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Cambrian Granite-Related Hydrothermal Alteration and Cu-Au

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REFERENCES 323 REFERENCES Abbott, P.D.B., 1992, Geology of a Barite-Galena Occurrence exposed in the Anthony Power Development Tunnel, Western Tasmania [B.Sc.(Honours) thesis], University of Tasmania. Adams, C.J., Black, L.P., Corbett, K.D., and Green, G.R., 1985, Reconnaissance isotopic studies bearing on the tectonothermal history of the Early Palaeozoic and Late Proterozoic sequences in western Tasmania: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 32, p. 7-36. Aitchison, J., 1984, The Statistical Analysis of Geochemical Compositions: Mathematical Geology, v. 16, p. 531-562. Aitchison, J., 1997, The Statistical Analysis of Compositional Data, Mathematical Methods in the Earth Sciences, Barcelona, Spain, 34 pages, MMES. Alderton, D.H.M., Pearce, J.A., and Potts, P.J., 1980, Rare earth element mobility during granite alteration: evidence from southwest England: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 49, p. 149-165. Alexander, K.R., 1981, The Geology of the Elliott Bay Area [B.Sc. Honours thesis], University of Tasmania. <Allen, R., Gifkins, C.C., Large, R., and Herrmann,·w., 1998, Discrimination of Diagenetic, Hydrothermal and Metamorphic Alteration, Studies of VHMS-related alteration: geochemical and mineralogical vectors to ore: CODES Centre for Ore Deposit Studies, AMIRAIARC project P439, Final Report Volume 3, p. 93-119. · Allen, R.L., and Cas, R.A.F., 1990, The Rosebery Controversy: distinguishing prospective submarine ignimbrite in the Rosebery-Hercules Zn Cu Pb massive sulfide district, Tasmania: Geological Society of Australia Abstracts, v. 25, p. 31-32. Alt, J.C., 1994, Sulfur Isotope Profile through the Trodoos Ophiolite, Cyprus: Primary Composition and the Effects of Hydrothermal Alteration: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, p. 1825-1840. Alt, J.C., 1995, Subseafloor Processes in Mid-Ocean Ridge Hydrothermal Systems, Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geological Interactions: American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph 91, p. 85-113. A It, J.C., Anderson, T .F., and Bonnell, L., 1989, The geochemistry of sulfur in a 1.3 km section of hydrothermally altered oceanic crust, DSDP hole 504B: Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, v. 53, p. 1011-1023. Alt, J.C., and Honnorez, J., 1984, Alteration of the upper oceanic crust DSDP Site 417: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 87, p. 149-169. Alt, J.C., Honnorez, J., Laverne, C., and Emmermann, R., 1986, Hydrothermal alteration of a 1 km section through the upper oceanic crust, DSDP hole 504B; The mineralogy, chemistry and evolution of seawater - basalt interactions: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 91, p. 10309-10335. Anderson, J.E.J., 1969, Development of a snowflake texture in a welded tuff, Davis Mountains, Texas: Geological Society of America Bulletin, p. 2075-2080. Anderson, J.L., 1995, Status of Thermobarometry in Granitic Batholiths, in Brown, M., and Piccoli, P.M., ed., The Origin of Granite and Related Rocks, Third Hutton Symposium, Abstracts, Volume Circular 1129: College Park, Maryland, U.S. Geological Survey, p. 9-10. Andrews, A.J., 1977, Low temperature fluid alteration of oceanic layer 2 basalts: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 14, p. 911-926. Appel, P.W.U., 1983, Rare earth elements in the early Archaean lsua iron-formation, West Greenland: Precambrian Research, v. 20, p. 243-258. Arnold, G.O., and Carswell, J.T., 1990, The Mt. Lyell Deposits, in Glasson, K.R., and Rattigan, J.H., eds., Geological Aspects of the Discovery of Some Important Mineral Deposits in Australia: Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Monograph 17, p. 135-140. REFERENCES 324 Atherton, M.P., and Tarney, T., 1979, Origin of Granite Batholiths: Geochemical evidence: Kent, Shiva Publishing Limited, p. 148. Bajwah, Z.U., White, A.J.R., Kwak, T.A.P., and Price, R.C., 1995, The Renison Granite, Northwestern Tasmania: A Petrological, Geochemical and Fluid Inclusion Study of Hydrothermal Alteration: Economic Geology, v. 90, p. 1663-1675. Baker, E.M., Kirwin, D.J., and Taylor, R.G., 1986, Hydrothermal Breccia Pipes, Contributions to the Economic Geology Research Unit; 12: Townsville, Queensland, Australia, Economic Geology Research Unit, Key Centre in Economic Geology, James Cook University of Northern Queensland, 44 p. Baker, J.H., and De Groot, P.A., 1983, Proterozoic seawater-felsic volcanics interaction W. Bergslagen, Sweden. Evidence for high REE mobility and implication for 1.8 Ga seawater compositions: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 82, p. 119-130. Banks, N.G., 1982, Sulfur and copper in magma and rocks, in Titley, S.R., ed., Advances in Geology of the Porphyry Copper Deposits in Southwestern North America: Tucson, Arizona, University of Arizona Press, p. 227-258. Barrett, T.J., 1992, Mass changes in the Galapagos hydrothermal mounds: Near-axis sediment transformation and mineralisation: Geology, v. 20, p. 1075-1078. Barrett, T.J., Cattalani, S., Hoy, L., Riopel, J., and Lafleur, P.J., 1992, Massive sulfide deposits of the Noranda area, Quebec. IV. The Mobrun mine: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 29, p. 1349-1374. Barrett, T.J., Jarvis, 1., and Jarvis, K.E., 1990, Rare earth element geochemistry of massive sulfides-sulfates and gossans on the Southern Explorer Ridge: Geology, v. 18, p. 583- 586. Barrett, T.J., and Maclean, W.H., 1991, Chemical, mass, and oxygen isotope changes during extreme hydrothermal alteration of an Archean rhyolite, Noranda, Quebec: Economic Geology, v. 86, p. 406-414. Barrett, T.J., and Maclean, W.H., 1994a, Chemostratigraphy and Hydrothermal Alteration in Exploration for VHMS Deposits in Greenstones and Younger Volcanic Rocks, in Lentz, D.R., ed., Alteration and Alteration Processes associated with Ore-forming Systems, Volume Short Course Notes, Geological Society of Canada, Short Course Notes, p. 433-467. Barrett, T.J., and MacLean, W.H., 1994b, Mass Changes in Hydrothermal alteration Zones associated with VMS Deposits of the Noranda Area: Exploration and Mining Geology, v. 3, p. 131-160. Barrett, T.J., MacLean, W.H., Cattalani, S., Hoy, L., and Riverin, G., 1991, Massive sulfide deposits of the Noranda area, Quebec. Ill. The Ansil mine: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 28, p. 1669-1730. Bateman, P.C., and Chappell, B.W., 1979, Crystallization, fractionation, and solidification of the Tuolumne Intrusive series, Yosemite National Park, California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 90, p. 465-482. Bates, R.L., and Jackson, J.A., 1980, Glossary of Geology: Falls Church, Virginia, American Geological Institute, p. 751. Battles, D.A., and Barton, M.D., 1995, Arc-related sodic hydrothermal alteration in the western United States: Geology, v. 23, p. 913-916. Bea, F., 1995, Controls on the Trace Element Chemistry of Crustal Melts, in Brown, M., and Piccoli, P.M., ed., The Origin of Granite and Related Rocks, Third Hutton Symposium, Abstracts, Volume Circular 1129: College Park, Maryland, U.S. Geological Survey, p. 19. Beane, R.E., 1982, Hydrothermal alteration in silicate rocks, southwestern North America, in Titley, S.R., ed., Advances in Geology of the Porphyry Copper Deposits, Southwestern North America: Tucson, University of Arizona Press, Chapter 6. Beane, R.E., 1994, A Graphic View of Hydrothermal Mineral Stability Relations, in Lentz, D.R., ed., Alteration and Alteration Processes associated with Ore-forming systems, Short Course Notes, Volume 11, Geological Association of Canada, p. 1-30. REFERENCES 325 Bekinsale, R.D., 1979, Granite magmatism in the Tin Belt of south-east Asia, in Atherton, M.P., and Tarney, J., eds., Origin of Granite Batholiths: Geochemical Evidence: Orpington, Kent, Shiva Publishing Ltd., p. 34-44. Berndt, M.E., Seyfreid, W.E., and Beck, J.W., 1988, Hydrothermal alteration processes at mid-ocean ridges: Experimental and theoretical constraints from Ca and Sr exchange reactions and Sr isotopic ratios: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 93, p. 4573- 4583. Berry, R.F., 1990, Structure of the Queenstown area and its relation to mineralisation- interim report, Structure and Mineralisation of Western Tasmania: Hobart, Tasmania, AMIRA project P291, p. 27-68. Berry, R.F., 1992a, Mount Lyell Mine Leases: Summary, Structure and Mineralisation in Western Tasmania, AM IRA Project P291, p. 67-75. Berry, R.F., 1992b, Strahan to Queenstown structural section, Structure and Mineralisation in Western Tasmania, AMIRA Project P291, p. 31-38. Berry, R.F., 1994, Tectonics of western Tasmania: Late Precambrian-Devonian, in Cooke, D.R., and Kitto, P.A., ed., Contentious issues in Tasmanian geology, Volume 39, Geological Society of Australia, Abstracts, p. 6-8. Berry, R.F., and Crawford, A.J., 1988, The tectonic significance of the Cambrian allochthonous mafic-ultramafic complexes in Tasmania: Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 35, p. 161-171. Berry, R.F., and Keele, R., 1992, Structural studies in mineralised areas: Master of Economic Geology, Course Work Manual 6, CODES Key Centre, University of Tasmania. Berry, R.F., and Keele, R.A., 1993a, Cambrian Structure in Western Tasmania, Structure and Mineralisation in Western Tasmania, AMIRA Project P291, p. 55-68. Berry, R.F., and Keele, R.A., 1993b, Structure and Mineralisation of Western Tasmania: Final Summary, Structure and Mineralisation of Western Tasmania, AMIRA Project P291, p. 69-94. Berry, R.F., and Keele, R.A., 1997, Cambrian Tectonics and Mineralisation in Western Tasmania, in Denwar, K., ed., Third International Mining Geology Conference, Proceedings: Launceston, Tasmania, Australia, Australiasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, p. 13-16. Bigger, S.E., and Hansen, R.E., 1992, Devitrification Textures and Related Features in the · Carlton Rhyolite in the Blue Creek Canyon Area, Wichita Mountains, Southwestern Oklahoma: Oklahoma Geology Notes, v. 52, p. 124-142. Bischoff, J.L., and Dickson, F.W., 1975, Seawater-basalt interaction at 2oooc and 500 bars: implications for origin of heavy metal deposits and regulation of seawater chemistry: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 25, p. 385-397. Bischoff, J.L., and Seyfreid, W.E., 1978, Hydrothermal chemistry of seawater from 25 to 350°C: American Journal of Science, v.
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  • Geochemical Journal, Vol. 50 (No. 2), Pp. 197-210, 2016

    Geochemical Journal, Vol. 50 (No. 2), Pp. 197-210, 2016

    Geochemical Journal, Vol. 50, pp. 197 to 210, 2016 doi:10.2343/geochemj.2.0405 Geochemistry of Late Cambrian-Early Ordovician fluvial to shallow marine sandstones, western Tasmania, Australia: Implications for provenance, weathering, tectonic settings, and chemostratigraphy S. A. MAHMUD,1* S. NASEEM,2 M. HALL1 and KHALID A. ALMALKI3 1School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia 2Department of Geology, University of Karachi, Pakistan 3King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia (Received March 3, 2015; Accepted November 5, 2015) A geochemical study of the Late Cambrian-Early Ordovician sandstones exposed in the West Coast Range, Tasmania, Australia, was carried out to develop an understanding of the provenance and tectonic settings. The average composition of these sandstones displayed high SiO2 (92.72%), moderate Al2O3 (3.34%) and Fe2O3 (1.71%), low K2O (0.90%) and MgO (0.15%), and very low CaO and Na2O (<0.01%) concentrations. The sandstones were mainly classified as quartzarenite, and some samples were classified as sublitharenite. Tectonic discrimination diagrams based on major and trace elements suggest passive margin settings. Provenance diagram (Al2O3 vs. TiO2) revealed that the Owen Group was derived from a silica-rich source. The average chemical index of alteration (CIA) was 78.45, indicating that the source area suffered severe weathering due to persistent warm and humid climate. High amounts of rare earth elements (REE) and strong negative anomalies on the chondrite-normalized REE pattern indicate an oxidizing deposition environment. The trace element chemostratigraphy reflects sharp contrasts in concentrations, distinguishing the unconformity between the lower and upper sequences and also shows the effect of alteration assemblages.