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Review of the Status of Shared/ Common Marine Living Resource Stocks and of Stock Assessment Capability in the Boblme Region

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Review of the Status of Shared/ Common Marine Living Resource Stocks and of Stock Assessment Capability in the Boblme Region Sustainable Management of the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem (BOBLME) GCP/ RAS/ 179/ WBG REVIEW OF THE STATUS OF SHARED/ COMMON MARINE LIVING RESOURCE STOCKS AND OF STOCK ASSESSMENT CAPABILITY IN THE BOBLME REGION March 2004 G. L. Preston Gillett, Preston & Associates Inc. Noumea Field Office B. P. 11041 98802 Noumea Cedex New Caledonia Tel: (687) 241573: Fax: (1- 530) 734-3611 E-mail: [email protected] Page ii Table of contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...........................................................................................1 I. Introduction .......................................................................................................3 A. Background to the present report ..................................................................3 B. The Bay of Bengal region..............................................................................6 II. Living marine resource utilisation...................................................................8 A. Fishery statistics ............................................................................................8 B. Marine fishery production ...........................................................................10 C. Economic value of fisheries ........................................................................13 D. Shared stocks...............................................................................................16 E. Effect of traditional ownership and customary use rights ...........................20 III. Stock assessment..............................................................................................21 A. Methodology................................................................................................21 B. National and regional stock assessments.....................................................24 C. Stock assessment capacity...........................................................................31 D. Improving the effectiveness of stock assessment........................................34 IV. Common and transboundary issues...............................................................36 A. Prioritisation of issues .................................................................................36 B. Resource utilisation .....................................................................................37 C. Stock assessment .........................................................................................42 D. Root causes..................................................................................................43 V. Current attempts to address transboundary issues .....................................51 VI. Impediments to the development of solutions to transboundary issues .....51 A. Knowledge gaps..........................................................................................51 B. Policy distortions.........................................................................................52 C. Institutional weaknesses ..............................................................................53 VII. Priority actions needed to address transboundary issues............................54 A. General ........................................................................................................54 B. Establish a regional fisheries support agency..............................................55 C. Improve fishery statistics.............................................................................56 D. Improve taxonomic classification of fish catches .......................................57 E. Establish a digital collection of historical documents .................................58 F. Produce fishery or resource synopses..........................................................58 G. Promote fishery management planning .......................................................59 H. Promote collaborative management of shared stocks .................................60 I. Upgrade stock assessment capabilities........................................................61 J. Improve communication of stock assessment results..................................62 K. Engage lower levels of government ............................................................63 L. Implement a fisheries management pilot project.........................................64 M. Improving understanding and collaboration on transboundary issues ........65 VIII. Suggested location of proposed activities ......................................................65 IX. References and documents consulted ............................................................66 APPENDIX 1: Large marine ecosystems...............................................................72 APPENDIX 2: World fisheries production............................................................74 APPENDIX 3: Ecosystem-based fisheries management ......................................77 APPENDIX 4: International fishery agreements and conventions .....................79 APPENDIX 5: Fishery collaboration in the BOB region .....................................86 APPENDIX 6: Current attempts to address trnsboundary issues ......................94 Page iii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ADB Asian Development Bank APFIC Asia-Pacific Fisheries Commission (formerly IPFC) ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nations BOB Bay of Bengal BOBC IOFC Committee for the Development and Management of Fisheries in the Bay of Bengal BOBP-IGO Bay of Bengal Programme Inter-Governmental Organisation BOBLME Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem BOBP FAO Bay of Bengal Programme for Sustainable Fisheries Development CBM Community-based management CCRF Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries COFI Committee on Fisheries (of the FAO) CP Colombo Plan for Cooperative Economic and Social Development in Asia and the Pacific EAF Ecosystem approach to fisheries EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone FAC Fisheries Advisory Committee FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FSA Fish Stocks Agreement (Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks) FSI Fisheries Survey of India GDP Gross domestic product GEF Global Environment Facility HDI Human Development Index ICCAT International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna IFIOR International Forum for the Indian Ocean IOFC Indian Ocean Fisheries Commission IOMAC Indian Ocean Marine Affairs Co-operation IOTC Indian Ocean Tuna Commission IPFC Indo-Pacific Fisheries Commission IPTP Indo-Pacific Tuna Development and Management Programme ISRG International Scientific Review Group ISSCAAP FAO International Standard Statistical Classification of Aquatic Animals and Plants JWP Joint Working Party of Experts on Indian Ocean and Western Pacific Fishery Statistics LME Large marine ecosystem mmt million metric tonnes MSY Maximum sustainable yield NACA Network of Aquaculture Centres for Asia NOAA US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration PDF Project Development Fund (of the Global Environment Facility) PPP Purchasing power parity RCF Regional Consultative Forum RFMO Regional Fisheries Management Organisation SACEP South Asian Co-operative Environment Programme SAP Strategic Action Programme SEAFDEC South-East Asian Fisheries Development Centre TAC Total allowable catch TDA Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis TOR Terms of reference UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNCLOS United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme WSSD World Summit on Sustainable Development Page 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. This report summarises information and issues relating to the utilisation, assessment and management of shared fish stocks in the Bay of Bengal region. The report was carried out as a desk study and is based primarily on published documents and information that is in the public domain, national reports produced under the BOBLME programme, personal communications from specialists in the BOB region and elsewhere, and the author’s own personal observations. 2. A number of problem areas are identified, as follows: • overfishing. There is excess fishing capacity in many of the region’s coastal fishery stocks, which is reducing productivity and threatening long-term sustainability; • destructive fishing of various kinds is commonplace, and may be worsening in some areas. Destructive forms of fishing include use of dynamite and toxins to capture fish, net fishing for prawn larvae which destroys the larvae of other species, live coral mining, and bottom trawling which causes habitat alteration; • fishery monitoring, control and surveillance arrangements are inadequate, giving rise to problems of unauthorised fishing, user conflict, and a general failure of centralised fishery management arrangements; • pollution and unmanaged coastal development have widespread and sometimes severe negative impacts on fish stocks; • processes for ensuring that stock assessment data are integrated into the fisheries management decision-making process are under-developed; • there is an unrealistic expectation that stock assessment can provide robust, highly reliable measurements, rather than estimates; • despite most fishery resources being shared among two or more countries, there are few bilateral or multilateral attempts to assess and manage stocks; • fishery statistics
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