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46 Works Cited Acemoglu, Daron and James A. Robinson. Economic Works Cited Acemoglu, Daron and James A. Robinson. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy . Cambridge University Press, New York, 2006. Ake, Claude. The Feasibility of Democracy in Africa . Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa, Dakar, 2000. Biryukov, Nikolai and Victor Sergeyev. “The Idea of Democracy in the West and in the East” in Defining and Measuring Democracy ed. David Beetham, SAGE Publications, London, 1994. Blackwell, Christopher W. “Athenian Democracy: a brief overview,” in Adriaan Lanni, ed., “Athenian Law in its Democratic Context” Center for Hellenic Studies On-line Discussion Series . Republished in C.W. Blackwell, ed., Dēmos: Classical Athenian Democracy, edd. A. Mahoney and R. Scaife, The Stoa: a consortium for electronic publication in the humanities , 28 Feb 2003 edition. <www.stoa.org>. Accessed 18 Mar 2009. "Botswana." Encyclopædia Britannica . 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. <http://www.search.eb.com.proxyau.wrlc.org/eb/article-43898>. Accessed 17 Feb 2009. Bratton, Michael and Nicolas Van de Walle. Democratic Experiments in Africa . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997. "Chad." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. <http://www.search.eb.com.proxyau.wrlc.org/eb/article-278146>. Accessed 10 Mar 2009. CIA. “Botswana” in World Factbook . 2009. < https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the- world-factbook/geos/bc.html>. Accessed 22 April, 2009. CIA. “Chad” World Factbook . 2009. <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/geos/cd.html>. Accessed 22 April 2009. CIA. “Field Listing – Suffrage” The World Factbook . 2009. <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2123.html>. Accessed 30 April 2009. CIA. “Field Listing – Median Age” The World Factbook . 2009. <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2177.html>. Accessed 30 April 2009. CIA. “Sierra Leone” World Factbook . 2009. <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the- world-factbook/geos/sl.html>. Accessed 22 Apr 2009. 46 Collier, Paul. The Bottom Billion . Oxford University Press, New York, 2007. Dahl, Robert. On Democracy . Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, 1998. Economist Intelligence Unit. “The Economist Intelligence Unit’s Index of Democracy 2008” The Economist , 2008. <http://a330.g.akamai.net/7/330/25828/20081021195552/graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democr acy%20Index%202008.pdf>. Accessed 10 Feb 2009. Eriksson, Hans and Björn Hagströmer. Chad – Towards Democratization or Petro-Dictatorship? . Nordic Africa Institute, Uppsala, Sweden, 2005. Freedom House. Freedom in the World 2008 . “Methodology” <http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=351&ana_page=341&year=2008>. Accessed 7 Feb 2009. Hadenius, Axel and Jan Teorell. "Same, Same -- But Different: Assessing Alternative Indices of Democracy" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Hilton Chicago and the Palmer House Hilton, Chicago, IL , Sep 02, 2004. <http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p59513_index.html>. Accessed 5 Feb 2009. Henk, Dan. “The Botswana Defense Force: Evolution of a professional African military” in African Security Review , Vol 13, Number 4, 2004. Accessed via XAIR Forces <http://www.xairforces.com/history.asp?id=5> on 1 May 2009. Hirsch, John. Sierra Leone: Diamonds and the Struggle for Democracy . Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder, Colorado, 2001. Huntington, Samuel P. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century . University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1991. International Foundation for Electoral Systems. “Ruling coalition victorious after legislative polls” 25 July 2007. <http://www.electionguide.org/country-news.php?ID=133>. Accessed 26 Apr 2009. Levan, Carl. “Colonial Rule” Lecture as part of the course Contemporary Africa at The American University, Washington, DC, Jan. 16, 2009. Lively, Jack. Democracy . Capricorn Books, New York, 1977. Malan, Mark. “Civil-Military Relations in Africa: Soldier, State and Society in Transition” in Consolidation of Democracy in Africa ed. Hussein Solomon and Ian Liebenberg, Ashgate Publishing, Burlington, Vermont, 2000. "Mali." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 47 <http://www.search.eb.com.proxyau.wrlc.org/eb/article-279106>. Accessed 22 Feb 2009. Marshall, Monty G. and Keith Jaggers. Polity IV Project: Dataset Users’ Manual . Polity IV Project, George Mason University and Center for Systemic Peace, 2009. <http://www.systemicpeace.org/inscr/p4manualv2007.pdf>. Accessed 8 Apr 2009. McFaul, Micheal. “The Fourth Wave of Democracy and Dictatorship: Noncooperative Transitions in the Postcommunist World”, World Politics , Vol. 54, Num. 2, Jan. 2002, pp. 212-244. Accessed via Project Muse 2 May 2009. National Research Council. Democratization in Africa: African Views, African Voices . National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 1992. Omwumechili, Chuka. African Democratization and Military Coups . Praeger Publishers, Westport, Connecticut, 1998. O'Neill, Daniel and Ryan Black. "A Modernization Theory: Economic Growth, Income Equality and Democratization" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Palmer House Hotel, Chicago, IL , Apr 12, 2007. <http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p196991_index.html>. Accessed 8 Apr 2009. Osabu-Kle, Daniel T. Compatible Cultural Democracy: The Key to Development in Africa . Broadview Press, Ontario, 2000. Parsons, Neil. “A Brief History of Botswana” Botswana History Pages. <http://www.thuto.org/ubh/bw/bhp1.htm>. Accessed 22 Apr 2009. Polity IV Project. “Brief Description”. <http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm>. Accessed 15 Mar 2009. Przeworski, Adam. Democracy and the Market . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991. Przeworski, Adam et al. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990 . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000. “Q&A: Mali Presidential Election” BBC News 27 Apr 2007 <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6581203.stm>. Accessed 25 Apr 2009. Stephen Sanderson. "Knowledge is Power: How Economic Development Causes Democratization" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Hilton San Francisco & Renaissance Parc 55 Hotel, San Francisco, CA, Aug 14, 2004. <http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p109056_index.html>. Accessed 4 Mar 2009. Saward, Michael. “Democratic Theory and Indices of Democratization” in Defining and 48 Measuring Democracy ed. David Beetham, SAGE Publications, London, 1994. Schedler, Andreas. “What is Democratic Consolidation?” Journal of Democracy , Vol. 9, No. 2, April 1998, pp. 91-107. Accessed via Project Muse 30 Apr 2009. "Sierra Leone." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. <http://www.search.eb.com.proxyau.wrlc.org/eb/article-55343>. Accessed 22 Feb 2009 Tsie, Balefi. “The State and Development Policy in Botswana” in Public Administration and Policy in Botswana ed. Kempe Robert Hope and Gloria Somoleke, Juta and Company, Gaborone, 1998. Vanhanen, Tatu. Democratization: A comparative analysis of 170 countries . Routledge, New York, 2003. Widner, Jennifer. “Political Reform in Anglophone and Francophone African Countries,” in Economic Change and Political Liberalization in Sub-Saharan Africa . ed. Jennifer Widner. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1994. pp. 49 – 79. Wiseman, John A. Democracy and Political Change in Sub-Saharan Africa . Routledge, New York, 1995. 49 .
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