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Central Department of Environmental Science Tribhuvan University Kirtipur, Nepal ©August 2017 Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University Environmental Science Some Theoretical Background and Applications Central Department of Environmental Science Tribhuvan University Kirtipur, Nepal ©August 2017 Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University Citation: TU-CDES and ICIMOD (2017). Environmental Science: Some Theoretical Background and Applications. Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur and International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Khumaltar. Editors Dinesh R. Bhuju, Madan Koirala, Reshma Nakarmi Countributing Authors Alka Sapkota Anup K. C. Binaya Joshi Chanda Gurung Goodrich Dibas Shrestha Dinesh R. Bhuju Ganesh Raj Joshi Kabi Raj Paudyal Kanchan Shrestha Kedar Rijal Rabin Bastola Laxmi Dutt Bhatta Madan Koirala Pranita Bhushan Udas Ramesh P. Sapkota Rashila Deshar Reshma Nakarmi Sadhana Pradhnanga Sudeep Thakuri Susmita Dhakal Uddhab Khadkha Publisher Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development ISBN: 978-9937-0-2971-1 Printed: Sigma General Offset Press, Sanepa, Lalitpur, Tel.: 01-5554029 ii Environmental Science Contents Chapter 1 Pg No. Environmental Earth Science : Materials and Process Examples Kabi Raj Paudyal, Dibas Shrestha 1 Chapter 2 An Overview of Selected Environmental Management Tools Kedar Rijal, Ramesh P. Sapkota, Rabin Bastola 28 Chapter 3 Environmental Economics: Concept and Application Tools Anup K. C., Ganesh Raj Joshi, Binaya Joshi 40 Chapter 4 Gender and Social Inclusion in Environmental Discourse Madan Koirala, Pranita Bhushan Udas, Chanda Gurung Goodrich 63 Chapter 5 Ecosystem Based Adaptation: Conceptual Background and Applications Dinesh Raj Bhuju, Reshma Nakarmi, Susmita Dhakal 79 Chapter 6 Payment for Ecosystem Services: A Possible Instrument to Sustainable Ecosystem Management in Nepal Rashila Deshar, Laxmi Dutt Bhatta, Kanchan Shrestha 104 Chapter 7 Waste Management and Wastewater Treatment in Nepal Alka Sapkota 119 Chapter 8 Fresh Water Resources of Nepal: Perspectives and Issues Sadhana Pradhnang, Udhab Raj Khadkha, Sudeep Thakuri 133 Environmental Science iii 4 Environmental Interdisciplinary EDITORIAL The human influence on the natural world and its ecosystems has never been more prominent or problematic than it is today. It is feared that the continued pace of the environmental degradation, if not corrected on time, will eliminate the human race along with many others from the face of the earth earlier than one would imagine. The environmental approach adopted by various other disciplines (multidisciplinary) and bringing the knowledge and tools of those disciplines to the study of environmental science (interdisciplinary) is also the manifestation of this realization. The more we wait for is a universal consensus of environmental worldview to secure the mother earth and its children. Thanks are to the academic programmes offered in all the renowned universities in the world, which are not only producing professionals of environmental science or environmental studies/ engineering/management but also bringing environmental awareness around world at all levels. In Nepal, the Central Department of Environmental Science (CDES), under the aegis of Tribhuvan University, Institute of Science and Technology (TU-IOST) is the pioneering institution offering courses in environmental science and research. In 1997, it introduced Bachelors’ of Science majoring environment, and in 2001 the Master’s programme. Having one of the huge applications for enrollment, the BSc in Environmental Science is one of the most popular college degrees in the country today. In 2012, the TU-IOST upgraded the BSc Environmental Science to four-year degree that was three-year in the earlier years. Thus, a good part of MSc syllabus was incorporated into BSc. With successful completion of the four-year course, the TU-CDES took an immediate step in reviewing its curricula in MSc Environmental Science: sub-groups of major themes comprising experts and faculty were formed, which indulge on rigorous exercise; consultations were done with experts and educationists as well; and the subject committee thoroughly discussed on the revised draft before sending to TU-IOST for the approval by TU academic council. The new revised syllabus, both for BSc and MSc Environmental Science are in effect now. While taking lead in teaching the revised syllabus, the faculty members felt it a dire need to have resource materials. Although, the internet world has made the materials available much easy, it is important that we keep the course delivery uniform and delineate its scope according to the credit hours; after all it is a degree programme that a student has to take examinations and pass. Thus, the idea of preparing resource book/s was proposed. The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) showed its keen interest and offered support in this academic endeavour of strengthening our course delivery. This resource book entitled Environmental Science: Some Theoretical Background and Applications contains eight chapters that bring theories, approach and application from a wide range of disciplines. Four of the chapters deal with theoretical background of emerging concepts such as environmental economics, ecosystem based adaptation, payment for ecosystem services and environmental management. Similarly, three chapters cover conventional topics of environmental science: geological and hydrological processes, fresh water resources and waste Environmental Science v management. A chapter on newly introduced topic of gender and social inclusion elaborates how such cross-cutting issues are important in environmental decision making. Each chapter brings some case studies of learning, that of Nepal, where available. The book chapters are prepared by a team comprising university faculty and subject experts affiliated with environmental science. The chapters are the collection of published materials relevant to the subject, and summarized with suggested references for details or further learning. The revised MSc Environmental Science curriculum contains 20 theory papers (10 compulsory and 10 specialized/electives). Altogether there are 102 units in these theory papers. We confess that the present volume of book only serves a small portion of this total requirement as rendered by the curriculum in its contents and references. The users, both the faculty and graduate students may take it as an indicative resource rather than a complete subject chapter. Their suggestions and feed backs will surely be valuable in bringing publications of similar kind but in better shape in the future. DRB, MK and RN vi Environmental Science FOREWORD As an academic subject, environmental science plays a crucial role in our ability to address present and future environmental challenges. A solid understanding of natural laws and processes of the ecosystems and their components provides the foundational knowledge to analyze the complex and multi-faceted relationships between nature and humans. In fact, humans and nature are so closely conjoined in the study of environmental issues, we might say that environmental science transcends traditional disciplinary considerations and constitutes, in fact, a way of thinking about the world and our connections to it. The interdisciplinary nature of environmental science has made it a common platform for many fields of study from across the academy, appreciating that environmental challenges are as much scientific and they are social. At the graduate level, we expect that students take the rudiments of environmental science and develop a deeper understanding for the purpose of generating knowledge and synthesizing it with what we already know. This is the essence of higher education. For this reason, the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) is partnering with and supporting universities to strengthen their course curricula and research capabilities. The Himalayan University Consortium (HUC), with the Secretariat at ICIMOD, has been supporting universities in the Hindu Kush Himalaya to build the academic and research capacities through exchanges, networking and technical support. The collaboration with the Central Department of Environmental Science at Tribhuvan University (TU-CDES) is a recent such example. We are pleased to know that the TU-CDES has revised its Master's degree course to incorporate recent developments in environmental science and keep its course of study on par with international standards. The revised course seeks to balance its components in the physico- chemical, biological and social sciences. We know that the revision of course curricula is a rigorous process involving faculty and experts from many disciplines, yet the more challenging task is to provide students with appropriate references. We hope that the publication of this resource book will serve as one important step in fulfilling this need. And ICIMOD is happy to be a part of this endeavour. ___________________ David J. Molden, PhD Director General, ICIMOD August 2017, Kathmandu Environmental Science vii 8 Environmental Interdisciplinary ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Environmental science is perhaps the most dynamic discipline in the academic arena today. As our environment continues to degrade and deplete, new knowledge to diagnose its cause becomes an urgent task in search of the remedy. Only such updated knowledge will prepare our graduates professionally sound and universally competent. Since the Tribhuvan
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