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Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Communication Nuisance behaviors of macaques in Subterranean River National Park, ,

Lief Erikson Gamalo, Joselito Baril, Judeline Dimalibot, Augusto Asis, Brian Anas, Nevong Puna & Vachel Gay Paller

26 February 2019 | Vol. 11 | No. 3 | Pages: 13287–13294 DOI: 10.11609/jot.4702.11.3.13287-13294

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Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2019 | 11(3): 13287–13294

Nuisance behaviors of macaques in Puerto Princesa

Subterranean River National Park, Palawan, Philippines Communication

Lief Erikson Gamalo 1 , Joselito Baril 2 , Judeline Dimalibot 3 , Augusto Asis 4 , ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) Brian Anas 5 , Nevong Puna 6 & Vachel Gay Paller 7 ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) PLATINUM 1 Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Studies, University of the Philippines , Mintal, OPEN ACCESS Tugbok District, Davao City 8022, Philippines. 1,2,3,7 Animal Biology Division, Insttute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños 4031, Laguna, Philippines. 4,5,6 Puerto Princesa Subterranean River Natonal Park Management Ofce Puerto Princesa City 5300, Palawan, Philippines. 1 [email protected] (corresponding author), 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected], 4 [email protected], 5 [email protected], 6 [email protected], 7 [email protected]

Abstract: Diferent nuisance behaviors of macaques have been reported in diferent parts of the world where humans and macaques have been living in the same habitats and sharing the same resources. In this study, nuisance behaviors of Long-tailed Macaques were documented in Puerto Princesa Subterranean River Natonal Park using direct observaton, survey questonnaire and by visitng the complaint secton database. The attudes and practces of the locals towards the macaques were also investgated. From the result of the study, it was observed that the most common nuisance behavior of macaques in Central Park Staton was litering, while according to the locals, eatng of crops was the most common nuisance behavior. There was no existng tourist complaint about the macaques in the area, however, park personnel reported that aggressive tourist-macaque encounters sometmes happened. These nuisance behaviors were observed to be linked to food security of the animals which results in negatve interacton. Meanwhile, it was also observed that the practces of most people towards macaques in the area are stll relatvely positve despite the nuisance behaviors of the macaques. Only a small percentage of respondents hunted macaques, experienced keeping macaques as pets or experienced eatng macaque meat. The direct observatons revealed that the degree of human-macaque interacton in the park was relatvely mild compared to the reports in other countries, partly because of the positve human attudes towards the animals and the efectve management practces in the area.

Keywords: Human-macaque interacton, nuisance behaviors.

DOI: htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4702.11.3.13287-13294

Editor: Mewa Singh, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India. Date of publicaton: 26 February 2019 (online & print)

Manuscript details: #4702 | Received 13 November 2018 | Final received 25 December 2018 | Finally accepted 05 February 2019

Citaton: Gamalo, L.E., J. Baril, J. Dimalibot, A. Asis, B. Anas, N. Puna & V.G. Paller (2019). Nuisance behaviors of macaques in Puerto Princesa Subterranean River Natonal Park, Palawan, Philippines. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(3): 13287–13294; htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4702.11.3.13287-13294

Copyright: © Gamalo et al. 2019. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

Funding: Department of Science and Technology- Science Educaton Insttute- Accelerated Science and Technology Human Resource Development Program (DOST- SEI-ASTHRDP) scholarships and research grants.

Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests.

Author Details: see end of this artcle.

Author Contributon: Lief Erikson Gamalo, Joselito Baril, Judeline Dimalibot and Vachel Gay Paller partcipated in the study design and wrote the paper. Lief Erikson Gamalo, Augusto Asis, Nevong Puna and Brian Anas conducted the feldwork.

Acknowledgements: We would like to thank the Protected Area Management Board (PAMB) of PPSRNP for letng us conduct the study in a protected area (Resoluton No.: 11-2017) and with the help of community organizers of the park. We would also like to acknowledge the Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (Permit No.: 2017-07) and the Management Bureau (Permit No.: 266) for giving the permission to conduct the study. We are grateful to the Research Ethics Board of the University of the Philippines Manila (Study protocol code: UPMREB 2017-513-01). We are also grateful to the partcipants who truthfully answered the questonnaire. We are also thankful to the Department of Science and Technology-Accelerated Science and Technology Human Resource Development Program (DOST-ASTHRDP) for the research grants and scholarship.

13287 Nuisance behavior of macaques in Palawan Gamalo et al.

INTRODUCTION the most common nuisance behaviors brought by Long- tailed Macaques to park personnel, local community Human-wildlife confict (hereafer referred to as and to tourists. The study also aimed to know the local interacton) is one of the greatest challenges for the peoples’ practces and attudes towards macaques in conservaton of biodiversity (Madden & McQuinn 2014). the area. In monkeys, the genus Macaca has been reported to have high interactons with humans which increases the encounters and ofen results in problems (Hsu et al. METHODS 2009). Such human-macaque interactons have been reported from many habitat countries where macaques Study site are sympatric with humans. Puerto Princesa Subterranean River Natonal Park is Macaques near humans exhibit diferent nuisance a UNESCO World Heritage Park (10.1920N & 118.9260E), behaviors. In agricultural areas, macaques are reported which spans 210km2 of mosaic of dipterocarp, molave, to raid crops in Sulawesi (Riley 2007) and in Kuala karst, and montane forests (Mallari et al. 2011). In the Selangor (Hambali et al. 2012). Although crop raiding park, Long-tailed Macaques are numerously present in could also have been done by diferent wildlife species, the central park staton, tourist area of the Underground macaques could be more conspicuous because they River and in areas near human setlements. are diurnal animals (Riley 2007). Additonally, the large number of macaques during crop raiding makes them Direct observaton more obvious compared to other animals as shown in Direct observaton of the nuisance behaviors was the study by Hill (1997) on baboons. done from August to September 2017 for 15 non- Although macaques sometmes atract large numbers consecutve days in the Central Park Staton (CPS) of visitors, diferent nuisance behaviors are also present where macaques and some park personnel reside in tourist areas. In Singapore, the degree of human (Fig. 1). Contnuous all-occurrences sampling on and Long-tailed Macaque interacton in tourist sites is nuisance behaviors was done as there were only very higher compared to the urban areas (Sha et al. 2009). few occurrences of these measured behaviors (Lehner This is because of the food provided by the tourists to 1992). The tme of observaton was 06:00h to 17:00h, macaques which could also result in direct aggression totaling 165h of observaton. towards the tourists (Orams 2002). Bitng tourists by Barbary Macaques was observed to be very frequent in Survey questonnaire Upper Rock Nature Reserve, Gibraltar (Fa 1992). The questonnaire was designed to know the peoples’ Long-tailed Macaque is the only monkey in the encounters with the macaques and the nuisance Philippines and is widely distributed in the country. behaviors shown by the animals toward the local people. There are two subspecies of Long-tailed Macaques in Furthermore, the peoples’ attudes towards macaques the country, Macaca fascicularis fascicularis inhabitng were also determined through the questonnaire that the southern Philippines and Macaca fascicularis included questons on huntng, eatng, feeding and philippensis which is present in most of the islands of keeping macaques as pets. the country (Smith et al. 2014). According to the IUCN The questonnaire was given to 303 households living Red List (Ong & Richardson 2008), Macaca fascicularis inside the park (Fig. 1). The households were selected philippensis, which is the subspecies present in Palawan, randomly and the answer was provided by one of the is considered as Near Threatened. family members, preferably the head of the household In the Philippines, there are stll very limited studies (Mir et al. 2015). The respondents were not forced to about human-wildlife interactons, in partcular on answer all of the questons in the questonnaire. Privacy macaques. There are no studies on human-macaque and confdentality were maintained throughout the interactons in Puerto Princesa Subterranean River study. Natonal Park (PPSRNP) and in the country as a whole. In this study, the current human macaque Complaints from the tourists interacton was documented in terms of assessing the The complaint secton database of the park was macaque’s nuisance behaviors in PPSRNP through direct visited to document the nuisance behaviors of macaques observaton, survey questonnaire and by visitng the towards tourists in the area. Park personnel in the park’s complaint database. This was done to determine tourist areas of the park were also questoned about the

13288 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2019 | 11(3): 13287–13294 Nuisance behavior of macaques in Palawan Gamalo et al.

Figure 1. Central Park Staton (Observaton Site) and the interview sites in Puerto Princesa Subterranean River Natonal Park (PPSRNP), Palawan, Philippines. nuisance behaviors of macaques towards the tourists. observatons, a troop was observed once to damage the roofop of a facility (n=1; 4.8%), though the indicatons Data analysis were there of such behavior in the past. This acton was Chi-square test was used to test the diferences related to the stealing nuisance behavior (n=3; 14.3%) in frequency among the diferent types of nuisance as there was a macaque inside the house during the behaviors and/or between the answers of the encounter. The other two stealing encounters happened respondents. This allows the researcher to know if a when a door of the kitchen was lef open. Lastly, there certain answer or a certain type of nuisance behavior is were no chasing and bitng records throughout the more common than the other/s (Sha et al. 2009). All observaton. statstcs were carried out using Statstcal Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Statstcal signifcance for all Nuisance behaviors towards the local community tests was set at P ≤ 0.05. From 303 respondents, 50.8% reported that they observe macaques near their houses, mostly through direct observaton (X2 = 0.08, p = 0.774). Only one of RESULTS the respondents reported the macaque’s presence hearing a call. Macaques were also reported by some Nuisance behaviors towards park personnel of the respondents (44%) to bring inconvenience to A total of 21 events of nuisance behavior of macaques them (X2 = 3.17, p = 0.075). From the survey, fve types were observed (Fig. 2). Litering, mostly in the form of of nuisance behaviors from macaques were reported messing up of garbage bins was the most common pest by the respondents (Fig. 3). The most common of behavior (n = 9; 42%; X2 = 5.524, p = 0.03). Aggressive these was macaques eatng crops especially in rice behaviors such as provoking alarm calls and lunging felds (n=127), during harvest season (X2 = 458.41, p = were also observed (n = 8; 38.1%), especially when the 0.0001). The reported crops/fruits which are raided by macaques were provoked by humans whenever the macaques were cassava, corn, sweet potato, banana, animals were in proximity to the facilites. During the coconut, jackfruit, mango, papaya, santol, pineapple,

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2019 | 11(3): 13287–13294 13289 Nuisance behavior of macaques in Palawan Gamalo et al.

watermelon, and cucumber. Destroying of garden plants 14.3, 15% were also one of the problems reported by some people in the area (n=6). 4.8, 5% Out of the 154 respondents who reported the presence of macaques near their houses, 32% reported 42, 42% to have observed one to three individuals a day (X2 = 43.727, p = 0.0001); however, 37 reported that they could observe more than 15 macaques a day. Most of

38.1, 38% the sightngs were also associated with the availability of food as most of the encounters were observed during crop raiding according to them. Due to this confict, the farmers tried to protect their crops from raiding Littering Disturbing Damaging facilities Looting behavior macaques. Sixty-fve of the respondents (43%) scared Figure 2. Proporton of the nuisance behaviors of Long-tailed of macaques by slingshots, making loud noises and Macaques directly observed in Puerto Princesa Subterranean River 2 Natonal Park (PPSRNP), Palawan, Philippines. using dogs to chase macaques away (X = 43.727, p = 0.0001). Chasing (n=1), litering (n=1) and stealing (n=1) were also reported by a few respondents by their pet macaques. 1% Aside from inconvenience caused by macaques to 4% 1% 1% the local people, the locals’ attudes and practces toward macaques in the area were also investgated (Fig. 4). Thirty-four percent (n=103) of the respondents had eaten macaque meat (X2 = 31.053, p = 0.0001), while only 19.8% had experienced huntng macaques (X2 = 110.525, p= 0.0001) in the past. Only 4.6 % (n=14) of the total respondents reported feeding wild macaques (X2 = 249.587, p = 0.0001). Lastly, only 5.3% (n=16) of the respondents had experienced keeping macaques as pet 93% (X2 = 242.380, p = 0.0001).

Eat crops Destroy Garden plants Chasing Littering Looting behavior Nuisance behaviors towards tourists Figure 3. Proporton of the nuisance behaviors of Long-tailed In the complaint secton, there were no recorded Macaques reported by the respondents in Puerto Princesa complaints from tourists involving macaques; however, Subterranean River Natonal Park (PPSRNP), Palawan, Philippines. according to the present park personnel in the area, macaques were intentonally fed by the park rangers and tourists in the past, which resulted in their dependence

PRESENCE OF MACAQUES NEAR HOUSE on food provisioning. 50.8 49.2 (N303)

SHOO OFF MACAQUES (N151) 43 57 DISCUSSION WENT NEAR MACAQUE HABITATS (N303) 34 66

EAT MACAQUE’S MEAT (N303) 34 66 Nuisance behaviors towards park personnel In CPS, macaques were always present in the area HUNT MACAQUES (N303) 19.8 80.2 during the entre duraton of this study, ranging from

KEPT MACAQUES AS PET (N303) 5.3 94.7 2–60 macaques present per day. Damaging facilites, litering by rummaging through garbage cans, stealing, FEED WILD MACAQUES (N303) 4.6 95.4 and disturbing though aggressive actons were the yes no observed nuisance behaviors of the macaques in the Figure 4. Responses of the respondents on their behavior towards area. Long-tailed Macaques and the presence of the animals in Puerto Similar to the study of Hambali et al. (2012), litering Princesa Subterranean River Natonal Park (PPSRNP), Palawan, Philippines. was the most common nuisance behavior of macaques

13290 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2019 | 11(3): 13287–13294 Nuisance behavior of macaques in Palawan Gamalo et al. observed in this study. This behavior was also observed crop raiding could also be done by diferent animals in a study in Cagar Alam in Bahasa (a nature reserve) and such as rats and squirrels, as reported by a few of the in Taman Wisata Alam (Nature Recreatonal Reserve). respondents in this study. But because macaques are Macaques are opportunistc omnivores which leads much larger compared to squirrels and rats, they are them to exhibit dietary plastcity. This plastcity, together more conspicuous when they exhibit crop raiding in with the changes in behavior, leads macaques to get food farms (Riley 2007). from human’s houses, in additon to their natural food Due to the behavior of macaques as crop raiders, (Nila et al. 2014). The second most common nuisance most farmers considered them as pests which behavior exhibited by the macaques was disturbing sometmes results in huntng. Macaque huntng in the through aggressive behavior towards the park personnel park was reportedly done for consumpton, keeping in CPS. The aggressive behaviors were mostly executed as pets and even just to scare other macaques during by the alpha male in a troop residing approximately 50m crop raiding, mostly done using an invasive trap locally from the staton. Although macaques could be present called ‘ipit-ipit’. Macaque meat in the area was famous any tme of the day (05.00–18:00 h), it was observed as a food accompaniment for alcoholic drinks as they that the whole troop usually got near the facility believe that the meat is very clean, however, macaques, approximately around 11.00–15.00 h, suggestng that including Long-tailed Macaques were reported to carry the animals were aware that food was available during a lethal zoonotc disease such as Macacine herpesvirus 1 lunch tme. This could be the result of indirect feeding (Lee et al. 2015). Transmission due to contact of simian done by the macaques which includes foraging over bodily fuids could possibly happen during huntng, lefover foods. In CPS, however, direct feeding was never consumpton or butchering of the macaque meat observed as the park personnel were instructed by the (Jones-Engel et al. 2005). Besides huntng, most of them management not to feed wildlife. This was also done in also used dogs as deterrence. This kind of method to Universit Kebangsaan Malaysia where interacton with prevent macaques from crop raiding was described to macaques also occurs (Md-Zain et al. 2014) when food be efectve according to Priston & McLennan (2013) and is available (Fuentes et al. 2008). The least observed was also reported by (Nahallage et al. 2008) in Sri Lanka, nuisance behaviors of macaques were damaging a and in other countries such in Saudi Arabia to scare of facility and stealing which are also associated with baboons (Biquand et al. 1994). resource competton with humans. The results of the A small number of houses have reported keeping negatve interacton in the Central Park Staton suggest macaques as pets, where only one house was currently that the interacton between humans and Long-tailed keeping a juvenile macaque. Making pets of Long-tailed Macaques is relatvely less intense where there were Macaques is widespread in . Usually, more occurrences of nuisance behaviors. This could be these macaques become pets during their juvenile the result of the efort of the current park management stage, either through buying or direct capturing. As to avoid food provisioning of macaques, and shooing pet macaques become adults, they tend to become them away from the staton. aggressive (Fuentes 2013). In relaton to this change in behavior, macaques also tend to steal food and liter Nuisance behaviors towards the local community inside the house, which was also reported in this study. During the survey of the local communites in the park, These nuisance behaviors were also reported in the the respondents were observed to be knowledgeable surveys done in nature parks (Hambali et al. 2012; Riley about Long-tailed Macaques’ diet, group characteristcs 2007; Sha et al. 2009), temples (Fuentes 2010), and even (e.g. presence of alpha), and the protecton the animals in a university (Md-Zain et al. 2014). Moreover, keeping get from the park. them as pets could result in health problems of the As the natural habitat of macaques are increasingly animals. Pet macaques in the area were observed and degraded, the animals tend to become “agriculturalized” reported by the respondents to be tethered to the waist to survive. Due to encounters between macaques connected to a rope. This could result in abrasions to and people in agricultural areas, this would inevitably the waist as the macaque ages. result in negatve interacton (Priston & McLennan Feeding of macaques could result in habituaton 2013). Similar to the results of this study, Long-tailed of macaques near human’s houses (Hambali et al. Macaques were also reported as crop raiders in Thailand 2012). Since very few people in PPSRNP feed macaques (Aggimarangsee 1992), Indonesia (Loudon et al. 2006) intentonally, stealing inside houses and aggressive and Malaysia (Hambali et al. 2012). On the other hand, negatve interacton was not observed from roaming

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2019 | 11(3): 13287–13294 13291 Nuisance behavior of macaques in Palawan Gamalo et al. macaques in local-habituated areas. (Goldberg et al. 2007; Muehlenbein et al. 2010). This PPSRNP is a natonal protected area which conserves could not only pose risk to the health of the macaque the habitat and the wildlife species in Palawan. Strict populaton in ecotourist spots, but also for those park implementaton of wildlife law in the area results in personnel and tour guides working near the macaque the reducton of huntng, keeping macaque as pets, populaton. and eatng macaque’s meat. However, the presence of working ipit-ipit traps in the farms suggests that huntng Conservaton implicatons of the observed nuisance of Long-tailed Macaques is stll present in the park as the behaviors farmers considered them as pets. Based on the results, varying nuisance behaviors of Long-tailed Macaques towards humans are present in Nuisance behaviors towards tourists the park. The park personnel observed that the most Due to the presence of macaques in the area, common problem was the “litering” behavior of the encounters including nuisance behaviors happen, as macaques in the Central Park Staton due to scavenging reported by the park personnel. In PPSRNP, macaques of lefover foods. Litering of garbage bins through are one of the major tourist atractons. Macaque scavenging lef over foods was also observed in the tourism is a practcal way of engaging humans for study of Md-Zain et al. (2014) in a university in Malaysia. macaque conservaton and their habitats, however, In the present study, this nuisance behavior was only this ofen results in negatve behavioral changes in observed in the CPS, and there were no reported cases the animal and increases the possibility of zoonotc in the local community based on the results of the survey diseases in tourist places. Presently, tourists are questonnaire. Thus, it could be argued that it would instructed not to carry foods and plastc bags going to be helpful to use secured lids of garbage bins in the the Underground River area. This is to avoid aggressive Central Park Staton to stop the macaques from litering encounters between the macaques and tourists in the the area. The efcient garbage management should area, however, although minimized, direct and indirect not only be done only in the CPS, but also outside the feeding is stll reported in the tourist area according staton to prevent ”litering” to spread across the local to the personnel, which could be the cause of some communites. It was also observed that the CPS serves aggressive interactons between tourists and macaques as an overlapping range of two Long-tailed Macaque (Loudon et al. 2006; Hsu et al. 2009). The macaques in troops, thus efcient management of lefovers should the area were reported by park personnel to steal food be done for the welfare of the animals as this could from the bags and grabbing plastc bags. Although result in frequent troop encounters. rare, chasing and scratching were also reported from Interacton between humans and macaques over the macaques in the area. According to the personnel, resources are the product of disturbance of macaque these usually happen when macaques were deprived of habitats and human agricultural expansion. In PPSRNP, food by the tourists. Food provisioning of Long-tailed it was reported by the locals that the most common Macaques by tourists was reported by Fuentes & Gamerl nuisance behavior of Long-tailed Macaques is crop (2005) in Indonesia, Fuentes et al. (2008) in Singapore, raiding, most specially to rice during harvest season. and Hambali et al. (2012) in Malaysia, which also was the Although “scaring” by diferent means could be an cause of aggressive behavioral changes in the animals efectve deterrence of macaques as reported by the in those regions. Aside from the negatve interacton locals, a long-term soluton of the problem should be between humans and macaques, it was also observed found. This includes proper and efectve management that the macaques in the area are relatvely thin with of agriculture-forest ecotones (Siex & Struhsaker 1999). several bruises, indicatng that intra-troop fghtng Management strategies, such as encouraging fruit- happens. This is possibly due to intra-troop competton bearing fruits trees beside agricultural plantatons, during food provisioning by the tourists. In the study should be supported by scientfc research. Moreover, in Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, southern more research about behavioral adaptatons and dietary India, food provisioning by tourists to Bonnet Macaques requirements of macaques in human-modifed habitats, resulted in increase of intra-troop tension between where macaques are naturally occurring, should troop members (Ram et al. 2003). also be taken up. Although minimized by the current Additonally, food provisioning for the macaques management of wildlife conservaton in the area, could increase the risk of anthropozoonotc diseases negatve attudes of humans are stll present in the transmission between tourists and the animals park, such as the presence of huntng and feeding wild

13292 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2019 | 11(3): 13287–13294 Nuisance behavior of macaques in Palawan Gamalo et al. macaques. Knowledge disseminaton about the animals Hill, C.M. (1997). Crop-raiding by wild vertebrates: The farmer’s should be conducted by the park management for the perspectve in an agricultural community in western uganda. Internatol Journal of Pest Management 43: 77–84; htps://doi. local people. This will increase their awareness and org/10.1080/096708797229022 appreciaton in terms of the importance of Long-tailed Hsu, M.J., C.C. Kao & G. Agoramoorthy (2009). Interactons between visitors and formosan macaques (Macaca cyclopis) at Shou-Shan Macaques in the area. Nature Park, Taiwan. American Journal of Primatology 71: 214–222; According to park personnel, stealing of plastc bags, htps://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20638 scratching and aggressive chasing were the reported Jones-Engel, L., G.A. Engel, M.A. Schillaci, A. Rompis, A. 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Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2019 | 11(3): 13287–13294 13293 Nuisance behavior of macaques in Palawan Gamalo et al.

American Anthropology 109: 473–484; htps://doi.org/10.1525/ Author Details: Lief Erikson Gamalo, MSc, is currently a faculty of the AA.2007.109.3.473.474 Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Studies, University of the Sha, J.C.M., M.D. Gumert, B.P.Y.H Lee, L. Jones-Engel, S. Chan & A. Philippines Mindanao. He is also a staf of the newly formed Philippine Genome Center-Mindanao located in the University of the Philippines Mindanao. His Fuentes (2009). Macaque-Human interactons and the societal research interest is on wildlife conservaton, wildlife parasitology and primatology. perceptons of macaques in Singapore. American Journal of Joselito Baril, MSc, is an Assistant Professor in Animal Biology Division Insttute Primatology 71: 825–839; htps://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20710 of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños. His special interests Siex, K.S. & T.T. Struhsaker (1999). Colobus monkeys and coconuts: are on Animal Behavior and Conservaton Genetcs. He worked on molecular a study of perceived human-wildlife conflicts. Journal of Applied genetcs of some bird species, feeding behavior of Long-tailed macaques and Ecology 36: 1009–1020. selected avian species. Judeline Dimalibot, MSc, is an Assistant Professor at the Smith, D.G., J. Ng, D. George, J.S. Trask, P. Houghton, B. Singh, J. University of the Philippines Los Baños. She teaches zoology, animal physiology and wildlife biology and conservaton courses. She mentors graduate students Villano & S. Kanthaswamy (2014). A genetc comparison of two doing research on the biology and ecology of Philippine wildlife. Augusto alleged subspecies of Philippine Cynomolgus Macaques. American Asis is currently an Environment Management ofcer of Puerto Princesa Journal of Physical Anthropology 155(1): 36–148. Subterranean River Natonal Park. He was a former researcher of the Flora and Fauna Internatonal. His research interest is on fora and fauna in Palawan island. Brian Anas is currently the Records Ofcer and PAMB Secretariat of the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River Natonal Park (PPSRNP). He graduated a Bachelor of Threatened Taxa Science in Environmental Studies at the Palawan State University. He has already worked on Peacock Pheasant in PPSRNP. Nevong Puna is a Senior Biologist of PPSRNP working as a terrestrial and marine biodiversity monitoring specialist in the park. His research interest is on wildlife in Palawan, Philippines. Vachel Gay Paller, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the Animal Biology Division, Insttute of Biological Science at the University of the Philippines Los Baños. Her research interest is on Parasitology focusing on wildlife parasite ecology and public health.

13294 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2019 | 11(3): 13287–13294

PLATINUM The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. OPEN ACCESS All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

February 2019 | Vol. 11 | No. 3 | Pages: 13251–13418 Date of Publicaton: 26 February 2019 (Online & Print) www.threatenedtaxa.org DOI: 10.11609/jot.2019.11.3.13251-13418

Artcles Sacred groves: a traditonal way of conserving plant diversity in West Midnapore District, West Bengal, India ‘Non-protected’ primates as bushmeat, pets and pests in southeastern – Uday Kumar Sen, Pp. 13350–13359 Democratc Republic of Congo – Paul Kaseya Kazaba, Pp. 13251–13260 Review

Diversity, structure and natural history of amphibians in the upper Media reportng on the protected areas in Maharashtra, India: Claro River basin, a bufer zone of the Natonal Natural Park Los a thematc analysis Nevados, Central Cordillera of Colombia -- Trupthi Narayan & Pankaj Sekhsaria, Pp. 13360–13376 – Julián Andrés Rojas-Morales & Mateo Marín-Martnez, Pp. 13261– 13277 Short Communicatons

Communicatons Avian survey in tourist sites near Putao in northern Myanmar – Alexey E. Scopin, Vladimir N. Sotnikov, Dmitry V. Skumatov & Medium and large-sized mammals in an Atlantc Forest fragment of Alexey A. Sergeyev, Pp. 13377–13384 Brazil: recording of threatened species – Vinícius Nunes Alves, Caroline Marques Maia, Telma Regina Alves & New record of Blue-eyed Eastern Spadefoot Toad Leptobrachium Renata Cristna Batsta Fonseca, Pp. 13278–13286 bompu (Amphibia: Megophryidae) from Sarpang District in Bhutan – Jigme Tenzin & Jigme Tshelthrim Wangyal, Pp. 13385–13389 Nuisance behaviors of macaques in Puerto Princesa Subterranean River Natonal Park, Palawan, Philippines New record of Low’s Flataced Longhorn Beetle Sarothrocera lowii -- Lief Erikson Gamalo, Joselito Baril, Judeline Dimalibot, Augusto Asis, White, 1846 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae: Lamiini) in Brian Anas, Nevong Puna & Vachel Gay Paller, Pp. 13287–13294 Nagaland, India, along with frst-tme descriptons of male and female genitalia Current data on the reproducton of Four-horned Antelope – Kolla Sreedevi, Manisha Sharma & Hemant Vasant Ghate, Tetracerus quadricornis in zoological parks Pp. 13390–13394 – Gérard Dubost, Stéphane Labes & Armelle Lutz, Pp. 13295–13303 On the rediscovery of Onychomesa susainathani, an emesine bug Characterizaton of dorsal guard hair of the wild goats and sheep endemic to India (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae) (Bovidae: Caprinae) occurring in the Himalaya and Western Ghats of -- Hemant Vasant Ghate & Balasaheb Sarode, Pp. 13395–13401 India – Manokaran Kamalakannan, Pp. 13304–13309 First record of the callianassid ghost shrimp Neocallichirus jousseaumei (Nobili, 1904) (Decapoda: Axiidea) from India Rediscovery of the ‘extnct’ bee Hesperocolletes douglasi Michener, – Imtyaz Beleem, Paresh Poriya & Bharatsinh Gohil, Pp. 13402–13405 1965 (Colletdae: Colletnae: Paracolletni) in Western Australia and frst descripton of the female New distributon records of four species of crop wild relatves to India – Juliana Pille Arnold, Mark V. Murphy, Raphael K. Didham & – K. Pradheep, K. Joseph John, G.D. Harish, S.M. Sultan, I. Jaisankar, Terry F. Houston, Pp. 13310–13319 K. Naveen, S.P. Ahlawat & Manish Kanwat, Pp. 13406–13414

Buterfies of the myristca swamp forests of Shendurney Wildlife Note Sanctuary in the southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India – Prabhakaran Chandrika Sujitha, Gopal Prasad & Kalesh Sadasivan, Animal-fungal interactons 3: frst report of mycophagy by the Pp. 13320–13333 African Brush-tailed Porcupine Atherurus africanus Gray, 1842 (Mammalia: Rodenta: Hystricidae) Pollinaton ecology of three ecologically valuable carpetweed herbs, – Todd F. Elliot, Camille Truong, Olivier Séné & Terry W. Henkel, Mollugo cerviana, M. nudicaulis and M. pentaphylla (Molluginaceae) Pp. 13415–13418 – Maddala Sulakshana & Aluri Jacob Solomon Raju, Pp. 13334–13349 Publisher & Host

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