DOCSLIB.ORG

Provenance Study of Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Sandstones from the Palawan Microcontinental Block, Philippines

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Provenance Study of Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Sandstones from the Palawan Microcontinental Block, Philippines ῏῕῍ΐῐ῔ῌ (48), pp. 177ῌ199, 2012 ῒ 3 ῎ 28 ῑ Mem. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci., Tokyo, (48), pp. 177ῌ199, March28, 2012 Provenance Study of Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Sandstones from the Palawan Microcontinental Block, Philippines Kazumi Yokoyama1, ῍, Yukuyasu Tsutsumi1, Tomoki Kase1, Karlo L. Quean˜o 2 and Aguilar Yolanda M.2 1 Department of Geology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, 4ῌ1ῌ1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305ῌ0005, Japan 2 Mines and Geosciences Bureau, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines ῍ E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. The Palawan microcontinental block in the Philippines was separated from the southwestern coast of the Asian continent (i.e. southwestern Taiwan) during the opening of the South China Sea in the Oligocene to Miocene times. In this paper, provenances of the detrital grains in the Jurassic to Early Cretaceous sandstones from the Palawan block were studied to determine whether they were derived from the Asian continent. Age distributions of detrital monazites in the sandstones from the Busuanga, Mindoro, and Panay islands are essentially bimodal with peaks at 140ῌ260 Ma and 1800ῌ2000 Ma. Such a pattern is not recognized from the region of assumed origin before the opening of the South China Sea nor from the Indochina Peninsula. A similar bimodal pattern is observed on the Korean Peninsula, in coastal areas of the Shangdong Peninsula, and in Zhejiang Province in China. These areas are located at the marginal East China Sea. Hence, it is concluded that the Jurassic to Early Cretaceous sandstones of the Palawan microcontinent were parentally deposited on the eastern side of present-day Taiwan. Key words: Palawan, monazite, age, sandstone, tectonics. et al., 2003). The Palawan microcontinent con- Introduction sists of Upper Paleozoic to Mesozoic rocks The Palawan microcontinent is a small block (Hashimoto and Sato, 1973: Isozaki et al. consisting mainly of the north terrane of 1987). The constituent rocks belong to oceanic Palawan Island, Busuanga Island, the south- plate stratigraphy or a subduction complex western part of Mindoro Island, and the north- composed mainly of Permian to Upper Jurassic western part of Panay Island (Fig. 1). The chert, Middle Jurassic to Cretaceous clastics, tectonic model of the microcontinent during and limestone blocks of various ages (e.g. the Tertiary has been well illustrated. The Isozaki et al. 1987: Zamoras & Matsuoka, 2001 Palawan microcontinent was located in the &2004; Zamoras et al. 2008). Basaltic blocks western part of Taiwan and separated from the and Cretaceous shallow marine sediments Asian continent at the time of the opening of occur locally on the microcontinent (e.g. the South China Sea (Holloway, 1982). A mag- Zamoras and Matsuoka, 2001: Andal et al., netic anomalies in the South China Sea show 1968). that the spreading started from about 32 Ma In this paper we study the provenances of and ended at 17 Ma (Taylor and Hayes, 1980). the sandstones in the Palawan microcontinent After that time period, the microcontinent to elucidate the location of the deposition or began to collide with the Philippine Mobile subduction at the time of the Jurassic to Early Belt (Hamilton, 1979: Holloway, 1982: Yumul Cretaceous. The conventional approach to pro- 178 Kazumi Yokoyama et al. Fig. 1. Sampling localities of recent sands from Asia and the Palawan microcontinent. Reconstruction of the microcontinent before the opening of the South China Sea is of Zamoras and Matsuoka (2004). Provenance Study of Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Sandstones from the Palawan Microcontinent 179 venance studies of sandstones is based on deter- durated sandstone and shale. Zamoras and mination of chemical compositions of detrital Matsuoka (2001) referred to the BMG (1984) minerals in the sandstones and comparison geological map, but they used the name with data from the Asian continent. The devel- “Guinlo Formation” instead of the King opment of analytical techniques that allow age Ranch Formation and the clastics in the determinations to be made on individual min- Liminangcong Formation were treated as part eral grains has provided a powerful tool in of the “Guinlo Formation”. Except for lime- provenance studies. Many age dating methods stone blocks, Zamoras and Matsuoka (2001 & have been applied to provenance studies of 2004) classified the rocks on the island into zircon, for example the Sensitive High- chert, siliceous mudstone, and terrigenous clas- Resolution Ion Microprobe (SHRIMP) (e.g. tics and divided chert-clastic sequences in the Ireland, 1991; Tsutsumi et al. 2003), fission- Guinlo and Liminangcong formations into track dating (e.g. Garver et al. 1999), in- three belts on the basis of the radiolarian ductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry fossils in the terrigenous clastics: the Northern (ICP-MS) (e.g. Wyck & Norman, 2004; Evans Busuanga (Middle Jurassic), Middle Busuanga et al. 2001), and by monazite data via the (Late Jurassic), and Southern Busuanga electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA) (e.g. (Early Cretaceous). Zamoras and Matsuoka Suzuki, Adachi & Tanaka, 1991; Fan et al. (2001) described the sandstone in the Guinlo 2004; Yokoyama et al. 2007). Because age data Formation occasionally as arkose sandstones of monazites in the sands from the rivers cut- and have not used the term “tu#aceous” for the ting through the coastal provinces of Eastern clastics. Asia have already been reported (Fig. 1: On the western part of Panay Island, a Yokoyama et al., 2007, 2008, 2010), the bedded chert and clastic sequence occurs. Al- monazite data will be a strong tool for compar- though continuous succession from clastic rock ison between the sandstones on the Palawan to chert has not been confirmed, they are microcontinental block and the sands on the treated as a Jurassic subduction complex con- Asian coastal provinces. sisting of a chert-shale-clastic sequence corre- sponding to the Middle Busuanga belt (Zamoras et al. 2008). The sandstone is ar- Geological setting enitic in composition. In the southwestern part Most of the sandstone samples were collect- of Mindoro Island, Jurassic shallow marine ed from Busuanga Island, north of the Palawan sediments occur. They are composed mainly of block. Geological maps of the island were sandstone and shale with a thin layer of tu#. published by the Bureau of Mines and Geosci- The sediments are rather rich in fossil remains. ences (BMG) in 1984 and radiolarian ages of Late Middle to Early Late Jurassic ammonite, the chert-clastic sequences were later estab- belemnite, and pelecypod were described lished by Zamoras and Matsuoka (2001 & (Andal et al. 1968). Many animal tracks are 2004). According to BMG (1984), the island is also observed in the Jurassic sediments. Some composed of three formations: the King Ranch sandstone layers are frequently intercalated by Formation, the Malajon Limestone, and the black bituminous shale. Liminangcong Formation. The King Ranch Formation is composed predominantly of Sample Description tu#aceous shale and sandstone with inter- calated tu# and minor thinly bedded chert, On Busuanga Island, about twenty sand- whereas the Liminangcong Formation is com- stones were collected from the three belts of posed of bedded chert with interbedded in- Zamoras and Matsuoka (2001 & 2004) as 180 Kazumi Yokoyama et al. Provenance Study of Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Sandstones from the Palawan Microcontinent 181 shown in Fig. 2. Some samples were collected Mindoro and Panay islands are indurated cal- from the same route studied in detail by careous quartzose sandstone and arkose sand- Zamoras and Matsuoka (2001). Sandstones stone, respectively (Fig. 3). were also collected from the shallow marine In addition to the sandstone samples from sediment in the southeastern part of Mindoro the Palawan microcontinent, a few river sands, Island and from a clastic sequence in the west- BA019 and BA020, were collected from the ern part of Panay Island. western part of Busuanga Island (Fig. 2). On Busuanga Island, there are two types of Additionally, five sand samples were newly col- sandstones which correspond to those from the lected from the southern coastal provinces of King Ranch Formation and the Liminangcong the Asian continent (Fig. 1). Characteristics of Formation described in the BMG (1984). The the major river sands from the Asian continent sandstones from the King Ranch Formation (Fig. 1) have been reported by Yokoyama et are poor in quartz and feldspar grains (Fig. 3). al. (2007, 2008, & 2010). The present sand Clay minerals are abundant and loosely samples will also provide indicators of probable packed. And, just as described by the BMG provenance areas on the assumption that the (1984), the clay minerals are identified as being Palawan microcontinent was separated from “tu#aceous”. On the other hand, sandstones the Asian continent. from the Liminangcong Formation are in- They durated samples. are also poor in quartz Analytical Procedures and feldspar fragments (Fig. 3). The di#er- ences between them are simply due to later Procedures for the separation of heavy min- stage metamorphism as described later in this erals and their subsequent identification are the paper. Most of the collected samples from same as have been described by Yokoyama et Busuanga Island are tu#aceous, which is di#er- al. (1990). Carbonate and micaceous minerals ent from the quartzose or arkose sandstones on were not subjected to examination, and mag- Mindoro and Panay islands (Fig. 3). One netic fractions were removed prior to the sepa- sample, BA017, was collected from an outcrop ration of the heavy minerals. Modal propor- along a newly reconstructed road. The outcrop tions of representative heavy minerals are belongs to the Middle Busuanga Belt and con- shown in Table 1. The light minerals are less sists of sandstone and shale. The shale is bitu- source-diagnostic and therefore are not a major minous and locally contains a thin patch of focus in this provenance study. coal (Fig. 3). Sand pipe, a possible trace fossil, Among the heavy minerals, monazite is the is common in the sandstones from both sides of most important for elucidating the provenance.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Biogeography of Mammals in SE Asia: Estimates of Rates of Colonization, Extinction and Speciation
    Biological Journal oflhe Linnean Sociely (1986), 28, 127-165. With 8 figures Biogeography of mammals in SE Asia: estimates of rates of colonization, extinction and speciation LAWRENCE R. HEANEY Museum of <oology and Division of Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, U.S.A. Accepted for publication I4 February 1986 Four categories of islands in SE Asia may be identified on the basis of their histories of landbridge connections. Those islands on the shallow, continental Sunda Shelf were joined to the Asian mainland by a broad landbridge during the late Pleistocene; other islands were connected to the Sunda Shelf by a middle Pleistocene landbridge; some were parts of larger oceanic islands; and others remained as isolated oceanic islands. The limits of late Pleistocene islands, defined by the 120 ni bathymetric line, are highly concordant with the limits of faunal regions. Faunal variation among non-volant mammals is high between faunal regions and low within the faunal regions; endcmism of faunal regions characteristically exceeds 70%. Small and geologically young oceanic islands are depauperate; larger and older islands are more species-rich. The number of endemic species is correlated with island area; however, continental shelf islands less than 125000 km2 do not have endemic species, whereas isolated oceanic islands as small as 47 km2 often have endemic species. Geologirally old oceanic islands have many endemic species, whereas young oceanic islands have few endemic species. Colonization across sea channels that were 5-25 km wide during the Pleistocene has been low, with a rate of about 1-2/500000 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity, Habitat Distribution, and Indigenous Hunting of Marine Turtles
    JAPB111_proof ■ 23 January 2016 ■ 1/5 Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity xxx (2016) 1e5 55 HOSTED BY Contents lists available at ScienceDirect 56 57 Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity 58 59 60 journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/japb 61 62 63 Original article 64 65 1 Diversity, habitat distribution, and indigenous hunting of marine 66 2 67 3 turtles in the Calamian Islands, Palawan, Republic of the Philippines 68 4 69 a,b,* b b 5 Q16 Christopher N.S. Poonian , Reynante V. Ramilo , Danica D. Lopez 70 6 a 71 7 Community Centred Conservation (C3), London, UK b C3 Philippines and Micronesia Programme, Busuanga, Philippines 72 8 73 9 74 10 article info abstract 75 11 76 12 Article history: All of the world’s seven species of marine turtle are threatened by a multitude of anthropogenic pres- 77 13 Received 26 May 2015 sures across all stages of their life history. The Calamian Islands, Palawan, Philippines provide important 78 14 Received in revised form foraging and nesting grounds for four species: green turtles (Chelonia mydas), hawksbill turtles (Eret- 79 22 December 2015 15 mochelys imbricata), loggerheads (Caretta caretta), and leatherbacks (Dermochelys coriacea). This work 80 Accepted 30 December 2015 16 aimed to assess the relative importance of turtle nesting beaches and local threats using a combination of Available online xxx 81 17 social science and ecological research approaches. Endangered green turtles and critically endangered 82 hawksbills were found to nest in the Calamianes. The most important nesting sites were located on the 18 Keywords: 83 islands off the west of Busuanga and Culion, particularly Pamalican and Galoc and along the north coast 19 Busuanga 84 20 Q1 Coron of Coron, particularly Linamodio Island.
    [Show full text]
  • Re-Evaluating the Position of Iraya Among Philippine Languages
    International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics 13 Academia Sinica, Taipei July 18-23, 2015 Re‐evaluating the position of Iraya among Philippine languages Lawrence A. Reid University of Hawai‘i A L R Presentation Plan • Introduction • About the Iraya language • Position of the Northern Mindoro languages • Contact diffusion into Iraya • Conclusion A L R Mindoro A L R Mindoro A L R Introduction (1) • Iraya is one of the more than 150 Malayo‐Polynesian languages spoken in the Philippines. • It is spoken by the older generation of some 5000 on the island of Mindoro, the 7th largest island in the Philippines. • There are at least 7 languages spoken on the island, of which Iraya is the most northerly and is adjacent to the Batangas area of northern Luzon, where Tagalog is the main language. A L R Introduction (2) • Iraya is distinctly different in a number of features from the other languages of Mindoro, and of the Philippines. • These features include different pronominal forms and functions, several changes in the structure of noun phrases, changes in the patterns of verb structures, changes in word order, and other sentential features, not commonly found in other Philippine languages. A L R Introduction (3) • The question being asked is to what extent these features are retentions, the result of innovations unique to Iraya, or are developments that are the result of contact diffusion. • One factor that needs to be considered: Iraya people have phenotypical features that distinguish them from lowland Philippine peoples, primarily in that they typically have wavy to curly hair, a feature found to a more pronounced degree in Negrito populations of the Philippines, suggesting that these were also a Negrito group that has been heavily influenced by in‐ migration of non‐Negrito peoples.
    [Show full text]
  • 24Th Annual Philippine Biodiversity Symposium
    24th Annual Philippine Biodiversity Symposium University of Eastern Philippines Catarman, Northern Samar 14-17 April 2015 “Island Biodiversity Conservation: Successes, Challenges and Future Direction” th The 24 Philippine Biodiversity Symposium organized by the Biodiversity Conservation Society of the Philippines (BCSP), hosted by the University of Eastern Philippines in Catarman, Northern Samar 14-17 April 2015 iii iv In Memoriam: William Langley Richardson Oliver 1947-2014 About the Cover A Tribute to William Oliver he design is simply 29 drawings that represent the endemic flora and fauna of the Philip- illiam Oliver had spent the last 30 years working tirelessly pines, all colorful and adorable, but the characters also all compressed and crowded in a championing threatened species and habitats in the small area or island much like the threat of the shrinking habitats of the endemics in the Philippines and around the world. William launched his islands of the Philippines. This design also attempts to provide awareness and appreciation W wildlife career in 1974 at the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust. In Tof the diverse fauna and flora found only in the Philippines, which in turn drive people to under- 1977, he undertook a pygmy hog field survey in Assam, India and from stand the importance of conserving these creatures. There are actually 30 creatures when viewing then onwards became a passionate conservationist and defender the design, the 30th being the viewer to show his involvement and responsibility in conservation. of the plight of wild pigs and other often overlooked animals in the Philippines, Asia and across the globe. He helped establish the original International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group in 1980 at the invitation of British conservationist, the late Sir Peter Scott.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuisance Behaviors of Macaques in Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park, Palawan, Philippines
    PLATINUM The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles online OPEN ACCESS every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton. Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Communication Nuisance behaviors of macaques in Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park, Palawan, Philippines Lief Erikson Gamalo, Joselito Baril, Judeline Dimalibot, Augusto Asis, Brian Anas, Nevong Puna & Vachel Gay Paller 26 February 2019 | Vol. 11 | No. 3 | Pages: 13287–13294 DOI: 10.11609/jot.4702.11.3.13287-13294 For Focus, Scope, Aims, Policies, and Guidelines visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-0 For Artcle Submission Guidelines, visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/submissions#onlineSubmissions For Policies against Scientfc Misconduct, visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-2 For reprints, contact <[email protected]> The opinions expressed by the authors do not refect the views of the Journal of Threatened Taxa, Wildlife Informaton Liaison Development Society, Zoo Outreach Organizaton, or any of the partners. The journal, the publisher, the host, and the part- Publisher & Host ners are not responsible for the accuracy of the politcal boundaries shown in the maps by the authors.
    [Show full text]
  • Vocal Divergence and New Species in the Philippine Hawk Owl Ninox Philippensis Complex
    FORKTAIL 28 (2012): 1–20 Vocal divergence and new species in the Philippine Hawk Owl Ninox philippensis complex P. C. RASMUSSEN, D. N. S. ALLEN, N. J. COLLAR, B. DEMEULEMEESTER, R. O. HUTCHINSON, P. G. C. JAKOSALEM, R. S. KENNEDY, F. R. LAMBERT & L. M. PAGUNTALAN We show, based on morphology and especially vocalisations, that the Philippine Hawk Owl Ninox philippensis requires treatment as seven allopatric species and at least one additional subspecies. Morphological distinctions between three groups of taxa are striking, and although taxa within one major group are relatively similar in plumage they vary rather consistently in size and proportions. It has not been possible until now to resolve the species limits in this complex due mainly to the lack of sound recordings of key taxa, a problem now rectified. Vocalisations differ significantly between all seven species, the limits of which are incongruent with all previous taxonomies. Taxa from Mindoro ( mindorensis ), Mindanao ( spilocephala ), Camiguin Sur (named herein), and the Sulu Islands ( reyi ) exhibit especially great vocal differences from all other taxa along with smaller but consistent differences in plumage and morphometrics. Although specimens have been in museum collections for many years, two of these species and one subspecies have heretofore remained undescribed, and we formally name these taxa for science. The recommended species-level treatment and English names of the N. philippensis complex are: Luzon Hawk Owl N. philippensis ; Mindanao Hawk Owl N. spilocephala ; Mindoro Hawk Owl N. mindorensis ; Sulu Hawk Owl Ninox reyi ; Romblon Hawk Owl N. spilonota ; Camiguin Hawk Owl new species; and Cebu Hawk Owl new species.
    [Show full text]
  • Discovery O F Triassic Conodonts from Uson Islands O F the Calamian
    No. 2] Proc. Japan Acad., 56, Ser. B (1980) 69 14. Discovery of Triassic Conodonts from Malajon and Uson Islands of the Calamian Island Group, Palawan Province, the Philippines, and Its Geological Significance By wataru HASHIM0T0,*) Shigeru TAKIZAWA,**) Guillermo R. BALCE, * * * ) Ernesto A. ESPIRITU, * * * and Crisanto A. BAURA* * * > (Communicated by Teiichi KoBAYASxi, M. J. A., Feb. 12, 1980) This short article deals with the discovery of Epigondolella ab- neptis (Huckriede) , a Lower Norian index conodont of Japan, in the limestone at the southeastern coast of Malajon Island, the Calamian Island Group, and its geological significance. The general geology of the Calamian Island Group had not been surveyed since Smith (1924) reported the manganese-bearing chert formation from Busuanga Island and limestone from Coron Island, until 1978, when H. Fontaine reported the geological and palaeon- tological results of his reconnaissance works conducted in this island group (Fontaine, 1978, 1979; Fontaine et al., 1979). The Calamian Island Group is geographically situated between Mindoro and Palawan Islands, where the Mindoro and the Palawan Metamorphics are exposed respectively. Concerning the origin of these schists in the Recent Palawan Arc trending from Palawan to Mindoro, Gervasio (1971) and Hashimoto and Sato (1973) are of different opinions. Gervasio (1971) referred to the schist in the Palawan Arc as the basement of the Philippines and the non-metamorphosed Palaeozoic sediments including limestone in northern Palawan as well as that in the Calamian Island Group and the Permian limestone on Carabao Island as Palaeozoic formation deposited in a miogeosyncline, occur- ring in an east-west direction upon the basement schist terrain.
    [Show full text]
  • The IUCN Wild Pig Challenge 2015
    The IUCN Wild Pig Challenge 2015 M ATTHEW L INKIE,JASLINE N G ,ZHI Q I L IM,MUHAMMAD I. LUBIS M ARK R ADEMAKER and E RIK M EIJAARD Abstract Asian mammal species are facing unprecedented Sumatra it is often referred to as lumba lumba pressures from hunting and habitat conversion. Efforts to (Indonesian for dolphin) because local people believe that mitigate these threats often focus on charismatic large-bodied when sounders of up to foraging pigs disappear from species, while many other species or even guilds receive less a forest patch they turn into dolphins and swim to the sea. attention, particularly Asian wild pigs. To address this we de- Also, because of their importance to many communities, veloped a rapid questionnaire survey and administered it to wild pigs are considered to be cultural keystone species. relevant experts to identify the presence, population trends The IUCN/SSC Wild Pig Specialist Group seeks to raise and conservation needs of Asia’s threatened wild pig spe- the profile of wild pigs, draw attention to their plight and cies. The results highlighted geographical differences within support conservation interventions. Of the extant pig spe- species (e.g. the near collapse of bearded pig populations in cies in the Suidae family, occur in Asia and of these are Peninsular Malaysia yet their widespread presence on threatened with extinction (categorized as Vulnerable, Borneo), and knowledge gaps for many endemic species of Endangered or Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red the Philippines, notably the Critically Endangered Visayan List; IUCN, ), mainly as a result of hunting and loss of warty pig Sus cebifrons.
    [Show full text]
  • Culion Municipality
    BASELINE REPORT ON COASTAL RESOURCES for Culion Municipality September 2006 Prepared for: PALAWAN COUNCIL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Palawan Center for Sustainable Development Sta. Monica Heights, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines 5300 Email: [email protected] Tel.: (63-48) 434-4235, Fax: 434-4234 Funded through a loan from : JAPAN BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION Prepared by: PACIFIC CONSULTANTS INTERNATIONAL in association with ALMEC Corporation CERTEZA Information Systems, Inc. DARUMA Technologies Inc. Geo-Surveys & Mapping, Inc. Photo Credits: Photos by PCSDS and SEMP-NP ECAN Zoning Component Project Management Office This report can be reproduced as long as the convenors are properly acknowledged as the source of information Reproduction of this publication for sale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without the written consent of the publisher. Printed by: Futuristic Printing Press, Puerto Princesa City, Philippines Suggested Citation: PCSDS. 2006. Baseline Report on Coastal Resources for Culion, Municipality. Palawan Council for Sustainable Development, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables v List of Figures vii List of Plates x List of Appendices xi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xii CHAPTER I: CORAL REEFS 1 1.0 Introduction 1 2.0 Materials and Methods 6 3.0 Survey Results 7 4.0 Discussions 10 5.0 Summary 12 6.0 Recommendations 12 CHAPTER II: REEF FISHES 13 7.0 Introduction 13 8.0 Materials and Methods 13 9.0 Results 14 10.0 Discussions 21 11.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 22 CHAPTER III: SEAGRASSES
    [Show full text]
  • ADDRESSING ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE in the PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINES Second-Largest Archipelago in the World Comprising 7,641 Islands
    ADDRESSING ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE IN THE PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINES Second-largest archipelago in the world comprising 7,641 islands Current population is 100 million, but projected to reach 125 million by 2030; most people, particularly the poor, depend on biodiversity 114 species of amphibians 240 Protected Areas 228 Key Biodiversity Areas 342 species of reptiles, 68% are endemic One of only 17 mega-diverse countries for harboring wildlife species found 4th most important nowhere else in the world country in bird endemism with 695 species More than 52,177 (195 endemic and described species, half 126 restricted range) of which are endemic 5th in the world in terms of total plant species, half of which are endemic Home to 5 of 7 known marine turtle species in the world green, hawksbill, olive ridley, loggerhead, and leatherback turtles ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE The value of Illegal Wildlife Trade (IWT) is estimated at $10 billion–$23 billion per year, making wildlife crime the fourth most lucrative illegal business after narcotics, human trafficking, and arms. The Philippines is a consumer, source, and transit point for IWT, threatening endemic species populations, economic development, and biodiversity. The country has been a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity since 1992. The value of IWT in the Philippines is estimated at ₱50 billion a year (roughly equivalent to $1billion), which includes the market value of wildlife and its resources, their ecological role and value, damage to habitats incurred during poaching, and loss in potential
    [Show full text]
  • 4 Indigenous Languages for Development: the Philippine Experience
    4 Indigenous languages for development: the Philippine experience Nestor Castro Philippine languages The Philippines is an archipelago composed of 7,107 islands with a population of 75 million people. Because of its archipelagic character, there are more than a hundred languages in the Philippines. The Summer Institute of Linguistics identified at least 151 languages in the country. Except for one Creole language, Chavacano, all of these languages belong to the Western Malaya-Polynesian subfamily of the Austronesian languages. These languages are further classified as belonging to the following language groups: Northern Philippine (70 languages), Central Philippine (46languages), Southern Philippine (22languages), Sarna Bajaw (?languages), Southern Mindanao (5languages), and Sulawesi Sangil (1 language). Despite this big number, only eight of these languages make up 85 percent of the entire Philippine population. These are Tagalog, Sugbuhanon, Iloko, Pangasinan, Hiligaynon, Bikol, Kapampangan, and Waray. Native speakers of these eight languages comprise the ethnic majority of the country, i.e. the lowland Christian Filipinos. Tagalog is the language spoken in Manila, the national capital, and the outlying provinces. Because of its strategic position, it has been designated as the national language since the establishment of the Philippine Commonwealth in 1935. While the 1987 Philippine Constitution mandated that the national language is 'Filipino', this is based on the Manila dialect of Tagalog. Minority languages The remaining 15 percent of the population are further divided into 143 language groups. Since ethnic identity, especially in the Philippines, is largely defined by language, the speakers of these 143 languages comprise the ethnic minorities of the country. These ethnic minorities can further be classified into two distinct groups: the Bangsa Moro, found in southern Philippines, and the 'indigenous peoples', who are scattered in the relatively isolated areas of the archipelago.
    [Show full text]
  • PDRCP Technical Progress Report June 2017 to May 2018 Katala Foundation Inc
    Palawan Deer Research and Conservation Program Technical Progress Report June 2017 to May 2018 Peter Widmann, Joshuael Nuñez, Rene Antonio and Indira D. L. Widmann Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines, June 2018 PDRCP Technical Progress Report June 2017 to May 2018 Katala Foundation Inc. TECHNICAL PROGRESS REPORT PROJECT TITLE: Palawan Deer Research and Conservation Program REPORTING PERIOD: June 2017 to May 2018 PROJECT SITES: Palawan, Philippines PROJECT COOPERATORS: Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Palawan Council for Sustainable Development Staff (PCSDS) Concerned agencies and authorities BY: KATALA FOUNDATION, INC. PETER WIDMANN, Program Director INDIRA DAYANG LACERNA-WIDMANN, Program Co-Director ADDRESS: Katala Foundation, Inc. Purok El Rancho, Sta. Monica or P.O. Box 390 Puerto Princesa City 5300 Palawan, Philippines Tel/Fax: +63-48-434-7693 WEBSITE: www.philippinecockatoo.org EMAIL: [email protected] or [email protected] 2 Katala Foundation Inc. Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines PDRCP Technical Progress Report June 2017 to May 2018 Katala Foundation Inc. Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................................................... 4 ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................................ 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]