DOCSLIB.ORG

Geological Characteristics and Resource Potentials of Oil Shale In

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Geological Characteristics and Resource potentials of Oil Shale in Ordos Basin, Center China BAIYun-lai, ZHAO-Yingcheng,MA Long,WU Wu –jun,MA Yu-hu （Northwest Branch Institute of Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina. Lanzhou,730020 ,Gansu, China） Abstract It has been shown that not only there are abundant oil, gas, coal, coal-bed gas, groundwater and giant uranium deposits but also there are abundant oil shale resources in Ordos basin.The main oil shale layers (abbre.OSL) occurred at , respectively, the Shanxizu Formation (early Permian),the upper of the lower bench of Yanchangzu Formation(middle –late Triassic), the Wayaobaozu Formation (late Triassic),the Yananzu Formation(early stage of middle Jurassic) and the Andingzu Formation (late stage of mddle Jurassic).Oil shale were ,usually, in formations buried at the basin. Both Yanchangzu Formation and Yananzu Formation were the two main formation of beaing oil shales. Oil shale in early Permian was formed in paralic offshore, and in middle –late Triassic was formed in terrestrial facies (batho and half -batho lacustrine), and in late Triassic and early middle Jurassic was formed in terrestrial facies lake delta and lake bog. And it was paragenesized together with coal layers (abbre.CL).But oil shale in late middle Jurassic was, merely, confined in half batho lacustrine. It has been shown also that the thickness of oil shale is ,usually, 4-36m, oil yield 1.5%-13.7%, caloric value 1.66～20.98MJ/kg, apparent density 1.55-2.46 by dissecting the oil shale in northern –Tongchuan of Shaanxi, China and Tanshan of Guyuan of Ningxia, northwest-China. The resource amount of oil shale with burial depth less than 2000 m is over 2000×108t (334).Within it, confirmed reserve is about 1×108t（121）,which displays a giant resource future. The bury depth of oil shale in both southeastern and western parts of the basin is shallow; part of it has been verified to be high quality. With excellent road conditions connecting to outside the basin, it is not only huge economic benefit to develop the oil shale in time, but also precious experience in developping oil shale may be obtained in Ordos basin. Key words: Oil shale; Geological characteristics; Resources, Ordos basin, Center-western China About the first author: BAI Yun-lai ,male, born 1957,doctor and senior engineer, has long engaged in the study of regional tectonic, petrology and metallogenesis and now mainly undertakes basin analysis and oil shale resource research; E-mail: [email protected] Ordos basin is one of the largest oil and gas basins (OGB) in China. The area of antetype of 2[1] Ordos basin is nearly 400,000km in middle-late Triassic( T2-3). It has been proved that not only huge hydrocarbon resources exists but also abundant coal, coal-seam-gas and groundwater resource present in Ordos basin [2]. Especially, the sand rock-type uranium deposits which can be in-situ leaching were discovered in the northeastern basin in 2001[3]. All these indicate Ordos basin is a treasure-house in which many kinds of resources were accumulated. In addition to what mentioned above, according to our field investigation and combining to previous data,writers think that Ordos basin has giant oil shale resource. Only “shale oil” (“shale oil” is come from a distillation of oil shale, amounts to crude oil) resources amount exceeds 500×108t in Chang-7 Oil-Formation which is apart of Yanchangzu Formation. The resources amount is 34% of the nationwide total [4,5], which is the largest in China. In Ordos basin, the oil shale occurs in many formations of different geologic age(early Permain, middle-late Triassic，late Triassic and middle Jurassic ) and several different type of facies (offshore facies, delta facies in which oil shale associated with coal, and deep and semi deep lacus).and oil shale has a fairly uniform lateral extension, with vast areal distribution, high oil yield, and simply geologic structure. The setting of the oil shale deposits is suitable for the opencast production similar to those of Shaanxi Tongchuan Bawangzhuang oil shale but also part of the deposits is suitable for the underground production similar to the Shaanxi Zichang county coal 1 field in which oil shale associated with coal layers. It is a very important to study the characteristics of oil shale which may be formed in different geologic periods, including occurrence regularities, resource extension, developing and utilization conditions. This paper is a summary in oil shale study in Ordos basin in the past few years by PetroChina and by PetroChina Changqing Oil field Company. It has huge economic benefit to continue to study oil shale and accumulate related data and techniques once the oil price goes much higher. This is because although new oil and gas fields continue to be found, but the demand for oil and gas is even faster than the new fields are found, and the disparity between the deliverables and the demand would be much greater after 20-30 years.[6] But, the technology for processing oil shale is relatively proven, and oil shale has been conveniently extracted , widely used, and had the long utilized history [4,7-13]. It is highly probable that oil shale would be a new resource that may substitute petroleum partly. Therefore, it is very important to investigate oil shale future and to study conditions of both developing and utilizations in Ordos basin. 1 The distributed characteristics of oil shale in time and space in Ordos basin It has been proved that there were many suites of oil shale layers in Ordos basin [14-16].Oil shale was controlled by structural cycles and palaeo-climate changes. They occured in early Permain (Shanxizu Formation ),middle-late Triassic (Yanchangzu Formation), late Triassic( Wayaobaozu Formation) and early-stage of middle Jurassic (Yananzu Formation), later-stage of middle Jurassic( Andingzu Formation )in Ordos basin（Table 1）.They occur in layerings buried deep at the basin and occur at shallow depths around the edges of the basin. It also exposed in incised valley and some bore holes. Oil shale in Shanxizu Formation (P1), mainly occurred at the bordering part of the basin in Baode and Hongdong counties in Shanxi province, and Shizuishan and Zhongwei counties in the Ningxia province where Oil shales are usually co-existing with coal layers.Often the coal layer is at the bottom with a thickness of 0.5m and rich in oil yield. The oil yield is higher than any other places. Because of the deep buried depth of oil shale which exceeds 600m in the eastern parts, and reaches 2200m in the western parts, organic substance may be transformed into natural gas, which may be the origin of the gas fields in the interior basin of northern Shaanxi province. For this reason,those Oil shales will not be discussed in details in this paper. Oil shale of both Yanchangzu Formation (T2-3) and Wayaobozu Formation(T3) occur in the form of an asymmetric syncline, upwarping and cropping out in the eastern part of the basin, slightly dipping westward in the middle eastern part, is deepest in the Huachi and Huanxian counties of Gansu province. It is gradually uplifted by the Yinchuan graben and dips eastward and the upper part were eroded. Outcrops of oil shale were mainly distributed in the eastern and southern parts of the basin forming an arc crossing Yijun county, Tongchuan city, Yaoqu town, Binxian county of the northern Shaanxi province. This is shown in (Fig.1). Oil shale of Yananzu Formation (early J2) crops out to the surface mainly in the western part of the basin across Tanshan town of Guanyuan city in southern Ningxia, and Huating county in the eastern Gansu. The distribution in the western basin is in concordance with the distribution of the coal layers, and the distribution in the eastern basin is in concordance with the lake deposits (Fig.2) . Oil shale of Andingzu Formation (late J2) occurs in the lake range of the basin and lied deep in the center of the basin. Outcrops may be seen in the incised valley(Fig.3). 2 The geologic characteristics of oil shale 2.1 The geologic characteristics of oil shale in middle-late Triassic（taking oil shale 2 of northern Tongchuan as an example） Table 1The middle-upper Triassic and Jurassic sequences and their controlling factors and the accumulation of various energy resources in Ordos basin(modified by literature [1,2,5,14-21]) 2.1.1 Stratigrphic position of oil shale The stratigraphic position of oil shale in northern -Tongchuan in Ordos area is the second section of Yanchangzu Formation(Ty2). Yanchangzu Formation is, fundamentally, composed of grey-green, grey-yellow-green, light red arcose ,and being interbed with deep grey- green shale and coal strings, pertaining to a terrestrial origin [16]. The lower part of the Yanchangzu Formation is interbed with dark shale and the middle-upper part is oil bearing. From the dark colour, Yanchangzu Formation may easily be differentiated of the upper formation and the lower formation, and conformable contacted with the lower and the upper formation. The lack of crimson mudstone in Ermayingzu Formation(T2)marks the base of the Yanchangzu Formation. In the upper, the show of an interbedding of coal beds and a sandy mudstone marks the base of the Wayaobozu Formation of deltaic facies. There is another oil shale layers in Wayaobozu Formation, which will be discussed late .The oil shale and the oil layer (see table 2)are superposed in space. 3 Shaaxi Fig.1 The map showing the distribution outcrops of middle-late Triassic strata (upper) and the
Recommended publications

  • Oil Shale and Tar Sands

    Fundamentals of Materials for Energy and Environmental Sustainability Editors David S. Ginley and David Cahen Oil shale and tar sands James W. Bunger 11 JWBA, Inc., Energy Technology and Engineering, Salt Lake City, UT, USA 11.1 Focus 11.2 Synopsis Tar sands and oil shale are “uncon- Oil shale and tar sands occur in dozens of countries around the world. With in-place ventional” oil resources. Unconven- resources totaling at least 4 trillion barrels (bbl), they exceed the world's remaining tional oil resources are characterized petroleum reserves, which are probably less than 2 trillion bbl. As petroleum becomes by their solid, or near-solid, state harder to produce, oil shale and tar sands are finding economic and thermodynamic under reservoir conditions, which parity with petroleum. Thermodynamic parity, e.g., similarity in the energy cost requires new, and sometimes of producing energy, is a key indicator of economic competitiveness. unproven, technology for their Oil is being produced on a large commercial scale by Canada from tar sands, recovery. For tar sands the hydrocar- and to a lesser extent by Venezuela. The USA now imports well over 2 million barrels bon is a highly viscous bitumen; for of oil per day from Canada, the majority of which is produced from tar sands. oil shale, it is a solid hydrocarbon Production of oil from oil shale is occurring in Estonia, China, and Brazil albeit on called “kerogen.” Unconventional smaller scales. Importantly, the USA is the largest holder of oil-shale resources. oil resources are found in greater For that reason alone, and because of the growing need for imports in the USA, quantities than conventional petrol- oil shale will receive greater development attention as petroleum supplies dwindle.
  • Eubrontes and Anomoepus Track

    Eubrontes and Anomoepus Track

    Sullivan, R.M. and Lucas, S.G., eds., 2016, Fossil Record 5. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 74. 345 EUBRONTES AND ANOMOEPUS TRACK ASSEMBLAGES FROM THE MIDDLE JURASSIC XIASHAXIMIAO FORMATION OF ZIZHONG COUNTY, SICHUAN, CHINA: REVIEW, ICHNOTAXONOMY AND NOTES ON PRESERVED TAIL TRACES LIDA XING1, MARTIN G. LOCKLEY2, GUANGZHAO PENG3, YONG YE3, JIANPING ZHANG1, MASAKI MATSUKAWA4, HENDRIK KLEIN5, RICHARD T. MCCREA6 and W. SCOTT PERSONS IV7 1School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; -email: [email protected]; 2Dinosaur Trackers Research Group, University of Colorado Denver, P.O. Box 173364, Denver, CO 80217; 3 Zigong Dinosaur Museum, Zigong 643013, Sichuan, China; 4 Department of Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan; 5 Saurierwelt Paläontologisches Museum Alte Richt 7, D-92318 Neumarkt, Germany; 6 Peace Region Palaeontology Research Centre, Box 1540, Tumbler Ridge, British Columbia V0C 2W0, Canada; 7 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada Abstract—The Nianpanshan dinosaur tracksite, first studied in the 1980s, was designated as the type locality of the monospecific ichnogenus Jinlijingpus, and the source of another tridactyl track, Chuanchengpus, both presumably of theropod affinity. After the site was mapped in 2001, these two ichnotaxa were considered synonyms of Eubrontes and Anomoepus, respectively, the latter designation being the first identification of this ichnogenus in China. The assemblage indicates a typical Jurassic ichnofauna. The present study reinvestigates the site in the light of the purported new ichnospecies Chuanchengpus shenglingensis that was introduced in 2012. After re- evaluation of the morphological and extramorphological features, C.
  • Spatial Heterogeneous of Ecological Vulnerability in Arid and Semi-Arid Area: a Case of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China

    Spatial Heterogeneous of Ecological Vulnerability in Arid and Semi-Arid Area: a Case of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China

    sustainability Article Spatial Heterogeneous of Ecological Vulnerability in Arid and Semi-Arid Area: A Case of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China Rong Li 1, Rui Han 1, Qianru Yu 1, Shuang Qi 2 and Luo Guo 1,* 1 College of the Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; [email protected] (R.L.); [email protected] (R.H.); [email protected] (Q.Y.) 2 Department of Geography, National University of Singapore; Singapore 117570, Singapore; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 25 April 2020; Accepted: 26 May 2020; Published: 28 May 2020 Abstract: Ecological vulnerability, as an important evaluation method reflecting regional ecological status and the degree of stability, is the key content in global change and sustainable development. Most studies mainly focus on changes of ecological vulnerability concerning the temporal trend, but rarely take arid and semi-arid areas into consideration to explore the spatial heterogeneity of the ecological vulnerability index (EVI) there. In this study, we selected the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region on the Loess Plateau of China, a typical arid and semi-arid area, as a case to investigate the spatial heterogeneity of the EVI every five years, from 1990 to 2015. Based on remote sensing data, meteorological data, and economic statistical data, this study first evaluated the temporal-spatial change of ecological vulnerability in the study area by Geo-information Tupu. Further, we explored the spatial heterogeneity of the ecological vulnerability using Getis-Ord Gi*. Results show that: (1) the regions with high ecological vulnerability are mainly concentrated in the north of the study area, which has high levels of economic growth, while the regions with low ecological vulnerability are mainly distributed in the relatively poor regions in the south of the study area.
  • Bedrock Geology Glossary from the Roadside Geology of Minnesota, Richard W

    Bedrock Geology Glossary from the Roadside Geology of Minnesota, Richard W

    Minnesota Bedrock Geology Glossary From the Roadside Geology of Minnesota, Richard W. Ojakangas Sedimentary Rock Types in Minnesota Rocks that formed from the consolidation of loose sediment Conglomerate: A coarse-grained sedimentary rock composed of pebbles, cobbles, or boul- ders set in a fine-grained matrix of silt and sand. Dolostone: A sedimentary rock composed of the mineral dolomite, a calcium magnesium car- bonate. Graywacke: A sedimentary rock made primarily of mud and sand, often deposited by turbidi- ty currents. Iron-formation: A thinly bedded sedimentary rock containing more than 15 percent iron. Limestone: A sedimentary rock composed of calcium carbonate. Mudstone: A sedimentary rock composed of mud. Sandstone: A sedimentary rock made primarily of sand. Shale: A deposit of clay, silt, or mud solidified into more or less a solid rock. Siltstone: A sedimentary rock made primarily of sand. Igneous and Volcanic Rock Types in Minnesota Rocks that solidified from cooling of molten magma Basalt: A black or dark grey volcanic rock that consists mainly of microscopic crystals of pla- gioclase feldspar, pyroxene, and perhaps olivine. Diorite: A plutonic igneous rock intermediate in composition between granite and gabbro. Gabbro: A dark igneous rock consisting mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene in crystals large enough to see with a simple magnifier. Gabbro has the same composition as basalt but contains much larger mineral grains because it cooled at depth over a longer period of time. Granite: An igneous rock composed mostly of orthoclase feldspar and quartz in grains large enough to see without using a magnifier. Most granites also contain mica and amphibole Rhyolite: A felsic (light-colored) volcanic rock, the extrusive equivalent of granite.
  • Study of Folk Art Based on Revolutionary Culture

    Study of Folk Art Based on Revolutionary Culture

    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 123 2nd International Conference on Education, Sports, Arts and Management Engineering (ICESAME 2017) Study of Folk Art based on Revolutionary Culture ——A Case Study of the New Yangge Movement in Yan'an Period Gangtao Jia1, a, Xi Kang2, b 1 2 Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710021 a email, b email Keywords: Yan'an, New Yangge Movement, Popular Arts Abstract. During the period of Yan'an, the new Yangge from the self-entertainment activities of the masses to the masses of the Chinese Communist Party and the masses, from the old Yangge to the transformation of the revolutionary yangko, it is "speech" after the border literary and artistic workers to create a new pattern of practice, but also reflects the transformation of the CPC Folk art, adhere to the popular arts and literature of the course. Inheriting the spirit of Yan'an, drawing on the development of rural culture in Yan'an period, especially the experience of the new Yangge movement, the new era of rural culture construction is not without revelation. Introduction In the special historical context of "people's enlightenment and rural revolution", the CCP paid special attention to the political mobilization and propaganda and education function of traditional folk art. In the speech at the Yan'an Forum on Literature and Art (hereinafter referred to as "speech"), Mao Zedong proposed that literature and art should "serve the tens of thousands of working people" and stressed the important role of Yangge. The broad masses of literary and art workers actively study the spirit of "speech" and go deep into the masses.
  • Nber Working Paper Series from Fog to Smog: the Value

    Nber Working Paper Series from Fog to Smog: the Value

    NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES FROM FOG TO SMOG: THE VALUE OF POLLUTION INFORMATION Panle Jia Barwick Shanjun Li Liguo Lin Eric Zou Working Paper 26541 http://www.nber.org/papers/w26541 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 December 2019, Revised January 2020 We thank Antonio Bento, Fiona Burlig, Trudy Cameron, Lucas Davis, Todd Gerarden, Jiming Hao, Guojun He, Joshua Graff Zivin, Matt Khan, Jessica Leight, Cynthia Lin Lowell, Grant Mc- Dermott, Francesca Molinari, Ed Rubin, Ivan Rudik, Joe Shapiro, Jeff Shrader, Jörg Stoye, Jeffrey Zabel, Shuang Zhang, and seminar participants at the 2019 NBER Chinese Economy Working Group Meeting, the 2019 NBER EEE Spring Meeting, the 2019 Northeast Workshop on Energy Policy and Environmental Economics, MIT, Resources for the Future, University of Alberta, University of Chicago, Cornell University, GRIPS Japan, Indiana University, University of Kentucky, University of Maryland, University of Oregon, University of Texas at Austin, and Xiamen University for helpful comments. We thank Jing Wu and Ziye Zhang for generous help with data. Luming Chen, Deyu Rao, Binglin Wang, and Tianli Xia provided outstanding research assistance. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2019 by Panle Jia Barwick, Shanjun Li, Liguo Lin, and Eric Zou. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source.
  • Originally, the Descendants of Hua Xia Were Not the Descendants of Yan Huang

    Originally, the Descendants of Hua Xia Were Not the Descendants of Yan Huang

    E-Leader Brno 2019 Originally, the Descendants of Hua Xia were not the Descendants of Yan Huang Soleilmavis Liu, Activist Peacepink, Yantai, Shandong, China Many Chinese people claimed that they are descendants of Yan Huang, while claiming that they are descendants of Hua Xia. (Yan refers to Yan Di, Huang refers to Huang Di and Xia refers to the Xia Dynasty). Are these true or false? We will find out from Shanhaijing ’s records and modern archaeological discoveries. Abstract Shanhaijing (Classic of Mountains and Seas ) records many ancient groups of people in Neolithic China. The five biggest were: Yan Di, Huang Di, Zhuan Xu, Di Jun and Shao Hao. These were not only the names of groups, but also the names of individuals, who were regarded by many groups as common male ancestors. These groups first lived in the Pamirs Plateau, soon gathered in the north of the Tibetan Plateau and west of the Qinghai Lake and learned from each other advanced sciences and technologies, later spread out to other places of China and built their unique ancient cultures during the Neolithic Age. The Yan Di’s offspring spread out to the west of the Taklamakan Desert;The Huang Di’s offspring spread out to the north of the Chishui River, Tianshan Mountains and further northern and northeastern areas;The Di Jun’s and Shao Hao’s offspring spread out to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, where the Di Jun’s offspring lived in the west of the Shao Hao’s territories, which were near the sea or in the Shandong Peninsula.Modern archaeological discoveries have revealed the authenticity of Shanhaijing ’s records.
  • Secure Fuels from Domestic Resources ______Profiles of Companies Engaged in Domestic Oil Shale and Tar Sands Resource and Technology Development

    Secure Fuels from Domestic Resources ______Profiles of Companies Engaged in Domestic Oil Shale and Tar Sands Resource and Technology Development

    5th Edition Secure Fuels from Domestic Resources ______________________________________________________________________________ Profiles of Companies Engaged in Domestic Oil Shale and Tar Sands Resource and Technology Development Prepared by INTEK, Inc. For the U.S. Department of Energy • Office of Petroleum Reserves Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves Fifth Edition: September 2011 Note to Readers Regarding the Revised Edition (September 2011) This report was originally prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy in June 2007. The report and its contents have since been revised and updated to reflect changes and progress that have occurred in the domestic oil shale and tar sands industries since the first release and to include profiles of additional companies engaged in oil shale and tar sands resource and technology development. Each of the companies profiled in the original report has been extended the opportunity to update its profile to reflect progress, current activities and future plans. Acknowledgements This report was prepared by INTEK, Inc. for the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Petroleum Reserves, Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves (DOE/NPOSR) as a part of the AOC Petroleum Support Services, LLC (AOC- PSS) Contract Number DE-FE0000175 (Task 30). Mr. Khosrow Biglarbigi of INTEK, Inc. served as the Project Manager. AOC-PSS and INTEK, Inc. wish to acknowledge the efforts of representatives of the companies that provided information, drafted revised or reviewed company profiles, or addressed technical issues associated with their companies, technologies, and project efforts. Special recognition is also due to those who directly performed the work on this report. Mr. Peter M. Crawford, Director at INTEK, Inc., served as the principal author of the report.
  • A) Conglomerate B) Dolostone C) Siltstone D) Shale 1. Which

    A) Conglomerate B) Dolostone C) Siltstone D) Shale 1. Which

    1. Which sedimentary rock would be composed of 7. Which process could lead most directly to the particles ranging in size from 0.0004 centimeter to formation of a sedimentary rock? 0.006 centimeter? A) metamorphism of unmelted material A) conglomerate B) dolostone B) slow solidification of molten material C) siltstone D) shale C) sudden upwelling of lava at a mid-ocean ridge 2. Which sedimentary rock could form as a result of D) precipitation of minerals from evaporating evaporation? water A) conglomerate B) sandstone 8. Base your answer to the following question on the C) shale D) limestone diagram below. 3. Limestone is a sedimentary rock which may form as a result of A) melting B) recrystallization C) metamorphism D) biologic processes 4. The dot below is a true scale drawing of the smallest particle found in a sample of cemented sedimentary rock. Which sedimentary rock is shown in the diagram? What is this sedimentary rock? A) conglomerate B) sandstone C) siltstone D) shale A) conglomerate B) sandstone C) siltstone D) shale 9. Which statement about the formation of a rock is best supported by the rock cycle? 5. Which sequence of events occurs in the formation of a sedimentary rock? A) Magma must be weathered before it can change to metamorphic rock. A) B) Sediment must be compacted and cemented before it can change to sedimentary rock. B) C) Sedimentary rock must melt before it can change to metamorphic rock. C) D) Metamorphic rock must melt before it can change to sedimentary rock. D) 6. Which sedimentary rock formed from the compaction and cementation of fragments of the skeletons and shells of sea organisms? A) shale B) gypsum C) limestone D) conglomerate Base your answers to questions 10 and 11 on the diagram below, which is a geologic cross section of an area where a river has exposed a 300-meter cliff of sedimentary rock layers.
  • Poverty Mapping in China: Do Environmental Variables Matter

    Poverty Mapping in China: Do Environmental Variables Matter

    UNIVERSITY OF WAIKATO Hamilton New Zealand Mapping Poverty in Rural China: How Much Does the Environment Matter? Susan Olivia University of California, Davis John Gibson University of Waikato Scott Rozelle Stanford University Jikun Huang and Xiangzheng Deng Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Economics Working Paper in Economics 14/08 September 2008 Corresponding Author John Gibson Department of Economics University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand Fax: +64 (7) 838 4331 Email: [email protected] Abstract In this paper, we apply a recently developed small-area estimation technique to derive geographically detailed estimates of consumption-based poverty and inequality in rural Shaanxi, China. We also investigate whether using environmental variables derived mainly from satellite remote sensing improves upon traditional approaches that only use household survey and census data. According to our results, ignoring environmental variables in statistical analyses that predict small-area poverty rates leads to targeting errors. In other words, using environmental variables both helps more accurately identify poor areas (so they should be able to receive more transfers of poor area funds) and identify non-poor areas (which would allow policy makers to reduce poverty funds in these better off areas and redirect them to poor areas). Using area-based targeting may be an efficient way to reach the poor since many counties and townships in rural Shaanxi have low levels of inequality, even though, on average, there is more within-group than between-group inequality. Using information on locations that are, in fact, receiving poverty assistance, our analysis also produces evidence that official poverty policy in Shaanxi targets particular areas which in reality are no poorer than other areas that do not get targeted.
  • Chinacoalchem

    Chinacoalchem

    ChinaCoalChem Monthly Report Issue May. 2019 Copyright 2019 All Rights Reserved. ChinaCoalChem Issue May. 2019 Table of Contents Insight China ................................................................................................................... 4 To analyze the competitive advantages of various material routes for fuel ethanol from six dimensions .............................................................................................................. 4 Could fuel ethanol meet the demand of 10MT in 2020? 6MTA total capacity is closely promoted ....................................................................................................................... 6 Development of China's polybutene industry ............................................................... 7 Policies & Markets ......................................................................................................... 9 Comprehensive Analysis of the Latest Policy Trends in Fuel Ethanol and Ethanol Gasoline ........................................................................................................................ 9 Companies & Projects ................................................................................................... 9 Baofeng Energy Succeeded in SEC A-Stock Listing ................................................... 9 BG Ordos Started Field Construction of 4bnm3/a SNG Project ................................ 10 Datang Duolun Project Created New Monthly Methanol Output Record in Apr ........ 10 Danhua to Acquire &
  • Level Universities in Shaanxi Province Keyin Liang Xi’ an International University, Xi’ An, Shaanxi, 710077

    Level Universities in Shaanxi Province Keyin Liang Xi’ an International University, Xi’ An, Shaanxi, 710077

    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 123 2nd International Conference on Education, Sports, Arts and Management Engineering (ICESAME 2017) Study on the Construction Dilemma and Improvement Path of Private High - level Universities in Shaanxi Province Keyin Liang Xi’ an International University, Xi’ an, Shaanxi, 710077 Keywords: Shaanxi Province, Private High-level University, Construction Dilemma Abstract. At present, with the further deepening of reform and opening up, how to promote the comprehensive progress of society, how to deepen the educational reform has become a major theoretical and practical problem of school education. With the deepening of the development and reform of colleges and universities in our country, private colleges and universities have gradually developed into an important part of our universities. In recent years, private education has flourished in various parts of the country. As an important content of college education, how to carry out the work is one of the important criteria to measure the overall work of colleges and universities. It is also the fundamental requirement of social development to cultivate talents. Due to the conditions, scale, system and guiding ideology of the running of private colleges and universities, the efficiency of running schools is also very different. We must strengthen the management of private colleges and universities. Introduction Shaanxi Province is located in the western part of China, ranking the middle reaches of the Yellow River, is located in the hinterland of China's interior, north and Inner Mongolia, Ningxia border, west and Gansu connected, south and Sichuan, Chongqing, Hubei Tong, east and Shanxi, Henan adjacent to China's northwest Portal, is to connect China's eastern and central regions and northwest, southwest of the transport hub.