APPENDIX A: SELECTED SaMOaN TITLEs aND TITLEHOLDERs (Sometimes preceded by ‘the’ unless linked to a personal name) Afamasaga An important title in the district of A’ana, on the western side of Upolu. Notably held by Afamasaga Maua (from c. 1900 to 1918) and then his younger brother, Afamasaga Toleafoa Lagolago (from 1919 to 1933) Malietoa One of the four paramount titles in Samoan genealogy, notably held by Malietoa Laupepa (from 1879 to 1898) and Malietoa Tanumafili I (from 1898 to 1939) Mata’afa One of the four paramount titles in Samoan genealogy held most notably by Mata’afa Iosefo from at least the early 1880s until his death in 1912 Mauga The High Chief of Pago Pago Bay in Tutuila’s Eastern District (American Samoa). Notably held by Mauga Moi Moi (from c. 1900 to 1934) and, after a period of indeterminacy, Mauga Sialega thereafter. The Mauga titleholder generally held the District Governorship of the Eastern District under US Naval rule Taisi An important title in the Tupua lineage, notably held by Ta’isi O.F. Nelson, a prominent figure in both Samoan and papalagi circles, from around 1918 until his death in 1944 Tamasese One of the four paramount titles in Samoan genealogy, held most notably by Tupua Tamasese Titimaea (from c. 1870 to 1891), Tupua Tamasese Lealofi I (from 1891 to 1915) and Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III (from 1918 to 1929) Toleafoa Like Afamasaga, an important title in the district of A’ana, on the western side of Upolu. Notably held by Toleafoa Lagolago (from c. 1910 to 1933) Tufele The High Chief of Fitiuta on eastern Ta’u Island in the Manu’a group (American Samoa). Notably held by Tufele Fa’atoia (from c. 1925) © The Author(s) 2019 261 B. Sacks, Cricket, Kirikiti and Imperialism in Samoa, 1879–1939, Palgrave Studies in Sport and Politics, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27268-5 262 APPENDIX A: SELECTED SAMOAN TITLES AND TITLEHOLDERS Tuitele The High Chief of Fofo ma Itulagi County in Tutuila’s Western District (American Samoa). Notably held by Tuitele Salatielu (from around c. 1915 to c. 1933), who was also a District Governor under the US Naval Administration APPENDIX B: SELECT FOREIGN OffICIaLs IN SaMOa American, British and German officials, c. 1879–1899 Brandeis, Eugen Premier in the German-backed Tamasese government of 1887–1888 Churchward, Acting British Consul, Mar 1882–Nov 1885 William B. Cusack-Smith, British Consul, May 1890–Jan 1895; Sep 1895–Mar 1898 T.B. Dawson, Thomas American Consul, 1878–c. 1882 M. Graves, John H. British Consul, Jul 1879–Mar 1882 Mahaffy, Arthur British official who held various positions in Oceania during the 1890s and 1900s. He visited Samoa during the mid-1890s Sewall, Harold American Consul, 1887–1890; 1891–1892 Stuebel, Oskar German Consul, 1883–1887; 1889–1891 Weber, Theodore Long-term manager of the Hamburg firm Godeffroy’s (later the DHPG) and German Consul 1870–1872; 1875–1880 Woodford, Acting British Consul, Jan–Sep 1895, later Resident Commissioner Charles M. of the British Solomon Islands Protectorate (1896–1915) Officials in German Samoa, 1900–1914 Schnee, Chief Justice, 1900–1901; Deputy Governor, 1900–1904 Heinrich Schultz, Erich Chief Justice, 1901–?; Deputy Governor, 1904–1911; Governor, 1911–1914 © The Author(s) 2019 263 B. Sacks, Cricket, Kirikiti and Imperialism in Samoa, 1879–1939, Palgrave Studies in Sport and Politics, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27268-5 264 APPENDIX B: SELECT FOREIGN OFFICIALS IN SAMOA Officials in German Samoa, 1900–1914 Solf, Wilhelm Governor, 1900–1911 (previously council chairman in provisional government of Apia, 1899–1900) Officials in US Naval Station Tutuila (later American Samoa), 1900–1939 Bryan, Henry F. Governor, Mar 1925–Sep 1927 Byington, Jr., M.B. Attorney General, c. 1936–c. 1937 Crose, William M. Governor, Nov 1910–Mar 1913 Evans, Waldo A. Governor, Nov 1920–Mar 1922 Graham, Stephen V. Governor, Sep 1927–Aug 1929 Gurr, Edwin W. Secretary of Native Affairs, 1900–1908 Hall, Sydney D. Secretary of Native Affairs, 1921–c. 1924 Lincoln, Gatewood S. Governor, Aug 1929–Mar 1931; Jul 1931–May 1932 Moore, Charles B.T. Governor, Jan 1905–May 1908 Poyer, John M. Governor, Mar 1915–Jun 1919 Sailor, H.A. Attorney General, c. 1935–c. 1936 Sebree, Uriel Commandant, Nov 1901–Dec 1902 Stearns, Clark D. Governor, Jul 1913–Oct 1914 Stronach, Alexander Secretary of Native Affairs, c. 1913–1918 Tilley, Benjamin F. Commandant, Feb 1900–Nov 1901 Underwood, Edmund B. Commandant/Governor, May 1903–Jan 1905 Officials in occupied German Samoa (1914–1920) and Western Samoa (1920–1939) Allen, Stephen S. Administrator, May 1928–Apr 1931 Hart, Herbert E. Administrator, Apr 1931–Jul 1935 Loftus Tottenham, Provost Marshall of Occupying Force, Judge in Department of Arthur G. Native Affairs (1914–1918) Logan, Robert Administrator, Aug 1914–Jan 1919 Richardson, George S. Administrator, Mar 1923–Apr 1928 Tate, Robert W. Administrator, Jan 1919–Mar 1923 Turnbull, Alfred C. Administrator, Jul 1935–1946 GLOssaRY ‘afakasi A Samoan transliteration of the English ‘half-caste’, but not nec- essarily with the same pejorative connotations. ‘aiga A family, referring to extended family, descent group and kinship as well as immediate family. aigofie A competitive fight between contestants using wooden clubs. aualuma A group comprising all the girls and women of the village (as distinct from those who ‘marry into’ the village). fa’a Samoa Literally ‘in the way of the Samoans’, the term denotes any activity done according to Samoan custom and tradition. faʻaʻai A ‘food fine’ paid by the loser of a game; more generally, the forced contributions of food given by the vanquished to the victorious party in a conflict. fa’afafine Literally ‘in the way of a woman’, someone who is male at birth but who takes on both male and overtly female gender traits. fa’amasino A judge or consul; in the context of kirikiti, an umpire. faiaoga In the context of kirikiti, a coach or leader of the team who nota- bly leads chanting and dancing in the field. faife’au A pastor or minister in a church. faipule Literally ‘to have authority’, the name given to a class of Samoan officials under various colonial governments. fale An inhabited house, typically of Samoan design and construction. © The Author(s) 2019 265 B. Sacks, Cricket, Kirikiti and Imperialism in Samoa, 1879–1939, Palgrave Studies in Sport and Politics, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27268-5 266 GLOSSARY fautasi A Samoan longboat—usually around eighty feet long and carry- ing fifty or so oarsmen—used for racing. The design was originally adapted from European rowing boats. feagaiga A covenant or sacred bond between two parties, often used to describe the relationship between brother and sister. fitafita (fita) Literally ‘very courageous’, the Fitafita Guard is a special unit the US Navy comprising Samoan men. Under American adminis- tration they performed a series of policing and defence roles. fono The governing council of a village comprising its constituent matai. fuaiala One division of a single village. ‘ie toga Usually translated as ‘fine mats’ in English. They are not truly ‘mats’, however, but rather finely plaited cloth of bleached fibres ­bordered with red feathers. They have ceremonial significance and were often given as gifts by travelling parties and at weddings. kava (also ‘ava) A narcotic drink prepared from the roots of the ‘ava plant (piper methisticum). In Samoa, the drink is reserved for ceremonial occasions and important guests. kirikiti The Samoan transliteration of cricket, used here to delineate between cricket fa’a Samoa and the English form of the game. lape To sit and wish bad luck to an opposing party in the game of tagati’a. lotu A praying system or religion, later synonymous with ‘church’. malae The central gathering place of a village; an open space in front of the main fale of the village where social gatherings—including sports— take place. malaga The act of visiting; a travelling party. malo The conquering party in a conflict; a government. matai The head of an extended family (‘aiga) who holds a title bestowed by the ‘aiga. Their responsibilities include overseeing the family’s land and property. Mau Literally ‘to be firm’ or to hold a firm opinion; usually refers to the Mau a Pule movement against German rule and—more frequently— the anti-colonial O le Mau movement that challenged the American and particularly New Zealand administrations in the 1920s and 1930s. nu’u The basic political unit in Samoan life, comprising members of dif- ferent ‘aiga living in proximity to each other; a village. papalagi A foreigner, technically any non-Samoan person but usually describing someone of European or ‘white’ heritage. Equivalent of the term pākeha in Aotearoa/New Zealand. pate A wooden bat in kirikiti. Glossary 267 polo A ball, in kirikiti made from congealed raw rubber. poula A ‘night dance’, particularly the dancing that took place after the formal ceremonies that accompanied the arrival of a malaga party. It served as a means for unmarried men and women from different vil- lages to meet each other. Missionaries prohibited it because of its sexual content. pulenu’u Literally ‘village authority’, an appointed official under various colonial administrations who was the colonial administration’s repre- sentative in the village; a ‘village mayor’. seuga lupe A customary Samoan pastime, typically practised by matai, in which pigeons were hunted using decoy birds and nets. Entire nu’u could be mobilised as part of the festivities. siva A dance accompanied by song, or less frequently the song itself. tagati’a A customary Samoan game in which participants threw a wooden ‘stick’ (the ti’a) and glanced it off a smooth ramp to impart maximum distance.