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The Calamian Tagbanwa Ancestral Domain (Coron Island, Palawan

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The Calamian Tagbanwa Ancestral Domain (Coron Island, Palawan 1 The Calamian Tagbanwa Ancestral Domain (Coron Island, Palawan, Philippines): Evaluation of traditional fishing practices towards biodiversity conservation and sustainability Arlene G. Sampang The WorldFish Center 2 Executive Summary Over the years, human activities have tremendously impacted our marine and coastal ecosystems. Threats to marine biodiversity include overfishing and bycatch, habitat alterations, introduction of species, and pollution among others. In response to this, different management regimes have evolved to resolve problems in fisheries management. Community conserved areas managed by indigenous and of local and mobile communities are gaining recognition for their contribution to biological diversity. However, there is a need to understand the cultural values, behavior of resource users and the reason for such actions. The Calamian Tagbanwa in Coron Island is an indigenous small-scale fishing community. Through united efforts, they have asserted their traditional rights over their ancestral domain. The traditional fishing practices in the ancestral domain are being carried out in the context of sacred and restricted areas like fish sanctuaries. Observance of customary laws and the role of elders in implementing traditional laws are means of discipline. The avoidance of sacred and restricted areas and the existing taboos form part of the management measures in the domain. Such constraints may have played a role in the conservation of natural resources, species and ecosystems in the island and may have helped sustain the lives of these people for centuries. This study aims to assess the impacts of the traditional fishing practices and the cultural and spiritual beliefs of the Calamian Tagbanwa in exploiting fish stocks in Coron Island. Ethnographic and key informant interviews, focus group discussions, mapping of fishing areas, and participant observations were used to collect data on fishing and gleaning activity, resource use patterns, traditional beliefs on marine resources and perceptions of changes inside the ancestral domain. The findings of this study are as follows: • Fishing is the main activity of the Calamian Tagbanwa, though farming and gathering of edible bird’s nest are also practiced by the others. Fishing is mainly for subsistence, few engaged into small-scale trading of live and fresh marine resources such as fish and octopus. Women are mostly involved in reef gleaning. The average catch of fish per day has decreased and trends in the use of fishing gear are influenced by modernization and competition among migrants. Traditional fishing gears are fast disappearing in relation to dwindling fishery stocks inside the ancestral waters in the past years. Migrants’ fishing activities threatened traditional fishing grounds. • Cultural and spiritual beliefs are in the form of food and habitat taboos. Some fish species are avoided for consumption, rooted from a cultural belief that they may pose a health risk, especially for women after childbirth. Restricted areas like fish sanctuaries and sacred areas around the island where Calamian Tagbanwa believed giant, human-like octopus dwell are compromised and exposed to fishing due to the presence and competition among migrants, self-discoveries and change in lifestyle and beliefs. The ancestral domain of the Calamian Tagbanwa is both biologically and culturally diverse. There is an urgent need to protect and preserve the remaining unusually pristine condition of some of the areas inside their ancestral domain. Given that the Calamian Tagbanwa is in the process of converting their ancestral domain management plan to a sustainable development and protection plan, this study recommends the following: • Reassessment of the existing Ancestral Domain Management Plan. Baseline studies on fisheries for a sustainable management plan utilizing the traditional ecological knowledge of the Calamian Tagbanwa. 3 • Conduct capacity building programs such as paralegal trainings to equip local leaders in the community. Lack of education makes them vulnerable to external threats. Environmental awareness activities should be incorporated in elementary schools. Elders conduct sessions with the youth on cultural integrity and identity. • Prioritize regular involvement and participation of local leaders in the development discussion meetings with the local government units. • Recognition and support from local government units (i.e. monitoring and enforcement of law on illegal fishing activities; municipal ordinance to recognize the CADT to gain respect from non-indigenous fishers) and programs assisted by local partners such as NGOs or academe should be holistic. 4 Acknowledgments This research study would not be possible without the help, support and assistance of several people and institutions. I am very grateful to the Tagbanwa Tribe of Coron Island Association for allowing me to conduct the research, sharing their knowledge and experience in fishing, especially to Chairman Rodolfo Aguilar for the hospitality, encouragement and support. Many thanks also to Calamian Tagbanwa assistants and volunteers for the help, kindness and patience. WorldFish staff and FishBase team for sharing your expertise and invaluable comments. Dr. Nicolas Bailly, officer-in-charge of the WorldFish Center - Philippines, for the motivation, support and comments. Thanks also to Dr. Maria Mangahas and Shane Naguit, for the encouragement and sharing your experience with indigenous people, Baggy Bagarinao for the comments. Thanks also to Gonzalo Oviedo, my advisor in World Conservation Union – IUCN for the understanding and encouragement throughout the research study. Lastly, this study would not be possible without the financial support from Alcoa Foundation Conservation and Sustainability Fellowship Program. 5 Table of Contents 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 12 1.1 Overview..................................................................................................................... 12 1.2 Background................................................................................................................. 13 1.2.1 Threats to Marine Biodiversity ........................................................................ 13 1.2.2 Biodiversity Conservation in the Philippines................................................ 13 1.3 Research Objectives ................................................................................................... 15 2 Study Area.......................................................................................................................... 17 2.1 Geographic Location and Accessibility .................................................................. 17 2.2 Biophysical Characteristics....................................................................................... 17 2.3 Socioeconomic Characteristics................................................................................. 19 2.4 Historical background of the Calamian Tagbanwa Ancestral Domain............. 20 3 Methods .............................................................................................................................. 26 3.1 Protocol and Linkage Building ................................................................................ 26 3.2 Data Collection........................................................................................................... 27 3.2.1 Fishing activity and resource use pattern ...................................................... 27 3.2.2 Cultural and Spiritual Beliefs........................................................................... 28 3.3 Data Synthesis and Analysis .................................................................................... 30 4 Results................................................................................................................................. 32 4.1 Fishing activity and resource use pattern .............................................................. 32 4.1.1 Mapping of fishing areas .................................................................................. 32 4.1.2 Fish catch monitoring........................................................................................ 32 4.1.3 Catch per Unit Effort ......................................................................................... 47 4.1.4 Gear ownership and fishing methods............................................................. 48 4.1.5 Fishing history and skills .................................................................................. 49 4.1.6 Gleaning Activity............................................................................................... 52 4.2 Cultural and spiritual beliefs on marine resources and taboo areas.................. 53 5 Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 55 5.1 Fishing activity and resource use pattern .............................................................. 55 5.1.1 Mapping of fishing areas .................................................................................. 55 5.1.2 Fish catch monitoring........................................................................................ 55 5.1.3 Catch per Unit Effort ......................................................................................... 56 5.1.4 Gear Ownership................................................................................................
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