you have planned, and CARLTON BAILEY HURST you leave at once for the Takht-i-Djamchid, as the modern Persian knows Persepolis. There is After 39 years active service, Consul General little time to see Shiraz, save the tombs of the Carlton Bailey Hurst retired on July 31, 1931. poets Hafiz and Saadi just off the road, for there Mr. Hurst was first appointed as Consul at Ca¬ are 40 miles to be covered and breakdowns are al¬ tania on July 22, 1892. The following year he ways more than a possibility in Persia. was transferred to Crefeld, and on March 22, Out of Shiraz, you wind up, through the city 1895, he was stationed at Prague. On June 8, 1897, he was appointed Consul General at Vienna, gate and back the way you have come, into the from which post he resigned on March 27, 1903. bare hills so reminiscent of southern California. Onto the plain again, and the landscape never In October, 1904, he went as Consul at La Guaira, palls, for light and shadow reveal new aspects of but was transferred the following year to Plauen, each mountain chain. Here and there a snowy where he served until December 14, 1910, when cone peers over a bare range, and the sight is re¬ he was transferred to Lyon. On November 24, freshing in the hot dry air of noon. 1913, he was appointed Consul General at Barce¬ lona; on August 19, 1920, he was assigned to From miles away across a marsh you may look Habana; on July 1, 1924, he was appointed For¬ at the place where Persepolis stands, but so much eign Service Officer of Class 1; and in 1927 he a part of the stony surface are the ruins that they served as a member of the Board of Review, For¬ are indistinguishable until close approach. Then, eign Service Personnel. In February, 1927, he as you draw up to the imposing double staircase, was assigned to Berlin; and on May 1, 1929, he it bursts upon you—a well-planned site high above was appointed Consul General at Budapest, which the road, faintly like the platform of the Acropo¬ post he held until his retirement. lis. Here are the ruins of mighty halls, guardian Consul General and Mrs. Hurst have returned gateways, palatial quarters for the conquering to the United States and are now living at Char- kings of Persia—silent, deserted, virtually un¬ touched by excavators. Out of the solid rock in lotteville, N. Y. Their son, Carlton Hurst, is Consul at Aden, Arabia. the hill that forms a back-drop for the scene is carved the tomb of one of these ancient rulers, as Sincere good wishes are extended to Consul yet unidentified. Only the resting place of General and Mrs. Hurst for many happy years to Darius, several miles away, is accurately known. come after their long absence in foreign lands. Your afternoon at Persepolis will be long re¬ membered. There are cuneiform inscriptions that In accordance with the provisions of the Exec¬ begin “I, Darius, King of Kings . . . ,” utive order of June 7, 1931 (Article I, para¬ carvings of kings and camels and lions, bulls and graph 3), waiving the necessity of written exami¬ tigers. On some of the limestone blocks the orig¬ nation in the case of American clerks and employes inal lustre still exists and hints of the splendor in the Foreign Service who have rendered satis¬ that must have attended this dwelling place of factory service in such capacities for the five years Xerxes and his successors, used only for the immediately preceding application for appointment short season of early spring before the heat of as Foreign Service Officer, an oral examination summer. You may wander at will among the was held in Washington on August 11, 1931. Of towering columns or colossal doorways, undis¬ the 12 candidates examined under the provisions turbed by guides or souvenir vendors. Far from of this order, one was successful, namely, Stephen the beaten track is Persepolis and the hand of the E. C. Kendrick, Vice Consul at Montreal. archaeologist is only just about to be felt amid its tumbled walls. The sun is sinking as you descend the giant Vice Consul Harry D. Myers, who, as reported staircase. There is a sense of having looked in last month's issue, was injured in a motor bus back into history which seldom comes in the case wreck at Colon, has now recovered and reported of the more exploited monuments of the past. for duty at Buenaventura on August 1. 348 Top left: General view of Top right: Palace of Perscpolis. "Hall of a Xerxes (Perscpolis) Hundred Columns" in back¬ ground.

Center: The Doorway of (TVS Xerxes.

Bcloiv: Bas relief showing procession of tribute na¬ Below: Columns of the tions at feast of Mon Nou- A uditfnee Hall or "Apadana" rus (Persian New Year) (Perse polis)

Photos by Henry S. Villard. PERSEPOLIS 349 War at Nineteen

By BENJAMIN MUSE, Secretary, American Legation, Montevideo, Uruguay

/ / T HEREBY swear by Almighty God that meantime some 50 of my future comrades-in- ** I I will be faithful and bear true allegiance arms gradually assembled and waited, along with to His Majesty King George the Fifth, me, in the drizzling rain. Small, sallow indi¬ His Heirs and Successors in Person, Crown and viduals, wrapped up to the ears in shabby over¬ dignity against ail enemies and will observe and coats, they were as uninspiring as the cold, wet obey all orders of His Majesty, His Heirs and day itself. Their conversation, also, was of the Successors and of the Generals and Officers set most sordid. No one showed the least enthusiasm over me. So help me God!” for the wonderful enterprise upon which we were Slowly, after the recruiting officer at White¬ embarking. In fact, some of them declared hall. I repeated this magnificent pronouncement. frankly that they would rather fight “them toffs” It was on the morning of January 16, 1917—a in England than the Germans, if they had their critical morning, I felt, both for myself and for way. When a newcomer joined the group, the the King of England, and, in fact, more re¬ wags invariably exclaimed: “Well, Jack! They motely, even for the German Empire. got yuh at last, eh? They got yuh at last?” I A person whom I detected to be a sergeant, was included in the jibe. asked me which regiment I would like to join. Finally the order came to fall in. We shuffled I was surprised that I should lie allowed a choice into line, or had ourselves pushed into place by in the matter, until I reflected that this courtesy sergeants and corporals, and answered to the roll call. Having been found “correct,” we straggled was but a graceful sign of appreciation for the generous way in which 1 had espoused the Eng¬ off through various streets toward Waterloo Sta¬ lish Cause. The question still disconcerted me, tion, non-commissioned officers hemming us in however, for I could hardly say that I knew one and harassing us on all sides. regiment from another. The only English fight¬ Veterans, home from France, idling on the ing units that I could quickly call to mind being street, taunted us as we passed : “Ey, look at a Band of Merry Men, sometime commanded by ’em! Look at ’em! Oh. muvver, look at ’em! Robin Hood, and a certain Light Brigade re¬ Look at the so-o-o-dgers!” ferred to by Tennyson. I was not then familiar With brazen appropriateness, my comrades with the glorious names which are borne by these struck up the song: famous subdivisions of His Majesty’s Forces. “We are Fred Carno’s army, Seeing me in a quandry, the sergeant led me “A ragged regiment! into an adjoining room where the names of all “We cannot march, the Imperial regiments were printed in big letters “We cannot fight, on the wall. He was a kindly man, and I con¬ “No bloody good are we!” sidered that the rank of sergeant failed signally It was a relief to board the train at Waterloo to do justice to his fine military bearing and his and to find myself shielded by a railway com¬ thoughtful and fatherly manner. He read the partment from rowdy companionship with the names of the regiments out loud down to the mob as a whole. It was a further and unex¬ “King’s Royal Rifle Corps,” when he paused. pected relief to discover that I shared my seat “Now there’s a good outfit for a bloke to join,” with a highly respectable-looking fellow of about he said, “the Ki Aw Aws.” my own age. He was staring very sorrowfully Having no other counsel to guide me, I cast out of the window, but I managed to start him my lot with the K. R. R.’s or the King’s Royal to talking, and I learned that his name was Rifles. Albert Harvey. We held forth in a high strain I was led into another room and given a shilling about duty and the war. He had volunteered and and ninepence—sixpence of this being on account he declared that he was ready to die for the of salary and one shilling and threepence for liv¬ Cause if necessary. But he made an unpleas¬ ing expenses. antly persistent allowance for that contingency. I I plodded through London snow and slush to felt boldly superior when I contrasted his gravity the Horse Guards Parade Ground and waited and resignation with my own soldierly spirit of there, nearly an hour, to be mustered in. In the happy adventure. 3S0 At Winchester we detrained and walked to the silent and tearful by the big, red-hot stove, I dis¬ group of red-brick buildings which form the covered Albert Harvey again. At the sight of depot of the King’s Royal Rifle Corps. his misery, I felt like a hardened member of the Several extremely uncomfortable hours were regiment. “Hello!” I greeted. spent in being supplied with uniforms. As a re¬ As he grunted only a morose “Hello” in reply, sult of this ordeal I found myself limping about I left him, and with the brisk dispatch of a man in a pair of enormous boots and a fresh suit of who has important work in hand, I sat down at greenish khaki, and further responsible for an a table to write. The paper suited my purpose extra coat and an extra pair of trousers—none admirably: guns and swords were pictured across of which made any pretense of fitting. I lost the top, and, underneath, in big red letters were Albert Harvey in the process, moreover, and with the words: “For God, for King and Native him vanished my only friendly contact with the Land.” English Army. All the rest were entirely un¬ In five eloquent pages, I informed my father congenial ruffians. They spoke a language of that the German Empire had violated every pre¬ fearful and unintelligible cockney, and they cept of justice, morality and international law; jostled and jeered at one with an utter lack of that, in obedience to my manifest Christian duty, either decent manners or common human sym¬ I had drawn my sword for the Allied Cause; pathy. They laughed outright whenever I mis¬ and that I was now Rifleman 36926 of the understood an order, while I could only keep my King’s Royal Rifle Corps! mouth shut for fear of convulsing them again with my American accent. One indelicate brute II remarked that it was too bad my “muvver” could I went under fire for the first time in the not see me now ! early morning of July 31, 1917, at the opening of At last a bugle sounded, and word spread like a period of destruction which history has begun wildfire that this meant supper. We charged to record as the Third Battle of Ypres. We had from all directions upon the mess-hall. Suddenly just finished supper in a pretty woodland camp smitten with a fear that food was only given to between Proven and Poperinge, when our orders the valiant and fleet of foot, I raced for dear came to go into the Line. life. Incidentally, I made the discovery that, in I had long since discovered that the Eleventh being jostled, one could jostle with an extraor¬ Battalion of the King’s Royal Rifle Corps were dinary degree of immunity and satisfaction. very good fellows after all. Even the average, Having fought my way to a seat around one rough-hewn Tommy was a humorist and a sports¬ of the long, bare tables inside, I joined in the gen¬ man and a loyal and resourceful comrade. For eral symphony of beating on our metal plates with real friendship, however, I had become inevitably our forks, until two greasy-looking comrades attached to a few exceptional fellows—highly un- started down the aisle swaying under the weight regimental and inefficient, though far more sym¬ of a huge receptacle full of hot stew. This was pathetic souls. dished out in bowls to each table in turn and Unregimental, indeed, Albert Harvey had promptly consumed. Then we beat on our plates proved to be. His face had tanned, and he had until tea appeared, and, after that, raisin pudding learned to drill and fire his rifle well enough to —which finally silenced our plates. After gob¬ escape with a minimum of abuse from the ser¬ bling up the pudding, we waited hopefully for a geants, but he was still in most respects the op¬ few minutes. Then, upon a unanimous convic¬ posite of a soldier. Often after the last parade tion that no more food was coming, we poured of the day I watched him wander pathetically out of the door again. off to explore the nearest village or to walk along I walked slowly around the big quadrangle in some quiet country road. On rainy evenings 1 the dark^composing a letter to my father. Thus usually found him with a book, if books were to far he had had no inkling of my whereabouts or be had, or else reading the papers in the Y. M. intentions, beyond the fact that I had left college C. A. But, if a religious service were being held and gone to New York, from whence I had anywhere, Albert would surely be there—on a mailed him an unenlightening postcard. seat near the front—devoutly joining in every A friendly light shining through the window hymn and prayer. presently caused me to drift into the Y. M. C. A. Another incongruous figure was Rifleman Rest Room, where I found warmth and hot coffee B . He was a middle-aged man, with two and comfortable chairs, as well as writing tables years of service in the trenches already, and and stationery for my task. Here, too, sitting (Continued on page 360) 351 BY THE WAY By an unfortunate oversight on the part of the Editor, the Report of the Executive Committee of FOREIGN S JOURNAL the American Foreign Service Association for the year July 1, 1930, to June 30, 1931, was omitted ( Vol. VIII SEPTEMBER. 1931 No. 9 from this issue, but it will appear next month. Members will be interested to hear of the many PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN important questions that engaged the attention of SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. the Executive Committee during the year, as also The American Foreign Service Journal is published monthly to read the satisfactory financial statement of the by the American Foreign Service Association, and is distributed by the Association to its members gratis. The Journal is also Association prepared by Maxwell M. Hamilton, open to private subscription in the United States and abroad secretary-treasurer. at the rate of H.00 a year, or 35 cents a copy, payable to the American Foreign Service Journal, care Department of State, Washington, D. C. Copyright, 1931, by the American Foreign Service Association. TEN YEARS AGO From issue of September, 1921 The American Foreign Service Association The issue consisted of 16 pages, and on the Honorary President first page (there was no cover in those days) was HF.NRY L. STIMSON Secretary of State a picture of Secretary Hughes with a consular class, in which are noted Egmont C. von Tresckow, Leon Dominian, James R. Wilkinson, Walter S. Honorary Vice-Presidents Reinecke, Nathaniel P. Davis, Leonard N. Green, W. R. CASTLE, JR Undersecretary of State WILBUR J. CARR Assistant Secretary of State Marshall M. Vance, Leland L. Smith. Robert R. FRANCIS WHITE. Assistant Secretary of State Patterson, Donald F. Bigelow, Francis H. Styles, JAMES GRAFTON ROGF-RS Assistant Secretary of State and Robert D. Longyear. HARVEY H. BUNDY Assistant Secretary of State The address to the foregoing class by Secre¬ ARTHUR BLISS LANE President tary Hughes is well worthy of remembrance. GEORGE S. MESSERSMITH Vice-President Among other things he said: EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE “The man who succeeds in this world in any position HOMER M. BYINGTON, Chairman; HERSCHEL V. JOHN¬ where there are a great many burdens and demands is SON, Vice Chairman; PIERRE DE L. BOAL; ORME the man who can keep quiet and placid when there is WILSON; and WALTER A. FOOTE very severe pressure, who can keep his head and intelli¬ gence, at the same time giving the impression of a man Alternates: adequate to the exigency. If you can give that impres¬ HORACE LEE WASHINGTON GEORGE TAIT sion, you will do a great deal for your country besides merely reporting what you observe.” MAXWELL M. HAMILTON Secretary-Treasurer of the Association Among the promotions listed in the issue are those of Walter A. Foote at Port Said and Alex¬ Entertainment Committee: A. DANA HODGDON, Chairman; ander K. Sloan at Ceiba, Honduras. PETER H. A. FLOOD and H. FREEMAN MATTHEWS Consul General Francis B. Keene told in an JOURNAL STAFF article of his efforts to collect portraits of his AUGUSTUS E. INGRAM Editor “official ancestors” at the various posts at which JAMES B. STEWART Consulting Editor WALTER A. FOOTE Associate Editor he had served, and suggested such a collection at MARSHALL M. VANCE Business Manager each office as an interesting and worth-while CLAYSON W. ALDRIDGE Treasurer of Journal object.

The American Foreign Service Association is an unofficial and voluntary association embracing most of the members of The “A Recent Recruit in the Consular Ranks” con¬ Foreign Service of the United States. It was formed for the purpose of fostering esprit de corps among the members of the tributed an article entitled “The Wav In,” telling Foreign Service, to strengthen service spirit and to establish a his experiences in preparing for and taking the center around which might be grouned the united efforts of its members for the improvement of the Service. written and oral examinations. 352 Their Majesties, King Prajadhipok and Queen visor of the Department of State, at the Institute Rambai Barni and the Siamese royal party left of Politics, Williamstown, Mass., August 4, 1931, Ophir Hall, White Plains, N. Y., on July 28, ac¬ on the “Issues Raised by the Pact of Paris.” companied by Mr. Richard Southgate, Acting Chief of the Division of International Confer¬ Assistant Secretary of State and Mrs. Wilbur ences and Protocol, representing President Hoo¬ J. Carr sailed on the Majestic on August 2 for ver ; Dr. Stanley K. Hornbeck, Chief of the Divi¬ their annual leave of absence. Mr. and Mrs. Carr sion of Far Eastern Affairs, representing the will visit France, Italy and Switzerland. Acting Secretary of State; and Mr. Clarke L. Willard, Special Agent of the Department of Assistant Secretary of State Francis White State. His Majesty’s farewell telegram to Presi¬ began his summer holidays on August 1 and ex¬ dent Hoover, the President’s reply thereto, and pects to return to his desk on September 7. Mr. the words of farewell by Mr. Southgate and Dr. White is spending his leave at Narragansett, R. I. Hornbeck. on behalf of the President and the Department of State, spoken by Mr. Southgate Mr. Herbert C. Hengstler, Chief of the Divi¬ at the Canadian-American boundary, will be sion of Foreign Service Administration, began found in the printed press releases. his annual vacation on August 10. It is under¬ stood that Mr. Hengstler will spend part of his The Hon. William R. Castle, Jr., Acting Sec¬ leave in motoring to various points. retary of State, and Marshal Chang Hsueh-liang, Vice Commander in Chief of the National Army, Mr. Walter C. Thurston, who began his leave Navy and Air Forces, Mukden, China, exchanged on July 1, returned to his desk on August 6. radio greetings on August 1, 1931, on the occa¬ During Mr. Thurston’s absence, Mr. Orme Wil¬ sion of the opening of a direct radio telegraphic son was Acting Chief of the Division of Latin circuit between San Francisco, Calif., and Muk¬ American Affairs. den, by the “R. C. A. Communications.” Texts of the messages will be found in the press Mr. Wallace S. Murray, Chief of the Division releases. of Near Eastern Affairs, was absent on leave from June 18 to July 18, during which time Mr. Paul During the absence of Secretary Stimson, Act¬ H. Ailing, Assistant Chief, was in charge. Mr. ing Secretary Castle has contented himself with Ailing is now enjoying a vacation on Prince week-end trips to Hot Springs, Va., where Mrs. Edward Island. Castle is spending the summer. Mr. Harry Havens, Assistant Chief of the The Foreign Service luncheons, which are Division of Foreign Service Administration, be¬ usually held on Wednesdays and to which Chiefs gan his summer vacation on July 4 and returned of Divisions and visiting Foreign Service Offi¬ to duty on August 10. Mr. Havens is Acting cers are welcomed, have been discontinued until Chief of the Division during the absence of Mr. September. The monthly luncheons of the ladies Hengstler. of the Foreign Service have likewise been dis¬ continued. NOTE.—The JOURNAL proposes to present in this column each month an article descriptive of The attention of Foreign Service Officers and the functions of a Division of the Department of other readers of the JOURNAL is invited to the State. For many years the various Divisions interesting and instructive address delivered by have had an appreciative and sympathetic knowl¬ Mr. James Oliver Murdock, Assistant Legal Ad¬ edge of the duties and problems of Foreign Serv- 353 ice Officers, and it is now proposed to make the JOURNAL will be of assistance and encourage¬ acquaintance mutual and helpful by introducing ment to the Foreign Service Officers in their to the field officers the Chiefs of Divisions and efforts to improve their reports and other com¬ by explaining briefly their respective duties. Many munications to the Department. Foreign Service Officers, both diplomatic and No effort will be made to present the Divisions consular, often wonder what becomes of their in the order of seniority or of importance. On reports, and disappointment is occasionally felt the contrary, the order of presentation may often when “the best report of the year” receives no depend upon the availability of material or on publicity. Some chagrin may be felt by those how well known a Division may be to the officers who fail to obtain immediate action on recom¬ in the field. mendations for the improvement of service con¬ We have pleasure in presenting in this issue ditions. We hope to explain some of these ap¬ “C. I.,” or the parent “mysteries” and thereby continue to strengthen the sympathetic link between tbe De¬ DIVISION OF CURRENT INFORMATION partment and its field officers. It is enough here Duties of “C. I.” to say that no reports are ever “lost” and no despatches are ever “pigeonholed.” Every delay According to the Register of the Department in acknowledging or replying thereto and every of State, the Division of Current Information “is failure to publish has a definite reason behind it. charged with the preparation of news items for It is believed, therefore, that this effort of the the press; receiving and replying to inquiries from newspaper correspondents; preparation and dis¬ tribution to officials of the Department of daily press summaries and special articles; furnishing them with press bulletins, copies of texts, and gen¬ eral information bearing upon foreign relations.” The above is true, although it is not quite com¬ plete. “C. I.” is not a propaganda bureau. It is a fact-finding and a fact-giving office which is as non-political as any Mission or Consulate. The primary duty of the Division is to assist the re¬ sponsible heads of the Department and the repre¬ sentatives of the press in the construction of an enlightened public opinion at home and abroad concerning American foreign relations. Assistance to the Department A summary of foreign news, as contained in the press, is prepared every morning, mimeographed and distributed to the various offices in the De¬ partment. In addition thereto, articles and edi¬ torials are clipped from newspapers published in various parts of the United States, regardless of their opinions or political affiliations, and routed immediately to the various Divisions concerned in their subject matter. Division heads, therefore, are always informed of opinions published in the United States concerning our foreign relations. The Secretary of State, or the Acting Secre¬ tary, holds press conferences on work days, ex¬ cept Tuesdays, that day being reserved for Cabinet meetings, at which he meets and talks with the correspondents accredited to the Department of Harris & Ewing. State. Naturally many questions covering a wide MICHAEL j. MCDERMOTT range of subjects are asked and. when it is not Chief, Division of Current Information detrimental to the public interests to do so, the 354 Secretary usually answers the questions imme¬ graphic Section, including Sundays and holidays, diately. The Secretary is usually accompanied at and consular or other reports concerning disasters, these conferences by the Chief and the Assistant etc., are often given to the press within a few Chief of the Division of Current Information. minutes after their receipt. As diplomatic and Both questions and answers are taken down by a consular reports are valued highly by the corre¬ stenographer, later rewritten in the third person spondents, Current Information is always gratified narrative, mimeographed and then distributed to when such reports contain information suitable the various Divisions of the Department. As for newspaper publication. Diplomatic and con¬ important announcements or statements of policy sular reports of all kinds, even though they may are often made at these conferences, it is at once not be published, are used constantly in furnish¬ apparent that the reports thereof are of great ing “background” for press despatches from value to the responsible heads of the Department abroad. and its Divisions. History of the Division Assistance to the Press The oldest record of the Division, a daily sum¬ mary of foreign news, is dated December, 1909, While important announcements are often made and headed “Division of Information.” On July at press conferences, the more important items of 18, 1917, the daily news summary was headed news, especially the lengthy ones, are given to the “Division of Foreign Intelligence” and the pres¬ correspondents in the form of “handouts.” These ent name, “Division of Current Information,” press releases are mimeographed for departmental first appears on the news summary of June 6, distribution and for the correspondents and are 1921. later printed for the field and for any organiza¬ tions or individuals who may care to subscribe The Present Chief of the Division for them. Speed is naturally the watchword and It is not the purpose of these series of articles impartiality is absolutely necessary, as a difference to eulogize anyone and readers are referred to of a minute or even less may result in a “scoop” the Department’s register for Mr, McDermott’s for one press association or newspaper over all biography. It may be said, however, that Mr. the others. In addition to “press conferences’’ McDermott and the members of his staff remain and “handouts,” the Division of Current Informa¬ at their desks as long as there is work to be done. tion furnishes to the correspondents other facts, When important international conferences are in reasons and “background,” usually verbally and session, or when serious situations arise, such as informally, in order that their stories may be the earthquake at Managua, it is not uncommon thorough, correct and informative. for the personnel of “C. I.” to work far into the Press associations and newspapers are con¬ night purely for the purpose of assisting the stantly receiving short despatches and “flashes” correspondents in conveying the news to the Amer¬ from their correspondents in all parts of the ican public. world. As these cable despatches are necessarily brief and often contain only “spot” news, the correspondents endeavor to fill in the background APPRECIATION at the Department of State. “C. I’s” duty is to assist them in every possible way in obtaining VISITOR’S REACTION TO GOOD CLERKS factual background for their stories. Having nothing but praise for the atten¬ tions he has received during the past few Assistance to Other Organizations or Individuals years when visiting our Consulates through¬ In addition to the assistance given to the repre¬ out the world, an old globe trotter lets him¬ sentatives of the press, the Division of Current self go in a recent letter to the Department Information constantly furnishes data to editors and comments as follows regarding one of of magazines, teachers of schools, colleges and the clerks in a Central American Consulate: universities, chambers of commerce and other or¬ “He is brilliant, intelligent, shrewd without ganizations, and to members of the Congress. being cunning, affectionate to a fault and going to the American Consulate is not so much a pleasure Use of Communications from the Field as knowing that John will be there like a bright red rose making an American wish to quicken his Reports from the field, both telegraphic and footsteps in order to get there sooner. His desire written, are studied in an effort to find news suit¬ to please is faultless—he simply yearns to be of able for the press. Toward this end, the officers service to any American.” of “C. I.” are in constant touch with the Tele¬ 355 News Items From The Field

SOUTHAMPTON student at the Georgetown Foreign Service JULY 17, 1931. School. A party of 24 American schoolboys from the Riverdale School, New York, landed at South¬ Mr. Erasto M. Villa, Argentine Vice Consul ampton early in July for a two-month’s tour of at Southampton, sailed in the Olympic July 8, Great Britain on bicycles. They will visit various to take up his new assignment as a secretary of English public schools. The tour is arranged by the Argentine Embassy in Washington. Mr. Charles K. Taylor, director of the Educa¬ CONSUL JOHN H. BRUINS. tional Records Bureau of New York, and is one of several international “exchanges” of school¬ boys which is being planned fo'r purposes of NAPLES recreation, good will and educational research. JULY 7, 1931. The American Minister to Yugoslavia and Mrs. Prince arrived on the M. S. Vulcania on Immigration Adviser E. W. Willard, South¬ May 31, continuing on with the same vessel to ampton, has been touring England and Scotland I rieste. Dr. and Mrs. Prince had been spending with Mrs. Willard on local leave. His place at a leave of absence in the United States and were Southampton has been filled at different inter¬ returning to their post at Belgrade. vals by C. H. Treble and T. J. Murphy of the Immigration Service. The Supervising Consul General for Italy and Mrs. Dreyfus made a tour of inspection of the Recent notable visitors at Southampton have consular offices in northern Italy from June 17 included Secretary A. W. Mellon, who arrived to June 26. Consul Kuykendall remained in in the Mauretania; Congressman F. M. Daven¬ charge of the Consulate General. port and his son, Winthrop Davenport, who had completed a tcur of the Continent; Congressman and Mrs. John McDuffie and their daughter; Mrs. Mr. Walworth Barbour, who recently passed Charles G. Dawes and Miss Virginia Dawes, who the examinations for entry into the American sailed in the Empress of Britain for Quebec; Foreign Service, arrived in Naples on July 2 and Consul and Mrs. A. B. Cooke, Plymouth, depart¬ reported for duty at the Consulate General on ing on home leave; Consul George M. Hanson, the following day. Harbin, who arrived in the Leviathian; Dr. and Mrs. E. A. Sweet, of the U. S. Public Health Dr. James G. Townsend, United States Public Service, who sailed for New York after com¬ Health Surgeon attached to the Naples Consulate pleting a tour of duty in Europe; Diplomatic General, and Mrs. Townsend departed on June Secretary and Mrs. Eugene H. Dooman, en route 27 for Geneva, Switzerland, where Dr. Town¬ to their new post in London; Col. and Mrs. send will attend an international conference on Arthur Woods, bound for New York; L. S. Rural sanitation. Taylor, of the Department of Commerce, and Lieut. A. L. Williams, famous aviator, who ar¬ Consul General and Mrs. Dreyfus held a re¬ rived in the Leviathan; Immigration Adviser and ception on July 4 at their residence, “Villa Mrs. L. J. Coughlin, Belfast, who sailed for New Lydia,” which was attended by members of the York on the George Washington; and Captain local American colony and other guests. and Mrs. Frank O. Ferris (U. S. Army, retired), who have spent several weeks touring southern On June 5, Consul and Mrs. Haven gave a for¬ England. mal reception and garden party at their home in Florence for Mrs. Garrett, the guests numbering Consul and Mrs. James B. Young, South¬ more than 300. The Ambassador, who had prom¬ ampton, have been entertaining their nephew, ised to come to Florence for the occasion, was J. Russell Young, Jr., of Washington, who is a unavoidably detained in Rome at the last moment. 356 Consul Homer Brett, of Milan, who is on signed to Messina, Italy, expects to leave Vienna leave of absence, has joined Mrs. Brett and their with his family for his new post in the middle of daughter, Julia, in the United States. They will July, shortly after which Consul Francis R. spend the remainder of the summer in Consul Stewart, who has been assigned to Vienna, is ex¬ Brett’s home near Meridian, Miss. pected to arrive. The Havens were the recipi¬ ents of many dinners and lunches in their honor Mr. Linton Crook, Vice Consul at Milan, who before leaving. has been recently notified of his transfer to Pe¬ nang, expects to depart for his post about the Consul General Carlton Bailey Hurst, of Buda¬ middle of August. pest, Hungary, was a recent visitor. CONSUL GENERAL LOUIS G. DREYFUS, JR. VICE CONSUL JOHN W. SCOTT.

VIENNA BAGHDAD, IRAQ JULY 14, 1931. JULY 12, 1931. Consul General George Charles Hanson flew The gratification in his appointment as Charge in and out of Vienna on a flying trip from Wash¬ d’Affaires was overshadowed by the receipt of ington back to his post in Harbin, China, early in news by Mr. Sloan of the death, in the United June. States, of his sister, Miss Elizabeth Sloan. Mr. Sloan, on June 16, presented his letter of Consul Christian Magelssen Ravndal, formerly credence to His Majesty King Faisal as Amer¬ assigned to Toronto, spent a few days in Vienna ica’s first diplomatic representative to the King¬ in June with his family on a vacation trip before dom of Iraq. Vice Consul Robert Y. Brown has proceeding to Washington, where he has been de¬ been designated Third Secretary of Legation. tailed to the Department. The periodic replacements in the Legation and Vice Consul Cavendish Welles Cannon, of Consulate at Teheran are now completed with the Zurich, spent a part of his vacation in Vienna in departure of Second Secretary Hugh Millard June. and Vice Consul Henry S. Villard and the arrival of Master George, Jr., and Miss Caroline Wads¬ Dr. E. A. Sweet, Public Health Surgeon as¬ worth, children of the First Secretary at that signed to the Consulate General for immigration post. All mentioned passed through Baghdad at work, left Vienna on June 30, 1931, for Fort intervals, but Messrs. Millard and Villard made Leavenworth, Kans., where he has been detailed only brief stays, the thought of more westerly by the Treasury Department. climes urging them on. Miss Inez Viterbo, for¬ merly of the Cairo Legation, accompanied the The International Rotary Convention for 1931 Wadsworth children on their literally flying trip was held in Vienna from June 22 to 26. Over to their new home. 4,000 visitors attended the Congress, including about 2,000 Americans. Consul General George C. Hanson, Harbin, passed through Baghdad by air recently, but as Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, president of Co¬ the plane had been delayed en route, he was un¬ lumbia University and the Carnegie Endowment able to visit the Legation. He continued on to for International Peace, was in Vienna for June India immediately. 19th to the 24th. A dinner in honor of Dr. Butler was given by the American Minister, Mr. Commercial Attache Charles E. Dickerson, Jr., Gilchrist B. Stockton, at which a number of Cairo, recently made a circuit of this part of the members of the Diplomatic Corps and the new Near East and was in Baghdad for several days. Austrian cabinet were present. Consul General and Mrs. Harris gave a luncheon in honor of About the middle of June, Mr. Sloan made a Dr. Butler. Present were Dr. Schober, Minister tour of the northern districts of Iraq, including of Foreign Affairs; the Rector of the University the oil fields which are being developed by the of Vienna, Minister Stockton and many others Iraq Petroleum Company. Mr. Sloan lias now prominent in the political, social and intellectual completed his visits to all parts of his district. life of Vienna. Vice Consuls Brown and Livingston have re¬ Consul Richard B. Haven, who has been as¬ cently been on the sick list suffering from some of 357 Baghdad’s ailments. This was Mr. Brown’s first Home” at the Columbia Country Club to the serious offense, which only goes to prove that even other Consular officials in Shanghai. About 75 the strongest succumb eventually. people were present, including representatives VICE CONSUL BROCKHOLST LIVINGSTON. from each of the 17 Consulates in this city. Tennis was the principal feature of the occasion, VANCOUVER with four courts of doubles going at full tilt JULY 23, 1931. throughout the afternoon. Swimming, tea, and miniature golf were added attractions. Towards Complimenting Vice Consul and Mrs. Sidney A. Belovsky, who have been transferred to Dub¬ the end of the day the new miniature golf course lin, the American Woman’s Club recently enter¬ at the club was filled with excited Consuls Gen¬ eral putting their first round of the game that has tained at tea at the home of Consul and Mrs. H. recently become a rage in Shanghai. S. Tewell. The staff of the Consulate General The event was the first of a series of “At also tendered a farewell party for this popular Homes” that are tentatively scheduled to be given Consular family at the home of Consul General during the summer by the various Consular staffs. and Mrs. Palmer, presenting as a token of their best wishes a silver tea service and tray. Vice Consul Verne G. Staten, Hankow, was a caller at this Consulate General on June 27, when Consul General Palmer and his son, George, re¬ he was in Shanghai on a return trip after a vaca¬ cently returned from a motor trip through the tion spent in Hongkong and points south. Canadian Rockies and Yellowstone Park. At the latter place they were joined by Mr. Palmer’s On July 7, Vice Consul W. R. Lynch goes on mother, Mrs. T. R. Waterman, of Providence, home leave. He has been in charge of the R. I., who will spend the summer in Vancouver. Shanghai shipping office for many years and has become a recognized authority on the China coast Mr. F. X. A. Eble, Commissioner of Customs, for Consular procedure as regards shipping and recently visited Vancouver, being met here by accounts. During his absence, Vice Consul A. R. collectors of customs at various ports on the Pa¬ Ringwalt will be in charge of the shipping office. cific Coast. During their short stay in the city, members of the party were entertained at break¬ fast by Consul General Palmer. Dwight F. Davis, Jr., son of the Governor Gen¬ eral of the Philippines, visited at the Consulate The staff of the Consulate General mourns the General during his stay in Shanghai awaiting the death of one of its junior members, Miss Eleanor arrival of his sister from Japan. Cowan, who was instantly killed in an automobile accident near Vaucouver. JULY 14, 1931. Independence Day, July 4, 1931, was celebrated Trade Commissioner and Mrs. E. G. Babbitt with much enthusiasm in Shanghai. The program have returned from a holiday spent in motoring for the day began at 8 o’clock in the morning in California. when the Fourth Regiment, United States Ma¬ rines, held a review at the Race Course Parade Commercial Attache Lynn W. Meekins (Ot¬ Grounds. More than 1,000 men composing the tawa), accompanied by Mrs. Meekins, recently three battalions of the regiment passed in review visited Vancouver en route to California on an before their commanding officer, Colonel R. F. extended holiday. Hooker, and Consul General Edwin S. Cunning¬ ham, who received the salute. Dr. Harold Lyman, U. S. P. H. S., who has At 11 o’clock Consul General Cunningham held been attached to the staff of the Consulate Gen¬ an official reception at the Consulate General. Ap¬ eral during the past three months, has been as¬ proximately 500 persons, including Chinese offi¬ signed to duty at the Consulate at Windsor. cials and foreign Consular officers as well as mem¬ CONSUL H. S. TEWELL. bers of the American community in Shanghai, were present. At 12 o’clock Mr. Cunningham proposed a toast to the President of the United SHANGHAI States. JUNE 30, 1931. The Consulate General was decorated for the On the afternoon of June 17, 1931, the officers occasion with bunting, potted plants, and flags of of the American Consulate General were “At the various States of the Union. The Fourth 3S8 Marine Band played the national anthem im¬ Vice Consul Robert C. Coudray, Mukden, spent mediately after the President's toast, and pro¬ several days in Shanghai recently while en route vided incidental music during the morning. to the United States on home leave. Following the Consul General’s reception, the American Club was “At Home” to members and Mrs. J. B. Sawyer and Miss Josephine Sawyer, friends. Hundreds of people visited the club wife and daughter of Vice Consul Sawyer of this during the tiffin hour. office, are spending the summer at Mokanshan, The annual Fourth of July baseball game sched¬ Chekiang Province. uled for the afternoon was postponed on account VICE CONSUL GEORGE V. ALLEN. of bad weather. During the evening, festivities centered at the Columbia Country Club, where there was dining and dancing. TSINGTAO, CHINA

JUNE 30, 1931. An event of unusual interest to American Con¬ Consul General C. E. Gauss, of Tientsin, ac¬ sular Officers in China was the marriage in companied by Mrs. Gauss and son, was here over Shanghai on July 6, 1931, of Consul Paul W. Easter. Meyer, Nanking, and Harriet M. Cogswell, of Rockville, Conn. The marriage took place at Holy Trinity Cathedral, Church of England, Captain Parker G. Tenny, Assistant Military Shanghai, at high noon. Consul Robert L. Smyth, Attache at Peiping, spent a few days in Tsingtao. Shanghai, acted as “best man,” while Consul Gen¬ eral Willys R. Peck, Nanking, and Consuls Paul Vice Consul J. B. Sawyer, of Shanghai, passed R. Josselyn, Shanghai; Richard P. Buttrick, Han¬ through on his return to duty after a brief va¬ kow ; and John J. Muccio, Shanghai, were wit¬ cation. nesses of the ceremony. After their return from a wedding trip to Assistant Commercial Attache A. Bland Calder Japan, the couple will return to Nanking for resi¬ was in town a few hours en route back to Shang¬ dence. Mrs. Meyer has been a teacher at Ginling hai from a trip in Manchuria. College, Nanking, for the past two years. (Continued on page 377)

THE HON. WILLIAM SMITH CULBERTSON, United States Ambassador to Chile, arriving in Lima, Peru, via Pan American-Grace Airways plane, where he was greeted by THE HON. FRED MORRIS DEARING, United States Ambassador to Peru (right). 3S9 WAR AT NINETEEN tirely around a small area in Durham, N. C., By BENJAMIN MUSE United States of America. (Continued, from page 351) I traced the succession of events which had neither inefficient nor retiring in disposition; but marked my 19 years. I held them off, as it were, no uniform in the world would ever have made in a general panorama with an artistic curiosity B look like a soldier. He was so unwarlike to see how my life would look if the whole story and civilian in appearance that he made one think should end in the morning. I remembered the of the figures drawn by American caricaturists various careers which I had painted for myself as to represent “The Public” or “The Man in the one boyish ambition had succeeded another; and Street.” Yet B had a wide knowledge of realized whimsically how foreign to any of these the world and an extraordinary sense of humor, pictures it would be to die on a Belgian battle¬ which attracted me, and he enlivened the whole field. On epics of my childhood, such as the battalion with his pungent and unflagging com¬ Elerbee Creek Escapade and the Billy Goat Race, ments on the War, the Army and the general I dwelt long and tenderly. I decided to make a State of affairs. point of going over these events with my brothers B in civilian life had been a pickpocket! and sisters—if ever I should get home again. I think no one else knew this; he confided in I thought of a number of old friends, devoting me one night when we were quartered in a barn a share of affectionate recollection to each in in Elverdinghe. He and I were lying in a se¬ turn. There were especially my father and my cluded hayloft together, and, the sergeant being brothers and sisters, several fellows and three a safe distance away, we talked in low tones until girls—to all three of whom I felt bound by a a late hour of the night. He fascinated me with sublime and deathless passion. I wondered what stories of how he had extracted watches and they all were doing at this moment and whether wallets from gentlemen at race meetings, chuck¬ they were possibly thinking of me. ling as he described the stupidity of some of his I tried to estimate how much people would re¬ “clients.” On an evil day a professional opera¬ gret my departure from this life—discovering tion had miscarried and left him a choice between curiosly that this was the principal measure of jail and His Majesty’s Forces. B had, my desire to go on living. To one certain group thereupon, “volunteered,” he said—he was one of my death would be an unspeakably heart-rending Kitchener’s Men—but he had regretted ever since blow. I counted a score of other people who that he had not chosen the former alternative. would surely weep, at least. A vastly larger num¬ We fell in for inspection in Battle Order. Our ber of friends would say: “What a shame! So rifles, ammunition, bombs, torches and gas hel¬ young! Etc. . . .” and remember what a nice mets were all grimly examined. Then we broke boy I had always been. ranks again to wait for marching orders—sev¬ The account of my death would be published eral solemn hours, while dusk grew into the utter in the Durham Sun, the Morning Herald and, darkness of a furtive war-zone night. probably, even in the Raleigh News and Observer. We scattered over a wheat field in an opening I hoped that my father had got the postcard in the forest. It mattered little tonight if we photograph I sent him in case any of the news¬ damaged the growing wheat. If we fought and papers asked for my picture. That was a good lived, we would free all Belgian wheat fields; photograph for the purpose. My uniform had and, if we died, what then was bread to us? So fit very well at the time and the smart, saluting we sat in groups or lay down in the wheat, or we pose made it look very natural and soldierly. The walked about and trampled the wheat under foot. editors of both the Durham papers, moreover, B sat with the veterans apart. They were were old friends and they would, consequently, not ruffled at the prospect of going back into the be able to say a great deal about my sterling char¬ old familiar Line. In fact, it was rather a re¬ acter as well as my gallant death. lief to them to break off the tiresome monotony The president of Trinity College would deliver of “resting”; and service in the Line—where each a dignified eulogy in Craven Memorial Hall; in day reduced the battalion strength—had certain his heart Dr. Few would be very sorry for that compensations in the way of freer cigarettes and time when he had me in his office and made such more rations for those who survived. a row about a little thing like painting signs on The new recruits were in a totally different dormitory windows. The Hesperian Literary So¬ mental state. For my part, on the night before ciety would regret that it had not taken me seri¬ the battle, I chose to be alone, because my thoughts ously while it had a chance, and elected me presi¬ were particularly far afield. They hovered en- dent or something. The Alpha Phi Chapter of 360 Kappa Alpha, Southern Order, would go into B and I lived in the same dugout. He had deep and desolate mourning. Yes, they’d be a simple philosophy about the whole business, damned sorry, those fellows! which was summed up in the theory that every¬ It would be nice, I thought, to go back to Dur¬ body in the world had gone mad—“stark, ravin’ ham some day and mad!” “Fall in!” The sharp command broke into a “Ain’t it a mad world!” he often exclaimed. hundred reveries. We fell in; and marched sin¬ “Mad, mad, mad! Look at us livin’ out ’ere in gle file down a winding path into the darkness these bloody ’oles, slinkin’ around in the blinkin’ and mud of the unknown. dark—tryiri to kill people! Look at us! We’re Ill a civilized crew—I don’t think!” Allies and en¬ emies were all in the same category. “Look at I found the World War remarkably like hell, Fritz over there—look at ’im! ’E’s just the sime. or my idea of hell, in many ways. The Ypres ’E used to live in ’ouses sime as us. Now ’e’s Front bore a weird resemblance to the usual con¬ livin’ in a bloody ’ole and crawlin’ about in the ception of Hades, with its vast muddy expanse mud—sime as we are !” oozing with ruin and death, and overcast every¬ Listening to B ’s harangues was our one un¬ where with the same unearthly color of blackish failing entertainment. The job left little con¬ gray. Not a tree, not a blade of grass connected versational ardor in the rest of us, but, as for this region with the ordinary realms of nature, B , the more harrowing the night’s experience, and the only living animals were the mud-coated the more his tongue seemed to wag. horses and mules of the Army, which resembled “Now, now, mi lads,” he began sometimes, in no mundane species. The earth and its denizens, a reproving voice. “You never used to do these their houses and goods, were all merely different kipers—I’ll be stoned pink if you did ! You never forms of mud, roaring, screaming and bursting be’aved like this at ’ome! What would yuh muv- here and there in satanic explosions. Reinforce¬ ver sy, eh? What would yuh muvver sy if she ments coming up, gunners rushing into action, caught you crawlin’ about in the mud at night— battalions charging the enemy’s line—all these putting bombs under blokes?” were just pitiful, dirty men, ploughing through mud. The sea of mud sucked everything into its “What are you goin’ to do when yuh little war deadly bosom that came too near, and rose and is over?” he taunted. “What are you goin’ to do covered the rest with a slimy coat. A legion of then, mi old hearties? What are you goin’ to do English soldiers sank into tbe bog and vanished when they take aht of these ’ere ’oles? You forever from the mortal earth. won’t fancy livin’ in ’ouses again. You’ll dig The Yser Canal was a hideous sister to the oles in the bloody garden and sleep in the mud! River Styx. Broken gun limbers, old gas masks Ay, that’s the bloody gime you’ll be apl’yin’ at! and uniforms—clotted with blood—and even dead You got the blinkin’ ’abit now and you won’t horses and mules floated on its stagnant waters want to bloody well stop. You’ll crawl abaht at or stuck fast to its filthy banks. Sometimes a night and be arter blowin’ people up!” dead English boy floated along with the slime. One night we had enough gas, shrapnel and The famous Canal Bank was a long, ugly groaning casualties to sober even B . The ten honeycomb of dugouts. From them thousands of of us dragged ourselves back to the dugout and Englishmen went forth every evening to fiendish dropped, weary and discouraged, on the bare tasks; thither they returned at the end of each floor. Ten cigarettes twinkled silently and sul¬ long, gruelling night, like imps and damned souls lenly in the darkness. Any oath, any outcry fleeing before the break of day. seemed too futile. Only in a suppressed murmur We took up quarters in this evil place and here and there a fellow opened his heart to his dwelt there for two dark months. pal. I was separated from Albert Harvey now, but Back through the thick earth wall, the guns I ran across him sometimes while we labored in roared—the never-ceasing roar. We had heard it the night. We met, perhaps, on corners of ever since we had been in France—always the sunken roads, we found ourselves suddenly same monotonous roar, like waves rolling up on crouching in the same shellhole, or we passed a rocky beach. It was the same old roar—unless, each other on narrow paths carrying loads of sup¬ indeed, we caught a petulant note in it now. It plies to the front line battalions. He was always seemed as though the weary guns were saying: tired, silent and submissive, like a suffering “Let’s have done with this! We've roared for animal. three long years; let’s get it o''er now!” 361 r rJlHE^EERICAN^OREIGNgEKVICE JOURNAL

“Yank,” came softly from B , “I felt win¬ chance of coming back.” The soldier repeated ter cornin’ tonight!” it to his comrades the next morning and it spread He spoke with a tremor. It frightened me for quickly through the battalion. Most of us went B——■’s voice to sound like that. on repeating it to ourselves the remainder of the “Winter!” he continued. “Know what winter day. is ? . . . My God! . . . Winter . . he groped After the midday meal our platoon gathered in vain for words to fit a winter in the Line. around an officer, who pointed out on an airplane “Can’t stick another winter,” he went on slowly. photograph the terrain which we were expected “Can’t. Had two winters . . . can’t stick an¬ to capture from the enemy. The starting point other. Ain’t possible ... can’t stick another of our attack was from Broembek along the winter!” Langemarke-Coedtervesten Road. The landmarks There was a long pause. I did not know what of our objective vanished with the battle : we were to say with B in such a mood; I hoped he ordered to “dislodge the enemy in Eagle Trench would leave off and go to sleep. and advance upon Chinese House.” Suddenly he spoke out, his old fierce self Albert Harvey was earnestly drinking in every again: “I’ll chuck it, I will! I’ll die. I’ll bloody word. I was sure that he understood the scheme well die! I’ll walk into their blinkin’ bullets and of the attack better than any other man in the let ’em blow me to hell! I’ll let ’em kill me—like platoon. I felt equally certain that he would be a mad, bloody fool!” the first of the crowd to lose his way when the I wondered and pitied until I dropped off to attack began. He was not a very practical sol¬ sleep. dier and I had beeen neglecting him recently for IV men who knew how to light cigarettes in the rain Thus far we had not yet crossed the frontier and how to joke about bloodshed and death. Now of No Man’s Land. The job of dealing with the I suddenly wanted to be near him. I found my enemy at close quarters was usually reserved for way to a seat close to his at the lecture, and we men who were just completing their term in the went for a walk together afterwards. line, for, after once “going over the top,” a bat¬ I wanted to be with Albert in case I should talion was no longer of much use to anyone. cry or do something silly. But neither of us shed Through August and half of September we had tears; we scarcely spoke of the coming crisis. toiled steadily in support. Sallying from the canal We talked in a desultory way about many things bank, we had consolidated Pilkem Village, crossed —mostly pleasant things—that had happened the Steenbek and occupied the pile of brick dust since we were initiated together in the King’s called Langemarke. A third of our battalion had Royal Rifle Corps. gone to swell the number of casualties which A chaplain arrived to hold a religious service. Britain had paid for her advance. But each Albert and I went into the little canteen-chapel time we had only “followed up” through the left¬ and began scattering hymn books around on the over dead and wounded of the attacking bat¬ benches, while a strangely grave and silent crowd talions. Our turn to attack came on the 20th of of Tommies assembled. For once the padre had September, 1917, in the “push” from Lange¬ no trouble in drawing a crowd! marke (it was hoped) to Poelkappel. Although I never worshipped more earnestly, They took us out of the canal bank two days I followed little of that service. I cared nothing before and carried us back to spend a night in for any remarks the padre might have for the oc¬ the safety zone—probably to let us see some trees casion, and I heard scarcely a word of the and grass again and to remind us that the world prayers. Nevertheless, when a prayer began, I which we were fighting for was not wholly com¬ bowed my head and shut my eyes tightly and posed of mud! Officers and sergeant-majors fiercely; and a hymn had begun before I opened were unbelievably kind. There were no parades my eyes again. I joined in the singing at the top except for inspection; breakfast was an hour late of my voice. in the morning and tea was kept hot for those I wanted frantically to make God understand who did not get there on time. Officers called that I was fighting in a righteous cause. us “boys” instead of “men,” and sometimes an We fell in at dusk for inspection. Some silly officer would even say “old man” to one of us. ass let his rifle go off in the air by mistake, and Some soldier wandered too near the command¬ it frightened me more than 10 howitzers. ing officer’s tent that night and heard him say: We marched through the line all the evening, “It’s going to be murder, Clifford—damned and it was midnight before we reached the trench murder! I wouldn’t call it more than a 50-50 which was marked on the maps as “Braembek.” 362 Zero hour was 5.40 a. m. The night passed so I stumbled over the edge of a great shell-hole. swiftly that it seemed to have been omitted from “Take cover!” came from someone inside. At the round of time. My watch startled me when¬ the same moment Freddy appeared again. “Hello. ever I looked at it—it always insisted that an Yank!” yelled a more familiar voice as we joined hour, or two hours, had jumped by. Gray light the trio in the shell-hole. “Ain’t this lovely ?” broke quickly through the morning mist, A sud¬ B was peering recklessly over the top. den frenzy seized the whole earth and it burst Lieutenant Slade was telling B to get down forth crackling, spluttering and roaring! and not be a damned fool. Harvey sat on his “All right!” said our officer. rifle and gasped for breath. I climbed over the top and caught a glimpse V of a long line of men stepping forward. Then Being marooned with an officer was a piece of all was lost in clouds of smoke and flyiflg debris. more than ordinary good luck. After we got our The ground was firm but ploughed and caved breath, we all looked confidently to Slade to tell from months of constant shelling. Weighted us something of what had happened thus far and down with rifle, bombs, entrenching tools, am¬ what was due to happen next. He was a big munition and the whole list of attacking impedi¬ blond young man, sedate and earnest—conscien¬ menta, 1 picked my way around the interminable tious rather than valiant. He sat in the bottom shell-holes. Now and then I saw a level stretch of the shell-hole and poured over his maps and of ground and ran forward to keep from falling airplane photographs. behind the rest. The air cleared a little, f saw “We didn’t make it, hoys,” he said. “And the Albert, B and a little fellow called “Freddy” worst of it is I’m afraid we’re damn well anni¬ all struggling forward—pressed for time. hilated ! The C. O. is in a shell-hole straight “Down!” someone shouted. I flopped down ex¬ back there,” he went on, pointing in the direction hausted. I wondered why we had stopped at this from which we had just come, “about 20 yards. juncture, as it was plain, open field; but I was We’li have to get a message to him and consoli¬ grateful for the rest. I felt my rifle uncomfort¬ date.” He turned to Freddy, who was a com¬ ably under my chest, and it occurred to me that pany runner. “Here,” he said, “I’ll give you a now was the time to bring that weapon into play. message.” I levelled it and fired all the rounds in the maga¬ He scribbled something hurriedly on a page zine into the smoke in front where the enemy from his notebook, while Freddy blushed, speech¬ was most likely to he located. Then 1 started less, but unfaltering. “Run like hell, old fellow!” loading again. Slade said when he had finished. Without a I saw the fellows getting up on my left. “Come word. Freddy nervously grabbed the note and on. Freddy!” I shouted and scrambled to my feet darted over the top. again. Freddy and I joggled along close together We all peered over the rim of the shell-hole to now. Twice I heard the sharp cries of wounded see what would happen to Freddy. The smoke men: “Stretcher-bearers! Stretcher-bearers!” had cleared away. I realized that three or four There was a flash ,‘of romance coming into it English dead lay around our shell-hole. Casting now. If I could only keep on going. Indeed, if my eye around hurriedly, I saw Germans, for I could only keep on going! I wondered how the first time, firing furiously. The enemy had heroes managed to keep on going, if they were as a clear elevation in front of us and he was sweep¬ tired and out-of-breath as I was. ing the field with rifle and machine-gun fire. Freddy strode defiantly forward, his head thrown hack. He was singing at the top of his Breathlessly, we watched Freddy’s dash to the voice—almost screaming. He seemed to think rear. “Good old Freddy!” we could not help that his singing was a charm, that a bullet would crying, as he all but cleared the little space, “Good strike him as soon as he stopped. It was not a old Freddy!” very appropriate song for a battle: But he lost the race by a yard. A German “She’s a lassie from Lancashire, Lancashire, marksman caught him just as he reached his goal, Lancashire!” and he fell headlong into the C. O.’s shell-hole. I was caught in the smoke and debris again. I We would have thought that he had stumbled— could only catch glimpses of Freddy now and but for his leg. His leg remained sticking up then and hear a faint “Lanca-shire!” Shells were over the top, motionless and awful! falling so thick that I could not tell one crash Slade was troubled with the thought of having from another. Geysers of earth were shooting sacrificed Freddy. He would send no more mes¬ upwards. I caught some earth in my face and sengers, hut he decided to go himself. Cautiously a pebble rang against the top of my helmet. surveying the space between the rear shell-hole 363 rpHE^MERICAN p OREIGN gERYICE JOURNAL and ours, he evolved a more scientific plan of battalion would miss him . . . and gentle¬ action. There was a mound, three or four yards men’s watches would be safer at the Derby! wide, just back of us, and beyond this was a B came slowly to a halt. He seemed to be partly hidden stretch of sunken ground through tired, looking for a place to lie down and rest. which—with luck—one might crawl without being He wobbled for what seemed a long time, lean¬ spotted by the enemy. Slade set to work fever¬ ing over twice until he all but fell and straight¬ ishly and dug a shallow trench through this ened up again. Suddenly he lurched forward and mound. Then we watched him crawl slowly fell on his face—dead ! through and disappear down the incline beyond VI . . . We never saw Lieutenant Slade again. It was Albert who reminded us of our obvious Albert and I crawled to the bottom of our duty now. “I think we ought to fire a few rounds shell-hole again. It was not even strategically at Fritz,” he said virtuously. “Don’t you chaps?” wise to keep up our piddling fire from that We squirmed into lying positions on the front cramped position. Before settling down, how¬ rim of the shell-hole, pointing our rifles just over ever, we collected all our bombs and piled them the top. Exposing our heads as little as possible, in a row near the top of the front rim. We we began slowly to fire, and reload, and fire and could seize them quickly there and hurl them at reload again. the Germans whenever they should come out to A line of Germans on the knoll in front of us finish us off. were sweeping the field with a merry, rattling Our consciences were vaguely satisfied that we fire. The pot-helmetted figures stood up head- had done all that we could for the present to and-shoulders above the parapet, with an air of avenge Belgium and to make the world safe for assurance that none of us could hit them—and democracy. we evidently could not, for I never saw a German Albert took out his little pocket Testament, fall. The English were lying like rats in their which contained also the Book of Psalms, and holes. Apparently, no one, except us three, was started to read. After watching him for a while replying to the German fire. in a kind of stupor, I asked him what he was Suddenly I heard a rustle behind me. A man reading about. Fie handed me the Testament, stepped out of our shell-hole, stood up in full opened at the passage: “Yea, though I walk view and walked toward the German line. He through the valley of the shadow of death, I will gave the impression of a man walking on water— fear no evil, for Thou art with me.” out in that field where no human being could live. I saw the shadow of death very clearly. There Like a phantom he paced slowly forward, a khaki- was little suggestive of life about this sinister clad figure, half-covered with mud. valley. The world lay far away, over the moun¬ But I fancied that I had seen a man walk like tains, and the pass was long and narrow, through that somewhere before. There was something lightning and storm; but the end of things was familiar about those sloping shoulders, that just over a mound of dirt. loosely-fitting coat and those funny trousers, “How about some grub?” It took me an hour caught at the knees like a badly-tied bundle. That or more to come around to this reviving thought. big helmet wobbled on the hack of his head like In our shell-hole we had the rations of five men. . . like . . . B ’s! Albert and I now attacked them with surprising “B !” I screamed, “what are you doing?” enthusiasm. The crowning feature of the assort¬ He never turned his head. I wondered wildly ment was two whole tins of strawberry jam. I how his face might have looked as I stared at the had always had a weakness for jam, and when the back of his wobbling helmet. jam was strawberry, Oh, my! The sting of “B——/ B !” I was furious that he should death diminished rapidly. I began to see the ad¬ do such a preposterous thing. vantages in having death hanging over one; it “B /” was an excuse for eating as much strawberry jam He took six paces in what seemed six hours. as one could hold. I nearly finished an entire tin He carried his rifle limply in his hand, like a alone, while Albert gasped. fishing rod. B , the civilian, the caricature “I don’t give a damn,” I said. of The Public—what a grimly ludicrous figure But neither death nor indigestion knocked at to walk into the enemy’s fire! our door during a low, drowsy day. “B 1” I cried once more. “Come back! Dusk fell, and the thought that darkness would Come back!” soon make movement possible put us on our guard He had led a lonely life. Few outside of the again. We stood patiently with bombs in our 364 hands, waiting to sell our lives dearly. No Ger¬ from a stalking monster who made the earth mans, however, appeared. We heard voices, but tremble with his stride. Again and again I shook they came from the rear. A swarm of dark fig¬ off the dirt from a shell bursting almost upon ures started coming up out of the ground all at me. I thought of my comrades, probably all once. They were English! We stepped out joy¬ pulverized by now. fully to meet them. Every soldier was looking Daylight had begun to appear, when a shell- anxiously through the crowd for his friends, or, burst stunned me with its roar and buried me having found a mate still alive, was hugging him up to the neck in soft earth. I felt something and dancing a jig. The “good old Eleventh’ was wet on my eyebrow and wiped it off with my forming up again. finger. It was a tiny piece of white flesh! Look¬ The matter of whether we had won or lost the ing closely in the dirt, as I dug myself out, I battle was of no interest to anyone. The at¬ found countless other little fragments of a human tack, as a matter of fact, had been a failure—and being. now we were going to withdraw. There was no Somebody was yelling: “File out to the right! inspection or falling in. We were simply told Double!” to get away quickly before the Germans saw us. I got up to run and discovered that the trench A sergeant led the way along a narrow duck- had disappeared. A great new shell-hole yawned board path. where the trench had been. The barrel of a rifle All of the wounded who could not walk were was sticking up forlornly out of a pile of fresh left behind in the mud. One of these lay in a dirt, and lying undamaged just in front of me puddle of water beside our path, where he kept was an English soldier’s pay book. I snatched calling, “Matey! Matey!” to us as we hurried it up and read the name: “Rifleman 36937, Al¬ away. It was tormenting to hear that chap yelp¬ bert Harvey.” ing there like a beggar. It seemed that he might just as well have fallen somewhere further away. “Matey!” he wailed, “Matey! For God’s sake! For God’s sake! You won’t leave me here to die, will you, Matey? I know you won’t, Matey! For God’s sake!” His cries faded away in the distance as the last of us passed him by. We plodded on until late into the second night since we had slept. Nervous and sick of horrors, we felt the weariness of two harrowing months in the line. We spoke only to curse; we cursed the Germans, the war, the Army, and the King, and we cursed our one remaining officer. We cursed our officer most of all. The latter coaxed and pled. “Never mind, boys, never mind !” he kept saying. “It’s all over now. We’re going out now. We’re going to get some sleep in just a bit. We’re going out of the line in the morning—going away to rest! Never mind, boys! Just a little longer!” We stopped in a narrow, half-finished trench to sleep. We had to occupy a full battalion length, and, as there was only a remnant of us left, we were obliged to stretch out until only one man was left to a trancept, his nearest neighbor out of sight around a turn in the trench. But we were not to sleep that night. The enemy had not done with us yet. A few shells began to fall tentatively, as if feeling for our trench. Suddenly, they found us and burst forth Photo by H. W. Story. in the fury of another fiendish bombardment. I STATUE TO THE AMERICAN SOLDIER crouched low in the trench, like an ant hiding San Juan Hill, Santiago de Cuba 365 FOREIGN SERVICE CHANGES N. J., now American Vice Consul at Maracaibo, ap¬ pointed American Vice Consul at Santiago, Chile. Released for publication July 18, 1931 Stanley L. Wilkinson, of Danville, Pa., now Ameri¬ can Vice Consul and Clerk at Iquique, appointed The following changes have occurred since July American Vice Consul at Santa Marta, Colombia. 3, 1931 : Sidney A. Belovsky, of New York City, now Ameri¬ Released for publication August 1, 1931 can Vice Consul at Vancouver, assigned American Vice Consul at Dublin, Ireland. The following changes have occurred since July W. Roderick Dorsey, of Newmarket, Md., now Amer¬ 24, 1931: ican Consul at Tsingtao, China, assigned American The Hon. Warren D. Robbins, of Tuxedo, N. Y., has Consul at Madrid, Spain. resigned as Minister at Salvador, and has been ap¬ William M. Gwynn, of Los Angeles, Calif., now a pointed Chief, Division of Protocol, Department of Language Officer at Paris, France, assigned as Third State. Secretary of Legation at Riga, Latvia. Glen A. Abbey, of Dodgeville, Wis., now American Robert Janz, of Omaha, Nebr., now American Vice Vice Consul at Johannesburg and in the United States Consul at Guatemala, assigned American Vice Consul on leave, designated Third Secretary of Legation at at San Salvador, El Salvador. Managua, Nicaragua. Alvin T. Rowe, Jr., of Fredericksburg, Va., now Robert D. Longyear, of Cambridge, Mass., now For¬ American Vice Consul at Bluefields, Nicaragua, on eign Service Officer in the Department of State, leave in the United States, has been commissioned a assigned American Consul at Munich, Germany. Secretary in the Diplomatic Service and assigned as Third Secretary of Legation at Bogota, Colombia. Thomas F. Sherman, of Framingham, Mass., now American Consul at Sofia, Bulgaria, resigned from the Service effective on the evening of August 11, 1931. Robert B. Streeper, of Columbus, Ohio, now Ameri¬ can Consul at Tientsin, China, now in the United States Banking Service on leave, assigned as American Consul at Teheran, Persia. H. Eric Trammell, of Washington, D. C., Third Sec¬ To Foreign Service Officers retary of Legation at Caracas, Venezuela, now in the United States on leave, assigned as Third Secretary of Embassy at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Thomas W. Voetter, of Santa Fe, N. Mex., now American Consul at Curacao, Netherlands West Indies, assigned as American Consul at Guaymas, With over forty-one years Mexico. experience in banking and trust Non-Career business, we offer every financial Jacob D. Beam, of Princeton, N. J., now a clerk at facility to those in the Foreign Geneva, appointed American Vice Consul at that post. Service. Percy G. Kemp, of Brooklyn, N. Y., now American Vice Consul at Helsingfors, Finland, appointed Ameri¬ can Vice Consul at Tananarive, Madagascar. A banking connection in Wash¬ Chester Kimrey, of Pawnee, Okla., now a clerk at ington, D. C., with this Institu¬ Guatemala, appointed American Vice Consul at that post. tion will be a source of satisfac¬ Rodney D. Wells, of Pueblo, Colo., now a clerk at tion while on duty at a foreign Guatemala, appointed American Vice Consul at that post. post. Released for publication July 25, 1931 The following changes have occurred since July 17, 1931: Joseph F. Burt, of Fairfield, 111., now American Con¬ MERICAN sul at Montreal, assigned American Consul at Curacao, AND TRUST COMPANY Netherlands West Indies. John W. Dye, of Winona, Minn., now American Con¬ 15th and Penna. Ave. sul at Wellington, assigned American Consul at Mel¬ bourne, Australia. Four Branches Wilbur Keblinger, of Staunton, Va., now American Consul at Melbourne, assigned American Consul at Capital, $3,400,000 Sydney, Australia. Surplus, $3,400,000 Non-Career WASHINGTON’S LARGEST Robert J. Cavanaugh, of Rock Island, 111., now Clerk at Windsor, appointed American Vice Consul at Char¬ TRUST COMPANY lottetown, Canada. Edwin Allan Lightner, Jr., of Mountain Lakes, 366 Gordon Merriam, of Lexington, Mass., now Language Officer at Paris, assigned as American Consul at Cairo, Egypt. SECURITY (steel) “LIFT” Edward Page, Jr., of Ardmore, Pa., now American Vice Consul at Harbin, China, assigned as American VANS are economical. They save Vice Consul at Paris, France, for language study. Ploward F. Withey, of Reed City, Mich., now Ameri¬ the Government expense because can Consul at London, Ontario, assigned as American Consul at Paris, France. of reduced freight and packing Non-Career costs, and they save the Foreign Derrill H. McColtough, of Spartanburg, S. C., re¬ Service Officers expense because signed as Honorary Vice Consul at Ceiba, Honduras. more goods can be loaded in less Released for publication August 15, 1931 cubic space and because the The following changes have occurred since August 7, 1931 : goods are protected from loss and H. Merrell Benninghoff of New York City, now Lan- damage. gauge Officer at Tokyo, assigned as American Vice Consul at Yokohama, Japan. Cabot Coville, of Los Angeles, Calif., now Ameri¬ They are available in many can Consul at Kobe, assigned as American Consul at parts of the world as well as all Tokyo, Japan. Lynn W. Franklin, of Bethesda, Md., now Ameri¬ over the United States. can Consul at Chefoo, assigned as American Consul at Amoy, China. Ask your shipping agent to use Monroe B. Hall, of New York City, now a Language Officer at Tokyo, assigned as American Vice Consul at Security (steel) vans, or write Kobe, Japan. direct to us, at Washington and/ John S. Littell, of Yonkers, N. Y., now a Foreign or Paris far information and Service Officer, Unclassified, in the Department of State, quotations. assigned as American Vice Consul at Mexico City, Mexico. Hugh S. Miller, of Chicago, 111., now American Consul at Malta, assigned as American Consul at Durban, INSURANCE Union of South Africa. The special “Government Service Leroy Webber, of Buffalo, N. Y., a Foreign Policy” for Foreign Service Officers at Service Officer on leave in the United States, assigned as American Consul at Chefoo, China. $20 per $1,000 per year covers goods in Non-Career transit against usual marine perils, also covers baggage taken when traveling and Bernard C. Connelly, of Rock Island, 111., now a Clerk at Trieste, Italy, appointed American Vice Consul covers goods in residence against fire and at that post. theft. William M. Cramp, of Philadelphia, Pa., now a Clerk at Cairo, Egypt, appointed American Vice Consul at that post. Walter W. Hoffman, of Santa Barbara, Calif., now a Clerk at Port Limon, Costa Rica, appointed Ameri¬ jSmirifg j&oragp (lompang can Vice Consul at that post. Robert M. Ott, of El Paso, Tex., now American Vice 1140 Fifteenth St. Cable “Storage” Consul and Clerk at Chihuahua, Mexico, appointed American Vice Consul at Belize, British Honduras. WASHINGTON, D. C. Released for publication August 7, 1931 European Office 31 Place du Marche St. Honore, PARIS William Whiting Andrews, of Cleveland, Ohio, now First Secretary of the American Legation at Olso, Telegrams “Medium” Norway, has resigned. Charles E. Bohlen, of Ipswich, Mass., now American for over 40 years providing SECURITY for Vice Consul at Prague, Czechoslovakia, assigned as household goods, silverware, works of art, American Vice Consul at Paris, France. furs, clothing, rugs, tapestries, motor Louis G. Dreyfus, of Santa Barbara, Calif., now cars, in American Consul General at Naples, Italy, assigned as American Consul General at Copenhagen, Denmark. Storage, Moving & Shipping Coert du Bois, of San Francisco, Calif., now Ameri¬ can Consul General at Genoa, Italy, assigned as Ameri¬ C. A. ASPINWALL, President. can Consul Genera! at Naples, Italy. (Continued to page 380) 367 her husljand, she is survived by three daughters, Anna D. Winslow, Mrs. Elizabeth E. Winchell, SINCE 1889 and Martha J. Winslow. 42 YEARS AGO During the 20 years that Mrs. Winslow lived abroad with her husband during his consular and r WASHINGTON'S diplomatic service in Sweden, Denmark and Ger¬ many, she furthered, and in some cases estab¬ Florist and Floral Decorators lished, many charitable enterprises based on Amer¬ We Telegraph Flowers ican conception of such work. Before taking up their residence at Fieldston, eight years ago. Mr. WASHINGTON, D. C. and Mrs; Winslow had lived in Chicago. PHONE NATIONAL 4278 Main Store 1212 F Street N. W. George B. Starbuck, American Vice Consul at Three Branch Flower Shops Cienfuegos, Cuba, died on August 5, 1931, at Cienfuegos. Mr. Starbuck was born in Troy, N. Y„ August 24, 1866, and after serving with BIRTHS several companies in Cuba from 1908 to 1915, was appointed Vice Consul at Cienfuegos, November A daughter, Laura Anne Gotlieb, was born at 15, 1915. which position he held until the time of Wellington, New Zealand, on March 22, 1931, to his death. Consul and Mrs. Bernard Gotlieb. Mr. Starbuck was insured in the American A daughter. Barbara, was hern at Sydney, Protective Insurance Association, and arrange¬ Australia, on July 7, 1931, to Vice Consul and ments for the prompt payment of the policy have Mrs. Claude B. Chiperfield. been made.

MARRIAGES Sincere sympathy is extended to A. Dana Hodgdon, Chief of the Visa Division, Depart¬ Wall-Cheeseman. Married at Westchester, Pa., ment of State, in the loss of his father. Dr. on June 12, 1931, Carleton A. Wall and Miss Alexander Lewis Hodgdon, of Dana-on-the- Eugenie Cheeseman. Mr. Wall is now Vice Con¬ Patuxent, St. Mary’s County, Maryland, who sul at Nantes, France. died August 5, 1931, aged 71 years. Meyer-Cogswell. Married at Shanghai on July 6. 1931, Consul Paul W. Meyer and Miss Har¬ Sincere sympathy is also extended to Vice riet M. Cogswell, of Rockville, Conn. Mr. Meyer Consul Gerald Keith, at Seville, Spain, in die joss is stationed at Nanking. of his mother, Mrs. Nellie White Packard Keith, Chapman-Wheelock. Married at Nagoya, Ja¬ who died at Brockton, Mass., July 19, 1931. Mr. pan, on July 10, 1931, Consul John Holbrook Gerald Keith is now in the United States on leave Chapman and Miss Ruth Wheelock, of Dallas, of absence. Tex. Potter-Lincoln. Married at Tokyo, Japan, on Contributions to the American Foreign Service July 18, 1931, Diplomatic Secretary Kennett F. Honor Roll received up to August 15, 1931, Potter and Miss Irene Elizabeth Lincoln. Mr. amounted to $1,123.98. Potter is now Third Secretary at Tokyo. The Secretary-Treasurer of the American For¬ Summerscale-Stogsdall. Married at Beirut. eign Service Association is gratified to note that Syria, on July 29, 1931, John P. Summerscale, of so many officers in transmitting their contribu¬ Edmonton, England, and Miss Nelle B. Stogs- tions to the Honor Roll have at the same time dale, of Fort Crook. Nebr. Mr. Summerscale forwarded their dues for the fiscal year 1931-32. is British Vice Consul at Beirut. The Association wishes again to ask that checks and drafts on foreign banks, or drafts on the Secretary of State, be not used for remit¬ IN MEMORIAM tances. The bank does not care to accept these for deposit, but prefers to take them for collec¬ Mrs. Elizabeth B. Winslow, wife of Edward tion; consequently there is always difficulty and D. Winslow, who retired as American Consul delay, besides charges for collection. Postal General in August, 1917, died on July 29. 1931, money orders, exchange on New York, or checks in her seventieth year at her residence, 465 Field¬ on banks in the United States will be appreciated. ston Road, Fieldston, New York City. Besides 368 COMMERCIAL WORK FOR JULY The volume of trade data received in the Com¬ mercial Office of the Department of State from FOR TWENTY-FIVE YEARS consular officers, excepting the offices in Great Photographers to the Britain, northern Ireland, France, and Germany, Diplomatic Corps and the during the month of July, 1931, is indicated as Consular Service follows: 1931 HARRIS & EWING

Reports 2,194 THE HOME OF Trade Letters 4,078 “NATIONAL NOTABLES” Trade Lists 277 1313 F Street N. W. WASHINGTON, D. C. World Trade Directory Reports. . 5,924 Phone National 8700 Trade Opportunity Reports 376 The officers whose posts and names follow prepared reports received during July, 1931, Dakar, Vice Consul John J. Coyle; Danzig, Consul C. rated EXCELLENT : Warwick Perkins (political) ; Ensenada, Consul Wil¬ liam A. Smale; Fort William and Port Arthur, Consul Alexandria, Vice Consul Charles W. Yost (political) ; Jesse B. Jackson; Geneva, Consul Prentiss Gilbert (polit¬ Buenos Aires, Vice Consuls Stanley G. Slavens, H. ical) ; Consul Gilson G. Blake, Jr.; Genoa, Consul Gen¬ Livingston Hartley, John C. Shillock, Jr., and Theodore eral Coert du Bois; Goteborg, Consul Robert Harnden; S. Cleveland; Callao-Lima, Consul General William C. Guadalajara, Consul Raleigh A. Gibson; Guayaquil, Con¬ Burdett (political) ; Cape Town, Consul Cecil M. P. sul General Harold D. Clum; Habana, Consul General Cross; Copenhagen, Vice Consul Erland Gjessing; Guad¬ Frederick T. F. Dumont and Consul Harold B. Quarton; alajara, Consul Raleigh A. Gibson (1) and Vice Consul Vice Consul Cecil B. Lyon; Halifax, Consul Joseph P. Shiras Morris, Jr. (1); Habana, Consul General Fred¬ Ragland; Hankow, Consul General Frank P. Lockhart erick T. F. Dumont and Vice Consul William B. Mur¬ (political) ; Harbin, Consul Edward B. Thomas (polit¬ ray (1); Nairobi, Consul Karl de G. MacVitty; Sao ical) ; Istanbul, Consul Charles E. Allen (political); Paulo, Consul General Charles R. Cameron (political) ; Jerusalem, Consul General Paul Knabenshue (political) ; Taihoku, Vice Consul Charles S. Reed II; Tientsin, Kobe, Consul Erie R. Dickover; Consul Howard Dono¬ Consul Angus I. Ward (2) ; Zurich, Vice Consul Caven¬ van; Kovno, Consul Hugh S. Fullerton (political); La dish W. Cannon. Paz, Vice Consul Robert P. Joyce (1 telegram) ; Luxem- Trade letters (one letter from each post ex¬ berg, Vice Consul Frederick L. Washbourne; Madras. Vice Consul L. Rutherfurd Stuyvesant; Medan, Vice cept where indicated parenthetically) received Consul Daniel M. Bradciock; Montreal, Consul General during the same period from the following-named Wesley Frost (2 political) ; Mukden, Consul General posts were accorded the rating of EXCELLENT: Myrl S. Myers; Consul John Carter Vincent (political) ; Nanking, Consul Paul W. Mayer (2 political); Vice Brussels; Bucharest (3); Buenos Aires (2); Canton; Consul Lincoln C. Reynolds; Ottawa, Consul General Cape Town; Guadalajara; Kovno (2); Mexico City Irving N. Linnell, Vice Consul Daniel Gaudin, Jr., Vice (2); Oslo; Rio de Janeiro; Rotterdam (3). Consul Allen C. Taylor; Pernambuco, Consul Frederik The following officers submitted reports which van den Arend (2) ; Port Said, Consul Horace Remil- were rated VERY GOOD: lard ; Riga, Consul John P. Hurley (2) ; Rio de Janeiro, Consul General Samuel T. Lee; Vice Consul Rudolf E. Antwerp, Consul Walter S. Reineck; Baghdad, Con¬ Cahn; Rome, Consul Hiram A. Boucher; St. John’s, sul Alexander K. Sloan (3 political) ; Basel, Consul H. Newfoundland, Consul General Edward A. Dow (2); Merle Cochran (1) and Vice Consul Albert W. Scott Saloniki, Consul Charles J. Pisar; Saltillo, Consul Sam¬ (1) ; Batavia, Consul General Kenneth S. Patton ; Bom¬ uel Sokobin; San Luis Potosi, Consul George P. Shaw bay, Consul Dayle C. McDonough (political) ; Vice Con¬ (1 telegram) ; San Salvador, Vice Consul Morgan Ather¬ sul Winfield Minor (1) and Vice Consul Jay Walker ton ; Santa Marta, Vice Consul La Verne Baldwin; San¬ (2) ; Brussels, Consul Walter H. Sholes; Bucharest, tiago de Cuba, Consul Edwin Schoenrich (3 political) ; Consul John Randolph; Buenos Aires, Consul Avra M. Sao Paulo, Consul General Charles R. Cameron (1 polit¬ Warren, Vice Consuls Stanley G. Slavens, Ralph Miller, ical and 2 economic) ; Seoul, Consul General John K. John C. Shillock, Jr., Hugh Corby Fox, H. Livingston Davis; Shanghai, Consul Paul R. Josselyn (political); Hartley and Theodore S. Cleveland (1); Vice Consul Vice Consul J. Ernest Black; Singapore, Consul General Hugh Corby Fox (1) ; Calais, Consul James G. Carter; Lester Maynard (political) ; Stavanger, Consul George Cali, Consul Arthur F. Tower; Callao-Lima, Vice Con¬ Orr; Sydney, Australia, Consul Albert M. Doyle; Tai¬ sul Archibald E. Gray; Canton, Consul General Joseph hoku, Vice Consul Charles S. Reed, II; Tallinn, Clerk W. Ballantine (political) ; Consul Frederick W. Hinke Mr. J. Reintam; Tampico, Consul Clarence E. Macy; (2) ; Cape Haitien, Vice Consul Corey F. Wood (polit¬ Tela, Vice Consul Kenneth S. Stout (political); Tien¬ ical) ; Chihuahua, Consul Francis H. Styles (1) ; Vice tsin, Consul General Clarence E. Gauss (political) ; To¬ Consul Louis B. Mazzeo (1) and Vice Consul Robert ronto. Consul Emil Sauer; Trieste. Consul Rollin R. M. Ott (2) ; Ciudad Juarez, Consul William P. Blocker, Winslow (2) ; Tsinan, Consul Carl D. Mienhardt (polit¬ Vice Consul Everett F. Drumright, Vice Consul Harry ical) ; Tsingtao, Vice Consul Carl O. Hawthorne; Van¬ K. Pangburn and Clerks N. L. Sensiba and L. M. Durel; couver, Consul Harold S. Tewell; Vera Cruz. Consul 369 from the following-named posts were accorded the rating of VERY GOOD; A Quiet Exclusive Hotel Alexandria (2); Algiers; Antwerp; Auckland; Bagh¬ In New York's Social dad ; Bahia ; Bangkok ; Barcelona; Barranquilla; Beirut; Berlin; Bombay; Brisbane; Brussels (2); Bucharest; Centre Buenos Aires (8) ; Cape Town (5) ; Dresden; Durban; Frankfort on the Main; Quayaquil; Jerusalem; Kovno THE LANGDON PATRONIZED BY MEMBERS OF THE (2) ; Malmo; Medan (5) ; Mexico City (7) ; Milan (6) ; 2 EAST 56- ST NEW YORK AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE Munich; Nanking (2) ; Oslo; Rangoon; Rio de Janeiro; Rome (2); Rosario (2); Rotterdam; St. John’s, N. F.; RATES: SINGLE $4.00, DOUBLE $5.00 Saloniki; San Jose (3); Santiago, Chile; Sao Paulo; Seoul; Shanghai; Singapore; Sydney, Aus.; Tallin; ALL ROOMS WITH BATH Tegucigalpa; Tenerife; Tientsin; Tokyo; Tunis; Van¬ couver ; and Zurich. CABLE: LANGDON, NEW YORK SHIPPING REPORTS During the month of July, 1931, the Ship¬ Leonard G. Dawson (political) ; Vice Consul William ping Section of the Division of Foreign Service Karnes; Vienna, Consul General Ernest L. Harris (3); Administration according the rating of EXCEL¬ Warsaw, Stewart E. McMillin; Consul Harry L. Frank¬ lin; Wellington, Consul General Calvin M. Hitch (polit¬ LENT to shipping reports submitted by the fol¬ ical); Consul Bernard Gotlieb; Windsor, Vice Consul lowing officers: Consul Egmont C, von Tresckow, Donald H. Robinson; Winnipeg, Consul General P. Rotterdam; Vice Consul Albert E. Clattenburg, Stewart Heintzleman; Yunnanfu, Consul Harry E. J r., Athens; Consul Cyril L. Thiel, Liverpool ; Stevens (political). Consul Joseph P. Ragland, Halifax; and Vice Trade letters received during the same period Consul Arthur D. Jukes, Callao-Lima.

Photo from C. C. Eberhardt. AMERICAN LEGATION, SAN JOSE, COSTA RICA Government owned: (Note Milk Delivery Wagon!) 370 TRADE DETAILS During the period from July 14, 1931, to Au¬ gust 14, 1931 (not previously reported), the offi¬ cers named below were, according to a statement kindly furnished by the Division of Foreign Serv¬ ice Administration, sent on the following trade Corner 16th and Eye Streets, N. W. details or conferences: Consul Russell M. Brooks (London, England) to Seattle, Longview, Tacoma, and Portland, Oreg.; Consul Dudley G. Dwyre (Mexico City) to San Diego, Calif.; Vice Consul W. Quincy Stanton (Lourenco Marques) to Chicago; and Consul Warren Fletcher (Budapest) to Boston, Baltimore, and Houston, Tex.

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Only three minutes from the State, War The following personal notes as to the foreign and Navy Departments, the White representatives of the Department of Commerce House, and all Clubs, and is the have been received in a communication dated Au¬ center of all that is worth gust 12, 1931, from the Bureau of Foreign and while Domestic Commerce, Department of Commerce: SPECIAL RATES Among' foreign representatives who have recently re¬ turned to the United States for itinerary and leave are TO THE DIPLOMATIC AND Commercial Attache William A. Hodgman, of Buda¬ CONSULAR SERVICE pest ; Trade Commissioner Leonard J. Schwarz, of Accra; and Assistant Trade Commissioner Charles H. Ducote, of Buenos Aires. Mr. Eugene Chevraux has been appointed an Assistant Trade Commissioner at Rio de Janeiro to succeed Mr. Golis, who is being transferred to Singapore. Mr. Boyd, Edward LaForge, who has resigned from the Service. who graduated from the University of Porto Rico, has Mr. Chevraux is a graduate of Hamilton College and been on duty in the Chemical and Commercial Laws Divi¬ Georgetown Foreign Service School and has been em¬ sions since October, 1929. He sailed for his foreign ployed in the Finance Division of this Department for post on August 13. the last four years. Assistant Trade Commissioner Aylwin Probert was Another new appointee to the Foreign Service is Mr. married on June 6 to Miss Hilda M. Reade at Van¬ Robert G. Boyd, wbo has been assigned to San Juan, couver. Mr. Probert was recently transferred from replacing Assistant Trade Commissioner Darwin J. De- Vancouver to Winnipeg.

ALIEN PROPERTY CUSTODIAN CLAIMS and all other WAR CLAIMS in connection with confiscated properties by former allied or central governments Miscellaneous Collections here and abroad, New Financing, Funding of Debts, Re-organization of Foreign Firms, Incorporations under American Laws, Financial Investigations and Credit Information CARL M. J. von ZIELINSKI Foreign Trade and Financial Adviser 90 WALL STREET NEW YORK Cable Address: “Zielinski” All Standard Codes Used Agents and Correspondents in practically all parts of the world.

371 Medical Director H. McG. Robertson. Relieved from duty at Glasgow, Scotland, on October 8, and assigned PAN AMERICAN AIRWAYS to duty at Washington, D. C. July 22, 1931. SYSTEM—“PAN AIR” Asst. Surg. Paul Neal. Relieved from duty at Copen¬ hagen, Denmark, effective September 1, and assigned to duty at Palermo, Italy. July 28, 1931. P. A. Surgeon H. G. Foster. Relieved from duty at Windsor, Canada, and assigned to duty at U. S. Marine Hospital, Portland, Me. July 31, 1931. Surgeon P. J. Gorman. Bureau orders of July 14, 1931, amended so as to relieve him from duty at Warsaw, U. S. AIR MAILS TO SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL Poland, August 18, 1931, and direct him to proceed to AMERICA, MEXICO, and WEST INDIES Glasgow, Scotland, stopping en route at Cobh, Irish Free State, for temporary duty for about one month. August PASSENGERS—AIR EXPRESS 5, 1931. Asst. Surg. E. G. Williams. Directed to proceed WORLD’S LARGEST OPERATORS OF MULTI¬ from Cologne, Germany, to Dublin, Irish Free State, on ENGINED AIR TRANSPORTS August 10, 1931, and return, for temporary duty at the 18,000 MILES OF AIRWAYS—FLYING 80,000 MILES American Consulate. August 5, 1931. EVERY WEEK Board of Directors COMMENT ON CORRESPONDENCE R. F. Hoyt, Chairman, S. S. Colt, Lyman Delano, S. M. Fairchild, G. B. Grosvenor, T. E. Hambleton, W. A. Har- BROCKHOLST LIVINGSTON, riman, Leonard Kennedy, Robert Lehman, Grover Loening, By Vice Consul, George Mixter, E. O. McDonnell, R. H. Patchin, F. B. Baghdad Rentschler, J. T. Trippe, W. H. Vanderbilt, C. V. Whitney Recently, the writer had occasion to suggest to President and General Manager, J. T. TRIPPE the Department that censored visa correspondence Technical Advisor, COL, CHARLES A. LINDBERGH Chief, Foreign Relations, EVAN E. YOUNG be brought to the attention of the officers of ori¬ Washington Representative, P. E. D. NAGLE gin by forwarding them a copy of the rewritten portions. This procedure would not only acquaint GENERAL OFFICES: 122 E. 42nd St.. NEW YORK CITY the field officers of the extent to which their cor¬ respondence needs revision hut would also be a method for informing them of the Department’s PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE policy on points which are not sufficiently clear In the lists of changes of duties and stations of in the published regulations and instructions. By the United States Public Health Service, received it, it is believed, a more uniform practice on the part of consular officers might he developed, re¬ since the August issue of the JOURNAL, the fol¬ lowing have been noted: gardless of the fact that they are permitted to Surgeon H. M. Manning. Relieved from duty at Rot¬ handle visa matters with a rather free rein to fit terdam, The Netherlands, and assigned to duty at Amer¬ in with local conditions. ican Consulate, Bremen, Germany, about August 1. July The method suggested for visa correspondence 14, 1931. could well be extended to all communications Surgeon P. J. Gorman. Relieved from duty at War¬ transmitted through the Department. While the saw, Poland, about September 30, and assigned to duty at American Consulate, Glasgow, Scotland, July 14, 1931. outline for trade letters permits far less leeway P. A. Surgeon E. E. Huber. Relieved from duty at in the preparation of replies to inquiries, it is a Bremen, Germany, between August 1 and 16, and as¬ well-known fact that many officers do not make it signed to duty at American Consulate, Vienna, Austria. a practice to follow the prescribed form even in July 14, 1931. cases which can be handled in such a manner. It P. A. Surgeon L. R. White. Relieved from duty at is agreed that the former system of annual re¬ Palermo, Italy, about September 1, and assigned to duty at Ellis Island, N. Y. July 14, 1931. views of trade work placed upon the Department Asst. Surg. Harold D. Lyman. Relieved from duty an unnecessary burden but they furnished a great at Vancouver. B. C., and assigned to duty at American deal of worthwhile comment which, since their Consulate, Windsor, Ontario. July 17, 1931. discontinuance, is not now available to the field. Surgeon J. E. Paris. Relieved fom duty at Genoa, It is with a view to replacing the pertinent por¬ Italy, and assigned to duty at Ellis Island, N. Y., on tions of those reports without increasing the De¬ August 11. July 20, 1931. partment’s labors that these lines are submitted P. A. Sanitary Engineer A. P. Miller. Directed to for consideration and comment. proceed from Washington, D. C., to Montreal, Canada, and return, to attend the Conference of the State Sani¬ Before the advent of the coordinated commer¬ tary Engineers and the American Public Health Asso¬ cial system in Great Britain, trade letters trans¬ ciation September 12-17. July 21, 1931. mitted through the Consulate General were 372 r_ >prE^MERICAN p OREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL.

checked on a form containing the prescribed out¬ A similar method could be devised for com¬ line, the addressee’s name, and author’s initials. menting on reports received from the field. While These forms were returned to the office of origin the gradings published in the JOURNAL each and served to acquaint the writer as to whether month are of inestimable benefit in stirring up a his reply was considered “sufficient” or “insuffi¬ spirit of competition, the mere knowledge that so cient.” The suggestion now made is that a simi¬ many reports and trade letters have been graded lar form be used by the Department for all cor¬ “Excellent” or “Very Good” is not of much as¬ respondence and that, in addition, the grade re¬ sistance in planning future work to include the ceived be stated and, should revision be found nec¬ points upon which the good grades have been essary, that the rewritten portions be attached to received. Unless the Department of Commerce the form before dispatch to the field office. It is comments at the present time, no indication is not believed that this system would unduly in¬ ever given as to what reports have been given crease the work of the divisions in the Depart¬ the grades published in the monthly review except ment as there is already some record maintained in the case of “Excellents” which are the subject as to the grading, and the other essential points of memorandum instructions. can be inserted by the reader as he progresses in It is understood that a careful compliance with his task. The rewritten portions must be typed Chapter XXVIII of the Regulations should ob¬ and it would not be difficult to make a copy for tain an “Excellent” for every letter and report the purpose in mind. The comments on the form but a casual glance at the number of such sub¬ need not even be typed, but could be made in pen¬ mitted and the comparatively few high grades cil. in duplicate, one copy for the Department’s received is proof there is need for more individ¬ records and one for the office of origin. ual treatment of the work of officers.

Photo from A. E. Gray. CALLAO-LIME, PERU The first night flight with passengers ever made by a commercial company in South America. The four persons at left are (left to right) Pilot Homer Paris, Mr. Harold R. Harris (Vice President of Pan American Grace Airways, Inc.), Consul General William C. Burdett, and Mr. Henry Kittradge Norton. 373 UNIVERSITY TRAINING FOR THE The second problem relates to the amount of FOREIGN SERVICE intellectual training which it will in the long run By DEWITT CLINTON POOLE pay the individual to take into the Foreign Serv¬ ice. Concretely, is it better from the point of (Continued, from page 345) view of ultimate success for a young man to enter subjects of the written examination, notably polit¬ the service soon after the baccalaureate, say at ical and commercial geography and “natural, in¬ 22 or 23 years of age, and thus gain seniority, or dustrial, and commercial resources and commerce to go on with one to three years of graduate of the United States,” as they are now given, work and come in better equipped but behind some we can not prepare without cutting in on more of his contemporaries on the service rolls? This essential and enduring work. Aspirants must is a serious question both for the Government rely upon cramming schools, so far as they are and the universities. From the point of view of unable to prepare themselves. At Princeton we individual ambition I fear that the first may at have been happy to learn of the inquiry recently present be the wiser course. If a representative made by the Department of State into the possi¬ of the Department of State is here, I think it bilities of a different kind of written examina¬ would interest us all very much to hear his esti¬ tion, and we wish the Department success in the mate of the situation. difficult task of setting up a test or tests more in From the point of view of the public good it harmony with the subsequent intellectual require¬ seems to me very important that advancement in ments of diplomatic and consular work. We the Foreign Service should be organized so as to believe that we are offering at Princeton educa¬ allow better equipment to overtake mere longev¬ tionally what is most likely to produce men of ity quickly and conspicuously. I have no doubt long-run value to the Government, and I trust that, if free play is given to the legally estab¬ that I am correct in the understanding that the lished principle of promotion on merit, individuals proposed new entrance examination for the For¬ who have done post-graduate study of the right eign Service will be less a memory test and more kind will readily prove their greater value, where a gauge of intellectual depth, breadth and order¬ factors of personality are approximately equal. liness. As soon as one has passed beyond the early

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374 rJTHE^MERICANpOREIGNgERVICE JOURNAL administrative work, the duties of both consular and diplomatic posts are predominantly intellect¬ ual, in the sense that they are better done by men possessed of intellectual substance and method. Cases and situations of intricate historical, polit¬ ical and economic design are to be analyzed and stated. Personal contacts are for the most part with men of a more thorough and far-reaching intellectual training than is common in the United States. One needs not only a familiarity with many subjects but the insight and balance which are distilled by study and contemplation. Ameri¬ can foreign relations have in the past suffered much from a provincialism which is the negation of all this. In the future the harm can be much greater. The supposed effectiveness of raw native capacity has been exaggerated among us; but even if it has availed somewhat heretofore, it promises to be quite helpless in the new world. With the globe disconcertingly reduced in size and the bases of our political and economic life disturbed and shifting, we must look forward to an era of in¬ ternational relations so novel, fine and intricate that the clearest historical, political and economic understanding will be needed, even among subor¬ dinate officials in the Foreign Service. The For¬ eign Service is now so well provided for finan¬ cially that stricter standards can be used in ap¬ To All Members of pointments and promotions. Insistence upon the Foreign Service: higher intellectual attainment will he an inci¬ dental sign of an advancing civilization. Because of your residence in and knowledge of What ought the higher education of a prospec¬ all parts of the world, you have a unique oppor¬ tunity to contribute materially to international tive Foreign Service officer to be? I suppose that understanding and friendship. a survey of the present personnel would show a predominance of A.B.’s (or the equivalent). An This opportunity is open to you through the pages of the National Geographic Magazine, whose ordinary American “college education” does not 1,275,000 families are eager to read human- in most instances provide an adequate intellectual interest accounts of life in every land and to see basis for the officers who are to carry on our for¬ and study photographs portraying the work and eign relations in the new era. There would be a play of other peoples. small number of M.A.’s. These would in the By offering your manuscripts and photographs to main be much better equipped, since even one The Geographic, you will be performing a very year of graduate work usually means a dispro¬ real service to mankind. You will have the satis¬ faction of assisting this Magazine interpret to its portionate advance in intellectual method and is readers the varying modes of life of different likely to induce more constant and well directed races and nationalities. reading later on. There are some Ph.D.’s. I Incidentally, this Magazine pays liberally for all think that many Service men would agree that, material which it deems suitable for publication. with notable exceptions. Ph.D.’s have not so far proved to be the most valuable men for the uses Write to-day for illustrated 16-page booklet detailing the kind of photo¬ of this particular career. Possibly there is an graphs desired. Address, The Editor. over-weight of intellectuality among them; but I am disposed to think that, so far as the observa¬ tion is correct and any general reason can be as¬ The National Geographic Magazine signed, it is that our Ph.D.’s are trained very Gilbert Grosvenor, Litt. D., LL.D., Editor definitely for one purpose and that is to teach, a function that is neither administrative nor WASHINGTON, D. C. political. 375 The survey would show some who have law degrees and these among the ablest men in the STANDARD OIL CO. OI NEW YORK Service. The study of the law is unquestionably 26 Broadway New York a good preparation for diplomatic and consular work, particularly in respect to method. I under¬ stand that some officers of the Department of State believe that aspirants for the Service would in all cases do well to graduate in law before pre¬ senting themselves for entrance. Having regard to the present situation in higher education, I am myself impressed by the relative value of legal study in preparation for the For¬ eign Service, but the value is relative. It arises from the fact that, graduate study leading to the Ph.D. degree being organized for prospective teachers, there is at present nothing other than the law which better disciplines men in the an¬ The Mark of Quality alysis and statement of cases and situations. On the other hand, a law course is for the prospec¬ tive Foreign Service officer an extravagant proc¬ ess, because he puts in time learning technical and adjective phases of the law which are rarely if Socony ever of any subsequent use to him. 'If there were no need to fulfill the specific requirements of the legal profession, the time for learning what is of lasting value to a Foreign Service officer (or other administrative and political officer of government) Products could easily be reduced to two years beyond the baccalaureate, and the topics through which method is inculcated could be made much more Illuminating Oils directly applicable. The prospective administra¬ tive and political officer needs to know the theory Lubricating Oils and Greases and principles of law. as they are imparted in jurisprudence and similar courses, but he must be more benefited by studies in history, politics Gasoline and Motor Spirits and economics than by conning legal procedure and technicalities. Fuel Oil I think that the ideal is to be found in a post¬ graduate course of one to two years where the Asphaltums, Binders and student is soundly drilled in intellectual method Road Oils and the content of his study is found in funda¬ mental subjects especially chosen with reference Paraffine Wax and Candles to his purpose. The educational requirements of the public service, and of private endeavor also, are mounting so rapidly that economy is essential Lamps, Stoves and Heaters in the lay-out of the student’s work. I do not think that we can longer afford to study law “just for its cultural value.” Branch Offices in the Principal Cities of In the School of Public and International Af¬ Japan Philippine Islands Turkey fairs at Princeton we expect to develop graduate China Straits Settlements Syria study along the lines of the ideas which I have Indo-China Netherlands India Bulgaria just suggested to you. We believe that it will fill Siam South Africa Greece a need that now exists and is bound to increase. India Australasia Jugoslavia We are convinced that in the way indicated we can train men most effectually for the fast grow¬ ing requirements of governmental service and 376 "JHE^MERICANipQREIGN gERVICE JOURNAL- political life, journalism, banking and business. I am confident that in the more plastic organiza¬ tion of private careers these men will readily find their places and their advancement. I hope that The NEW Model No. 6 in the governmental services, where organization is of necessity more formal, those in authority will recognize the value, and increasing need for, UNDERWOOD long intellectual preparation, and will so admin¬ ister the services as to make it clear that an early STANDARD start and patience will not of themselves win out over thorough preparation with its inevitable ini¬ tial delay. IS HERE!

NEWS ITEMS FROM THE FIELD (Continued from page 359) TSINGTAO, CHINA Admiral Chas. B. McVay, Jr., Commander-in- Chief of the-United States Asiatic Fleet, arrived early in June on board the U. S. S. Houston in connection with the annual summer visit of the fleet to Tsingtao. Mrs. McVay is also here.

Senator and Mrs. Kay Pitman, of Nevada, on their way to North China, were ashore for several hours while their steamer was in port.

Consul General and Mrs. Arthur Garrels, of Typewriter beauty is given a new significance . . . Tokyo, spent a day in Tsingtao recently, connect¬ speed and ease of operation a new meaning ... in the ing with steamer for Shanghai. new model No. 6. For years the activities of the great Underwood Laboratories have been centered upon it. For months, details of its construction . . . the develop¬ Miss A. Viola Smith, China Trade Act Regis¬ ment of its startling new features . . . the records of its. revolutionary performance have been closely guarded trar, passed through from Tientsin to Shanghai. secrets. But now, it is here . . . complete . . . proven ... its Agricultural Commissioner Owen L. Dawson period of engineering, testing and checking behind it has been in town and is leaving Mrs. Dawson and ... its era of performance before it . . . ready, willing, children for the summer. anxious to serve you . . . the New Underwood Standard Typewriter. CONSUL W. RODERICK DORSEY. See the New Underwood Standard Model No. 6 at: our office ... or at your own office . . . today! AUCKLAND, NEW ZEALAND JULY 13, 1931. Underwood The Consular Corps held its annual dinner on Standard, Noiseless and Portable Typewriters—Bookkeeping Machines the 3rd of June, the eve of the King’s birthday. UNDERWOOD TYPEWRITER COMPANY The Dean. M. Paul Serre, Consul for France, Division of Underwood Elliott fisher Company presided for the last time. A few days later the 1413 New York Ave., N. WWashington. D. C. Corps met at the home of the Deputy Dean, Mr. "SALES AND SERVICE EVERYWHERE” Alexander Ferguson, Consul for Belgium, to bid "UNDERWOOD. ELLlOTT-FiSHER. SUNDSTRAND SPEED THE WORLD’S BUSINESS" good-by to the gentleman who has led it for eight years. Consul Boyle made the farewell address. UNDERWOOD Mr. Serre has been succeeded as Consul for Speeds the Worlds Business France by M. Edouard Joubert, whose last Con¬ sular post was Prague. A gentleman of that sin- 377 cere simplicity which wins the hearts of those who “dry,” there was no indication of the prevailing have the privilege of meeting him. depression in the spirit of the gathering. We were reminded of our distance from home As Consul Boyle was honored by the Savage by the fur coats which adorned the ladies in the Club by being made chairman on the night of dining room, the season being mid-winter here, July the Fourth and could not accept an invita¬ and the radio reports of the Schmelling-Strib- tion to talk over the radio on our days of days, or bling fight held on the night of July 3 in Cleve¬ rather on the night of that day, he made an In¬ land which were coming through at 3 p. m., July dependence Day talk by radio on June 30. 4, here. Hearty greetings were received from the local On the Fourth of July, Consul and Mrs. Boyle branch of the English Speaking Union from Sir gave a luncheon to 150 guests. Josiah Symon, one of the framers of the Aus¬ tralian Constitution, and from local officials. And then about that diamond ring newly ap¬ Sir Josiah Symon, by the way, is one of the pearing on the ring finger of one of the lady mem¬ grand old men of South Australia. Born at Wick, bers of the Auckland staff. Suppose we postpone Scotland, in 1846, he is still a brilliant orator and announcing what it means until the invitations takes an active interest in all affairs of the day. are out. He was a member of the Commonwealth Senate CONSUL WALTER F. BOYLE. from the inception of the Federal P.arliament of Australia, and topped the poll for the State at the first two Senate elections; he led the opposition ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA in the first Senate and was Attorney General in A total of 20 Americans and Australian wives one Ministry. During nearly 13 years in the Com¬ and husbands of Americans gathered at the Hotel monwealth Legislature Sir Josiah rendered great Richmond to celebrate the Fourth of July in national service. Adelaide. Although the dinner was thoroughly CONSUL H. M. WOLCOTT.

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378 4th OF JULY CELEBRATION WELLINGTON, N. Z. In the afternoon Consul General and Mrs. Hitch held a reception at the Midland Hotel. About 250 invited guests attended. These in¬ cluded the Prime Minister and Mrs. Forbes, sev¬ eral other Ministers, the Chief Justice and other Judges, the chief Naval, Military and Aviation officers, other Government officials, all with their wives. The local Consular Corps, prominent citi¬ zens and all the American residents of Wellington made up the list. The reception was voted a great success. At 7.15 the American Colony and a few spe¬ cial guests met at the Western Electric Company’s offices and saw a private showing of the film “A Yankee at King Arthur’s Court.” From there all drove out to the Scorching Bay Cabaret for a party and dance. Everybody had a good time. CONSUL JOHN W. DYE.

JAPAN NOTES The hymenal “love-lighted hour” of which the poet sang came to two Foreign Service Officers in Japan during the past month. Consul J. Hol¬ brook Chapman, at Nagoya, was married to TO SPAN... Miss Ruth Wheelock a few hours after her ar¬ rival in Nagoya on the morning of July 10th. MINUTES to span them Miss Wheelock arrived from the United States in Yokohama on the day previous, and was met Down the Atlantic Coast... down to Pacific’s end...down the latitudes and up again swings the at the steamer by Consul General Garrels, of business of the Americas. • Not weeks does it Tokyo, and Consul and Mrs. De Vault, of Yoko¬ take to span these thousands of miles of ocean hama. The De Vaults entertained the prospec¬ and mountain and valley...or days or hours. But tive bride at luncheon and dinner, and saw her minutes! Minutes to speed a message from Northern markets to Southern sources of mate¬ safely on her way to her new home. rial ... from Southern buying centers to Northern Mr. Kennett F. Potter, Third Secretary of the industry. Minutes to flash a message and get a American Embassy, rather upset the even routine reply ... via All America Cables. . All America at the Consulate General at the opening of busi¬ Cables, with its three duplex (two-way) cables, its cable stations located at strategic points ness on the morning of July 18th by astonishing throughout the Americas and its fifty years of his colleagues with a statement that he must be experience, wants to serve the Americas with married forthwith, so that he and his bride might speed and accuracy and dependability for their communications .. .wants to give them personal catch the 11.50 train for Karuizawa. This pre¬ service such as makes friends and keeps them. cipitation of the climax of a romance which his The International System of which AH America Cables is a part offers a world¬ friends had for some time suspected came like a wide service of coordinated record communications under a single management... to and within the United States and Canada via Postal Telegraph.. .to Europe, Asia bolt from the blue. The approaching nuptials and The Orient via Commercial Cables... to Central America, South America and had been intimated to a few friends only the the West Indies via Alt America Cables. .. and to ships at sea via Mackay Radio. night before. Vice Consul Hiram Bingham, Jr., T II E INTERNATIONAL S Y S T E M who is the acolyte to the hymenal functions of the office, was equal to the emergency, and the civil formalities were all accomplished in record- breaking time. dll dmerica Cables Counselor Neville of the Embassy, although at first somewhat nonpulsed when he arrived at Commercial Postal the Embassy to take up the day’s labors to find Cables Telegraph a marriage on foot instead of the feverish activ- tTlachatt "Radio 379 ities incident to pouch day, soon again found his jovial self. He was not long in conjuring up from somewhere the proverbial cake and neces¬ sary “bubbles,” so that the assembled Embassy and Consulate General staff could send the bridal pair properly toasted on their way. Mrs. Potter was Miss Elizabeth Lincoln and has for some months been associated with the staff of the St. Luke’s International Hospital at Tokyo. The religious ceremony was performed the same Union Pacific evening at Karuizawa by the Right Reverend Bishop Reifsnider of the Anglican Church. The newly married pair were the guests of Ambas¬ offers sador Forbes and Mrs. Russell over the week ...the largest fleet of daily end. CONSUL GENERAL ARTHUR GARRELS. trains between Chicago, St. Louis, Kansas City, Omaha, Denver, Salt Lake City and the FOREIGN SERVICE CHANGES Pacific Coast. (Continued, from page 367) Richard Ford, of Oklahoma City, Okla., now a ... unequalled comfort over the Foreign Service Officer in the Department of State, assigned as American Consul at Seville, Spain. smoothest roadbed on earth. Arthur C. Frost, of Arlington, Mass., now American Consul at Prague, Czechoslovakia, assigned as American ... de luxe service on all trains Consul General at Calcutta, India. Hugh S. Miller, of Chicago, 111., now American without extra fare. Dining cars Consul at Malta, assigned as American Consul at on all trains. Durban, Union of South Africa. John H. Morgan, of Watertown, Mass., now Ameri¬ can Consul at Budapest, Hungary, assigned as American Consul at Berlin, Germany. For information regarding travel or vaca¬ Samuel H. Wiley, of Salisbury, N. C., now American tions in the United States, Union Pacific Consul at Cherbourg, France, assigned as American Consul at Naples, Italy. maintains offices at the following ports: George H. Winters, of Downs, Kans., now American Vice Consul at Mexico City, Mexico, assigned to the SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF. 673 Market Street Department of State. LOS ANGELES, CALIF. 732 South Broadway Non-Career SAN DIEGO, CALIF 345 Plaza Street Frederick S. Barny, of New Brunswick, N. J., PORTLAND, ORE. . . 341 Washington Street now American Vice Consul at Dublin, Irish Free State, appointed American Vice Consul at Tenerife, Canary TACOMA, WASH. . . 114 South Ninth Street Islands. SEATTLE, WASH 201 Union Station Thomas Edmund Burke, of West Springfield, Mass., now American Vice Consul at Riga, Latvia, appointed NEW ORLEANS, LA. . 226 Carondelet Street American Vice Consul at Helsingfors, Finland. NEW YORK, N. Y 475 Fifth Avenue Leslie W. Johnson, of Minneapolis, Minn., now BOSTON, MASS. . . 294 Washington Street American Vice Consul at Melbourne, Australia, ap¬ pointed American Vice Consul at Wellington, New or Zeland. Henry P. Leverich, of Montclair, N. J„ now a J. P. CUMMINS Clerk at Zurich, Switzerland, appointed American Vice General Passenger Agent Consul at Geneva, Switzerland. Omaha, Neb. James Bolard More, of Delaware, Ohio, now a Clerk at Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic, appointed Ameri¬ can Vice Consul at that post. THE OVERLAND ROUTE Fred K. Salter, of Sandersville, Ga., now a Clerk at Copenhagen, Denmark, appointed American Vice Consul at that post. Swift Vaughter. of Elberton, Ga., now a Clerk at UNION PACIFIC Puerto Cortes, Honduras, appointed American Vice Consul at that post.

380 r rpHE^lERICAlSrpORElGNgERVICE JOURNAL

A POLITICAL BOOKSHELF •.niiiiiiimiiiimiiiiiiiiimmiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiMiiiMiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiimiiirii By JOHN CARTER Two books which are being widely read and discussed in Washington circles, official and otherwise, are “The Washington Merry-Go- Round" (Horace Liveright, $3) and “The Mirrors STEEL of Washington” (Brewer, Warren & Putnam), both anonymous and both purporting to give the low-down on the capital of this great and rather Rolled and Heavy Forged Products depressed Republic. The advice of both books, RAILS, SHAPES, “CARNEGIE” BEAMS, PLATES in the market sense, is to sell the Republican Party CAR WHEELS AND AXLES “short” and to “bull” the Democrats. Inasmuch as for many Foreign Service Officers the United Wire and Wire Products WIRE OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, NAILS, STAPLES. States is a “foreign country,” and inasmuch as SPRINGS. WIRE ROPE, FENCING. COPPER there is a relation between foreign and domestic ELECTRICAL WIRE AND CABLES politics, it is not inappropriate to give a brief account of these political market letters. Tubular Products The “Merry-Go-Round” is generally regarded “NATIONAL” WELDED AND “NATIONAL-SHELBY” SEAM¬ LESS PIPE, STANDARD PIPE. OIL COUNTRY as the work of a group of opposition journalists, GOODS, BOILER TUBES, CYLINDERS is uneven in character, and is permeated by per¬ sonal gossip of tbe “Town Topics” variety, which Sheet Steel Products accounts for its popularity in the intellectual hin¬ BLACK AND GALVANIZED SHEETS, TIN AND TEKNE terland, but is a serious defect in what purports PLATE FOR ALL KNOWN USES to be a serious and destructive analysis of present Fabricated Steel Structures political administration of the country. There are BRIDGES, BUILDINGS, TOWERS. TURNTABLES, WELDED two excellent chapters, one on the Secretary of OR RIVETED PLATEWORK, BARGES, TANKS State and one on the Department of State, which assay about 80 percent fact and 20 percent opin¬ Trackwork ion. Subtracting the prejudice and opinion, these "LORAIN” FROGS, SWITCHES. CROSSINGS AND chapters are well worth reading, for they are the SPECIAL TRACKWORK work of a man who knows the Department and Specialties is skeptical as to its essential sanctity yet is sym¬ INDUSTRIAL CARS, FORGED GRINDING BALLS. STEEL pathetic towards its essential purposes. CASTINGS, PIG IRON, COAL, COKE, PORTLAND “The Mirrors,” on the other hand, is written CEMENT, ATLAS WHITE PORTLAND CEMENT, ATLAS LUMNITE CEMENT by one hand and contains a series of character sketches of the presumptive political candidates of the 1932 primary and national elections. Writ¬ BRANCH OFFICES, REPRESENTATIVES, AND ten with more restraint and humor than the CORRESPONDENTS THROUGHOUT “Merry-Go-Round.” it is not as popular, but is THE WORLD more worth reading. It speaks rather slightingly of both Owen D. Young and Gov. Franklin Roosevelt as presidential timber, and prefers Newton D. Baker. Both books, it may be added, United States Steel have little use for the present administration and both books, it must be emphasized, are written Products Company from a parochial and short-sighted point of view. They frankly cater to the national lust for trivial 30 CHURCH STREET, NEW YORK, N. Y. personalities and show little or no appreciation of COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT the real problems of government or the real needs Russ Building, 235 Montgomery Street, San Francisco, Calif. of American society. However, elections are made Export Distributors of the Products of up of trivialities and politics is a rough game, so Carnegie Steel Company, The Lorain Steel Company, National no student of the political situation in the United Tube Company, Illinois Steel Company, American Bridge States can afford to ignore these examples of Company, American Steel & Wire Company, American Sheet & Tin Plate Company, Tennessee Coal, Iron white-collar mud-slinging. The pity of it is, that & Railroad Company. men who so obviously have access to the sources of political information should have been content imiiimiiiriiiimiHiiiiMMiimiiiimMiMiHMiiiMmimimimiiuiiMiiiimmiiiiMiiiiiiiMiiiiiimiimmiiiiiiiiimiimii- 381 with such a superficial performance. There is al¬ ways need for skepticism concerning any pub¬ licity on American politics, but they are most use¬ ful to the public when their purpose is not so openly partisan and parochial as in the present instances. There’s another book about India, this time “Stark India,” by Trevor Pinch (D. Appleton & Co., $3), which contains a lot of spicy stuff about the sexual and other deficiencies of the Hindus and a lot of very sound observation as to the essential character of the Indian situation. Mr. Pinch is a British journalist who worked for a year in India; he admits that his background is superficial, and he obviously knows what the pub¬ lic wants in the way of bait; his views, however, are serious, sympathetic and liberal, and his book is worth reading. And then there’s another book about Russia, “Hidden Springs of the Russian Revolution. Personal Memoirs of Katerina Breshkovskaia,” edited by Lincoln Hutchinson and put out by the Committee on Russian Research of the Hoover War Library (Stanford University Press, $5). The Breshkovskaia was an aristocratic girl who Ipana’s two-fold rebelled against the stupid tyranny of Tsarism and became in a sense the grandmother or god¬ protection mother of the Russian Revolution. The Bolshe¬ vik coup d’etat deprived her of political raison keeps gums healthy d’etre and she clings to her faith in and admira¬ tion for Kerensky, but her memoirs provide a teeth white valuable corrective to those who, taught to hate TO GO ON, day after day, using the Bolshevik excesses, sigh for the good old days a tooth paste that merely cleans of Tsarism. There weren’t any. the teeth is to ignore the lessons of the past ten years. HEROIC BOY SCOUT Ipana, more than any other tooth paste, Jackson Balch, son of Consul General Henry H. meets the needs of modern oral hygiene. Balch, at Dublin, while watching recently some For with it your teeth are white and shin¬ ing. Your gums are strengthened, toned, boat races on the River Lilly, saw a boy fall into invigorated. the deep river and in grave danger of drowning. Week by week you can see and feel the He alone of a large crowd of onlookers plunged improvement Ipana brings your gums— instantly into the river with all his clothes on and the pinker color, the firmer texture that let you know they are healthy and resist¬ brought the boy safely to shore. ant to the inroads of gingivitis, Vincent’s disease and pyorrhea. ONE HUNDRED DEGREES IN THE SHADE Even if your tooth brush rarely "shows Now wouldn’t it be nice pink" for the sake of your gums play To sit on the ice safe and use Ipana. And eat frozen blubber Ipana is sold in all the principal cities With the Eskimos? of the world. If you can't obtain it in To slide down a glacier your locality please notify us and we will With no friction to faze yer, send you a full size tube free of charge. And chase polar bears Tonight, begin a full month’s test of this modern tooth paste. See how your teeth Across the snows? brighten, how your gums harden, how Brrhl I can almost feel the health of your mouth improves. Ice scrunch under heel; I’m getting quite cool— Imaginative fool! 1 I DOI.LV W. KIRK. IPANA SSS Saturday Reznciv of Literature. 382 I WAS SURPRISED I was surprised to learn— That the Department observes fewer holidays than does any post in the Foreign Service. That more overtime work is done in the Depart¬ ment per capita than in the field. That the officers, from the Secretary down, often remain at their desks, in spite of Wash¬ ington’s summer heat, long after the corridors have been stilled and the clink of typewriters has ceased. That when visitors are ruffled, peeved or angry, the Department’s officers are calmer and more courteous than usual—if such is possible. That tempers are never lost in conversations. That visitors leave the Department happier than when they come, even though they may fail to attain the objects of their visits. That an “Excellent” report pleases the man who grades it as much as it does the man who writes it. That it requires as much time to grade an “In¬ different” or “Poor” report as it does an “Excel¬ lent” one and that the duty is very unpleasant. The more I think this over, however, the less surprised I am, because these things are as they should be. ANONYMOUS. (F. S. O. on detail in Department)

LETTERS (This column will be devoted each m-onth to the publication, in whole nr in part, of letters to the Editor from members o) the Association on topics of general interest. Such letters are to be regarded as expressing merely the personal opinion of the writers and not necessarily the views of the JOURNAL, or of the Association.)

MONTREAL, CANADA, August 6, 1931. DEAR MR. EDITOR : I am impelled to address to the JOURNAL a word of praise and thankful appreciation for the Department’s circular instruction of July 1, 1931, establishing a new system for the distribution of post allowances. It seems to me that the instruction shows a highly intelligent and earnest attempt to administer the post allowance funds in the interest of the efficiency of the Service, as well as along lines of common-sense equity. I hope and believe that the officers in the lower grades of the Service will approve of the principle that officers in the higher grades shall partake of the funds in ques¬ tion. and will realize that as they advance in their careers they will now be able to receive the assistance which (their older colleagues can assure them) is every bit as necessary when their responsibilities are increased as in the earlier phases of their service. Sincerely yours, SOLD BY GOOD STORES EVERYWHERE WESLEY FROST, Distributors in all principal cities American Consul General. 383 1921 2nd Ave. West., necessary to get the scheme started is to announce the SEATTLE, WASH., period of the tournament, say, from September 1 to JULY IS, 1931. December 31, and ask that handicap score cards and DEAR MR. INGRAM : entrance fees be forwarded. I see from the July number of the JOURNAL that there The departmental golfers could, of course, participate, is some hesitation in regard to printing “The Habit of and perhaps some of them might improve on the procedure Representation” in pamphlet form. As a college student, outlined above. and one especially interested in the Foreign Service, I Very truly yours, believe this article printed in pamphlet form would be W. E. DE COURCY, of invaluable service to many of us aspiring to the Service. If you do put the article out in pamphlet form, Paris Consulate General. we at Washington could use two or three copies, I am sure. The JOURNAL has enabled me to get a better perspective of the Service as a whole, and for this reason I shall CONTENTS continue to read it with keen interest. Page Sincere’y yours, TELLING THE WORLD ABOUT THE WASH¬ HAROLD E. HELM RICH INGTON BICENTENNIAL—By Honorable Sol Bloom 341 WANTED: A SPORTS EDITOR UNIVERSITY TRAINING FOR THE FOREIGN PARIS, July 11, 1931. SERVICE OF THE UNITED STATES—By De- The Editor of THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, Department of State, Washington, D. C. Witt C. Poole 344 DEAR SIR: Because of the pleasure derived from recent FLIGHT TO PERSEPOLIS—By Henry S. Villard 346 golf competitions between the Consulate General and the Embassy, it has occurred to the golfers in this office that WAR AT NINETEEN—By Benjamin Muse... 350 the Sports Editor of the JOURNAL might be interested in promoting a long distance golf tournament between mem¬ DIVISION OF CURRENT INFORMATION 354 bers of the Foreign Service throughout the world. Golf is a game where an opponent is not essential, and it NEWS ITEMS FROM THE FIELD 356 seems that a long distance tournament might be organ¬ ized along the following lines : FOREIGN SERVICE CHANGES 366 1. Prospective entries would first be required to sub¬ mit signed score-cards for 36 or 72 holes of play over BIRTHS, MARRIAGES AND IN MEMORIAM .... 368 their home course. From this their handicap would be established on the basis of the par score for the course. COMMERCIAL WORK FOR JULY 369 2. The period of the tournament would extend over DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE CHANGES 371 four or six months and entries would be allowed to send in at any time during that period score-cards for 72 PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE 372 holes of play, but they would not necessarily have to be for consecutive play. This would allow the duffers to COMMENT OF CORRESPONDENCE—By Brock- make a selection of their best days of play. The cards, needless to say, would have to be signed by a third hoist Livingston 372 person as scorer. 3. The net score of each player would be determined A POLITICAL BOOKSHELF—By John Carter. 381 by taking his total score and deducting his predetermined LETTERS 383 handicap. An additional adjustment to equalize easy and difficult courses would be made by taking a par score of 72 as a standard. For example, if the par of my home course is 70, then two strokes would be added to my net score for each 18 holes played. On the other hand, if the par of the course is 74, two strokes would be de¬ ducted from my score for each 18 holes. The competi¬ tion would be on a medal score basis, of course. Entries We Will could be required to nay $1 entrance fee, and with the proceeds of these fees some sort of appropriate prize could be bought. The tournament could be given addi¬ tional zest by having subsidiary tournaments in different Bond You regions, such as Latin America or the Far East. By this means golfers could compete against old adver¬ HORACE F. CLARK & SON saries on the other side of the world. It is believed that GENERAL AGENTS—NEW JERSEY FIDELITY such a tournament would prove interesting and that the reports as to its progress would give an additional note 935 Investment Bldg., Washington, D. C. Phone National 9763 of interest to the JOURNAL. If the Sports Editor is will¬ ing to do the handicapping and scoring, the only thing 384 « & a - a a DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR « a OFFICERS » a a WILL ENJOY THE WILLARD with its large rooms, high ceilings and outside bath¬ rooms. Within the past few months the rooms have been newly decorated; with their bright and attractive chintzes, they are charming in appearance and provide the utmost in comfort.

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