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40 Years of Democracy in Botswana : 1965 40 Years of Democracy in Botswana 1965-2005 EDITED BY ZIBANI MAUNDENI 40 Years of Democracy in Botswana: 1965 - 2005 First Published in 2005 by Mmegi Publishing House, P/Bag Br 298, Gaborone, Botswana ISBN: 99912-526-3-0 © Zibani Maundeni All rights reserved. The copyright of all materials in this publication, except where otherwise stated, remains the property of the author and publisher. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose, without the express written permission of the publishers or in accordance with the provision of the copyright and neighbouring rights act of 2000. Cover design by: Resolution Layout and design by: Resolution Printed and bound by: Mills Litho, Cape Town, South Africa 40 Years of Democracy in Botswana 1965-2005 EDITED BY ZIBANI MAUNDENI ContentsCONTENTS Acknowledgements . .3 Contributors . .4 Introduction . .6 SECTION ONE Chapter One: Botswana’s democracy in a southern African regional perspective: progress or decline? Patrick Molutsi . .10 Chapter Two: Electoral systems and democracy in Botswana Mpho Molomo . .29 Chapter Three: The organisation of elections and institutional reforms Mogopodi Lekorwe and Onkemetse Tshosa . .50 Chapter Four: Transparency and settling of disputes in the Botswana electoral system David Sebudubudu . .59 SECTION TWO Chapter Five: Succession to high office: Tswana culture and modern Botswana politics Zibani Maundeni . .80 Chapter Six: Voters and electoral performance of political parties in Botswana Mpho Molomo and Wilford Molefe . .94 Chapter Seven: Organisation of political parties Mogopodi Lekorwe . .122 Chapter Eight: Funding of political parties: levelling the political playing field Mpho Molomo and David Sebudubudu . .147 1 40 years of democracy in Botswana SECTION THREE Chapter Nine: Civil society and voter education in Botswana: 1965 - 2004 Adam Mfundisi . .164 Chapter Ten: Civil society and democracy in Botswana Zibani Maundeni . .177 Chapter Eleven: Women’s representation in parliament and council: a comparative analysis Dolly Ntseane and Joel Sentsho . .190 Chapter Twelve: Youth and electoral participation in Botswana Tidimane Ntsabane . .206 Chapter Thirteen: Women in party politics Dolly Ntseane . .222 Chapter Fourteen: Conclusion: re-considering democracy in the southern African region Zibani Maundeni . .238 2 AcknowledgementsACKNOWLEDGEMENTS want to take this opportunity to thank my colleagues in the Democracy Research Project (DRP). I thank you for accepting my invitation to contribute I chapters and for cooperating with me until the final product was realised. This is a significant achievement comparable to the 1989 book that was coordinated by the DRP with chapters from members of the public. The current book is slightly different in that it was authored by DRP members themselves. I thank you for your cooperation, your willingness to revise the chapters in the light of comments by external reviewers and myself and for your patience throughout the delays of the editing and publishing process. Let us celebrate this significant achievement together with new DRP members who found this project well advanced and missed the opportunity of contributing chapters. With so many academic doctors and professors in the DRP, there is no doubt that other books will follow and new members will have the opportunity to contribute. We should all look forward to better days ahead. All the chapters in this book were reviewed by a number of professors and other scholars from the University of Botswana who made valuable comments that helped in the revision exercise. Some professors were heavily burdened as they had to review more than one chapter. I want to thank Professors Frank Youngman, Kenneth Good, Roger Tangri, for their insightful reviews which significantly helped in the sharpening and re-focusing of some of the chapters. I also thank Dr. Bertha Osei-Hwedie and Elsie Alexander, who reviewed the chapters on gender and youth and I thank all the other reviewers whose names I might have omitted here. I thank all of you on behalf of the authors and myself for your huge contribution towards the success of this book. Lastly, I want to thank Friedrich Ebert Foundation for supporting the production of the book. I also thank the publisher for agreeing to its publication. Zibani Maundeni April 2005 3 CONTRIBUTORS ContributorsMogopodi Lekorwe, PhD. is a Senior Lecturer and Director of the Centre of Specialisation in Public Administration and Management (CESPAM). He has published a number of papers and lectures at the University of Botswana. Dr Lekorwe has been involved in several professional fora, research projects and educational programmes. In his present role as Director of CESPAM, he has been instrumental in launching and being the catalyst for a number of professional development programmes, primarily for public administration within SADC. He holds degrees in Politics and Administration and a doctorate in Development Administration. Zibani Maundeni, PhD. is a senior lecturer in political science at the University of Botswana. He is the Coordinator of the Democracy Research Project. Dr Maundeni is the author of the book, Civil Society, Politics and the State in Botswana (2004). He has also published a number of articles in reputable journals. His research interests are: democracy and democratisation, state and development, civil society, elections, and local democracy. Adam Mfundisi is a lecturer in Public Administration at the University of Botswana. He has ten years of teaching and researching at University of Botswana. Since 1993 he has been lecturing in Public Administration in the Department of Political and Administrative Studies at the University. Mr Mfundisi’s major research interests focus on decentralisation and local governance, public enterprise management and public administration in Botswana. Wilford Molefe A statistician by profession, Mr Molefe is currently a lecturer in the Department of Statistics at the University of Botswana. Mr Molefe is a member of the Democracy Research Project and the Afrobarometer Botswana Chapter specialising on methodology issues. Mpho Molomo, PhD is an Associate Professor in the Department of Political and Administrative Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies. His research interests are: democracy, political parties, electoral systems, land, ethnicity and security sector reform. Patrick Molutsi, PhD. was appointed Executive Secretary of the Tertiary Education Council in October 2003. Before joining the Tertiary Education Council, he was working for the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) in Stockholm, Sweden from 1999 to 2003. Starting as Head of Applied Research, in 2001 he was promoted to the position of Director of Field Programmes. In 2002, after the restructuring of IDEA, Dr Molutsi was appointed Director of two major programmes related to democracy assessment and assistance. Between 1980 and 1999, Dr Molutsi 4 Contributors worked at the University of Botswana, Department of Sociology of the Faculty of Social Sciences, rising to the rank of Senior Lecturer and to the positions of Head of Department of Sociology, and Dean of Faculty of Social Sciences. Dr Molutsi received his first degree at the University of Botswana in Sociology and History and a concurrent Diploma in Education, a Post-Graduate Diploma in Population Studies (Ghana), M.Phil (Oxford), D.Phil (Oxford) both in Sociology of Development and a Diploma in Public International Law (Woverhampton/Holborn College). Dr Molutsi has researched and written on a wide range of issues including democracy, education, election, rural development, human development, poverty and governance. Tidimane Ntsabane is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Sociology at the University of Botswana. His research areas are social and economic development, the family, social problems and democracy and electoral issues in Botswana. Dolly Ntseane, PhD. is a lecturer in the Department of Social Work. She received her PhD in Social Policy from Brandeis University, School of Social Welfare in 1997. Prior to joining the University of Botswana in 1987, she worked as a Senior Social Welfare Officer in the Ministry of Local Government and Lands. Dr Ntseane has done extensive research in the areas of: work and family issues, HIV/AIDS, social security, women and politics, and gender and development. She has published articles in journals and has written chapters in books in these areas. Dr Ntseane participates actively in both professional and community activities. She has been instrumental in the formation of the Task Force on Social Security which is now driving social security reforms in the country. Her area of specialisation includes; social research, social policy analysis, children and youth issues, women and politics and gender and HIV/AIDS. David Sebudubudu, PhD. is a political Science lecturer in the Department of Political and Administrative Studies at the University of Botswana. He teaches at undergraduate and graduate levels. He is also a member of the Democracy Research Project (DRP) of the University of Botswana. Joel Sentsho, PhD. is a lecturer in the Department of Economics. He holds a PhD from the University of Strathclyde, Scotland. He has researched extensively in the areas of exports and economic growth, the state and economic development, industrial development and poverty reduction, problems of income disparity
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