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US Geological Survey UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR *"! ' 5, GEOLOGICAL SURVEI PEGMATITE GEOLOGY OF THE SHELBY DISTRICT NORTH CAROLINA by \ Wallace R. Griffitts > \ I ,' -* U. S. Geological Survey ' ' OPEN FILE REPORT 5 Ihis report is preliminary and has not been edited or reviewed for conformity with Geological Suj'V*-'/ standards or nomenclature. COHTEHTS _ _ - Page Abstract Introduction. ........................... 1 Location and physical features ................ 1 Field work and acknowledgments ................ 2 Geology .............................. k Metamorphic rocks....................... h- Carolina gneiss ..................... Ij- General features .................. ^4- Lithology. ..................... k Biotite gneiss member. ............... 6 Battleground schist ................... 9 General features .................. 9 Lithology. ..................... 9 Hornblende schist and gneiss. .............. 11 General features .................. 11 Gabbroic rocks ................... 11 Hornblende schists ................. 13 Pyroxenite and associated rocks. .......... 13 Schist and granite complex. ................ 14- Igneous rocks. ........................ 15 Toluca quartz monzonite ................. 15 . : .r *- General features .................. 15 ^ c Lithology. ..................... 16 Yorkville granite .................... 19 General features .................. 19 Lithology. ..................... 20 Page CherryvlUe quartz monzonite. ............. 20 General features ................. 20 Relations to enclosing rocks ........... 23 Lithology. .................... 26 Age and origin .................. 30 Diabase ........................ 31 Structure and metaraorphism. ................. 33 General features. ................... 33 Structure of the southeastern province. ........ 33 He.jional features. ................ 33 Folds. ...................... 33 Faults ...................... 34 Cleavage ..................... 35 Linear structures. ................ 35 Structure of the northwestern province. ........ 36 Regional features. ................ 36 Folds. ...................... 36 Faults ...................... 37 Foliation. ................. v. 38 linear structures. ................ 38 Nature and degree of metamorphism ........... 40 Metamorphism in the southeastern province ....... 41 Metamorphism in the northwestern province ....... 42 Geology of pegmatites ....................... 44 Pegmatites related to the Toluca quartz monzonite. ..... 44 Distribution and mode of occurrence .......... 44 J Page Litholo^y ....................... k? Origin. ........................ 47 Pegmatites related to the Cherryville quartz monzonite ... kS Distribution. ..................... US Relation to host-rock lithology ............ 52 Lithology ....................... 5^ Wall rock alteration. ................. 60 Origin of pegmatite .................. 63 Leajth of tis:e of crystallization ........... 73 Structural control of pegmatite. .............. 75 General ........................ 75 Pei^matites related to the Toluca quartz monzonite ... 76 Pe^jmatites related to the Cherryville quartz monzonite. 77 Summary ........................ 32 Origin of zones. ...................... 83 General ........................ 83 Relatioa of zones to composition of pegmatite ..... 65 Relation of zones to temperature. ........... 88 Relation of zones to deformation of pegmatite ..... 95 Relation of zones to size, shape, and attitude of / pegmatite mass .................. 97 Mineralogy ......................... 98 General ........................ 98 Quartz. ........................ 98 Plagioclase ...................... 101 Microcline. ...................... 103 Muscovite ....................... Biotite ........................ 107 Spodumene ....................... 108 Beryl ......................... 110 Tourmaline. ...................... 111 Garnet. ........................ 112 Staurolite.......'................ 112 Dumortierite. ..................... 112 Sillimanite ...................... 113 Andalusite. ...................... 113 Zircon. ........................ 113 Calcite and dolomite. ................. Sulfide minerals. ................... Cassiterite ....................... 116 Columbite ....................... 116 Magnetite and ilmenite. ................ 116 Apatite ........................ 117 Monazite and xenotime ................. 118 References cited. ........................ 120 TABLES Number Page 1. Mineral composition of Toluca quartz monzonite ..... 13 2. Chemical composition of the Yorkville granite. » 21 3» Mineral composition of Cherryville quartz monzonite in percent by volume. .................. 27 k. Minerals of the Shelby district .......... In pocket ILLUSTRATIONS Fitsure Fellows page 1. Index map of the Shelby district. ............ 1 2-. Geologic map of the Shelby pegmatite district , Worth Carolina. .................... In pocket 3A. Contorted garnet layer in Carolina gneiss * 3B. Grooves on surface of a lens of fine-grained lime- silicate ** rook from the Carolina gneiss. ............... * k-. Metabasalt with relict amygdaloidal structure f ron the biotite gneiss member of the Carolina gneiss ...... 8 5* Bedding in marble in Battleground, schist (Gaffney marble) 10 1 oA. Toluca quartz raorizonite with strongly developed pl and linear structure. ................. lo 6B. Lineationt^P^^5^^^" ^® scalaj in Toluca quartz monzonite 16 * TA.* Discordant contact of Cherryville quartz monzonite (upper left) with mica schist (lower right). ......... 25 ?B. Foliation in schist truncated by Cherryville quartz monzonite and small inclusion, rotated, in quartz monzonite ....................... 25 8. Biotitic Cherryville quartz monzonite broken and cemented by later znuscovitic quartz monzonite. ......... 25 c 9- Lineated variety of Cherryville quartz monzonite. .... 26 Figure Follows 10A. Perthitic microcline maas ia binary Cherryville quartz monzonite ...................... 29 103. Euhedral white perthitic microcline crystal '.(below oectlcOjin biotitic Cherryville quartz monzonite ... 29 11. Map showing intrusive rocks, key beds, and major struc­ ture? of the Shelby district, North Carolina . In pocket 12. Bedding and cleavage in phyilite of Battleground schist. 35 13. Faults containing dikes of pegmatite related to the Toluca quartz monzonite, in Carolina gneiss ..... 37 14A. Grooving of pegmatite at contact of dike related to the Toluca quartz inonzonite ............... 3$ 14B. Lineation (elongated leaves of quartz) in same pegmatite dike shown in figure l^A. .............. 3^ 15A." Tiny wrinkles in phyllite of the B-dttlejround schist. kl. 15B. Pencilled qu?.rtzite in the Battleground schist. .... ^1 16. Puckered cleavage in coarsened E^ttlesroiind schist. k2 1?A. Gneissic pegmatite. .................. 57 1?B. Polished slab of gneissic pegmatite .......... 57 18A. Pegmatite dike cutting hornblende schist. ....... 57 18B. Curved and crrc:ajd spodumene crystals (inclined from upper right to lower left) in albite-quartz matrix. 57 x 19A. Quartz core, flanked by plegioclase-quartz pegmatite of wall zone ...................... 58 19B. Healed fractures in core quartz and euhedral perthitic microcline crystals from margin of quartz mass. ... 58 20. Sulfide-filled fractures in pegmatite ......... 58 21. Trends of pegmatite dikes and of foliation of schist, Beaverdam Creek Area. ................ 79 22. Trends of bent dikes, Beaverdam Creek Area. ...... 80 ABSTRACT The Shelby district is divided into a northwestern and a south­ eastern province. The rocks in the southeastern province include various units in the Battle«2round schist formation and the Yorkville granodiorite. Those in the northwestern province include the Carolina i^neiss, with its Shelby gneiss member, and the Toluca quartz ir-onzonite. The Cherryville quartz rnonzonite forms a batholith that is just vest of the boundary between the two provinces. Pegmatites related to "both the Toluca and the Cherryville quartz monsonites lie in the Carolina gneiss and many dikes of pegmatite that are related to the Cherryville quartz nionzonite are in the tin-spoducene belt that lies along the boundary between provinces. The rocks of the southeastern province have been "bent into steep isoclinal folds; those of the northwestern province were bent into open folds and gently-dipping isoclinal folds. The rocks to the southeast have been metamorphosed in the epidote- anphibolite facies where&s the rocks to the northwest represent the anphibolite or granulite facies. The pegmatites related to the Toluca quartz nionzonite fom sills, dikes, and concordant lenses in the Carolina gneiss, as well as dikes in the Toluca quartz monsonite. The bodies are unzoned and consist mainly of gneissic rnicrocline-plagioclase-quartz pegmatite. The pegma­ tites related to the Cherryville quartz moozonite form dikes and disconformable lenses in the Carolina gneiss and the Toluca quartz These pegmatites range widely in composition and many are The dikes west of the Cherryville batholith are rich in JITUSCO- v-«-o and pla.3iocl.-ise and rnay contain no raicrocline or only a moderate amount of nicrocline. Quartz cores and microcline-rich intermediate zones are common. Similar pegmatite forms dikes along the vest ed^e of the tin-spoduneae "belt. The tin-spodumenc belt contains albite- sdcrocline-spodumene-quartz pegmatite. These dikes of albitic pegma­ tite are largest and most nearly parallel to one another south of Kln^s J-Sountain. Farther north they lie in fractures of several sets. The inain factors that affected the development
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