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The Iran-Iraq War: an Interview with Mohamad Ali Torabi

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The Iran-Iraq War: an Interview with Mohamad Ali Torabi Barnard-1 The Iran-Iraq War: An interview with Mohamad Ali Torabi Interviewer: Amelia Barnard Instructor: Amanda Freeman February 12, 2018 Barnard-2 Table of Contents Interviewer release form …. Pg 3 Interviewee release form ….. Pg 4 Statement of purpose …. Pg 5 Biography …. Pg 6 Historical Contextualization Paper …. Pg 7 Interview Transcription …. Pg 15 Interview Analysis …. Pg 45 Biography …. Pg 46 Barnard-3 Release form Barnard-4 Release form Barnard-5 Statement of purpose The purpose of this oral history with Mamali Torabi is to collect and preserve a primary source account of The Iran-Iraq war. By reading the contents of this project that converges evidence from multiple sources, one will gain background information about The Iran Iraq War as well as the perspective of someone who was directly impacted by the war. Barnard-6 Biography Mamali Torabi grew up in Tehran, Iran in a large family with six younger siblings, two of which did not make pass the age of 2. He graduated from Dr. Hashtroody High School of Mathematics in Tehran in 1979 as the first graduating class under the new Regime of The Islamic Republic of Iran. After passing his Exit exam, he moved to Stockholm, Sweden as a foreign student. In 1981 he finally got his Visa to the United States after the hostage crisis was cleared up and he started in George Washington University to study English. In January of 1982 he enrolled in Sacramento City College because his uncle who lived there got sick. In the Winter of 1982 he came back to the Washington area and started a career in Sales and Management in Home Furnishing for 17 years. Mamali changed careers to Food and Beverage for 9 years, and then to Automobile for about 4 years. Now he works in Sales and Leasing in Real Estate and has been living in Bethesda for 20 years. He is married and has two children and one grandchild. Barnard-7 Amelia Barnard History 10-18-20 Context in History: The Iran-Iraq War An interview with Mohamad Ali Torabi The countries of this earth were terrified when The Iran-Iraq war began. They knew this war could end up in so many different ways and it could send a wave of change through the whole world. They were concerned the Middle East would be left in shambles due to this war. “French and West German officials said they were following the situation closely because a long conflict could lead to the collapse of the Iranian regime and the destabilization of the entire region”1 And they were mostly correct. The war lasted 8 long years from 1980- 1988. Chemical weapons were used, millions of people died and millions more were displaced. The Iran-Iraq war began with an unclear cause and ended almost exactly where it began. All of that destruction for nothing. To understand the Iran-Iraq War one must examine the cause, the phases, and the impact of the war as well as gain a first-hand perspective from someone who was there. On September 22 1980 Iraq invaded Iran in a full-scale invasion of Iran. The reason for this invasion is a debated topic though. Some say it was boundaries that caused the war, some say it was oil, and others say the Iranian revolution was the beginning trigger. There are four pieces of evidence that support the interpretation that boundaries started the war. The first piece of evidence is predecessors had been fighting for centuries over their border, specifically the Shatt al-Arab waterway.2 The second piece of evidence is the fact that 1 West Europe Watched Iran-Iraq War With Concern (New York Times, 1980) 2 Will D. Swearingen, The Geopolitical Origins of them Iran-Iran War, (American Geographical Society, ​ ​ 1988), 408. Barnard-8 the boundary treaty in 1975, called Algiers Agreement, was a source of deep humiliation for Iraq. Iraq was forced to trade a part of the Shatt al-Arab waterway in order to have Iran stop supporting the Kurdish revolts. “[Iraq's] government was forced to accede to the treaty by Iranian promotion of a Kurdish revolt that threatened to dismember Iraq and to deprive it of its primary oil-producing region. In exchange for Iran’s pledge to stop supporting the revolt, Iraq gave up a large portion of the vital Shatt al-Arab waterway.”3 When Saddam Hussein became the president in 1978 he vowed to correct the boundary situation. The third piece of evidence supporting the interpretation that the war was caused by border disagreement is the fact that Iraq got rid of the 1975 treaty right before invading. This sounds suspiciously like a declaration of war. The fourth point is Iraq took oil rich Khuzestan and a key condition for its return was restoring the Shatt al-Arab to pre 1975 status.4 This is important because if the war was about boundaries, that means it was truly for nothing because at the end of the war the boundaries were restored to pre-war. It’s also important because knowing the cause of the war lets intentions in the rest of the war become clear. Another argument for the cause of the Iran-Iraq war is oil. There are three points to back up this argument. The first one is Iraq wanted to seize the oil rich border of Iran Khuzestan. This was a main goal.5 The second point is Iraq is almost entirely landlocked and had vulnerable oil mines and needed to cross other countries to ship its supply out. Iraq wanted to have this power and the way to get that is to invade Iran, get their oil fields, and neutralise a threatening 3 Will D. Swearingen, The Geopolitical Origins of them Iran-Iran War, (American Geographical Society, ​ ​ 1988), 408. 4 Will D. Swearingen, The Geopolitical Origins of them Iran-Iran War, (American Geographical Society, ​ ​ 1988), 408. 5 Chris Sheridan, Modern Warfare: Iran-Iraq War, (2003) ​ ​ Barnard-9 government.6 The third point is that there were many attacks made on the pipelines. Airstrikes and pipeline shut offs were common attacks and the constant reduction of both Iran and Iraq's supply caused the economy to go down.7 The Iranian Revolution also seems to also be a major cause of the Iran-Iraq War. “Another main event caused by the Iranian revolution and Khomeini's new rule was the Iran-Iraq war. In September, 1980, Saddam Hussein, Iraq’s new ruler invaded iran with his forces and an eight-year war between the two countries began. The Iranian Revolution led Houssein to start the war because Iran was weakened and he was offended by Khomeini’s ideas.” 8 The Iranian Revolution made other countries around Iran worried about revolutions in their own country and the stability of the region. Every time there's change there's always worry something will go wrong. “The Iranian Revolution heightened perceptions of threat among Iran’s neighbors, including Iraq, about stability both at home and throughout the region.”9 Iraq attacked when it saw Iran was low and was worried revolutions and destabilization would spread to their own country like a plague.10 The Iran-Iraq war lasted for eight years with more than a million people dead, a million people left as refugees, and thousands of prisoners of war. “The Iran-Iraq war, which began September 1980, has become the bloodiest and most destructive military conflict since World War II”11 This quote was from a source written in 1988, right when the war ended. The total cost of the war was $300 billion and both economies were devastated. The two sides were more or 6 Chris Sheridan, Modern Warfare: Iran-Iraq War, (2003) ​ ​ 7 Chris Sheridan, Modern Warfare: Iran-Iraq War, (2003) ​ ​ 8 Constance Weber, The Iranian Revolution, (Maryland, Chapper, 2011), 8. ​ ​ 9 Andrew T. Parasiliti, The Causes and Timing of Iraq’s Wars: A Power Cycle Assessment, (2003),152. ​ ​ 10 Andrew T. Parasiliti, The Causes and Timing of Iraq’s Wars: A Power Cycle Assessment, (2003),152. ​ ​ 11 Will D. Swearingen, The Geopolitical Origins of them Iran-Iran War, (American Geographical Society, ​ ​ 1988), 408 Barnard-10 less evenly matched with about 250,000 soldiers each, Iraq had more tanks but Iran had more combat aircrafts. Tensions had been steadily rising for years now and looking back on it from current times it's obvious it was only a matter of time before Iran or Iraq snapped and began this war. “Since the fall of the Iranian monarchy and the onset of the Islamic revolution in January 1979, relations between the two countries had steadily deteriorated. Besides territorial violations, both sides engaged in hostile propaganda, sabotage, terrorism, and incitement to revolt.”12 Swearingen's point of view is from the stance of fresh out of the war in 1988. He is relatively unbiased between Iran and Iraq, but his mindset is slightly on the Iraqi side. The first phase of the Iran-Iraq war was the Iraqi offensive from September 22 1980- March 1981, this phase was poorly planned and quickly fell apart. Conflict started on September ​ ​ 4, 1980 when Iran shelled Iraqi towns along their border. War started on September 22, 1980 ​ ​ when Iraq launched a full scale invasion of Iran. Iraq moved in on tanks quickly and easily without any fight back. Iraq laid siege on cities within three days of the initial invasion. Iraqi troops were set to bomb Iranian airplanes but either they missed or their bombs didn't go off. “The initial phase of the war favored Iraq.
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