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Gewässergüte Und Kläranlagenbau in China Die approbierte Originalversion dieser Diplom-/Masterarbeit ist an der Hauptbibliothek der Technischen Universität Wien aufgestellt (http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at). The approved original version of this diploma or master thesis is available at the main library of the Vienna University of Technology (http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at/englweb/). DIPLOMARBEIT Master’s Thesis Gewässergüte und Kläranlagenbau in China ausgeführt zum Zwecke der Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Diplom-Ingenieurs Unter der Leitung von Ao.Univ. Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. techn. Matthias ZESSNER-SPITZENBERG Institut für Wassergüte, Ressourcenmanagement und Abfallwirtschaft E 226 eingereicht an der Technischen Universität Wien Fakultät für Bauingenieurwesen von Yan SCHNELL (geb. ZHANG) Matrikelnummer: 9935288 Anschrift: Adlerstraße 13, D-73434 Aalen, Deutschland Wien, im März 2007 Yan Schnell Kurzfassung Die chinesischen Wasserressourcen sind unzulänglich und ihre räumliche und zeitliche Verteilung ungleich. Zurzeit werden die kostbaren Wasserressourcen Chinas durch ungeklärte Abwässer stark belastet. Eine Lösung des Wasserverunreinigungsproblems liegt in einer verbesserten Abwasserbehandlung. Deswegen ist der Bau von Kläranlagen eine wichtige Maßnahme zum Schutz der Wasserqualität. In dieser Arbeit habe ich versucht einen Überblick über das sehr komplexe Thema der chinesischen städtischen Abwasserbehandlung zu geben. Das Hauptaugenmerk lag dabei auf folgenden Themen: (i) einem Einblick in die Gesamtsituation der Abwasserbehandlung in China (ii) der gegenwärtigen Situation der städtischen Abwasserbehandlung (iii) bei den rechtlichen Grundlagen für Entwurf und Bau der städtischen zentralen Kläranlagen (iv) den allgemeinen technischen Begriffen über die Gestaltung städtischer Kläranlagen (v) den wichtigsten Bemessungsparametern bzw. Bemessungsgleichungen aus dem chinesischen staatlichen Standard „Code for design of outdoor wastewater engineering GB50101-2005“ (vi) bei häufig verwendeten und geförderten Abwasserbehandlungsverfahren (z.B. Umlaufbecken-Verfahren), sowie den Auswahlprinzipien der technischen Verfahren (vii) einem Beispiel einer chinesischen Kläranlage anhand dessen die Verwendbarkeit der deutschen ATV 131(2000) zur Bemessung der Belebungsanlagen in China kurz diskutiert wurde (viii) möglicher zukünftiger Entwicklung der Abwasserbehandlung in chinesischen Städten Da die Umwelt-Technologie Österreichs im Bereich der Abwasserreinigung weltweit führend ist, könnte Österreich in Zukunft China im Bereich der Abwasserbehandlung unterstützen, z.B. bei der Bemessung und Betriebsoptimierung der städtischen Kläranlagen. Ich hoffe, dass diese Arbeit Umweltfirmen im deutschsprachigen Raum etwas tiefergehende Informationen über den chinesischen Kläranlagenbau anbieten kann. A Abstract Whilst chinese water resources are insufficient in quantity, their spatial and temporal distribution is also unequal. Currently these precious water resources are also threatened by polluted wastewaters. A solution for the problem of water pollution can only lie in an improved wastewater treatment. Thus the construction of new wastewater treatment plants is crucial for improving water quality. This thesis attempts to provide an overview about the complex issues of chinese urban wastewater treatment. It focusses mainly on the following topics: (i) General situation of wastewater treatment in China (ii) Current situation of urban waste water treatment (iii) Legal foundations for design and construction of urban wastewater treatment plants (iv) General technical terms about the design of urban wastewater treatment plants (v) Crucial parameters and equations for scale and design derived from the federal chinese standard "code for design of outdoor wastewater engineering GB50101-2005" (vi) Wastewater treatment methods that are frequently applied and endorsed (e.g. oxidation ditch). Selection criteria for implementation of treatment methods (vii) Example of a chinese wastewater treatment plant demonstrating the applicability of German ATV 131(2000) code for the design of biological treatment plants in China (viii) Future directions of development of wastewater treatment in chinese cities As the Austrian wastewater treatment technology is leading globally, it could support China in its own quest of improving and developing wastewater treatment. An example for such transfer of technology would be both the design and optimisation of operation of urban wastewater treatment plants. I do hope that this thesis will provide in depth information about chinese wastewater treatment issues for companies focussing on environmental cleanup and protection, especially those operating from German speaking countries. B Danksagung Zuerst möchte ich Herrn O.Univ.Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr.techn. Dr.h.c.Helmut Kroiss vom Institut für Wassergüte, Ressourcenmanagement und Abfallwirtschaft dafür danken, dass er das Thema dieser Diplomarbeit inspirierte und ihre Erstellung ermöglichte. Aufgrund seiner interessanten Vorlesungen habe ich mich mit dem Thema Abwasserbehandlung beschäftigt. Für seine ständige Diskussionsbereitschaft, die vielen hilfreichen Vorschläge zur Verbesserung meiner Arbeit und die enorme fachliche Unterstützung bin ich besonders meinen Betreuer Herrn Ao.Univ. Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. techn. Matthias Zessner-Spitzenberg zu Dank verpflichtet. Außerdem möchte ich mich bei Herrn Ing. Junchang Yang für die vielfältig zur Verfügung gestellten Informationen bedanken. Zuletzt möchte ich auch meiner Familie danken: Meinen Eltern und meinem Mann für ihren Glauben an mich sowie ihre moralische und finanzielle Unterstützung. Ohne sie hätte ich diese Arbeit nicht beenden können. Dank gebührt auch meiner kleinen Tochter, Hannah, dafür, dass sie während vieler Stunden brav geblieben ist. C Inhaltsverzeichnis KURZFASSUNG............................................................................................................................. A ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................... B INHALTSVERZEICHNIS .................................................................................................................1 TABELLENVER INHALTSVERZEICHNIS ZEICHNIS ...................................................................5 ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS.........................................................................................................7 ABKÜRZUNGEN .............................................................................................................................9 KAPITEL 1 EINLEITUNG................................................................................................................................. 11 KAPITEL 2 CHINA IM ÜBERBLICK................................................................................................................ 14 2.1 GEOGRAPHIE.................................................................................................................................... 14 2.2 BEVÖLKERUNG ................................................................................................................................14 2.3 DIE CHINESISCHEN STÄDTE ............................................................................................................ 15 2.4 ABWASSERANFALL UND REINIGUNGSRATE ................................................................................... 16 2.5 GEWÄSSER UND IHR ZUSTAND ........................................................................................................ 16 2.5.1 Zusammenfassung über die chinesischen Wasserressourcen ....................................................................16 2.5.2 Die fünf Gewässergüteklassen in China .................................................................................................... 17 2.5.3 Die sieben wichtigsten Flusssysteme und ihre Zustände........................................................................... 19 2.5.4 Süßwasserseen und ihr Zustand................................................................................................................. 22 2.6 WASSERPREISE ................................................................................................................................23 KAPITEL 3 GESETZLICHE GRUNDLAGEN.................................................................................................. 24 3.1 RECHTSGRUNDLAGEN UND SYSTEMATIK IM WASSERRECHT. ..................................................... 24 3.1.1 Erklärungen des gesetzlichen Systems in China........................................................................................ 24 3.1.2 Liste der in Kraft getretenen gesetzlichen Grundlagen.............................................................................. 25 3.2 VERWALTUNGS- UND ÜBERWACHUNGSSYSTEM FÜR DIE CHINESISCHE STÄDTISCHE ABWASSERREINIGUNG .......................................................................................................................... 25 3.3 STANDARDS FÜR DIE CHINESISCHE ABWASSERREINIGUNG .......................................................... 27 3.3.1 Überblick über Standards für den chinesischen Gewässerschutz ..............................................................27 3.3.2 Nationale Wasserqualitätsstandards .......................................................................................................... 27 3.3.3 Nationale Emissionsstandards über Einleiten des Abwassers in Gewässer............................................... 29 3.3.4
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