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The Epistemology of Evidence in Cognitive Neuroscience1
To appear in In R. Skipper Jr., C. Allen, R. A. Ankeny, C. F. Craver, L. Darden, G. Mikkelson, and R. Richardson (eds.), Philosophy and the Life Sciences: A Reader. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. The Epistemology of Evidence in Cognitive Neuroscience1 William Bechtel Department of Philosophy and Science Studies University of California, San Diego 1. The Epistemology of Evidence It is no secret that scientists argue. They argue about theories. But even more, they argue about the evidence for theories. Is the evidence itself trustworthy? This is a bit surprising from the perspective of traditional empiricist accounts of scientific methodology according to which the evidence for scientific theories stems from observation, especially observation with the naked eye. These accounts portray the testing of scientific theories as a matter of comparing the predictions of the theory with the data generated by these observations, which are taken to provide an objective link to reality. One lesson philosophers of science have learned in the last 40 years is that even observation with the naked eye is not as epistemically straightforward as was once assumed. What one is able to see depends upon one’s training: a novice looking through a microscope may fail to recognize the neuron and its processes (Hanson, 1958; Kuhn, 1962/1970).2 But a second lesson is only beginning to be appreciated: evidence in science is often not procured through simple observations with the naked eye, but observations mediated by complex instruments and sophisticated research techniques. What is most important, epistemically, about these techniques is that they often radically alter the phenomena under investigation. -
Socity the Physiologicalsociety Newsletter
p rVI i~ ne Pal Newsette Socity The PhysiologicalSociety Newsletter Contents 1 Physiological Sciences at Oxford - Clive Ellory 2 Neuroscience Research at Monash University - Uwe Proske 4 Committee News 4 Grants for IUPS Congress, Glasgow, 1993 4 COPUS - Committee on the Public Understanding of Science 4 Nominations for election to Membership 5 Computers in Teaching Initiative 5 Membership Subscriptions for 1993 5 Benevolent Fund 6 Wellcome Prize Lecturer 6 Retiring Committee Members 8 Letters & Reports 8 Society's Meetings 9 Animal Research - Speaking in Schools 9 Colin Blakemore - FRS 9 Happy 80th Birthday 10 Talking Point in the Biological Sciences - Simon Brophy,RDS 11 Chance & Design 11 Views 11 Muscular Dystrophy Group - SarahYates 14 The Multiple Sclerosis Society - John Walford 14 British Diabetic Association - Moira Murphy 15 Biomedical Research in the SERC - Alan Thomas 16 Cancer Research Campaign - TA Hince 18 The Wellcome Trust - JulianJack 22 Articles 22 Immunosuppression in Multiple Sclerosis - A N Davison 23 Hypoxia - a regulator of uterine contractions in labour? - Susan Wray 25 Pregnancy and the vascular endothelium - Lucilla Poston 28 Society Sponsored Events 28 IUPS Congress 93, list of themes 32 Notices 35 Tear-Out Forms 35 Affiliates 37 Grey Book Updates Administrations & Publications Office, P 0 Box 506, Oxford, OXI 3XE Tel: (0865) 798498 Fax: (0865) 798092 Produced by Kwabena Appenteng, Heather Dalitz and Clare Haigh The PhysiofogicafSociety 9ewsfetter Physiological Sciences at Oxford The two year interval since the last meeting of the Society in Lecturer in the department for some time, has been appointed to Oxford corresponds with the time I have been standing in for a university lectureship, in association with Balliol College. -
Network AW 2004.Qxd 10/11/2004 13:40 Page 1
Network AW 2004.qxd 10/11/2004 13:40 Page 1 network Autumn/Winter 2004 News, views and information from the Medical Research Council In this issue... MRC integral to UK clinical Funding update research drive News of competition for MRC funding in Speaking at the Academy of Medical Sciences (AMS) in 2004/05 and the application June, Lord Warner of Brockley announced the formation review process of the UK Clinical Research Collaboration (UKCRC) – a page 2 multi-partner initiative launched to give a major boost to clinical research in the UK.The Government has also set up a new MRC/Health Departments (HDs) Joint Health Francis Crick Delivery Group to increase the strategic coordination of 1916-2004 publicly funded medical research and support the UKCRC. A colleague pays tribute to one of the founding fathers UKCRC of molecular biology The UKCRC was a key recommendation of the Research page 4 for Patient Benefit Working Party set up in response to "We welcome Chancellor Gordon Brown's budget influential reports in Autumn 2003 by the AMS and the announcement of a cash injection for medical research Government's Bioscience Innovation and Growth Team. over the next four years, and will be working even more Basic Technology With a mission to coordinate and transform clinical closely with the Government and the Health Departments November showcase for research in the UK, the partnership will involve the MRC, to address national health priorities in the years ahead." progress by MRC scientists Government, the NHS, academia, medical charities, Colin Blakemore, MRC Chief Executive in the Research Councils UK industry and the public. -
The Use of Non-Human Primates in Research in Primates Non-Human of Use The
The use of non-human primates in research The use of non-human primates in research A working group report chaired by Sir David Weatherall FRS FMedSci Report sponsored by: Academy of Medical Sciences Medical Research Council The Royal Society Wellcome Trust 10 Carlton House Terrace 20 Park Crescent 6-9 Carlton House Terrace 215 Euston Road London, SW1Y 5AH London, W1B 1AL London, SW1Y 5AG London, NW1 2BE December 2006 December Tel: +44(0)20 7969 5288 Tel: +44(0)20 7636 5422 Tel: +44(0)20 7451 2590 Tel: +44(0)20 7611 8888 Fax: +44(0)20 7969 5298 Fax: +44(0)20 7436 6179 Fax: +44(0)20 7451 2692 Fax: +44(0)20 7611 8545 Email: E-mail: E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Web: www.acmedsci.ac.uk Web: www.mrc.ac.uk Web: www.royalsoc.ac.uk Web: www.wellcome.ac.uk December 2006 The use of non-human primates in research A working group report chaired by Sir David Weatheall FRS FMedSci December 2006 Sponsors’ statement The use of non-human primates continues to be one the most contentious areas of biological and medical research. The publication of this independent report into the scientific basis for the past, current and future role of non-human primates in research is both a necessary and timely contribution to the debate. We emphasise that members of the working group have worked independently of the four sponsoring organisations. Our organisations did not provide input into the report’s content, conclusions or recommendations. -
2018-19 1 Annual Report and Accounts
2018-19 1 Annual Report and Accounts 2018 - 19 Contents Page 1. Report of the trustees 3 2. Statement of the trustees’ responsibilities 27 3. Independent auditor’s report 28 4. Statement of financial activities 30 5. Balance sheet 31 6. Cash flow statement 32 7. Notes to the financial statements 33 2 Chair’s report My involvement with The Brain Tumour Charity dates from 2015, when my daughter Emily was diagnosed with a glioblastoma. It was a devastating time in our lives, and my wife and I, like many parents, turned to the internet for information and support. The Charity’s resources were invaluable, and I was impressed by their laser-like focus on global research investment, their support for everyone affected and their work to raise awareness of this horrendous disease. As I grew more involved with The Charity, it became abundantly clear that this was a one-of-a-kind organisation, uniting an incredibly special and dedicated community of people to effect significant and lasting change. So I was privileged to become their new Chair in July 2018, taking over from Sir Martin Narey. I’d like to extend my warmest thanks to Martin for his excellent contribution, as well as to my fellow Trustees for their welcome, support and hard work, both on the Board and in so many other ways. I’d also like to thank Tim Burchell, who stepped down from the Board of Trustees in March 2019. After the year end, Andy Foote retired as a Trustee. Andy was one of the Charity’s original Founders and has made a significant contribution to its development and work over many years. -
Richard Gregory Pri- 1970 He Moved to the University of Bristol, Where He 19 Marily from His Small 1966 Masterpiece Eye and Brain Remained for the Rest of His Career
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Obituary 10 11 ALFRED H. FUCHS, EDITOR 12 Bowdoin College 13 14 15 16 17 RICHARD LANGTON GREGORy (1923–2010) 18 19 20 21 BRUCE BRIDGEMAN 22 University of California, Santa Cruz 23 A giant among cognitive scientists, Richard L. Gregory died on May 17th at the age 24 of 86. While most of us remember him for his pioneering work in perception, he 25 had many other interests and accomplishments as well. Though I knew him only 26 late in his life, he always had a spark of boyish curiosity and enthusiasm. Gregory 27 had a way of cocking his head and looking down at his conversation partners; with 28 his height, he looked down at almost everyone, literally but never figuratively. He 29 must have been born tall—it’s impossible to imagine him any other way. 30 Gregory was born into an academic family. His father Christopher was the first 31 director of the University of London Observatory, and he attended a public school 32 (in North America, a private school). His education was interrupted by WWII, 33 during which he served in the signals branch of the Royal Air Force. Continuing on 34 the academic fast track, in 1947 he entered Downing College, Cambridge, studying 35 philosophy and experimental psychology, tutored by Bertrand Russell in the small 36 world of British academia at the time. After earning his degree in 1950, he stayed 37 in Cambridge to work at the Medical Research Council applied psychology unit 38 under Frederic Bartlett, one of Bartlett’s last students and, for Gregory, one of his 39 most treasured mentors. -
BY COLIN BLAKEMORE and RICHARD C. VAN SLUYTERS* from the Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG (Received 20 August 1973)
J. Physiol. (1974), 237, pp. 195-216 195 With 8 text-figures Printed in Great Britain REVERSAL OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MONOCULAR DEPRIVATION IN KITTENS: FURTHER EVIDENCE FOR A SENSITIVE PERIOD BY COLIN BLAKEMORE AND RICHARD C. VAN SLUYTERS* From the Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG (Received 20 August 1973) SUMMARY 1. It was confirmed that suturing the lids of one eye (monocular deprivation), until only 5 weeks of age, leaves virtually every neurone in the kitten's visual cortex entirely dominated by the other eye. On the other hand, deprivation of both eyes causes no change in the normal ocular dominance of cortical neurones, most cells being clearly binocularly driven. 2. Kittens were monocularly deprived until various ages, from 5 to 14 weeks, at which time reverse suturing was performed: the initially deprived right eye was opened and the left eye closed for a further 9 weeks before recording from the visual cortex. 3. Reverse suturing at 5 weeks caused a complete switch in ocular dominance: every cell was dominated by the initially deprived right eye. Reverse suturing at 14 weeks, however, had almost no further effect on ocular dominance: most cells were still driven solely by the left eye. Animals reverse sutured at intermediate ages had cortical neurones strongly dominated by one eye or the other, and they were organized into clear columnar groups according to ocular dominance. 4. Thus, between 5 weeks and 4 months of age, there is a period of declining sensitivity to both the effects of an initial period of monocular deprivation and the reversal of those effects by reverse suturing. -
MRC Annual Review 2004/05 1 the MRC Works Across All Medical Research Introduction Disciplines and with a Wide Range of Stakeholders to Improve Human Health
Working together to improve human health 2004/05 Annual Review The Medical Research Council (MRC) is the UK’s leading publicly funded biomedical research organisation. Our mission is to: ● Encourage and support high-quality research with the aim of improving human health. ● Produce skilled researchers, and to advance and disseminate knowledge and technology to improve the quality of life and economic competitiveness in the UK. ● Promote dialogue with the public about medical research. Welcome 1 Introduction 2 Working in partnership 4 Accelerating research 8 A sense of achievement 12 14 Cancer 16 Cardiovascular disease and stroke 18 Respiratory disease 20 Infectious disease 22 Neurosciences and mental health 24 The ageing population 26 Obesity, diet and diabetes 28 Health inequalities 30 Clinical investigation and trials 32 From discovery to treatments Welcome From Professor Colin Blakemore MRC Chief Executive In this Annual Review you will read about some of the many achievements of MRC-funded scientists in 2004/05 and the partnerships that have made much of this vital work possible. The research that we fund is aimed at tackling major challenges to human health. These range from potentially devastating infections such as AIDS and avian flu to the gradual increase in ageing-related diseases resulting from longer life expectancy. But it is not enough for us simply to support and carry out the highest-quality biomedical science. We must relate what we are doing in the laboratory to clinical research involving patients and the work of the NHS. By focussing on medical research ‘in the round’, as a continuum involving interaction and two-way feedback between a variety of disciplines, we can ensure that our scientists’ discoveries are translated into health benefits for people as soon as possible. -
August in San Diego: Neuroscience for Architecture, Urbanism & Design
August in San Diego: Neuroscience for Architecture, Urbanism & Design Michael A. Arbib University of California at San Diego NewSchool of Architecture and Design [email protected] (August 24, 2019) Table of Contents 1. Introduction + Evidence Based Design ........................................................................... 2 Neuroscience For Architecture, Urbanism & Design ............................................................. 2 NfA and ANFA ......................................................................................................................... 4 Evidence-based design ........................................................................................................... 5 2. From Neuroscience to Architecture and Back Again ....................................................... 6 The Spectrum from Neuroscience to Architecture ................................................................ 6 Core Neuroscience/Cognitive Science: The Action-Perception Cycle and Affordances ........ 9 Embodied Cognition/Embrained Bodies .............................................................................. 10 Linking Music and Architecture ............................................................................................ 11 3. Measuring Physiological and Neural Correlates............................................................ 11 Core Neuroscience: The Autonomic Nervous System ......................................................... 11 What can we measure and what does it mean? ................................................................. -
Home As Archive - Event Transcript
Home As Archive - Event Transcript Event begins Title Slide: Pink background with white text that reads “Home as Archive: Presented in collaboration with Essex Book Festival & Metals Culture, Southend. EWF logo and festival dates are in the lower right corner” Video One: Katerina Bryant Welcome to Home as Archive. My name is Katerina and I will be a host and artist this evening. To begin, I would like to acknowledge the first nations and Traditional Owners of the land we are broadcasting from – I am currently on Kaurna land, where I live and write. I pay my respects to Elders past and present, and, as this is an online recording whose reach is far, to the Elders of the lands this recording might reach. For this event, we will be discussing home, spaces and histories. This is part of the wonderful EWF and is presented in collaboration with Essex Book Festival & Metal Culture, Southend. Tonight, we will be witnessing work by artists working between so-called Australia and Essex, England. They will be sharing artefacts from the archives of their personal histories. I anticipate there will be an intimacy tonight as we will be peering into these artists’ homes. Where we live and, who and what we share those spaces with, is intimate and vulnerable. In some ways the past year has allowed us to peer into each other’s homes over Zoom, but in others it has separated us from sharing space with people we cherish. I’d love to frame tonight as not only a look into these artist’s homes and lives but the creation of our own archive – capturing this moment through place and objects. -
Mental Imagery: in Search of a Theory
BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (2002) 25, 157–238 Printed in the United States of America Mental imagery: In search of a theory Zenon W. Pylyshyn Rutgers Center for Cognitive Science, Rutgers University, Busch Campus, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020. [email protected] http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/faculty/pylyshyn.html Abstract: It is generally accepted that there is something special about reasoning by using mental images. The question of how it is spe- cial, however, has never been satisfactorily spelled out, despite more than thirty years of research in the post-behaviorist tradition. This article considers some of the general motivation for the assumption that entertaining mental images involves inspecting a picture-like object. It sets out a distinction between phenomena attributable to the nature of mind to what is called the cognitive architecture, and ones that are attributable to tacit knowledge used to simulate what would happen in a visual situation. With this distinction in mind, the paper then considers in detail the widely held assumption that in some important sense images are spatially displayed or are depictive, and that examining images uses the same mechanisms that are deployed in visual perception. I argue that the assumption of the spatial or depictive nature of images is only explanatory if taken literally, as a claim about how images are physically instantiated in the brain, and that the literal view fails for a number of empirical reasons – for example, because of the cognitive penetrability of the phenomena cited in its favor. Similarly, while it is arguably the case that imagery and vision involve some of the same mechanisms, this tells us very little about the nature of mental imagery and does not support claims about the pictorial nature of mental images. -
Emergency in Thehighlands
www.ihwebsite.com | facebook.com/highlands.council March 2013 EMERGENCY IN THE HIGHLANDS By Nina Milligan with Maureen Bondor, Highlands Resident of the original “Cottages” neighborhood of an emergency; I don’t like feeling helpless when CERT members learn to help themselves and Are you ready? it is so easy these days to get the basics squared others! The program only runs twice a year and away,” explains Maureen. “Even basic the spring program has two classes beginning on Thanks to Maureen and Michael preparedness (hey that’s about two March 13, 2013. Bondor, IH residents of the original “Cottages” weeks) brings great neighborhood, Issaquah Highlands has many peace of mind. It is an 8-week course, costing only $35. It is CERT-certified neighbors: 40 to 50 at last count. Just go to training that is invaluable and can affect many Maureen and Michael are virtual evangelists when Costco and get people’s lives including your own. Details and it comes to CERT training. But what is CERT it done!” registration can be found at anyway? http://issaquahcitizencorps.com/ We all think CERT stands for Community Emergency about fire, Through CERT Training you learn: Response Team (CERT) and is part of Issaquah earthquake and Disaster First Aid Training Citizen Corps, a volunteer organization dedicated in greater Issaquah, flooding, Disaster Preparedness to helping neighbors be better prepared for as the big threats to our safety. But Basic Firefighting disasters and emergencies. Issaquah’s CERT Maureen says there’s more. “Power Light Search and Rescue program