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INDEX

Achaemenid Empire, 53 as imperial residence, 116 and universalism, 42 and Symeon Stylites, 158 , 165 actions, legal, 66 , 73 , 46 , 51 Adad-nirani I, 40–1 Antiochus III the Great, 46 adiectio , 70–4 , 148 Antiochus IV Epiphanes, 46, 50 , 158 adlectio , 146 Antiochus VIII, 49 Adriatic Sea, 203 Antiphon, 21 adscriptio , 142 Antistius Labeo, 69, 133 adventus , 180 , 221–2 , 254 Antonine Constitution, 8 , 9 , 87–8 , 125 , 249 , 252 in Gregory of Nazianzus, 175 , emperor, 69 as topos, 254 Apollo. See also Homeric hymns Aelius Aristides, 235 and Seleucids, 49 , 52 Aemilius , 209 temple at Daphne, 178 Aeneas, 75 , 76 Aponius Cherea, Lucius, 147 Aeneid , 205 , 207. See also Aeneas Apostolic Constitutions , 162 Shield of Aeneas, 205 Appian, 48 , 49 Aeschylus Appius Caecus Agamemnon , 25 and Via Appia, 203 Prometheus Vinctus , 25 Apuleius, 78 Suppliants , 29 Ara Pacis, 205 Agathocles, 43 , emperor, 109 , 123 , 187 Agrippa, 209 Aristophanes Alaric, 158 , 160 , 185 Lysistrata , 26 Alexander III (Alexander the Great), 44–5 Aristotle and Darius III, 39 , 43 , 45 Politics , 1 , 15 titles, 45 Arminius, 125 Alfenus Varus, jurist, 132–3 Assyrian royal inscriptions, 40 , Altar of Victory, 209 41–2 , 49 Amarna letters, 41 Ateius Capito, consul, 70 Ambrose of Milan, 189 Athanasius, bishop Life of Ambrose , 159 adventus at Alexandria, 174 and , 189 , 228 funeral oration for, 171 , 172 Ammianus , 119 , 120 , 221 , 223 , 224 as ideal ruler, 174 Anastasius I, emperor I, 217–18, 234 Life of Anthony , 163–4 Anthesteria, festival (Choes), 27 Athenaeus, 79 Antigonus I Monophthalmus, 43 , 46 , 52 Athens, 15 , 28 Antigonus II Gonatas, 51 Aelius Aristides on, 81 Antioch, 92 , 112 , 113 , 178 and dual citizenship, 132

257

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258 INDEX

Athens (cont.) bishop and Hellenistic kings, 55 and civic calendar, 184 inscriptions in, 22 and civic elite, 184 and ius civile , 65 , 247 education of, 154 plague in, 30 rise of, 5 , 10 , 183 , 189 polis structure of, 6 bishops religious foundation of, 34 councils of, 120 Solon’s reforms, 76 Book of Ceremonies , 217 , 232 Attalus I, 51 Boscoreale Cup, 206 Atticus, 132 , 246 Boudicca, 125 Attila, 193 , 197 bouleˉ . See city council Augustan History , 189 Britain, 113 , 119 , 121–2 , 125 , 126 , 147 , 212 Augustine, 144 , 208 , 241 , 245 , Brodersen, Kai, 204 252 Brundisium, 203 City of God , 4 , 62 , 160 , 198 , 235 Byzantium and Donatists, 236 hagiographical literature, 163 on Visigothic Sack of Rome (410), 185 , 194 , 198 , 241 caelestis patria , 245 Augustodunum (Autun), 113 , 208 Caesar, C. Julius, 132 , 205 , emperor, 7 , 66 , 148 , 203 , 205 , 209 , lex Iulia , 66 220 , 253 Caesaropapism, 225 , 227 , 230 , 232 Primaporta statue of, 205 Callimachus, 47 Aulus Gellius, 69 Aitia , 50 , emperor, 183 Hymn to Delos , 47 , 50 Ausonius, 126 Hymn to Zeus , 50 Autun. See Augustodunum Capua, 203 , 253 , 9 , 87 , 88 , 110 , 135 , 149 . Babatha archive, 97–8 See also Antonine Constitution Babylon, 46 , 48 , 55 and citizenship, 89 in Revelation , 156 and domicile, 148 Bacaudae, 126 Carolingians, 110 , 112 baptism and Peutinger map, 212–13 baptismal sponsor, 161–2 Carthage, fall of, 191 catechetical homilies, 160–1 Cassius Longinus, C., jurist, 68 Basil of Caesarea Celsus, jurist and cities, 161 on domus , 134 homily on baptism, 161 Celtiberians, 125 basileus megas Celts, 51 as title, 46 center-periphery model, 8, 130 as victory title, 48 centuriation, 203 basilikos logos , 82 . See also encomium ; speeches in ceremony, 232 praise Charlemagne, 211 Beatus maps, 210–11 on Lateran mosaic, 226 Beatus of Liébana, 210 and maps, 211 Beaucamp, Joelle, 92 Chronicon Paschale , 187 Beck, Ulrich, 131 Chrysippus, philosopher, 66 Benda-Beckmann, Franz von, 94 , 98 Chrysostom, John, bishop, 157 , 160 , 187 , 228 Benton, Laura, 97 churches Besa, Coptic author, 164 as ekklesia , 162 Bible. See Hebrew Bible ; Scripture Hagia Sophia, 226 , 227 , 229 , 230 , 231

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INDEX 259

Holy Sepulcher, 117 rescript on residence, 144 Lateran, 225 , 226 , 237 Constantine II, emperor, 110 , 120 San Vitale, 122 Constantine Porphyrogenitus St. Peter in Chains, 196 Book of Ceremonies , 218 , 230 St. Peter’s, 197 Constantinople, 9, 101 , 113 , 120 , 122 , 169 , 180 , Cicero, 63 , 75 , 81 , 132 , 150 , 219 , 241 , 244 , 246 , 187 , 189 , 210 , 222 , 223 247 , 253 , 254 in Augustine, 242 on Hermodorus, 77 in fi fth century, 123–4 and maps, 204 as imperial residence, 116 Pro Murena , 68 as New Rome, 116 citizenship Constantius II, emperor, 110 , 112 , Christian 189 in Epistle to Diognetus , 159 adventus and visit to Rome, 120, formulae for, 16 221 idea of, 63 and Arian heresy, 121 legal types, 134 obelisk in Rome, 118 in Scripture, 156 Constitutio Antoniniana. See Antonine city. See also polis Constitution in Augustine, 242 converts, growth in numbers, 154 as basis for empire, 85 Cornelius Nepos, 132 Biblical notion of, 157 Corpus Agrimensorum , 203 changes in, 243 Corpus Iuris Civilis , 63 Christian, 169 Cosmas Indicopleustes (World Sailor to as community, 159 India), 208 concept of, 62 , 205 , 235 , 240 cosmopolis, Christian, 10 , 199 dual meanings, 137 cosmopolitanism heavenly, 156 versus “cosmopolitization,” 131 imagery of, 155 cosmopolites in New Testament, 156 and Christianity, 167 and monasticism, 164 cosmopolitization, 145 as organization, 163 defi ned, 131 and polis , 2 and empire, 145–7 and politeia , 163 and mobility, 149 security of, 183 covenant city council ( bouleˉ, curia ), 86 , 143 , 144 , 155 and adventus , 222 end of, 155 in Greek polis , 33–4 civitas , 62 , 63 , 64 , 78 , 146 in Hebrew Bible, 33 , 178 in Augustine, 242 Crook, John, 89 civis Romanus , 63 cubicularii , 217 , 223 , 233 as metonym, 240 , 248 curia . See city council VII Philopator, 47 Cyprian, bishop, 94 Codex Iustinianus , 63 , 162 eulogy of, 171 Codex Theodosianus , 84 , 113 , emperor, 110 Dagron, Gilbert, 222 , 227 , 229 , 230 , 232 Constantine I the Great, 2 , 9 , 111 , 117 , 142 , 153 , Darius I the Great, 42 188 , 189 , 225 , 226 , 231 Behistun inscription, 42 on “Beautiful Door,” 226 Darius III, 39 , 43 , 45 buildings in Rome, 118 defensor civitatis, 86 , 155 and civitas , 251 Delphi, 28 , 32 Life of Constantine , 2 Demaratus of Corinth, 76

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260 INDEX

Demetrius I Poliorcetes, 43, 51–2 Favorinus of Arelate, 150 Demetrius II Nicator, 47 Firmus, usurper, 111 , 122 Demodamas of Miletus, 49 Francia, 110 Demophilus, bishop, 170, 172 freedmen, 89 , 92 , 135 Demosthenes, 22, 27–8 , 31–2 and mobility, 141 Didymos, 28 Frontinus, 89 Digest , of Justinian, 62–3 , 69 , 71 , 79 dikeˉ , 25 , 31 G. Blossius Saturninus Afer, 147 and hosieˉ , 20 Gaionas, M. Antonius, 150 , emperor, 113 , 118 Gaius, jurist, 72 , 73 , 78 , 247–9 baths of, 118 and Greeks, 75 , 77–8 Great Persecution, 9 Institutes , 83 , 89 , 90 law on domicile, 142 on legal change, 249 Diodorus, 46 on provincial edict, 137 Diogenes Laertius, 75 and republic, 79 Diogenes of Sinope, Cynic on Solon, 78 philosopher, 6 on Twelve Tables, 74 Dionysion, 26 Galanter, Marc, 100–2 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 75 , 76 Galla Placidia, 196 Dionysus, 49 , 50 , 56 Gaza, 4 , emperor, 206 Geiseric, 192 , 198 domus , 131 Genesis. See Scripture defi nition of, 133 , emperor, 110 Donations of Alexandria, 47 Gibbon, Edward, 225 Donations of Constantine, 226 on fall of Rome, 3 Draco, 32 globe Dyrrachium, 203 as map, 204 as symbol of imperium , 205–6 Eck, Werner, 148 golden age Einhard, 211 ideology of, 50 Empedokles, 26 good king emperors, fourth-century terms for, 220 travels, 113 Gospels. See Scripture empire , emperor, 113 , 120 , 251 characteristics of, 109 and Rome, 116 criteria for, 127 Great King, 40 and identity, 124 defi ned, 54 encomium , 50 . See also basilikos logos ; as title, 38 , 40 , 42 , 43 , 45 , 46 , 54 panegyric ; speeches of praise Great Persecution. See Diocletian Ennius, 69 Gregorius (or Gregorianus), 84 episcopalis audientia , 93 Gregory of Nazianzus, 168 , 169 , 170 Epistle to Diognetus , 159 on adventus , 174 Eucratides I of Bactria, 46 on Athanasius, 174 , 175 , usurper, 111 , 189 on church space, 172–3 Eumenius, 208 on festivals, 175–6 Eunomius, bishop, 171 on , 177 Eusebius of Caesarea, 2, 236 and Temple, 178 and cities, 162 Oration 5 , 175 , 177 on Constantine’s trophy, 188 Oration 21 , 172 Life of Constantine , 2 on religious space, 179

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INDEX 261

Gregory of Nyssa, 157 , 175 as world’s end, 47–9 and adventus , 179 Innocent I, pope, 186 Isaurians, 126 , emperor, 137 , 140 Isidore of Seville, 210 rescript of, 83 Islam, 39 Hagia Sophia, 172 , 217 , 226 Isocrates, 28 , 31 , 82 “Beautiful Door,” 231 Panathenaicus , 81 Green Line in, 230 ius civile , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 68 , 69 , 77 , 247 Imperial Door, 226, 229 , 231 and citizenship, 62 mosaics, ideology of, 227 as concept, 65 Hebdomon and Twelve Tables, 64 ceremonies at, 124 ius gentium , 66 Hebrew Bible. See Scripture Ius gentium , 90 Heliodorus. See Marduk-eriba ius honorarium , 65 , 68 , 90 Heracles, 48 , 49 , 50 ius incolatus , 139 Hermodorus of Ephesus, 76–7 Hermodotus, 52 Jacques, François, 143 , 144 Hermogenianus, 84 Jerusalem Herodotus, 20 , 42 in Gospels, 156 Hesychius of Alexandria, 20, 163 in Gregory of Nazianzus, 178 hiera Heavenly Jerusalem, 161 , 164 , 165 Christian, 178 in Revelation, 156 defi ned, 16 Jesus hiera kai hosia on maps, 209 defi ned, 33 John Tzimiskes, 230 and polis , 16 Judea, 55 , 57 Hieron II, 50 Julian, emperor, 110 , 112 , 120 , 139 Holy Sepulcher, 117 . See also churches in Gregory of Nazianzus, 169 , Homer, 77 177 Odyssey , 17–18 , 19 , 32 jurists, Roman, 64 Homeric Hymns, 17 , 32 , emperor, 217 , 218 , 224 , 233 To Apollo , 19 , emperor, 100 , 231 To Demeter , 18 on “Beautiful Door,” 226 To Hermes , 23 Digest of, 63 , 69 , 71 , 79 , emperor, 109, 119 , 122 , 195 visit to Rome (414), 190 Kupfer, Marcia, 211 hosieˉ defi ned, 19–20 Lateran Palace hosios , 20 map in, 211 defi ned, 17 mosaics, 225 , 226–7 , 237 and pius , 24 Lavinium, 253 semantics of, 24 , 26 and adventus , 254 Hypereides, 28 legal anthropology and Roman law, 102 identity, Christian, 154 leges sacrae , 20 , 27 , 30 imperial buildings, 118 , emperor, 158 , 218 , 233 imperialism Leo I, pope Neo-Assyrian, 41 and Attila, 197 incolae , 140 , 145 , 149 and Augustine, 195 India, 212 and Geiseric, 198

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262 INDEX

Leo I, pope (cont.) Marduk-eriba (Heliodorus), Babylonian and Honorius, 195 priest, 56 and , 195 Martin, bishop of Tours, 159 on role of bishop, 195–6 Masurius Sabinus, 79 Sermon 84 (on Visigothic Sack of 410), 185 , and ius civile , 70 191 , 193 Matar, 99 on St. Peter, 193 Maternus, M. Cornelius Nigrinus Curiatius, 147 and St. Peter’s, 197 , 198 , emperor, 122 on Visigothic Sack of Rome (410), 184 , 199 , 111 , 116 , 188 Leo III, pope, 211 buildings in Rome, 118 on Lateran mosaic, 226 , emperor, 113 , 118 Leo VI, emperor, 229 , emperor, 118 and polis , 155 Maximus, bishop of Turin, 187 Lex Ursonensis , 136 Melania, Life of, 119 Liber Pontifi calis , 198 Meletius of Antioch, 175 I, emperor, 111 , 120 Menander Rhetor (Menander of Laodicea), 81 , Life of Constantine , 2 82 , 87 , 168 Life of Euthymios , 229 metechein and meteinai , 16 , 33 living law ( nomos empsychos ), 220 Mettius Pompusianus, 206 Louis the Pious, 110 Milan, 112 , 120 , 121 Lucretius, 204 , 207 and Ambrose, 158 ludi milestones, 207 in Leo I, 192 , 193 military belt, 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 121 , 122 Lycurgus, 163 in fourth century, 120–1 Lydia, 43 , 94 , 116 Millar, Fergus, 91 , 130 , 220 Lysimachus, 43 Mithridates I, Parthian king, 47 Mithridates the Great (Mithridates VI), 46 Maccabean revolt, 55 , 158 mobility Maccabees. See Scripture challenge of, 143 Macrobius, 79 and identity, 149–50 Madaba map, 210 monasticism , usurper, 111 as a city, 163–4 , usurper, 111 , 190 as polis , 164 Manichees, 192 , 196 munera , defi ned, 137 mappamundi , 210 maps Nectarius of Calama, 243, 245 at Aachen, 211 Neo-Assyrian empire, 41–2 Agrippa’s map, 204 New Testament. See Scripture at Augustodunum, 212 Nicholas Mystikos, patriarch, 232 Beatus maps, 210 and Leo VI, 228–9 Christian, 208 , 210 , 213 nomoi, 30 descriptio mundi , 204 defi ned, 14 Forma urbis Romae , 203 nomos empsychos . See living law itinerarium pictum , 204 Numa Popilius, 75 Lateran map, 211 Numantia, 125 Madaba map, 210 mappaemundi , 214 oikoumene3233, Peutinger map, 212–13 Christian, 2 , 234 T-O maps, 210 in Gregory of Nazianzus, 176

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INDEX 263

in Hellenistic age, 43 in late antiquity, 4 and imperium, 233 as model for Christians, 154 in Leo I, 196 number of, 154 and maps, 204–5 in Plato, 164 and polis , 2 sacred topography of, 180 Olympiodorus, 119 , 126 politeia On Political Science (peri politikes), 219–20 , as way of life, 163 236 politeˉs , defi ned, 15 orbis terrarum , 10 , 57 , 205 , 233 politeuma Orcistus, 4 , 250–1 , 254 in Christian authors, 159–60 Orosius, 127 , 185 , 188 , 199 , 210 162 Oulpianos of Tyre, 79 monastic, 165 Ovid, 75 , 203 , 205 Polyeuktos, patriarch, 230 , 232 Pomponius, legal historian, 68 , 69 , 70 , 79 , 96 on ius civile , 64–6 p. Euphrates 1 (246 CE), 92 praetor, 67 panegyric, 47 , 168 . See also encomium edictum perpetuum , 91 Papinian, jurist, 63, 96 praetor peregrinus , 90 Papirius Praetor’s Edict, 65 , 68 , 79 , 83 , 95 and leges regiae , 64 urban praetor, 90 parrhesia , 169 Procopius, usurper, 223–4 , 39 Prosper of Aquitaine, 197 patria provocatio , 67 as domicile, 131–2 Pseudo-Menander. See Menander Rhetor Patrocles, Seleucid general, 49 (Menander of Laodicea) Paul of Tarsus Ptolemies, 39 , 50 , 55 , 56 and citizenship, 67 Ptolemy I Soter, 43 Letter to the Hebrews, 156 Ptolemy II Philadelphus, 47 , 51 and polis , 156 Ptolemy III, 48 Paulus, jurist, 133 , 148 Ptolemy XV (“Caesarion”), 47 Sententiae , 85 Pythagoras, 75 pax Romana , 207 Persepolis Quaestor , imperial offi ce, 86 Apadana reliefs, 42 Peter the Patrician, 217 , 224 Petronius Probus, 119 residences, imperial, 117 Peutinger map, 213 , 214 Revelation. See Scripture Phoenicia, 138 roads Phrygia, 4 , 94 , 250 on Peutinger map, 213 Plato, 81 , 237 Via Appia, 203 Euthyphro, 22 Via Egnatia, 203 Pliny the Elder, 70, 77 Rome Plutarch, 44 , 70 , 75 , 76 Aelius Aristides on, 81 Life of Numa , 75 Altar of Victory, 209 Roman Questions , 76 in Augustine, 242 polis as Christian cosmopolis, 185 and baptism, 160 conceptual change, 234 defi ned, 14 as cosmopolis, 199 end of, 155 decline in importance, 119

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264 INDEX

Rome (cont.) Simonides, 17 , 18 evolution of, in law, 64 , 78 Socrates, historian, 173 expansion of, in law, 84 Socrates, philosopher, 22 in Gaius, 74 Solon, 76 , 77 and Greeks, 75 infl uence on Twelve Tables, 75 imperial buildings in, 118 reforms in Athens, 76 imperial visits, 116 , 190 , 221 Sparta, 21 , 62 , 65 , 163 and ius civile , 247 speeches of praise, 82 , 220 . See also basilikos logos ; as juridical center, 249 Menander Rhetor as patria , 132 Strabo, 77 role in empire, 70 Suda, 26 Temple of Venus and, 118 Sulla, L. Cornelius Vandal sack of (455), 198 lex Cornelia , 66 Visigothic sack of (410), 158 , 183 sun Rome, churches as symbol of power, 51 Lateran, 225 , 42 St. Peter in Chains, 196 Symeon the Stylite, 158 , 165 St. Peter’s, 197 Symeon the Younger, 165 Romulus, 71 , 205 Symmachus, Quintus Aurelius, 209 and Remus, 194 circle of, 79

Salome Komaise Tabula Contrebiensis , 94 archive of, 97 Tabula Heracleensis , 134 Salvius Julianus, 65 Tabula Peutingeriana . See Peutinger map San Vitale, mosaic of Justinian, 122 , 68 , 235 Sasanian empire, 39 Talbert, Richard, 212 Scaevola, Q. Mucius, 69 Tarentum, 203 Scipio , 125 , 204 Tertullian, 94 Scripture Tetrarchy, 109 , 112 Genesis, 206 Theocritus, 47 Gospels, 156 , 161 encomium for Ptolemy in Leo I, 196 Philadelphus, 47 , 50 Hebrew Bible, 33 , 155 Idyll 16 , 50 Letter to the Hebrews, 156 Idyll 17, 50 Maccabees, 55 , 158 Theodoret of Cyrrhus, 228 New Testament, 156 Theodosian Code. See Codex Theodosianus Revelation, 156 , 211 Theodosius I, emperor, 122, 169 , 189 , 228 Seleucids, 39 cunctos populos law, 170 , 43, 49 Theodosius II, emperor, 123 , 124 , 180 , 190 , 42 map of, 209 , emperor, 110 , 117 , 121 Theognis, 17 Shalmaneser III, 42 Thucydides, 21 , 30 Shepherd of Hermas, 159 Tigranes the Great, 46 shield of Aeneas, 205 titulature, royal, 40 , 40 , emperor, 137 , 148 Sicily, 43 , 51 , 192 Tribonian, jurist, 247 encomium on, 81 Tubero, jurist, 70 lex portoria , 133 Tukulti-ninurta I, 40

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INDEX 265

Twelve Tables, 64 , 66 , 69 , 71 , 72–4 , 75 , 76 , 77 , edict against Manichees, 196 78 , 79 and Pope Leo I, 196 Gaius on, 71 and Rome, 184 infl uence of, 72–4 Valerius Publicola, 75 Tymandus, 250 Vandals, 192 Varro, M. Terentius, 70 Ulpian, jurist, 7 , 63 , 79 , 83 , 91 , 134 , 138 , 142 , 146 Vercingetorix, 125 , 126 on Praetor’s Edict, 95 Vergil, 205 Umar Aeneid , 205 and adventus , 222 vindex (tax collector), 155 universal citizenship, 250 virtues, four canonical, 82 universal dominion, as ideal, 39 universalism Weber, Max Hellenistic, 39 , 44 on empires, 127 in Hellenistic monarchies, 45 in premodern empires, 52–4 Xenophon of Roman law, 83 Constitution of Lacedaemonians , 163 , 40 hiera kai hosia in, 31 urbes , 253 Xerxes, 42

Valens, emperor, 110 , 124 , 169 , 175 , 251 Zacharias, pope, 211 , emperor, 110 , 124 , 251 Zeus and Theodosius, 121 as universal ruler, 49 Valentinian III, emperor, 192 Zosimus, 126

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