A History of Nepal John Whelpton Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 0521804701 - A History of Nepal John Whelpton Index More information

Index

Note: Readers seeking information about particular individuals or events should also consult the ‘Key events’ (pp. x–xviii) and ‘Biographical notes’ (pp. 238–51) sections. The index also omits names of ethnic groups or castes which appear only in table 1.1 (pp. 9–10).

abortion, 164 Armenians, 28 Acham, 58, 218 army Acharya, Tanka Prasad, 67, 68, 82–3, 88, 90, 94, contemporary role, 207, 225 155 deployment against Maoists, 218 personal attitudes, 155, 158–63 in early period, 50 as prime minister, 91–2, 133, 168–73 Arniko Rajmarg, 137 Adhikari, Man Mohan, 113, 193 Arthashastra, 252,n.8 administrative system, 129 Arun River, 13, 75, 179 afﬁrmative action, 118 Arya Samaj, 79–80 see also reservations ascetics, 26, 30, 52, 80 Afghanistan, 44, 65 Ashrit, Jivraj, 190 Afghans, 15 Asian Development Bank, 128 Agincourt, Battle of, 38 Assam, 2, 13, 15–16, 112 Agricultural Perspective Plan, 201, 230 assimilation, 3, 11 agricultural tools industry, 133 Auckland, Lord, 44 agriculture, 1, 12, 15, 23, 26 aul, 14, 27 after 1951, 122, 126, 129, 134, 140–4, 200–1, Australia, 134, 148 230–2 Austroasiatic language family, 12 in early period, 16–18 Awadhi language, 15, 186 research in, 135 after uniﬁcation, 54–5, 74 Back to the Village National Campaign, 108, 109 agro-industry, 147–8 Baglung, 55, 60 air transport, 79, 130, 138–9 Bagmati River, 157 Al Beruni, 180 bahudaliya janbad, 197 alcohol, use of, 159–60, 226–7 Bairagis, 52 All India Gorkha League, 75 baisi kingdoms, 23, 27, 30 All India Nepali National Congress, 68 Balaju, 129, 146 All India Radio, 113, 114 balance of payments, 127 Allahabad, 23 Baldeng, 23 Amlekhganj, 138 Bandipur, 78 Andaman Islands, 11 Banepa, 19, 21, 27 Andhra Pradesh, 206 Bangladesh, 8, 102, 103, 106, 145, 153 animism, 34 see also East Bengal Annapurna, 13 Banke, 43 Arabs, 15, 27 banre, 60 Arghakhanchi, 177, 218 Bardiya, 43–5 Armed Police Force, 209, 210, 222 barley, 16

283

284 Index

Basarh, 18 Maithil, 187 ‘Basic Needs’ programme, 127–8 in Newar society, 31 Basque language, 11 as Parbatiya caste, 31, 50, 55, 57, 58, 59, 80, 83 BBC, 113, 173, 213 in politics, 94, 177 Beg, Mirja Dil Sad, 202 Brahmaputra, 6, 13 Belgium, 224 Brigade of Gurkhas, see Gurkhas Benares, 40, 46, 50, 55, 68, 69, 82, 168 Britain, 8, 44, 160 Bengal, 21, 29, 37, 40, 46, 79 post-1947 relations with Nepal, 71–2, 224 Bhagavadgita, 80 aid programme, 134–5 Bhairawa, 87 British Council, 171 Bhakta, Dharma, 82 British India, relations with Nepal, 4 Bhaktapur, 21 1885 to 1947, 61, 64–5, 67–8, 69, 83, 84 as independent state, 16, 22, 32, 33 pre-Shamsher period, 39, 40–1, 42–5, 46–8, in ‘People’s Movement’, 114 50, 58, 59–60, 163 post-1951 changes, 133, 156 Brunei, 229 in post-1951 politics, 106, 109, 110, 155 buckwheat, 16 Bhandari, Madan, 121, 190 Buddha, 18, 53 Bhanubhakta, 81, 168, 185–6 Buddhanilkante School, 134, 167 bharadari, 49–50, 56, 58–9 Buddhism, 3, 26, 176 Bharatiya Janata Party, 214 current status, 184 see also Janata Party (of India) in the hills, 30, 179 bharos, 21 in Kathmandu Valley after 1951, 155–6, 181 Bhattarai, Baburam, 203–5, 206, 208, 216, 218 and the state in Kathmandu Valley, 29–31 Bhattarai, Krishna Prasad, 110, 115, 116, 118, 121, buffaloes, 16, 140 191, 208–9 Build Your Village Yourself programme, 193 Bheri River, 57 bullocks, 18 Bhimphedi, 78 Burma, 13, 64, 67, 71, 178 Bhojpur, 71 Butwal, 2, 23, 42, 134, 135 Bhojpuri language, 15, 186 Bhonta (family), 21–2, 27, 57 Calcutta, 11, 68, 78, 99, 105, 150, 162 Bhonta (region), 27–8 as publishing centre, 168 Bhotiyas, 12, 58, 163 Calcutta University, 63, 84 bhumigat giroh, 110 Capuchins, 33, 37–8 Bhutan, 76 carpet industry, 145, 148, 149, 230 refugee issue, 216 Casino Nepal, 149 Bhutto, Zulﬁkar Ali, 107 caste system, 8, 14, 30–2, 59, 82, 84 Bihar, 18, 42, 105, 139, 202, 206 in post-Panchayat politics, 118, 206 Bijukche, Narayan Man, 106, 109, 110, 113, 155 and social change after 1951, 155–8, 162–3 Bir Hospital, 78 Catholic Church, 135 Biratnagar, 71, 77, 79, 105, 123, 129, 135, 137 celibacy, 30 Birganj, 62, 79, 131, 133, 134, 138 censorship, 84, 226 Birganj-Hetaura-Kathmandu corridor, 147 Chalukyas, 29 Birla group (of India), 146 Chand, Lokendra Bahadur, 109, 118, 119, 192, birta tenure, 51, 54, 75 195 abolition, 95–6, 103 as prime minister, 110, 115, 196, 221, 222 ‘Bisheshwar with the Poor’ scheme, 193 Changu Narayan, 19 Bista, Kirtinidhi, 102 Chantels, 60 Bombay (Mumbai), 164, 171 chaubisi kingdoms, 23, 27, 28, 30, 59 bonded labour, 53 chaudhuris, 51 see also kamaiyas Chaugera Yogis, 52 Bonus Voucher Scheme, 151 chautara, 49 Bose, Sarat Chandra, 70 cheese production, 134 Brahmans, 11, 24, 26, 39–40, 51–2, 82, 84 Chemins de Katmandu, Les, 173 changes since 1951, 159, 162 Chepangs, 13 as dominant group, 179–80, 181, 184, 233 Chester, Ketaki, 211

Index 285

Chetri caste, 31–2, 53, 56, 57, 60, 94 in government, 192–5, 196, 199, 201 as privileged group, 49–50, 85, 185 in opposition, 185–6, 189–90, 195, 196, 197, child labour, 148, 161, 230 222–3, 224, 231 chillies, 16 split in, 197, 199 China, 12, 44, 130, 134, 139, 174 community forestry, 144–5 aid programme, 130, 133, 136 Congress–Rana coalition, 86, 87–8 arms sales, 112, 113 constituent assembly, proposal for, 88, 91, 93, cultural influence, 12, 13 106, 116, 205, 218, 221, 224 economic relations, 27, 153 constitution and Maoist insurgency, 223–4 of 1959, 93 political relations, 4, 19, 28, 37, 39–41, 57, 58, of 1962, 101, 109 86–7, 91, 92, 96–7, 99–103, 130 of 1990, 116–17, 221 Chinese (overseas), 145 Constitution Drafting Commission, 118 Chittaur, 10, 23 construction industry, 146, 147 Chitwan, 137, 180 conversion, religious, 158, 184–5 Christianity, 33, 80–1, 87, 158, 184, 233 copper mining, 55, 60, 66, 77 Chumbi Valley, 76 corruption, 95, 109, 111, 119, 138–9, 146, 147, 148, Churautes, 11 149, 178, 186–8, 201, 211 Church of Scotland, 80 cottage industry, 77, 147, 149 Churia hills, see Siwaliks cows, 140 CIA, 103, 216 cow slaughter, 56 cigarette industry, 77, 133 Curzon, Lord, 64 cinema, 139, 171 Cwasa Pasa, 182 Hindi, 171–2 Nepali, 171, 172–3, 226 Dahal, Pushpa Kumar, see Prachanda class organisations, 101–2, 109 Dalai Lama, 96 climate, 8–11 Dang, 15, 166, 180–3, 218 Colombo Scholarship Scheme, 135 Darjeeling, 57, 76, 79, 80–1, 87, 162 Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of as cultural influence, 165, 167, 168, 183, 184, 185 Authority (CIAA), 211 ‘Gorkhaland’ agitation, 112, 185–6, 189–90 Commonwealth, 135 Das, Lakshmi, 59 communism (as ideology), 173–4, 175, 176, 233 Dasain, 56–7 Communist Party of Nepal, 88, 89, 93 Dasdhunga incident, 190 in 1959 election, 94, 96, 203 daura-sawal, 160 post-1960 splinter groups, 105–6, 107, 110, 141, debt (national), 128 177 debt (private), 122, 141, 176, 231 and B. P. Koirala’s government, 90–8 decentralisation, 126, 233 legalisation of, 91–2 deforestation, 3, 15, 16, 17, 55, 122–3, 140 Communist Party of Nepal (Democratic), 121 Dehradun, 80 Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), 195 Delhi Sultanate, 22 see also Maoist insurgency democracy Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist), 113, 117 attitude of left towards, 119 Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist-Leninist), effect on language, 154–5 106, 107, 113–14, 117 as ideology, 79, 82, 173, 174–5 1998 revival, 197, 199 Deng Xiaoping, 153 ideology, 174 desa, 56 in Panchayat politics, 110 Desideri, Fr, 33 in ‘People’s Movement’, 113, 115–17 Deuba, Sher Bahadur, 190, 195–6, 202, 204, 209, and the referendum, 108 222, 231 Communist Party of Nepal (Masal), see Masal rivalry with Koirala, 211, 219–21 Communist Party of Nepal (Mashal), see Mashal Devaladevi, 22 Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Devanagari script, 186 Marxist-Leninist), 175 development (as ideology), 173 in 1990 election campaign, 117–21 development districts, 126 attitude to Maoists, 207, 218, 219 Devkota, Devi Prasad, 82

286 Index

Devkota, Lakshmi Prasad, 168–9 ethnic activism, 4–5, 117, 155, 162, 177, 178, Dhading, 138, 179 179–80, 186–8, 232–4 Dhangar language, see Kurukh language ethnicity, 118, 162, 178–83, 186–8 Dhankuta, 71 Eton, 167 Dharan, 24, 137 Europe, 8, 11–14, 139, 148, 149 dharmashastras, 50 Europeans, 3, 16 dhunga, 56 Everest, Mt, 74, 96, 149, 150 Dibya Upadesh, 37, 56 exchange rate, 127, 133, 151, 152 diet, 159 Exporters’ Exchange Entitlement Scheme, 151 Dolakha, 51, 57, 134, 200 Doms, 11, 163 family planning, 140 Doti, 58 fertiliser, 143, 231 Doyas, 21–2, 35 feudalism, 21 Dravidian language family, 11–12 ﬁlm industry, see cinema Dravidians, 16 First World War, 64, 66, 67, 75, 76 dress, 160 forced labour, 28, 53, 95, 179–80 drugs, 111, 226 foreign aid, 103, 128–37, 227–8 Dudh Kosi, 57 problems of, 135–7 Dumakhal, 18 forestry, 96, 134, 144–5 Dunai, 209 Fourth Convention, 106, 107–8, 113–14, 116, 119, dvairajya, 19 203 France, 69–70 earthquake (of 1934), 65 Fulbright scholarships, 130 East Bengal, 152 East India Company, 4, 37–9, 50, 54 Gaine caste, 170 see also British India Gandaki basin, 23, 39 East–West Highway, 133, 137–8 Gandaki River, 8, 97, 145 Eastern Europe, 113, 114, 175 Gandaki scheme, 132 economic planning, 125–8 Gandhi, Indira, 101–3, 105, 153 Economic Planning Committee, 125 Gandhi, Mohandas K., 83, 84 education Gandhi, Rajiv, 113, 114, 153 after 1951, 104, 107–8, 126–7, 129, 130, 134, 135, Gandhianism, 175 137, 156, 158–9, 162, 164–9, 183, 184, Ganges River, 6, 15 227 Ganges Valley, 8, 14–15, 17, 18 early period, 62, 64, 81, 83–4, 162 Garhwal, 39 effects of insurgency, 209 garlic, 16, 159 and ethnicity, 117, 232 garment industry, 148–9, 230 Edward VII, King of the United Gautam, Bamdev, 196, 197, 222 Kingdom, 85 George III, King of Great Britain, 110 egalitarianism, 175–6 George V, King of the United Kingdom, 83, 85 Egypt, 101 Germany, 134, 156, 230 Election Commission, 199, 204 Gift Parcel Scheme, 151 elections Giri, Tulsi, 97 attitudes towards, 176–8 Gising, Subhas, 185 malpractice in, 119, 199, 201–2 Giuseppe, Fr 135 Ellenborough, Lord, 44 globalisation, 3 emigration, 57, 75–6, 80, 122–3 goats, 140 to India, 123–4, 228 Gorkha, 1, 4, 12, 22, 23, 28, 30 outside South Asia, 125, 228–9 conquests by, 35–42, 52, 55 see also migration as district, 98, 208 English language, 61, 80, 83 as ethnonym in India, 185 as medium of instruction, 166, 167–8 Gorkha Congress, 68 use after 1951, 154, 155, 159, 169, 173 Gorkha Dal, 87, 93 environment, 2–3, 122–3, 148, 150, 193, Gorkha Ex-Servicemen’s Association 230 (GAESO), 229

Index 287

Gorkha Parishad, 87, 94, 96, 97–8, 146 and the state in Kathmandu Valley, 29 Gorkha Sansar, 80 see also sanskritisation ‘Gorkhaland’ agitation, 112 hippies, 149 Gorkhalis (as ruling elite), 55–60, 85 HIV-AIDS, 164 Gorkhapatra, 62–3, 170, 176 Hoabinhian culture, 15 Gosainkund Lake, 179 Hodgson, Brian, 43–5, 180 gosains, 52 Holleri, 216 Graduates’ Constituency, 101, 107 Homo erectus, 15 ‘green roads’, 138 Hong Kong, 139, 151 growth rate, 127 House of Representatives, 116 Gulmi, 55 housing, 160–1 Guptas, 19 human rights, 224 Gurjaras, 10 hunter-gatherers, 11, 12, 15, 26 Gurkhas (Nepalese troops in British army hydro-electric power, 132, 134, 135, 139–40, 193 service), 43, 47, 62, 64–5, 67, 70, 72, 75, 76, 82, 94, 172 Ilam, 177, 178 present status, 228–9 ILO, 127 reduction in numbers, 135 IMF, 135, 147 resettlement of, 134–5 import substitution, 127 Gurung, Bharat, 111 India, 8–11, 14 Gurung, Harka, 187 1989 blockade, 113, 153 Gurung, Narsingh, 59 aid programme, 90, 97, 130–3, 136 Gurung, Santabir, 85 as base for dissidents, 49, 66, 67, 70–2, 81, 111 Gurung language, 14, 184 as cultural influence, 4, 29–30, 80–1, 125, 227 Gurungs, 12–13, 16, 27, 31–3, 58 economic relations, 27–8, 38–9, 54, 55, 61, ethnic activism, 183 74–5, 113, 127, 143, 150–2 role in Nepalese state, 50, 85 cross-border smuggling 141, 143, 148 and Tamangs, 179 tariff arrangements 190, 229–30 guthi tenure, 51, 75 trade ‘diversification’ 150–2 Gyawali, Surya Bikram, 81, 185 transit rights 146, 150, 152–3 water sharing 139, 189, 195 Hamilton, Francis, 59, 60 ethnic Indians in Nepal, 75–8, 112, 124–5, hand-axe culture, 15 148–9, 150–1, 158, 186 Hanuman Dhoka Palace, 34, 88, 159 ethnic Nepalese in, 112, 123–4, 164, 167, 206 Hari Krishna Hari Ram, 173 as influence on internal politics, 1, 88, 89–90, Harisimha, 22 91, 95, 105, 114, 174, 235 Harvard University, 167 and ‘People’s Movement’, 115 hashish, 203 political relations, 4, 34, 37, 69–70, 86, 96–7, Hastings, Warren, 38 101–3, 104, 112, 133 health system, 73, 134, 137, 140 Maoist problem 223, 225 Henry V, King of England, 38 see also Bhutan, refugee issue Herding, 16, 27 Indian Airlines, 139 Hetaura, 137, 138, 146 Indian military mission, 89 ‘hill stations’, 2 ‘Indian Mutiny’, 46, 48, 61 Himalayan Airways, 71 Indian National Army (INA), 70 Himalayas, 1–4 Indian National Congress, 174, 214 formation of, 6 see also Indian Nationalist Movement Hindi, 8, 94, 156, 186–7 Indian Nationalist Movement, 61, 64, 65, 67, 68, Hinduism, 3, 4, 79–80, 82, 176 77, 78, 80 in post-1951 period, 94, 117, 162–3, 184–5, Indian Socialist Party, 71 233–4 Indo-Aryan languages, 8, 11, 14 and caste system, 30–2 Indonesia, 101 hill variety, 55 industrial development, 77–8, 126, 145–9 and kingship, 56 private sector, 145–9 as legitimation in Rana period, 84 public sector, 147

288 Index

infant mortality, 73, 137, 200 Kanphata Yogis, 27, 30 ‘inner Tarai’, 8, 15, 141 Kantipur, 216, 226 Integrated Rural Development, 143 Kantivati, 39–40 Integrated Security and Development Karmavir Mandal, 98 Programme, 210 Karnali basin, 21, 22–3, 39 Interim Government Act, 88 Karnali River, 8, 10, 13, 57–8 International Committee of the Red Cross, 148 Kashmir, 2, 12, 28, 38 Iran, 8, 108–16 Kaski, 12, 47, 62 iron mining, 58, 77 Kathmandu irrigation, 55, 126, 142, 200 foundation of, 21 Israel, 134 as independent kingdom, 22, 28, 33 Italian language, 8 as local authority, 92, 110 medieval political structure, 21 Jagarkot, 205 Kathmandu Post, 226 jagir tenure, 49, 51, 54, 74–5 Kathmandu Valley, 3, 12, 55 Jains, 26 early agricultural pattern, 16–17, 18 Jana Hita Sangha, 97 early history of, 13, 14, 15, 16, 32–4 Janakpur, 52, 134, 138 as entrepot,ˆ 27 Janakpur Cigarette Factory, 147 formation, 6–8 janandolan, see ‘People’s Movement’ Gorkhali conquest, 35–9 Janata Party (of India), 105, 113, 114 immigration into, 32 see also Bharatiya Janata Party and industrialisation, 148 Japan, 1, 70, 77, 78, 82, 174 and land reform, 142, 155 aid programme, 130, 134, 228 medieval religion of, 28–31 migration to, 125 modernisation in, 122, 154–61 jarti, 59 population growth, 123 see also Parbatiyas regulation of migrant labour, 112 jat, 8 role of commoners in politics, 33 Jaynagar, 138 special status, 2, 126, 225–6 Jennings, Sir Ivan, 93 in 1979 disturbances, 107 Jews, 145 Kayastha caste, 187 Jha, Vedananda, 94 kerosene, 76 Jhangar language, see Kurukh language Khadgi caste, 31 Jhapa, 106 Kham Magars, 14, 203 Jhapeli group, 106 Khasas, 13, 23, 30, 31, 35 jimidars, 51, 54, 58–9 as a caste, 31–2, 49–50 Jirels, 51 Matwali Khasas, 57 Jiri, 51, 134, 138, 143, 200 medieval empire, 22–3, 26, 27, 58 Jomosom, 12 origin of, 8–10 Joshi, Lakshminarayan, 22 religious life, 30 Joshi, Madhav Raj, 80 see also Parbatiyas; Chetris Josmani Sants, 80 Khatri, Lt Karbir, 254,n.11 Juddha Sadak, 66 kipat tenure, 57, 75, 94, 180 Jumla, 57–8, 142, 163 Kiranti languages, 14 jute Kirantis, 13–14, 51, 57, 89 growing, 143 Kiratas, 13, 14, 24–5 industry, 77, 151 Kirkpatrick, William, 39, 54 Jyapus, 31 Kirong, 19, 39, 179 Kirtipur, 38, 166 Kailali, 43 Knox, Captain, 41 Kali Gandaki River, 12 Kohla Sombre, 13 kamaiyas, 230–1 Koirala, Bishweshwar Prasad (B. P.), 68, 72, 81 Kampas, 103 beliefs, 175 Kancha, 23 as home minister, 87, 136 Kanchanpur, 43 premiership, 95–9, 133, 189–92

Index 289

under Panchayat system, 105, 107, 108, 110 literacy, 81, 122, 128, 137, 170 quarrel with M. P. Koirala, 89 literature, 81, 84 Koirala, Girija Prasad London, 46, 52 in pre-1990 politics, 110 Lumbini, 202 after 2001 resignation, 219, 222–3 Lumle, 135 and ‘People’s Movement’, 115 as prime minister, 121, 197–9, 200, 207, Madheshis, 14–15, 58 208–11, 218, 231 languages of, 14–15 Koirala, Krishna Prasad, 94 Madhya Pradesh, 19 Koirala, Manisha, 172 Magadha, 18 Koirala, Matrika Prasad (M. P.), 89–90, 95, 97, Magar language, 13 130, 168 Magars, 14, 23, 27, 28, 31–2, 60 Kolis, 19 eastward expansion, 32 Korea, 125, 228 ethnic activism, 182–3, 232 Kosi agreement, 132 role in state, 50, 53, 58, 59, 85, 177 Kosi River, 71 ‘Magurali’, 183 Kot Massacre, 46, 47 Mahabharat hills, 6, 8, 10, 11, 15 Kshatriyas, 31 Mahakali River, 42 ku, 18 Mahakali treaty, 195, 197 Kumaon, 22, 30–2, 55, 58, 163 mahapatra, 21 Kuomintang, 174 Maharjan caste, 14, 18, 31, 155, 159, 181 Kurukh language, 11, 12 mahasamanta, 21 Kusundas, 11 Mahendra Rajmarg, see East–West Highway Kuti, 19, 27, 28 Mahendra Sanskrit University, 166 Mainali, Chandra Prakash, 197, 201 Lakhan Thapa, 59 Mainali, Radha Krishna, 115, 116 Lalitaballabha, 252,n.2 Maithili language, 15, 21–2, 29, 186, 187 Lama, Nirmal, 119, 203, 204 in local government, 232 Lama, Santabir, 179 Maithils, 24, 29, 39 lamaism, 30, 58 maize, 16–17, 73, 140, 141 Lamasangu, 138 Makwanpur, 23, 24, 37, 42 Lamjung, 12, 23, 47, 62 malaria, 14, 129, 135, 141, 180 land assignment, 26–7, 49, 50–4 Malaysia, 228 land occupation, 109 Maldives, 103 land reform, 89–90, 95–6, 103–4, 130, Malla, Ari, King of the Nepal Valley, 21 141–2, 155 Malla, Bhupalendra, King of Kathmandu, 33 post-Panchayat, 193, 231 Malla, Jaya Prakash, King of Kathmandu, 37, 38 land sales, 26, 54 Malla, (Jaya)sthiti, King of Kathmandu Valley, land tenure, 26–7, 74, 130, 141–2 21, 23, 28, 30 Landless People Problem Resolution Malla, Lakshminarayan, King of Kathmandu, 28 Commission, 193 Malla, Mahendra, King of Kathmandu, 34 language issue, 117, 183, 184, 232 Malla, Parthivendra, King of Kathmandu, 22 Lauda Air, 211 Malla, Pratap, King of Kathmandu, 28, 33–4 Leftist Nepali Congress, 90 Malla, Ratna, King of Kathmandu, 31, 33 Lenin, V. I., 183 Malla, Rudra, 22 Lepchas, 76 Malla, Yaksha, King of the Kathmandu Valley, Lhasa, 76–7, 150 22, 29 Licchavis (of Nepal), 2, 13, 18–21, 26 Malla empire (of Karnali basin), 22–3 land grants, 27 see also Khasas religion, 29 Mallas (of the Kathmandu Valley), origin of Licchavis (tribal confederacy), 18–19 title, 21 life expectancy, 122, 200 Manadeva, King of Nepal, 19 Limbus, 13, 24, 51, 75, 83 mandales, 116 post-1951 changes, 162, 179–80, 183 Mangalsen, 218 and kipat, 94 Manjushri, 6

290 Index

Manka Khalah, 182 Muluki Ain (of 1854), 54, 56, 58 Mao Zedong, 174, 203 Muluki Ain (of 1963), 156, 163 Maoism, 106, 113, 174 multiple-cropping, 17–18 Maoist insurgency, 1, 2, 13–14, 22, 92, 99, 143, Mumbai, see Bombay 163, 195, 202–8, 209–11, 216–25 Munda language family, 11–12 and 1997 local elections, 196, 207, 208 Murmis, 58 initial state response, 206–7 see also Tamangs Kilo Sierra 2, 197–9, 208 Musikot, 23 methods employed in, 205–6, 226–7 musk, 27 origins of, 202–5 Muslims, 4, 10, 11, 14, 15, 21, 23 marriage, 158–9 current status, 184 Marshall Plan, 123, 128 as settlers in Kathmandu Valley, 33 Marwaris, 145, 146, 181, 186 Mustang, 13 Masal, 114, 116, 119, 189, 206, 219 Myagdi, 60 Mashal, 114, 116, 119 Masta, cult of, 30, 57 Nalanda, 29 match industry, 77 Nanyadeva, King of Tirhut (Mithila), 29 Mechi zone, 114, 161 Narayan, Jaya Prakash, 68, 89 media Narayanghadh, 137, 138 international, 1, 171 Narayanhiti Palace, 211 Nepalese, 169, 226 Narayani River, 138 Meiji restoration, 1 national anthem, 85 Mesopotamia, 12 National Defence Council, 207, 208 Mewar, 10 National Democratic Front, 97 Micha, 23 National Democratic Party, 118, 119, 192, 204, Middle East, 125, 228 214, 219 middle hills, formation of, 6 Chand faction, 121 migration, 3, 123, 143, 228–9 in government, 195–7, 202, 222 Mihaly, Eugene, 136 Thapa faction, 121 millet, 16 National Development Service, 127 Mir Kasim, 37 national identity, 4–5, 55–60, 85 Mishra, Bhadrakali, 92, 94 ‘National Movement’ (of 1842), 44 mit system, 163 national parks, 144 Mithila, 180 National People’s Front, 219, 222 Mizoram, 112 National Planning Commission, 125 Mohasin, Mohammed, 184 National Social Services Co-ordination Council, monarchy, 163 111, 135 as divinity, 175 nationalism, 82, 173 emergence in South Asia, 18 and ethnic Indians in Nepal, 186 as factor in national identity, 56 as inﬂuence on historiography, 2, 4 future role, 234 as part of Panchayat ideology, 183–5 in modern media, 170 Naxalites, 106 role in Panchayat ideology, 184, 185 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 72, 90, 94, 175 ‘Mongols’, 3 neo-liberalism, 189 monopoly system, 51, 77 neolithic period, 15–16 Morang, 12 Nepal, Madhav Kumar, 197, 213, 219, 222–3 mortgages, 26 Nepal Mughals, 25, 34, 38, 49, 145 cultural diversity, 3 Mughlana, 56 ethnic composition, 8 Mugling, 138 foundation of modern state, 1, 2, 15, 35–9 Mukhiyas, 51 isolationist foreign policy, 1, 47 multi-party system ofﬁcial adoption of name, 85 criminalisation under, 202 origin of name, 252,n.4 entrenchment in constitution, 117 physical geography, 6–8 factionalism under, 199–200 prehistoric life, 15–18 muluk, 56 role in world wars, 64, 67

Index 291

Nepal Aid Group, 130, 132, 135, 136, 147 as second language, 159 Nepal bhasha, see Newar language spread of, 57, 59, 156, 182, 183 Nepal Construction Company, 134 Nepali National Congress (pre-1950), 68–70, 89 Nepal Democratic Congress, 70, 88, 89 Nepali National Congress (post-1950), 88, 91–2, Nepal Electricity Corporation, 147 96 Nepal Era, 19–21, 182 New Education System Plan (NESP), 126, 127, Nepal Food Corporation, 141 165–6, 167, 227 Nepal Industrial Development Corporation, ‘new people’s democracy’, 174, 197, 204 129, 146 New Road, 66 Nepal Jana Congress, 90 New Zealand, 134, 148 Nepal Magar Sangh, 183 Newar language, 14, 32, 85, 156, 182, 183, 184, Nepal Mother Tongue Council, 183 232 Nepal Oil Corporation, 147 Newar Language Council, 182 Nepal Praja Parishad Newars, 3, 14, 17, 18, 19, 77, 159 Acharya faction, 96, 97 caste system, 30–1 anti-Rana group, 67–8, 80, 82–3, 155 as entrepreneurs, 144 Mishra faction, 96 position in Nepalese state, 59–60, 82–3, 85, 111 as political party, 88, 91–2, 94 religion, 29–30 Nepal Sadbhavana Party, see Sadbhavana Party sense of identity, 30–1, 155, 181–2 Nepal Sangh, 68 and social change, 155–6 Nepal Sarvajatiya Manch, 183 NGOs, 135, 144, 228 Nepal Tamang Ghedung, 179 Nixon, Richard, 103 Nepal Tarai Congress, see Tarai Congress ‘northern neolithic’ culture (of Kashmir), 12 Nepal Telecommunication Corporation, 147 Norway, 134, 227 Nepal Television, 139, 173 Nuwakot, 35, 37, 39, 98, 179 Nepal Valley, see Kathmandu Valley Nepal Workers’ and Peasants’ Ochterloney, Sir David, 42, 43 Organisation/Party (Rohit group), 109, 110, oilseed, 144 113, 121, 155, 219, 222 onions, 16, 159–60 Nepali Congress Opium War, 44 in pre-1960 politics, 86–99, 134, 144 Oudh (Awadh), 42 and 1990 election, 117–21 Overseas Development Administration (of in anti-Rana campaign, 70–2 British government), 143 attitude of Communists to, 106, 174 clashes with UPF, 204 Paharis, 55 in government after 1991, 138, 189–92, 195–6, pajani, 42, 49 197–9, 200, 202, 219 Pakistan, 8, 101, 102, 103, 107, 153 ideology, 174–5 economic relations, 152 in interim government, 115–17 Pakrabas, 135 as opposition, 196, 222–3, 224 palace massacre (2001), 211–16 and ‘People’s Movement’, 113, 115 Palas, 29 and referendum, 107, 108 Pallavas, 21 in reformed Panchayat system, 109–11 Palpa, 23, 42 support base, 94–5, 187, 205 Panchayat Policy and Evaluation under unreformed Panchayat system, 99, 105, Committee, 109 106–7, 167 Panchayat system, 86–7, 125, 127 Nepali Congress (Democratic), 219, 222 and ethnic groups, 180, 183 Nepali language, 8, 32 fall of, 153 in India, 186 ideology, 173, 183–5 see also Darjeeling opposition to, 104–7 literature, 168–9 organisation, 101 as medium of instruction, 81, 92, 156, 167–8, use of media, 170–1 184, 186–8 voter behaviour under, 176–8 modern development, 168–9, 170 panchayats (local authorities), 91 and Nepalese nationalism, 4, 173, 184 Pande, Dalmodar, 41 as ofﬁcial language, 85, 117 Pande, Ranjang, 44

292 Index

Pande, Vijay Raj, 50 pradhans, 21 Panjab, 42 Pradyumna, 6 paper industry, 133 Praja Panchayat, 69 Papua New Guinea, 11 Praja Parishad, see Nepal Praja Parishad Parbatiyas, 12, 14, 16, 55–6, 159 Prajatantrik Mahasabha, 94, 96, 97 caste structure, 31–2 Pratinidhi Sabha, see House of Representatives conﬂict with other groups, 98, 162, 178, 179 press, role of, 170–1, 226 as dominant group, 55–60, 82–3, 84, 85, printing, 81 118–19, 163, 233 Prithvi Rajmarg, 133, 137 eastward expansion, 27, 32, 51, 57 privatisation, 147, 193 origins of, 8–11 prostitution, 164 treatment of women, 163 Protestant churches, 135 Parijat, 169 Public Security Act, 87, 88 Pashupatas, 27 pulses, 16 Pashupatinath, 27, 29, 149, 157, 168 Pun, Narayan Singh, 221 Patan Pyuthan, 203 post-1951 development, 156 early history, 21, 56 Qing dynasty, 4 as independent state, 22, 28, 32 Quit India movement, 68, 79 role in ‘People’s Movement’, 114 Patna, 139 Radhikapur, 152 patras, 21 radio, private, 226 patron–client system, 75, 176–7, 179, 200 Radio Nepal, 108, 109, 139, 170, 172 Paudel, Lekhnath, 168–9 language policy, 182 People’s Front, 222 radishes, 16 ‘People’s Movement’ (1990), 1, 113–16, 121, raikar tenure, 75 156 railways, 76, 79, 138 ‘People’s War’, see Maoist insurgency Rais, 12, 13, 14, 75, 183 Permanent Settlement (of Bengal land tax), Rajasthan, 10, 23, 145 54 rajgurus, 50 Persian language, 80 Rajopadhyaya Brahmans, 182 ploughing, 17 Rajputs, 10, 23, 30, 60, 214 taboo on, 18 rajyauta system, 96, 98, 103 Pode caste, 31, 156, 182 Raksha Dal, 89, 92 Pokhara, 79, 123, 126, 128–30, 133, 135, 137, 165, Raktapat Committee, 82 177 Raktapat Mandal, 67 Pokhrel, Durga, 107 Ram, 172 police, 206–7 Ramabibaha, 172 accusations of brutality, 189, 204 Ramavardhanas, 28 polyandry, 164 Ramayana, 81, 168 polygamy, 163 Ramopithecus, 2 population growth, 2–3, 18, 55, 61, 73–4, 122, Rana, Babar Shamsher, 69–72 140 Rana, Bam Bahadur Kunwar, 47–8 porters, 79 Rana, Bharat Shamsher, 87, 98 postal service, 139 Rana, Maharaja Bhim Shamsher, 65, 67, 68, 70, potatoes, 16, 73, 143 81 Poudyal brothers, 44, 50 Rana, Maharaja Bir Shamsher, 46, 62, 63, 66, 78, poverty, 3, 122, 127–8 80, 82, 83, 84 Prachanda, 119, 203–4, 206, 216, 218, 219 Rana, Maharaja Chandra Shamsher, 63–5, personality cult, 209 66, 67, 68, 69, 75, 76–7, 78, 79, 80, 82, Prachanda Gorkha, 67 83, 84 Pradhan, Padre Ganga Prasad, 168 Rana, Maharaja Dev Shamsher, 62–3, 64, 83 Pradhan, Parasmani, 165, 168 Rana, Devyani, 211, 214 Pradhan, Sahana, 113, 115, 116, 197 Rana, Maharaja Dhir Shamsher Kunwar, 49, 61, Pradhan, Tribhuvan, 60 66

Index 293

Rana, Jagat Jang, 48–9 syncretism, 185 Rana, Maharaja Jang Bahadur Kunwar, 45–8, 50, and universalism, 176 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59–60, 61, 62, remittances, 144, 149, 228–9 77, 78 reservations, 232 Rana, Maharaja Juddha Shamsher, 65–8, 77–8, rice, 160 82, 83 cultivation, 16, 17, 22–3, 27, 140 Rana, Keshar Shamsher, 69, 87, 89 processing, 77 Rana, Mahavir Shamsher, 70 Rising Nepal, 170 Rana, Maharaja Mohan Shamsher, 69, 78, 79, 83 RNAC, 130, 139, 147, 211 and economic planning, 125 road construction, 78, 126, 130, 133–4, 137–8, 143, heads coalition government, 87–8 200 personality, 154–5 Rohit, Comrade, see Bijukche, Narayan Man Rana, Mrigendra Shamsher, 87 Rolpa, 203–5, 209 Rana, Maharaja Padma Shamsher, 68–9, Rong languages, 13 70, 101 ropeways, 78, 138 Rana, Pashupati Shamsher, 214 Royal Nepal Academy, 168, 169 Rana, Ranoddip, 48–9, 52, 60, 66 Rudravarna Mahavihara, 32 Rana, Rudra Shamsher, 66, 71, 94 Rukum, 203–5, 209 Rana, Subarna Shamsher, 70, 99, 105, 136 Rufﬂes, Stamford, 95 Rana regime, 1, 28, 50, 154 Russia, 64 attitudes to investment, 145 for 1917-1992 period, see Soviet Union and C-Class Ranas, 65, 66, 69, 70, 90, 214 corruption under, 178 SAARC, 103, 230 downfall of, 1, 67, 68–72, 162 Sadbhavana Party, 118, 121, 187, 202, 219 education under, 164–5 in government, 195, 196, 199, 222 establishment of, 46–9 dissident group, 222 forest management, 144 Sagar, 19 and Newar language, 182 Sagauli, Treaty of, 42, 54, 56, 61, 64 Roll of Succession, 62, 69 Sahid Gate, 67 Ranabhat, Taranath, 213 salt trade, 27, 76 Rani Pokhari, 44 salwar-kamiz, 160 Rapti (eastern) Development Project, 143 Salyan, 205 Rapti Valley (eastern), 141 Sama, Balkrishna, 168–9, 183, 185 Rastrabadi Swatantra Bidyarthi Mandal, 108 samantas, 21 Rastriya Janamukti Party, 118 Sandhikharka, 218, 221 Rastriya Panchayat, 101, 102, 109, 110 Sanskrit, 8, 14, 32, 57, 80, 166, 168, 169 abolition, 115, 116 as school subject, 232 Rastriya Praja Party, 90, 95 as source of loanwords, 186, 187 Rasuwa, 19 sanskritisation, 56–7, 183 Rato Khola, 15 Sant(h)ali, 12 Rautahat, 98 Saptari, 68 Rautes, 11 SATA, 148 RAW, 216 Satar, see Sant(h)ali Ray, Satyajit, 172 sati, 19 Rayamajhi, Keshar Jang, 106, 107, 110 Satlaj River, 42 Raxaul, 138 School Leaving Certiﬁcate (SLC), 108, 165, 166, referendum (of 1980), 108–9, 125, 126, 127, 167, 201 144 Second World War, 67, 78, 82 regional planning, 126 Sen, Mukunda, King of Palpa, 19 Regmi, Dilli Rahman, 88, 90, 94 Sen dynasty religion, 3 of Bengal, 29 decline in observance, 159 of Nepal, 23–5, 56–7 economic and political role of, 26–7, 51–2, Shah, Aishwarya, Queen of Nepal, 11, 111, 135, 118, 173 212, 214 and social structure, 28–30 Shah, Bahadur, King of Nepal, 35, 39, 52

294 Index

Shah, Birendra, King of Nepal, 86–7, 104, 112, Shah, Shruti, 211 149, 175–6 Shah, Surendra, King of Nepal, 44 and 1975 constitutional amendment, 101 Shah, Tribhuvan, King of Nepal, 67–8, 71–2, 1989 dispute with India, 113 88–91, 92, 93 attitude towards dissent, 105 use of language, 154, 156 as constitutional monarch, 116, 196 Shah dynasty, 1, 23, 50, 154 and development planning, 126, 127, 136 Shaha, Rishikesh, 104, 107, 108 education, 167 Shaivism, 27, 29, 52 and Maoist insurgency, 207, 208, 210 Shakyas (ethnic group), 18 murder of, 211, 213, 214 Shakyas (Newar caste), 30, 31, 60, 155–6 and ‘People’s Movement’, 115 Shams ud-din Ilyas, 21 and referendum, 108–9 shankaracharya, 29 role under reformed Panchayat system, 110 Shastri, Shukra Raj, 80 use of language, 155, 156 sheep, 140 Shah, Dipendra, King of Nepal, 11, 44, 167, 211 Shekhar, Chandra, 114 Shah, Dhirendra, 110, 111, 211 Sherchan, Bhupi, 169, 170 Shah, Drabya, King of Gorkha, 23, 49 Sherpas, 12, 58, 74, 164, 183 Shah, Fateh Jang Chauntara, 45–6, 47 shifting cultivation, see slash-and-burn Shah, Girvana Yuddha, King of Nepal, 39, 43–8 cultivation Shah, Gorakh Bikram, 211 Shiva, 29 Shah, Gyanendra, King of Nepal shoe industry, 133 as Birendra’s successor, 84, 213, 215, 216–18, Shrestha, Marichman Singh, 111, 112, 115, 147 221, 222–3, 224 Shrestha, Pushpa Lal, 106, 108, 113 as infant king, 71 Shresthas, 31, 155 as prince, 110, 211 Shri Panch Sarkar (title), 62, 83 Shah, Jayanti, 211 Shri Tin Sarkar (title), 62, 83 Shah, Komal, Queen of Nepal, 211 Siddhartha Rajmarg, 137–8 Shah, Kumar Khadga, 211 Sikkim, 23, 24–5, 35, 76 Shah, Lalit Tripura Sundari, Queen of Nepal, absorption into India, 102–3, 105 42, 43 silk, 27 Shah, Mahendra, King of Nepal Simra, 79, 134 as crown prince, 68 Sindhupalchok, 55, 57 as king until 1960, 91–9 Singapore, 95, 151 and India, 101–2, 103, 152–3 Singh, Bakhan, 105, 108 personal rule after 1960, 99–101, 103–4, 105, Singh, Balman, 254,n.11 132, 136, 138, 140, 141, 157, 179 Singh, Gagan, 45 royal takeover, 86–8, 98–9, 129, 130 Singh, Ganesh Man, 82, 83–4, 105, 110, 113, 115, Russian visit, 130, 133 154 use of language, 154, 156 dispute with Koirala, 191 Shah, Narbhupal, King of Gorkha, 35–9 Singh, K. I., 83, 87, 89, 94, 95 Shah, Nirajan, 212, 214 as prime minister, 92–3, 186 Shah, Paras, Crown Prince of Nepal, 211, 214, 215 Singh, Marichman (civil servant), 82 Shah, Pratap Singh, King of Nepal, 39, 41, 60 Singh, Marichman (politician), see Shrestha, Shah, Prithvi Narayan, King of Nepal, 21, 22, 45, Marichman Singh 50, 54, 55, 56, 60 Singh, Mohan Bikram, 106, 110, 114, 119, 206–7, as national icon, 185 219, 222, 226–7 Shah, Rajendra, King of Nepal, 43–6 Singh, Ramraja Prasad, 107, 111 Shah, Rajya Lakshmi, Queen of Nepal, 44–6 Singh, Ranjit, King of the Panjab, 42 Shah, Rama, King of Gorkha, 28, 34 Singh, V. P., 113 Shah, Ratna, Queen of Nepal, 214, 215 Singha Darbar, 64, 66 Shah, Samrajya Lakshmi, Queen of Nepal, 43, 44 Sinkiang, 37 Shah, Shanti, 211 Sino-Tibetan language family, 12 Shah, Sharada, 211 Siwaliks, 6–8, 15 Shah, Sher Bahadur, 41 slash-and-burn cultivation, 16, 27, 74 Shah, Shoba, 211 slavery, 28, 53, 57, 62, 64, 84

Index 295

Slim, General, 67 land reform in, 142 socialism, 79, 175 and language issue, 94 Solukhumbu, 12, 144, 255,n.13 medieval history, 21, 23, 24 South-east Asia, 12, 139, 145 migration from the hills, 123, 134, 135, 141, Soviet Union, 82, 125, 158 231 aid programme, 130, 131, 133–4 peopling of, 14–15 Spanish language, 8 regional grievances, 160, 187 Sri Lanka, 103, 155 status of women, 163, 186–8 Srong-tsen-Gampo, King of Tibet, 19 see also Tharus St Joseph’s College, 167 Tarai Congress, 94, 96 St Mary’s School, 167 Tarun Gorkha, 80 St Xavier’s School, 167 tax-farming, 51 stainless steel, 151 taxation, 26, 50–5, 74, 130 state television, 139, 170, 226 emergence in South Asia, 18 telephone service, 139, 200 as focus of identity in nineteenth century, 56 Terhathum, 71, 83 organisation in post-uniﬁcation Nepal, 49 textiles, 77, 78, 148 state of emergency (2001), 218, 219 Thakali language, 14, 60, 183 street children, 161 Thakalis, 12, 145, 179 Structural Adjustment Loan, 127 Thakuri caste, 10, 31, 60, 84, 85, 94, 185 student unions, 107–8, 166–7 Thangmi language, 57 Subba, Ranadhir, 87 Thapa, Amar Singh, 43, 44 subbas, 51, 75, 179, 180 Thapa, Bhimsen, 41–4, 50, 51, 60, 66 sugar cane, 140, 141, 143 Thapa, Bishwabandhu, 97 sugar processing, 133 Thapa, Chiran Shamsher, 213 sukumbasis, 141, 145, 193 Thapa, Mathbar Singh, 45, 46, 169 Sun Kosi River, 18 Thapa, Ram Bahadur, 221 Sundarananda, 252,n.12 Thapa, Surya Bahadur, 104, 105 Sunuwars, 13 campaign against bhumigat giroh, 110 Supreme Court, 193, 196, 197, 232 in post-Panchayat politics, 118, 192, 195 Switzerland, 90, 134, 138, 143, 148 as post-Panchayat premier, 196–7, 222 synthetic fabrics, 151 as prime minister, 108–9, 110, 144 Syuraj, 42 ‘Tharu’ language, 11 Tharu Welfare Society, 180 Taiwan, 6 Tharus, 11, 14, 180–1, 183, 187 Taleju, 34 Thawang, 203 Tamang language, 14, 183 Theravada, 155–6 Tamangs, 12, 28, 58–9, 95 Thomas Cook, 149 clashes with Parbatiyas, 98, 178–9 Tibet, 4, 6, 12, 22, 37, 39 sense of identity, 178–9 1959 revolt, 96 status of women, 164 relations with Nepal, 19, 28, 39, 47, 64, 65, 82 Tanahu, 28 religious inﬂuence from Nepal, 29 Tanakpur dispute, 189 trade with Nepal, 27, 39, 76–7, 148, 149, 150, Tansen, 71 153 Tarai, 2, 4, 8, 11, 37, 44, 68, 83 Tibetan dialects, 12, 58, 179 in post-1951 politics, 87, 94, 95, 107, 110, 118 Tibetans (in Nepal), 145, 148 agriculture, 16, 54, 126, 144 Tibeto-Burman languages, 3 in ancient period, 18–19 relations with Parbatiyas, 27, 58, 82 boundary disputes, 42, 47 speakers of, 11, 12, 23, 118, 159 deforestation in, 123, 144 status of women, 164 as habitat of prehistoric man, 15 Timber Corporation of Nepal, 144 immigration from India, 54, 75, 76, 125 timber trade, 76, 144 industrial development, 78, 147 Tirhut, 29 as internal colony, 58 topi, 160 land-holding system, 51, 52, 54–5 tourism, 149

296 Index

trade, 27–8, 76–7, 113, 123, 146, 152–3, 229–30 United States Operations Mission, 130 across the Himalayas, 19, 27–8 Unity Centre, 203 see also India universities, 63–4, 108, 166–7 Tribhuvan International Airport, 139 Untouchables, 11, 31, 84, 156–7, 163 Tribhuvan Rajpath, 90, 130, 132, 137, 138 Uray, 31, 155 Tribhuvan Sadan, 211–16 urbanisation, 123 Tribhuvan University, 166–7, 185–6, 189–90 Utpidit Jatiya Utthan Manch, 183 Trichandra College, 64, 66, 67, 83, 166 Uttar Pradesh, 39 Tripura family, 21–2 Uttaranchal, 39 Trisuli dam, 132 Trisuli River, 18, 35, 39 Vaisali, 18 trolleybus system, 133 Vaishnavism, 52 Tsangpo, 6, 13 Vajracharyas, 30, 31, 60, 155–6 tuki system, 143 Vajryana, 30, 155–6 Tuladhar, Padma Ratna, 110, 182, 209 vamshavalis, 13, 29, 30 Turks, 15 Vedic period, 18 vegetable oil, 77 ubayarajya, 19 Vietnam, 15 UK, see Britain Vietnamese language, 12 UML, see Communist Party of Nepal (Uniﬁed viharas, 29 Marxist-Leninist) Vijaypur, 24–5 UNCTAD, 152 Vikram Era, 182 unemployment, 137 Village Defence Forces, 222 United Democratic Front, 93 village development, 130, 131, 132 United Democratic Party, 92–3, 94, 96, 97 Vishnu, 34, 52, 84, 175 United Front (of 1951), 88 Vrijis, 19 United Left Front, 113–14, 115–17 United Mission to Nepal, 135 water resources, 132, 139–40, 189 United National People’s Movement, 114 West Bengal, 112 United Nations, 127, 130 Western Europe, 123, 129 United Nations Development Programme, wheat, 16, 140 128 WHO, 135 United People’s Front, 119, 121, 175, 203 women, status of, 158–9, 164 post-1991 street agitation, 189–90 Women’s Commission, 107 1994 split, 192 wool trade, 27, 28, 148–50 2002 merger, 222 work permit system, 112 opposition to state of emergency, 219 World Bank, 127, 128, 130, 135, 142, 143, 147, 193, United Revolutionary People’s Council of 228 Nepal, 218 United States, 69, 94, 97, 134 Yadav caste, 110 and 1991 election, 95 yaks, 27–8, 134 aid programme, 103, 126, 128–30, 131, 133, 136, Yogi, Naraharinath, 98 137, 138, 143 Younghusband expedition, 64, 76, 82 economic relations, 148–9, 230 Yugoslavia, 101 and Maoist insurgency, 223, 225 Yunnan, 13 resettlement programme, 141 support for Kampas, 103 Zhou Enlai, 133