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Fig. i. Centres where pre-Lin- naean books on botany were published (Stearn 1958). The most important early botani­ cal centres are indicated by name. Other important places in the early history of botany are referred to by numbers: I, Leiden; 2, Middelburg; 3, Arnhem; 4, Louvain; 5, Berlin; 6, Leipzig; 7, Bau­ tzen; 8, Gorlitz; g, Prague; 10, ii, Nürnberg, and nearby Altdorf; 12, Augsburg; 13, Ber­ gamo; 14, Mantua; 15, Padua; 16, Ferrara; 17, Bologna; 18, Florence; 19, Naples; 20, Salamanca.

may still hold cultural and pragmatic interest and is place in the pre-Linnaean Era as evidenced, for in­ attractive for young generations as well, as long as stance, by the early contributors to the knowledge of they are confronted with its great potential. tropical botany (Stearn 1958; Howard 1975; Baas Botanical research in tropical regions began a pe­ 2017). Examples of both palaeo- and neotropical riod of important progress since the 16th century and pre-Linnaean research activities are mapped in Fig. 2. particularly since the 18th century (the century of Car­ Among many contributors, those particularly olus Linnaeus), when interest in overseas scientific worth mentioning are, Hans Sloane, one of the most exploration, although still significantly triggered by important British botanists and collectors in the political and economic reasons, grew up to an unprec­ pre-Linnaean era, Charles Plumier, a pre-Linnaean edented measure. We can definitely say that botanical French Botanist and illustrator, who gives us one of exploration then became the core of botanical re­ the first examples of descriptions supported by de­ search. As stated by Stearn (1958) the birth of modern tailed watercolour plates, still important in the typifi- botany took place where botanical collections from cation of many species described later according to these early scientific expeditions had first been built the binomial system (see Baldini 2010), and other pio­ up and made available for study, i.e. within a relative­ neers of tropical botany, such as Paul Hermann (Cey­ ly small area in central and southern Europe (Fig. 1). lon), Hendrik Adriaan van Rheede tot Drakenstein Quite significant botanical exploration of ex- (India), Georg Everhard Rumphius (Indonesia), see tra-European overseas regions would already take Baas (2017).

42 SCI.DAN.B. 6 EARLY ITALIAN BOTANISTS IN THE TROPICS AND THE FATE OF CLASSICAL COLLECTIONS

S-Tourrieforb; JTßanister “rTC-:! »' VAtrsby llpirio,'. ■s^flumier loanc ^^KMcrian

BOTANICAL EXPLORATION Dutch BEFORE 1732 PT »eripit

Fig. 2. Overseas botanical exploration before 1732 according to Stearn (1958).

Improvement of knowledge in tropical botany was Classical Collections and Studies of promoted by Linnaeus and his ‘apostles’, with the im­ Tropical Botany: Some contributions by portant contribution of early world circumnaviga­ Italy tions and the subsequent early expeditions into the interior of tropical countries (Friis et al. 2013). One Several Italian herbaria — like the herbarium of the instance of a less known circumnavigation of botani­ Istituto ed Orto Botanico in Bologna (BOLO), the cal interest is the Malaspina Expedition (1789-1794), herbaria of the Museo di Storia Naturale in Florence financed by King Charles III of Spain (Foggini 2010). (FI), the Erbario Horti Pisani at the University of Pisa The expedition was botanically supervised by Louis (PI), the botanical garden and the herbarium of the Née, a French-Spanish botanist who described, with University of Turin (TO) and the herbarium of the Antonio José Cavanilles and others, many species Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale of the University supported by very good illustrations (Garmendia of Rome (RO) — have a significant role in the study of 1996). Née’s herbarium — housed in Madrid (MA) — palaeo- and neo-tropical areas. Some examples of is quite important for the study of tropical botany, al­ tropical botanical collections and botanists from Ital­ though it has some mistakes due to mixed up labels. ian herbaria in the Nineteenth Century, often forgot­ Most historical botanical collections from the ten or at least not enough taken into consideration tropics are nowadays housed in large European (B, are: BM, BR, C, FI, K, L, LE, P, S, W) and North Ameri­ can (A, GH, MO, NY, US) herbaria (abbreviations Giuseppe Raddi (1770-1829) here and in the following according to Thiers (contin­ uously updated), although several less known Euro­ Raddi (Fig. 3) was a talented Florentine botanist. He pean herbaria also house important historical collec­ was appointed by the Grand Duke Ferdinand III of tions. Tuscany to take part in the Austrian expedition to

43 RICCARDO MARIA BALDINI AND LIA PIGNOTTI SCI. DAN. B. 6

versity in Florence (FI, FI-Webb) and in the herbari­ um of the Istituto ed Orto Botanico (BOLO) of the University of Bologna, but Raddi’s duplicates were also sent to herbaria in London (BM, K) and Paris (P) and later by E Pariatore to Brussels (BR), Geneva (G), Paris (P) and the Natural History Museum in Vi­ enna (W) (Amadei etal. 2005; Baldini & Guglielmone 2012). Among his important works we find the Agrostogra- fia Brasiliensis (Raddi 1823), which was the first Mono­ graph on the Brazilian Flora, and Plantarum Brasiliensi- um Nova Genera (Raddi 1825), based on Raddi’s fern collection (housed in PI), which was thoroughly studied by the pteridologist Rodolfo Pichi Sermolli (1912-2005). The result of this study was Pichi Ser- molli’s last work, finished just few weeks before he passed away, and published shortly after his death (Pichi Sermolli & Bizzarri 2005). Other reviews de­ voted to Raddi’s tropical collections are the studies of Begoniaceae (Irmscher 1957), Fabaceae: Swartzia sp. pl. (Mansano de Freitas & Rabelo Lima 2007), Schnella Raddi (Trethowan etal. 2015); Melastomata-

Fig. 3. Giuseppe Raddi (1770-1829). Lithograph by G. ceae (Goldenberg & Baldini 2002), Poaceae (Baldini Galli, reproduced from Savi (1830). & Longhi-Wagner 2006; Longhi-Wagner & Baldini 2007), Cyperaceae (Longhi-Wagner etal. 2010) and Orchidaceae (Romero-Gonzalez 1999; Romero-Gon­ Brazil 1817-1818, promoted by K.W.L. von Metternich zalez etal. 2008). Raddi’s collections of Piperaceae on occasion of the marriage of the Austrian emperor’s and Zingiberaceae are currently under study, but daughter Maria Leopoldina with the Portuguese heir most of his other phanerogams and his cryptogams to the throne Dom Pedro de Braganca. Raddi was the still lay untouched. only Italian scientist of an eminent team of European naturalists including the Austrian zoologist J. Nat- Carlo Giuseppe Bertero (1789-1831) terer, the Austrian botanists H.W. Schott, J.B.E. Pohl, J.C. Mikan, and the Bavarian botanist C.F.P. von Bertero (Fig. 4) was a Piedmontese physician. In 1816, Martius (Isenburg 1989; Riedel-Dorn 2000; Schultz after he had studied Antilles Flora on herbarium speci­ 2015). Besides Brazil, Raddi collected in Madeira — mens in Paris, he left as a ship physician to the West on the way to Brazil — and later (1828-1829) in Egypt, Indies and Colombia. From then until 1821 he had vis­ on a French-Tuscan expedition along the Nile river. ited and collected plants in Guadeloupe, Saint Thomas, He died untimely in Rhodes on 6 September 1829 on Puerto Rico, Haiti, Colombia, and Jamaica. He sailed the way back from this expedition due to an infection back to Europe where he stayed until 1827, after which (Pichi Sermolli & Bizzarri 2005; Parrini 2008). His and under suggestion of Augustin Pyrame de Candolle herbarium is housed at Herbarium Horti Pisani, Uni­ of Geneva, he left for Chile, where he again obtained versity of Pisa (PI), with main sets of duplicates in the permission to practice medicine. He visited and col­ herbaria of the Museo di Storia Naturale of the Uni­ lected in Valparaiso, Santiago, Rancagua, Aconcagua,

44 SCI.DAN.B. 6 EARLY ITALIAN BOTANISTS IN THE TROPICS AND THE FATE OF CLASSICAL COLLECTIONS

Fig. 5. Odoardo Beccari (1843-1920). Portrait published as the frontispiece in the jounal Webbia 5 (1921), of which part one is dedicted to the life and work of O Beccari.

lessert, who kept them for Bertero, until his expected Fig. 4. Carlo Giuseppe Bertero (1789-1831). Engraving return to Europe. After Bertero’s and later Delessert’s from a drawing made in 1827, now at the Orto botanico passing away, the specimens were sold to E. Steudel dell-Universitå, Padova. Reproduced from Delprete etal. and C.F. Hochstetter and subsequently distributed to (2002); also in HI-IAPT Portraits of Botanists 1974a). several European herbaria (Delprete etal. 2002).

Odoardo Beccari (1843-1920) Quillota, and the Juan Fernandez archipelago. In 1830 he sailed to Tahiti, where he remained and collected un­ Beccari (Fig. 5) was a trained naturalist, born in Flor­ til he left for Valapariso on 9 April 1831. Unfortunately ence to a family with roots in the Chianti district of the small craft in which he was sailing on the way back Toscana and educated in Lucca, Pisa, and Bologna. to Chile never reached its destination, and the ship After his graduation, he spent some months at the must have perished with all and everything on board Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, where he met William somewhere in the South Pacific Ocean. Jackson and Joseph Dalton Hooker, Charles Darwin Bertero’s Chilean collections are included in L. and James Brooke, who was the first rajah of Sarawak, Colla’s herbarium at the University of Turin (TO) Borneo. In 1865 he undertook a journey to Borneo to­ and according to Munoz Schick (1999) some are in gether with his friend Marquis Giacomo Doria (Lo the herbarium of the Museo Nacional de Historia Priore 1921; Pichi Sermolli & van Steenis 1983; Pichi Natural in Santiago, Chile (SGO), while his Tahitian Sermolli 1982,1994)- After Doria’s homecoming Bec­ collections are in Paris (P). Nonetheless, about 15,000 cari remained for three years in Borneo, proving to be Chilean specimens were kept in Paris by Baron De- a talented explorer, an enthusiastic observer and a

45 RICCARDO MARIA BALDINI AND LIA PIGNOTTI SCI. DAN. B. 6

Luigi Sodiro (1836-1909)

Sodiro (Fig. 6) was an Italian Jesuit priest, born in Vi­ cenza in Veneto. He studied theology, philosophy, lan­ guages and natural sciences in Innsbruck, where he had the opportunity to learn botany from A. Kerner von Marilaun (Stafleu & Cowan 1985). Afterwards he moved to Ecuador, where he was appointed botany professor at the engineering school and at the univer­ sity of Quito, insofar succeeding the Scottish William Jameson in this position, and was charged with the foundation and direction of the first University Botan­ ic Garden in Quito (Briosi 1914). Large sets of his plant collections, mostly from the mountainous province of Quito, are located in several European and North American herbaria (Baldini & Guglielmone 2012) as well as in the herbarium of Instituto de Ciencias Natu­ rales, Universidad Central (Q) in Quito. A very good set of specimens, including types, is housed in the Herbario P. Luis Sodiro in Quito (QPLS), where it is attached to the Biblioteca Ecuatoriana Auirelio Espi­ Fig. 6. Luigi Sodiro (1836-1909). Lithograph after a pho­ tograph in Biblioteca dell’Orto botanico, Universitå di nosa Polit (Thiers continuously updated). Padova, here reproduced from Briosi (1914). Antonio Bertoloni (1775-1869) brilliant interpreter of nature as a whole (see his most Bertoloni (Fig. 7) was born in Sarzana in Liguria and famous travel account, Beccari 1902,1904). studied medicine in Pavia and Genova. In 1815 he After that, Beccari went to present-day Eritrea in baceame professor of botany at the University of Bo­ 1870 (Pichi Sermolli 1988) and was in 1871-1878 again logna. He is famous as the author of the first monu­ in Malaysia and travelled to New Guinea, Australia, mental, critical Italian flora, and he never collected in New Zealand, and Madagascar, which inspired him to the tropics, but he received and studied collections of a monumental work on the palms of that island (Bec­ tropical plants, for instance from Raddi. Bertoloni’s cari 1902). Beccari’s botanical collections are mainly tropical specimens (Hortus Siccus Exoticus, 11,000 housed in the Museo di Storia Naturale of the Univer­ specimens) are housed in the herbarium of the Istitu- sity in Florence (FI) and the herbarium of the Museo to ed Orto Botanico (BOLO) of the University of Bo­ Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria in Genova logna and still in need of a comprehensive study. The (GDOR), although scattered specimens also occur in collection includes, for instance, a set of specimens other European herbaria. The most renowned part of from Guatemala collected by the Mexican military of­ Beccari’s collections is definitely the Herbarium Pal­ ficer J. Velasquez, which was the basis for Bertoloni’s marum, housed in FI and still object of study by palm neglected Florula Guatimalensis (Bertoloni 1840; Baldini specialists from all over the world (Cuccuini & Nepi & Guglielmone 2012). We are used to considering a 2006). historical collection as the product of a Botanist, who was also the collector. It is not always so! The Florula Guatimalensis — together with the collection upon

46 SCI.DAN.B. 6 EARLY ITALIAN BOTANISTS IN THE TROPICS AND THE FATE OF CLASSICAL COLLECTIONS

Fig. 7. Antonio Bertoloni (1775-1869) — in full academic dress — photographed in 1865 when he was 90 years old. (HI-IAPT Portraits of Botanists 1974b).

Fig. 8. Watercolor plate of Polyclathracucumerina Bert. (Cu- curbitaceae) from Florula Guatimalensis (Bertoloni 1840). which Bertoloni based it — is probably one of the least known historical botanical works from the Neotrop­ ics (Fig. 8). Although a few critical studies of the con­ torical collections are crucial for the progress of trop­ tents and material behind the Florula Guatimalensis have ical botany (Baldini 2011) (Fig. 9). been done (Blake 1926; Duncan 1983; Cristofolini et As a matter of fact taxonomy stands out from oth­ al. 1987), a more comprehensive investigation is cur­ er scientific disciplines by relying to a large extent on rently underway by the first author of this paper in historical objects (historical type specimens and oth­ collaboration with the University of Bologna and er collections) and literature (diagnoses and descrip­ Mount Aloysius College (PA, USA). tions published in historical papers and mono­ graphs), which have maintained their reference value Historical Collections, Taxonomy and intact through centuries since Linnaeus or even be­ Biodiversity fore as background material (Pignotti etal. 2015). As a consequence, knowledge of historical sources and Poorly studied historical collections from the tropics, comparison of historical and modern texts are prob­ including the Italian examples cited above, still ‘hide’ ably more common in taxonomy than in any other new, undescribed taxa, as well as the type specimens scientific disciplines. In this regard the optional use of long ago described but neglected names. Or some­ of Latin introduced in the International Code of No­ times these collections contain the type specimens of menclature for algae, fungi and plants (Melbourne currently, widely used and/or misinterpreted names, Code) (McNeill etal. 2012) for the publication of new which can definitely be ‘stabilised’ by the reference to taxa from 1 January 2012 onwards is in our opinion their rediscovered type specimens. In this sense his- questionable. A Latin diagnosis — besides the Eng-

47 RICCARDO MARIA BALDINI AND LIA PIGNOTTI SCI. DAN. B. 6

Fig. g. Historical botanical collections as a tool in mod­ ern plant taxonomy research (modified from Baldini 2011).

lish description — would facilitate linguistic compari­ In the last half century research emphasis in biolo­ son between newly and formerly described species. gy has significantly shifted from herbarium based tax­ All botanists should remember that the progress of onomy to ecology and conservation, and in this con­ systematic botany cannot avoid the comparison be­ text historical specimens can provide important tween the the past and the present, including the ba­ information for interpreting the dramatic environ­ sic literature. mental changes that have taken place at a global scale, Most historical botanical collections from the directly as degradation and loss of habitats, or indi­ tropics were made in virgin habitats, currently re­ rectly as climate change induced by mankind (see So- duced or in some cases completely destroyed. These beron 2017; Feeley 2017). In order to be useful in this collections allow us to compare the past and present sense, historical collections need to be known or status of biodiversity in a specific area, with opera­ sometimes rediscovered, studied, and taxonomically tional implications in a broad sense. One example updated (Funk 2014). comes from the Italian botanists G. Raddi, G. Casa- Considering the importance of historical tropical retto and L. Buscalioni, who collected in the 19th cen­ collections for taxonomy and current biodiversity as­ tury in different parts of the Brazilian eastern Atlantic sessment, we wish to emphasize the following needs forest, which is now critically reduced and recognised for the future: as one of the world’s most important hotspots of i. Improvement of knowledge of classical collec­ plant biodiversity (Fig. 10) (Baldini & Guglielmone tions should be a major aim of the taxonomic 2012; Delprete 2016). community.

48 SCI.DAN.B. 6 EARLY ITALIAN BOTANISTS IN THE TROPICS AND THE FATE OF CLASSICAL COLLECTIONS

Fig. io. Biodiversity hot spots in the Neotropics visited by Italian botanists (from Baldini & Guglielmone 2012).

Tropic of Cancer

2. Training of taxonomists, particularly in tropical the digitization of type collections, which started countries, should cover the crucial importance of with African plants (African Plants Initiative (API)), classical collections for achieving a modern plant carried on with Latin American plants (Latin Ameri­ taxonomy, with correct use and nomenclatural can Plants Initiative (LAPI)) and finally widened to stability of names. include plants from all over the world. Digital imag­ 3. Free online networks of herbaria should be es and metadata of type specimens were captured further improved to promote access to historical from more than 270 institutions in 70 countries, data. thanks to funding from the Andrew W. Mellon Foun­ dation (http://about.jstor.org/news/global-plants- Fortunately, many praiseworthy initiatives have re­ initiative-and-jstor-release-online-database-study- cently been carried out, which go in this direction, plants). A second example is the Virtual Herbaria- offering new opportunities in the coming decades JACQ, — (http://herbarium.univie.ac.at/database/ (Wen etal. 2015). We mention here some significant index.php) an initiative started in 2005 in connec­ initiatives. One is the well-known Global Plants Ini­ tion with the API and managed at the university of tiative (GPI), Global Plants on JSTOR, devoted to Vienna, initially involving Austrian and a few Ger-

49 RICCARDO MARIA BALDINI AND LIA PIGNOTTI SCI. DAN. B. 6 man herbaria and by now including 15 European and Raddi. Atti Sodetå Toscana di Sdenze naturali, Memorie, Serie ii extra-European herbaria (http://herbarium.uni- B, 112:167-173. vie.ac.at/database/collections.htm). The system pro­ Baas, P. (2017). The Golden Age of Dutch colonial botany and its impact on garden and herbarium collections. vides a common online database for specimen stor­ Sdentia Danica, B (Biologica) 6: 53-61. age, with linked databases of literature references Baldini, R.M. (2010). Panicum maculatum Aubl.: Its type and and nomenclature and the possibility to access digi­ the correct use of Lasiads maculata (Aubl.) Urb. (Poace- tal images independently stored and managed by ae, Paniceae). Adansonia, ser.ß, 32(1): 109-119. each institution. By enabling international users to Baldini, R.M. (2011). The contribution of the Florentine have free and quick access to the botanical collec­ collections to the knowledge of the flora of Ethiopia tions through the search page (http://herbarium. and Eritrea. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis Symbolae Bototani- univie.ac.at/database/search.php), JACQ, gives a cae Upsaliensis 35(2): 161-171. Baldini, R.M. & Guglielmone, L. (2012). Historical botan­ substantial contribution to the fulfilment of the pur­ ical collections in Latin America: The Italian contribu­ poses here hoped for. tion in the XIV century. Webbia 67(1): 3-22. Of course many other platforms are available and Baldini, R.M. & Longhi Wagner, H.-M. (2006). Poaceae consulted by researchers around the World such as Raddianae: An updated nomenclatural and taxonomi­ https://science.mnhn. fr/institution/mnhn/ cal evaluation of G. Raddi’s Brazilian Poaceae. Taxon collection/p/item/search (Muséum National d’ His- 55(2): 469-482. toire Naturelle, Paris, France), http://www.tropicos. Beccari, O. (1902). Nelleforeste di Borneo. Viaggi e ricerche di un org/Home.aspx (Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Lou­ naturalista. Fratelli Alinari editori, Firenze. is, MO, USA), https://science.naturalis.nl/en/collec- Beccari, O. (1904). WanderingsintheGreatForestsofBorneo:Trav- els and Researches of a Naturalist in Sarawak. Translated by tion/naturalis-collections/botany/ (the botanical col­ Dr. Enrico H. Giglioli and revised and edited by F. H. lections of Naturalis consist of the herbaria from the H. Guillemard. Archibald Constable, London. Universities of Leiden, Utrecht and Wageningen, The Beentje, H. (2015). Science comes from collaboration and Netherlands; see also Welzen & Schollaardt 2017). communication: The Flora of Tropical East Africa as an The progress of scientific knowledge is based on example. Webbia 70(1): 171-179. communication, and this is also true for plant taxono­ Bertoloni, A. (1840). Florula Guatimalensis. Typographeo my and floristic studies (Beentje 2015). That’s why it is Richardi Masii, Bononiae [Bologna]. our duty to conserve and respect the huge work done Blake, S.F. (1926). Bertoloni’s Guatemalan Asteraceae. Bul­ letin oftheTorrey Botanical Club 53(4): 215-218. by our predecessors: it is a matter of intellectual hon­ Briosi, G. (1914). Cenno sopra Luigi Sodiro. Attidell’Istituto esty (Lane 1996; Wheeler etal. 2004). Botanico dell’Universia di Pavia, Ser. 2,14: III-XXI. Cristofolini, G., Conte, L. & Mossetti, U. (1987). Antonio Acknowledgements Bertoloni’s herbarium (Bologna), a rectification. Taxon 36(2): 405-407- The authors thank the Organizing Committee of the Cuccuini, P. & Nepi, C. (2006). The palms of Odoardo Symposium ‘Tropical Plant collections: legacies from Beccari. Quademi di Botanica ambientale e applicata 17(1): the past? Essential tools for the future?’ and in partic­ 5-251- ular Professors Ib Friis and Henrik Balslev for invit­ Delprete, P. (2016). Giovanni Casaretto: A short biography and his botanical collections in Brazil and Uruguay. ing one of us (RMB) to take part at their initiative in Phytotaxa 253(1): 27-47. Copenhagen. Delprete, P.G., Forneris, G. & Pistarino, A. (2002). Carlo Bertero (1789-1831) in the New World. Sida 20: 621- References 644. Duncan, T. (1983). Antonio Bertoloni’s herbarium and the Amadei, L., Baldini, R., Garbari, E, Maccioni, S. (2005). Florula Guatimalensis types. Taxon 32(2): 299-301. Herbarium Horti Pisani. I tipi delle specie di Giuseppe Feeley, K.J. (2016). Using herbarium collections and plot

50 SCI.DAN.B. 6 EARLY ITALIAN BOTANISTS IN THE TROPICS AND THE FATE OF CLASSICAL COLLECTIONS

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