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Geological Characteristics and Resource Potentials of Oil Shale In Geological Characteristics and Resource potentials of Oil Shale in Ordos Basin, Center China BAIYun-lai, ZHAO-Yingcheng,MA Long,WU Wu –jun,MA Yu-hu （Northwest Branch Institute of Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina. Lanzhou,730020 ,Gansu, China） Abstract It has been shown that not only there are abundant oil, gas, coal, coal-bed gas, groundwater and giant uranium deposits but also there are abundant oil shale resources in Ordos basin.The main oil shale layers (abbre.OSL) occurred at , respectively, the Shanxizu Formation (early Permian),the upper of the lower bench of Yanchangzu Formation(middle –late Triassic), the Wayaobaozu Formation (late Triassic),the Yananzu Formation(early stage of middle Jurassic) and the Andingzu Formation (late stage of mddle Jurassic).Oil shale were ,usually, in formations buried at the basin. Both Yanchangzu Formation and Yananzu Formation were the two main formation of beaing oil shales. Oil shale in early Permian was formed in paralic offshore, and in middle –late Triassic was formed in terrestrial facies (batho and half -batho lacustrine), and in late Triassic and early middle Jurassic was formed in terrestrial facies lake delta and lake bog. And it was paragenesized together with coal layers (abbre.CL).But oil shale in late middle Jurassic was, merely, confined in half batho lacustrine. It has been shown also that the thickness of oil shale is ,usually, 4-36m, oil yield 1.5%-13.7%, caloric value 1.66～20.98MJ/kg, apparent density 1.55-2.46 by dissecting the oil shale in northern –Tongchuan of Shaanxi, China and Tanshan of Guyuan of Ningxia, northwest-China. The resource amount of oil shale with burial depth less than 2000 m is over 2000×108t (334).Within it, confirmed reserve is about 1×108t（121）,which displays a giant resource future. The bury depth of oil shale in both southeastern and western parts of the basin is shallow; part of it has been verified to be high quality. With excellent road conditions connecting to outside the basin, it is not only huge economic benefit to develop the oil shale in time, but also precious experience in developping oil shale may be obtained in Ordos basin. Key words: Oil shale; Geological characteristics; Resources, Ordos basin, Center-western China About the first author: BAI Yun-lai ,male, born 1957,doctor and senior engineer, has long engaged in the study of regional tectonic, petrology and metallogenesis and now mainly undertakes basin analysis and oil shale resource research; E-mail: [email protected] Ordos basin is one of the largest oil and gas basins (OGB) in China. The area of antetype of 2[1] Ordos basin is nearly 400,000km in middle-late Triassic( T2-3). It has been proved that not only huge hydrocarbon resources exists but also abundant coal, coal-seam-gas and groundwater resource present in Ordos basin [2]. Especially, the sand rock-type uranium deposits which can be in-situ leaching were discovered in the northeastern basin in 2001[3]. All these indicate Ordos basin is a treasure-house in which many kinds of resources were accumulated. In addition to what mentioned above, according to our field investigation and combining to previous data,writers think that Ordos basin has giant oil shale resource. Only “shale oil” (“shale oil” is come from a distillation of oil shale, amounts to crude oil) resources amount exceeds 500×108t in Chang-7 Oil-Formation which is apart of Yanchangzu Formation. The resources amount is 34% of the nationwide total [4,5], which is the largest in China. In Ordos basin, the oil shale occurs in many formations of different geologic age(early Permain, middle-late Triassic，late Triassic and middle Jurassic ) and several different type of facies (offshore facies, delta facies in which oil shale associated with coal, and deep and semi deep lacus).and oil shale has a fairly uniform lateral extension, with vast areal distribution, high oil yield, and simply geologic structure. The setting of the oil shale deposits is suitable for the opencast production similar to those of Shaanxi Tongchuan Bawangzhuang oil shale but also part of the deposits is suitable for the underground production similar to the Shaanxi Zichang county coal 1 field in which oil shale associated with coal layers. It is a very important to study the characteristics of oil shale which may be formed in different geologic periods, including occurrence regularities, resource extension, developing and utilization conditions. This paper is a summary in oil shale study in Ordos basin in the past few years by PetroChina and by PetroChina Changqing Oil field Company. It has huge economic benefit to continue to study oil shale and accumulate related data and techniques once the oil price goes much higher. This is because although new oil and gas fields continue to be found, but the demand for oil and gas is even faster than the new fields are found, and the disparity between the deliverables and the demand would be much greater after 20-30 years.[6] But, the technology for processing oil shale is relatively proven, and oil shale has been conveniently extracted , widely used, and had the long utilized history [4,7-13]. It is highly probable that oil shale would be a new resource that may substitute petroleum partly. Therefore, it is very important to investigate oil shale future and to study conditions of both developing and utilizations in Ordos basin. 1 The distributed characteristics of oil shale in time and space in Ordos basin It has been proved that there were many suites of oil shale layers in Ordos basin [14-16].Oil shale was controlled by structural cycles and palaeo-climate changes. They occured in early Permain (Shanxizu Formation ),middle-late Triassic (Yanchangzu Formation), late Triassic( Wayaobaozu Formation) and early-stage of middle Jurassic (Yananzu Formation), later-stage of middle Jurassic( Andingzu Formation )in Ordos basin（Table 1）.They occur in layerings buried deep at the basin and occur at shallow depths around the edges of the basin. It also exposed in incised valley and some bore holes. Oil shale in Shanxizu Formation (P1), mainly occurred at the bordering part of the basin in Baode and Hongdong counties in Shanxi province, and Shizuishan and Zhongwei counties in the Ningxia province where Oil shales are usually co-existing with coal layers.Often the coal layer is at the bottom with a thickness of 0.5m and rich in oil yield. The oil yield is higher than any other places. Because of the deep buried depth of oil shale which exceeds 600m in the eastern parts, and reaches 2200m in the western parts, organic substance may be transformed into natural gas, which may be the origin of the gas fields in the interior basin of northern Shaanxi province. For this reason,those Oil shales will not be discussed in details in this paper. Oil shale of both Yanchangzu Formation (T2-3) and Wayaobozu Formation(T3) occur in the form of an asymmetric syncline, upwarping and cropping out in the eastern part of the basin, slightly dipping westward in the middle eastern part, is deepest in the Huachi and Huanxian counties of Gansu province. It is gradually uplifted by the Yinchuan graben and dips eastward and the upper part were eroded. Outcrops of oil shale were mainly distributed in the eastern and southern parts of the basin forming an arc crossing Yijun county, Tongchuan city, Yaoqu town, Binxian county of the northern Shaanxi province. This is shown in (Fig.1). Oil shale of Yananzu Formation (early J2) crops out to the surface mainly in the western part of the basin across Tanshan town of Guanyuan city in southern Ningxia, and Huating county in the eastern Gansu. The distribution in the western basin is in concordance with the distribution of the coal layers, and the distribution in the eastern basin is in concordance with the lake deposits (Fig.2) . Oil shale of Andingzu Formation (late J2) occurs in the lake range of the basin and lied deep in the center of the basin. Outcrops may be seen in the incised valley(Fig.3). 2 The geologic characteristics of oil shale 2.1 The geologic characteristics of oil shale in middle-late Triassic（taking oil shale 2 of northern Tongchuan as an example） Table 1The middle-upper Triassic and Jurassic sequences and their controlling factors and the accumulation of various energy resources in Ordos basin(modified by literature [1,2,5,14-21]) 2.1.1 Stratigrphic position of oil shale The stratigraphic position of oil shale in northern -Tongchuan in Ordos area is the second section of Yanchangzu Formation(Ty2). Yanchangzu Formation is, fundamentally, composed of grey-green, grey-yellow-green, light red arcose ,and being interbed with deep grey- green shale and coal strings, pertaining to a terrestrial origin [16]. The lower part of the Yanchangzu Formation is interbed with dark shale and the middle-upper part is oil bearing. From the dark colour, Yanchangzu Formation may easily be differentiated of the upper formation and the lower formation, and conformable contacted with the lower and the upper formation. The lack of crimson mudstone in Ermayingzu Formation(T2)marks the base of the Yanchangzu Formation. In the upper, the show of an interbedding of coal beds and a sandy mudstone marks the base of the Wayaobozu Formation of deltaic facies. There is another oil shale layers in Wayaobozu Formation, which will be discussed late .The oil shale and the oil layer (see table 2)are superposed in space. 3 Shaaxi Fig.1 The map showing the distribution outcrops of middle-late Triassic strata (upper) and the
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