17
Aurangabad is situated on the Khaa rlvar, in Lattitud* 19° 53* 59" North and Longltuda 75^22* W6" East. tt» city stands in the beutiful TBilejr of the Dudhna, betwean the Laicanvara ranga on the North and tha Sattara hills on the South. So there era uplands to the North and lovlands stretched to the South. The ralla/ is about 10 miles wide and is open towards the East. On the West, the northern range deflects and curres in towards the citjr. Aurangabad has therefore very uneTen ground and is in the fom of a parallelo* gram. The greatest length being 2i miles diagonally from ME to SW and the breadth 1i miles trcm Nroth to South. Tha oircnaiftrenca slightly exceeds 6 miles. Aurangabad is 1700 to 1900 fert above sea level.
Aurangabad has mostly been a capital place, ever since Malik Amber, the Prime ciinister of Hurtaza Klsam Shah 11, built it in 1603 and lived in it. In the writings of 8hri Chakradhar,]6 there are the early references of "katak** of Deegiri. In his work called **Lela Charitra", Khadki (old name of village Khadki, which Uter on 1 was named as Aurangabad), *s the "Katak" of Deogiri, ^ich place Is now called as Daulatabad.
In the beginning, Khadki, now know as Aurangabad, was the katak of lieogiri (i.e. Daulatabad). With Malik Amber tap camping in Khadki in 1603, it became his chief city. From 1603 till 1725f it remained as a capital place and again from 19^ till today, it has beecme once more a capital place, now the capital of Harathwada. 18
-I-
The history of Aunrngabad it ^T* jrears old. Till 19>f8, thli plaot had been undar Muslim rul«. It vas after tha pollea action of 1^^, h/ tha Qovemment of Inaia, that tha state of Byderahad was brought undar th« tinlon Oov< maant. Later, in 1956» the State of Hyderabad vas dinsemberad and Aurangabad becaae tha capital of tha newly foriaad Marathwada, now included In the State of Maharashtra. Marathwada is In ar«a one-flfth of Maharashtra. The Mlsaa dynasty was tha laat of tha Muslla dynasty which ruled this region. Ever since the foundation of the city of Aurangabad, it had mostly been a capital place, except during the liizaa rule, when Kisaa-ul-Mulic, in 17^5* transferred his capital froa Aurangabad to Hyderabad.
Tha first Muslim who Invaded the Oeccan was Alaud-din-Khlljl. It was the year 1295> Raja RaadaT waa th^n ruling tha Deecan. Ha was defeated by Alaud-din-4\hlljl. Till then tha Inhabitants of tha i^eccan, had m'V9T heard of tha Mualias. So Raja RamdeT was completely taken by surprise whan he \ma suddenly attacked by Alauddln-Khiljl, in 1295 A.D. After defeating Haja RamdeT, Alaud«din looted the fort of Deogtrl (i.e. DauUtabad). The enormous wealth taken away by Alaud^in is mentioied by tha historian Ferlshta. Thus Muslim rule 1 in the Decoan started since 1295 A.D. Raja Ramdev continued to rule under titt Mualim invaders, till 1310. After Alaud-din*s death in 1316 A.D., hla son Kutub-ud-dln Mubarak Shah suecaadad him. The history of Aurangabad starts with the rule of Malik Amber, because, Aurangabad first came under the control of tha Muslims, during 19 hl« tloe. In the /ear 1603* Malik Aaber defeated hit rival, Mian Baju and had hiaself proclai»ed as the sinister, in chief of the kingdois, and the viceroy of Deogiri (i.e. Daulatabad), which was the stronghold of the ladavas. MaliK Anber was then the PrisM Minister of Murtasa iiisam Shah 11. In I60^>, Malik Aaber founded 3 the eitjr of Khadki. It was then a soMill village, situated on a rock/ ground. Perhaps Khadaki neans rocks^derives froa this roek/ ground. The village Ood Khadkeshwar stands on the fomer village boundar/. It can be said that the naoie of the village ease to be called after the name of the Ood Khadkeshwar. The village Ood Khadkeshwar is even toda/ an important place of worship for the Hindus. Malik AMber Bade /^hadki his capital cit/ and erected a nuaber of handsale places, aosques and public buildings. Bis ara/ personnel built their dwellings around the village. He used the services of the Marathac chiefs in resisting the enoroaohaents of the Muslias, in the Deccan. He was the first chief to develop the powers of the Marathas. It was with Malik Aaber*s help that Shahaji Bhonsle, Shlvaji*s father laid the foundation of the Maratha £apire. Malik Aaber was a great statesaan as well as a gimeral. Uf had perfected revenue settleaent for which work he is called as the Todanml of 5 the Deccan. He also successful!/ protected Kisaa rule in Alawdnager, froa the aggressi(»i of the Mughals. Malik Aaber^and his wife's toab is at Kttltabad, 8 ailes near Aurangabad. Even toda/, Malik Aaber is reaeaberd for the beutiful buildings built b/ hia. Bhadkal gate, Naukonda pia palace. Kali Masjid and J\iaaa Masjid near Aakhas aaidan, o were built b/ hia. Under Malik Aaber*s care the place of Khadki gradually expanded and b/ 1620, khadki turned into a prosperous, populous and iaposing city. In 1621, it was ravaged and burnt down 20 7 bjr £ai|>«ror Shah Jahan. After Hallic Amber's death In 1626, hia aon Fat«h Khan vas appointed as the Prlae iilnlater of hXzta Shah. Ba renamed Khadki as fat^tmagar (also called as Fatehabad). In I636, with tha and of the hlsaa rule In Ahaednagar, fatehnagar fell in tha hands of the Hughals, and Aurangseb oaac to 119« in it as tha SuUtiadar (i.e. the chief) of his fathar Shahajahan. Aurangas^ further ra- naaed Fatahnagar aa Aurangabad. In ro/al records, Aurangabad was aentionad as "Khujista Bunlyad" naaning *tha foundatloa of graatnassf. Aurangasab continued Khadid. or Fatehnagar as his capital| but to stamp his ro/al iapression, he changed the name of tha place and •ver since it is known as Aurangabad.
yihti Aurangaseb got hioaelf crowned as the Emperor of India, he appointed Khan JTahan iiahadur as the Vlceroj of the i)eccan. From 1688 onwards, Aurangabad often became a atai^ of conflict, now bet ween the Imparial troops and the ravolting Prince r^azsam, or thm ambitious, brave and advancing Harathas. In 1682, tharafora, bjr order of the Emperor, Khan Jahan Bahadur kmllt a dtj wall, to pro tect the city from the guerrilla attacks of the Marathaa. The wall has a total length of six miles. In 1698, ha aractad a ndt similar 8 fortified wall for the locality of Bcgumpura, a suburb in Aurangabad. During his stay in Aurangabad, Aurangasab brcwight about a number of changes in the city. He built in 1692 a citadel for hia use and named it as Ulla Arc. The big lake of water near Kile Arc, was con verted by him into an open land. He also had tha city well fortified. The outer olty wall has thirteen entrances, of which many are still 9 in use. Aurangaseb stayed in the i>eccan and uard Aurangabad as his capital place. From here he fought the mar With the death of Aumngaxeb In 1707t the Delhi sovereignty of the Mughals ceased; and the city th^n caae under the rule of the Mlzam dynasty. In 17^0, Nlaan-ul-MuU established his Asafla dynasty and In 1725» transferred his capital frcm Aurangabad to Hyderabad. The Ulsaa state In the Deccan oanaged to reaaln as a small Huslln entity In India, as socially, culturally and also politically alien froa the rest ot the territory In India. In hen India became Independent In 1^7t the Indian gorcrnoent Inltlt ted a process of Integration of the various Independent princely itates. Only three states surrlTed th» process of Integration, thou|;h of course, they Wrre oast Into a new aould. In their relatlonshl]) with the centre. The three states wer Tbe Idea of intftgrating the Yarioua ati^taa and bringing tbaoi under % one central political authority OBH be aaid to be a n«w political df^veloiment. Even though aany preTloua rulera tried it, on account of geographical barriers, they did not aucceed. Aa the conquerors turned their back tha governors revolted and beoaae Inde pendent. The Mamthas had aany opportunities to expand their terri tory by annexing toima they had conquered. It was not impossible for thea to do so. In the four iaportant vara fought between ti» Marathas and the Muslias, - Sindkhed (1757), Udgir (1760), Rakshasbh- uwan (1763), and lOiarda (17^5),- the Marathas had defeated the Nizaa. iiut instead of annexing th^se territories to their kixigdoa, they were satisfied in extracting heavy tributes from the Misaa. The idea of annexing the Marathi speaking regions also never oocured to the Mai^tha Princes. They preferred to keep the atatus qpto and extinct heavy tributes from the Nisaa, rattier than aake a whole political unity of Marathl speaking pt'ople. Perhaps, this was because the Marathas wanted acmey to defeat the eneay in the Ksatk North. During the Nixaa rule of the Aaafia dynasty, the Mindu-Muslla relations had become strained. The ^isaa rula had encouraged Muslia coBMunitics. Hindus were disorlainated against in the field of jobs. 12 Hindu temples, basars and houses used to be looted and set on fire. Schools for providing instructions in aother tongue wer^ not allowed to be opened,Urdu, as acdiua of instruction was forced upon the students. Hindus were denied iaportant positions of high rank in governaent offices. The heavy repression of the govemsiental autho rities had inflicted untold sufferings CMI the ocMaiafHi people. Arson and loot were becoaing frequent pbenoocna. The incident of coomunal 23 riot in Bldar, th« itronghold of Ittvhad-uI-MutalJieen, shofved th« •xtont to ifhloh the Hlndu-NusUa rvlations had strained. The Ittehed- ul'Muealoern « the cawuunal-cujB'-poiiiical organisation of the MUillas was alloved to propound the theory of Anal-haq for the ifuslias. According to this theory, the Huslivs were the aasters and the non- Muslims, my only hirelings. itTben Sir Akisar Haidari hecane thB Priae Minster of Hyderabad State, people hoped that peace and good will would preTail in thi^ region. But contrary to this expectation, he only added in the unrest of the people:. In 1938, he restricted the freedoa of assembly. Such restrictions on CITII rights, ftirthar strained the Hindu-Muslla relations. In addition to these hardships lif the govemaent, further in Deceotiaer 1936, banned Vande Mataraa. Students were not alloved to sing Vande Mataraa, in the c^aania University, as also in the Goreernaent Intermediate College, at Auran- gabad. In return, the students refused to sing the eustomary song in praise of the Isafla dynasty. It was compulsory to sing this song in chorus before the classes consaenoed. It meant pledging loyalty 15 to the Asafia dynasty. The students resented it and began singing Vande Mataraa, the national anthea. The gorernaent was equally stubborn. Students were arrested in large number and severely puni shed. The V&nde Mataraa moveaent explains the bitterness on the part of th« Hindus. On this backgrou^, the Hindus started in October 1938* 16 the lihagnagar struggle, to fight for establishing religlr^us, economic and political rights of the Hindus, so depressed under the Msaa*s 17 rule in the state of Hyderabad. Thus it can be said that the Nisam rule, struck a loud note of discord in the Hindu-Muslim relations, which ultimately resulted in the polioe action in 19^, by the Oorem- ment of India, forcing the Nisam to completely surrender to the Indian Oovernment. 24 -II- g^m^mkhjimmmjiit' Thooih Auranga&ad has a najorltjr of Marathi apeaidfig p^pla, It appaart oulturaLljr dlflbrant frcai tha rast of Maharaatitra. Feopla here are attracted toi«ards tha city of Hyderabad, Jh^at aa tha rest of tha people of Mahajmshtra are pulled towards tha city of Poona. Tha long contact with tha Huslias, itos left well raeognlzabla laiprlnts on the whole of this region of Harathwada* Aurangabad has a fair shart of those laiprlnts. The liaprlnts are aewi in tha pecu liarly different architectural designs of buildings, and in tha high arched gateways and the city wall, which is short in height and is terraced and pierced with 13 entrances. The city is crowded with mosques, toabs and kabars. The white colour of tha buildings is so conspicuous that oi^a feels as if the whole city is clad with a white apparel. Besides ti:^ external Inpaet, there is also a deeper Influence seen in tha social and cultural life of the people. The accent and Intonatlcfi of language show the afreet of cultural contact of tha people with the Huslims. One flniis here a bUnd of Urdu, Harathi and Telugu culture. Moat of tha original realdents of this city can converse at ease, both in Urdu as also in Marathi. Both Urdu and Marathi httye influenoed each other. Besides these two langiiages, many understand Tf'lugu too. i •ag«r •jrea stealthll/ glancing out, the laviah use of Urdu vorda in conTeraation, a feeling of attacinaent for the eity of Hjrderahad» the mingling of Tarlous caatea and aeeta during the *urua*, the •nawaa' to the plr, the greater nuaber of moaqiaea, (thera are aa aiany aa 600 aoaquea while there are 100 tenplea), and this la In- aplte of tha fact that aajorlty of the people In Aurangabad are Hlndua,- all auch nuaberleaa Itema ap«aK of the long and deep lapaet of Muslin cultura on Aurangabad. fiortlcultura la ex ea^peelalljr a Mughal contribution; ao the gardena fom q^lte a reaax^cable feature of the elt/, Thej produce acMie of tha fine at frulta of the Deo can. The houaea of nobleoen generally had quadrangular encloaurea containing gardena, tanks, open aqueducts and fountains laid out In the most eostljr a»nner. But most of these arc now In ruins. There Is sooMthlng Terr pecu- 19 liar about the location of the gardens. Gardening Is In the back 20 jrard, even ante If there Is ample space In the fr The Mughal Influence is seen in the use of gaz^enlng space, for rearing beautiful flowers and In designing the gardMis. The art of horticulture is highly deyelqped. iJut hardly anyone goea in for growing Tegetablea, mhy lAuit may be called as kitchen gardening. Even if enough,apace is not availaole, earth«i po/ts are uaed and 28 a tld/ littl« garden is arranged. Rosea, parijat, gulmobar, flow ering creapers, a<:>gra, jasvanti, chaofli, are the favouurlte flower plants. Architecture draws one*8 attrition. The white washed tmildings in the city sp«ak voluoes about the Musliai iopaet* The architecture is tjrpicall/ Mughal in character. Aurangabad is a fortified city. The city wall has thirta The houses are low roofed. Mostly wood and antd are utilized in the construction work. The ground floor was not used for human dwelling. It is very dark and one finds it difficult to see the passage and the stair-cases leading to Uie upper floor. The entrance only suggests that there are winding passages, leading to the interior. Cto the right or left side, is construoted a stair ease. It is yery steep and narrow. On climbing it, on right or left are two rery low doors opening into the Inside of the houses. One wing belongs to the ladies. Scmetiaies, the door to the ladies section opens on a small wall, which has Uie purpose of shutting out the view of the interior. This is because of the Muslim custom of keeping the women of the house, unseen by the male members and any strangers who might 27 cooe into tha house. TinB wing for th« nale meabarg Is (|uit« opan and easy for acoass. In fornar days, the ground floor anatt have baen usad for keeping dosesticatad anlisals. Kov* as the population Is Increasing« this area Is also being occupied for residential pur poses. Almost eTery Musllsi house opens on a curtain- a big Jute curtain, or a chaddar or atl«ast a saraa, used as a curtain to ob struct male ayes directly peeping Into the Interior. In case there la no curtain, atleast a small wall Is built, right Infront of the door, to serre the purpose of a curtain. Because of this typical Muslla style of houses, Hindus do not prefer to live as twiants of Husllas, If there are any. It Is usually due to unavoidable circum stances. Another KUSIIA architectural design, la the dawdl. It eerras- ponds In sooe respects to the vada of the Hindus. Pewdl Is like a tiny fortress. It has OTOB huge entrance gate aada of t#ood. The gatf Is treaendous In slsc. It Is always locked vLtb t^avy Iron chain and only a small rectangular opening, just enough to let a bending man enter. Is kept In a comer of the big door. A thick high wall, surrounds the entire area of dewdl, rising upto the first floor. It Is so high and so thick, that It Is slsqply Impossible for anyone to Imagine the design of the hcusa and the life Inside. In the high thick walls, there are fery small, barrad windows, through which The plan of the oit/ shows man/ lanes leading to dead wids. The/ look like big colonies closed b/ a single huge gatewa/ and Gorered on all sides b/ Ter/ high walls. If the gate is shut, there is no entrance to the lane. Inside, on either side are low single storied and rarel/ two storied houses. If one enters,die could walk in through all houses, without the help of the rtMtd below, because some rows of houses are so constructed, that if nec€>ssar/, (xie ma/ pass through the doors on the first floor. In times of emergenc/, the gates ma/ be closed, for safet/. The gatf s have sp<^ed proji^ctions so sharp, close and thick, that it is Impoasibit to open it b/ dash ing force full/ against it. During the Mughal rule, when elephants were? used for warfare, it was but natural to have constzuoted such hear/ gates, unbreakable rven b/ these huge animals. The dead* endlanes with gates, are therefore defence deTlces. This design of construction was imitated b/ man/ settlers - in Aurangabad > aujratis, Mar^mris, Bohras, the trading consunities of Aurangabad. In the heart of the city man/ such dead-end-lane colonies are still 29 •xistlng. «ij[uite a f«v houses in such lanes ar« now baing ranoratad, while so«a hauaas ara in dilapadatad condition. Ttaa spokan language particularlx shows tr«aendous influence of Urdu. In ever/ day apeech, Urdu words are uaed laviahlj, like, dasti, najakat; aijas; akhbar^ barala; adab^ salaM;>ar'ete. Till the integration of Marathwada with Maharaahtra, Urdu waa tte state language of the fonser U/derabad atatc, and it was made coapulaorjr by the Mughal rulers, who aacte it Uta only aediua of oonnmieacion and learning, and livelihood. Urdu therefore influenced the people 80 ouch that acre than the Urdu-speaking Muslias, the Hindus used it to batter advantage and learned to take greater interest in its literature. Even todajr, in th«! *inMhi/ara*, Hindus are present in large numbers and the/ appreciate Urdu poetr/. Cne can sea with vhat enthusiasm, people hare talk Urdu. In their reminiseant mood, the/ do confes: that the/ have greater attachment for H/darabad, than for Maharashtra. A feeling of being naglactad still hangs on their minds. That is wh/ the/ feel k hurt whan the/ are referred to as bel -III- Tbe effect of contact with the Muslims is seen ver/ obvious 1/ in the caae of the Kayaathas, who have been in the eloseat contact with the Muallm rulers. Many eminent Kayastha families followed the firat Misam into the Deocan, employed aa aeeretaries, pa/masters, clerks etc., to the Imperial forcNia. They are often classed aa Rajputs, but are of mixed origin. The Kayaathas are learned men. They therefore occupied high adminiatrative positions, in the Mu(^al 30 court. Since th«lr aconoalc status depended upon the ruler's plea sure, tl^ey alwajrs took cere to please thea; hence their close ccm- tact with the ruling class, sntde thea adopt laany HUB lis customs. For exaaple may i3« laientioned the custaa of * dastarkhin*, the white purdah worn by the woaen folk, segregation of the sexes In all public celebrations. Illiteracy of wottcn, the proficiency In Urdu language, the wearing of sherwonl and kurta and ruml tepl (the court dress accepted by the Huslla rulers). The Rajputs were fora»rly exaployed In garrlscm and Hill forts. Their constant contact with the Husllas has brought sooe ^tusllm customs. The womc^n folk wear a dupatLa, or a sheet which coTrrs 29 their whole oody. It is not uncoamon to find (me branch of the Rajputs, (originally i^eshpandos), possessing the Muslla faith, to which It was converted lu the tlae of Aurangaseb, while the other branch possessed the Hindu faith. This is a result of the policy of conversion to Muslin faith, carried on during the/iiilik of Aurangaseb. Earlier than the period of Aurangaseb too, conversicms did take place In the l^ecsan. Husllas had converted many Hindus to to their faith. The ghiya revolt of 13^7* headed by the Pathan leader, Hasan Oangu, had laid the foundation of Muslia Independence 30 In the 0eccen. Many of the ^hiyas were converted Hindus. The Kayasthas wrrt living in large nuabers In Aurang^bad and also In AiabacJi and Palthan lalukas. They are eaployfd as writers 31 or practice as pleaders. Now there are vtry few families in Aursnga- bad. Many have settUd in U/derat^d. Th*lr migration from Auranga- bad to Hyderabad may be explained as due to their attachment for that city and for thrir desirf^ to be atiU in contact with the once ruling community of the Muslims. 31 Llk0 tho Kajrasthas or the Rajputs, the Deshoukh Marathas have also been influenced by the ^'tusllias. They too, have adopted the purdah ayatnm for their woaen folk, who move about, covered in white cloth. Thf mark of l4uslim culture has been impressed on the life and appearance of its cities more indelibly than anywhere else. There is a spt^clal look to a Huslia city- **conposed of a tan gle of blocks, badly ventilated by a labyrinth of twisted alleys and dark courts, low houses f^ndUssly broken up along their little courtyards. There is the noisy bazar, contrasted with the silf'nt residential districts." Zslem belirves in kreping wmsen vaili^d and and segregated. Henoe the need of city life. The city thcrt^fore must be a military fortress, and hence is al\rays a walled and wf^ll protected area of social and religious life. In Aurangabad, the locality of Begumpura, residential area of w(»ien folk of royal families, during the Muslim rule, is a fortified subrub walled on all sides. The walls have entrance gates which in those days used to be guarded by sentries. Fundamentally, Islam is hostile to luxurious dwellings snd luxurious life, as these are consiciered as symbols of pride and arrogance; changes are gradually creeping in because of the influence of the Western culture and also because of the spread of education. There are hardly any recreatio al centres in Aurangabad. The only recrtaticm is going to movie;^, or seeing the historical monu ments, which are scattered around the city in abundance. Bc'cause of the historicel monuments in and around Aurangabad this city is an important tourist centre, and attracts tourists from all over the vcocld. The world-famous caves of Ajanta and Bllora are at a distance of 6^ and l8 miles respectively, from Aurangabad. Another important 32 placr^ of historical laportance and of tourist Interest Is Blbl-Ka- Maqbara, a aansoltum, erected In 1660, In meaor/ of/Sa/wlff? Rabla Duranl. It Is a rf^pllca of tti€ famous la J Mahal at Agra. Panchakkl, or the vateralll vas used In the dajrs of Malik Amber for grinding floor. The Panchakkl also has a shrine of Baba Shah Musaffar Shah who was a Muslim saint and the religious preceptor of Aurangazeb. At Khuldabad, a village near Aurangabad lies the tomb of Aurangaxeb. The tomb is plain and tmpretentlous. I>auljitabad or Deoglrl Is nine miles NW of Aurangrbad, on the way to the lUora cavra. This place is famous for the fort situated on a single" and Isolated cave^shaped hill, and Is 80 feet high. Aurangabad also contains the ruins of many buildings, old palaces and mosques. There are also twelve Buddhist caves about two miles to the north of the oltjr. Adjacent to these caves is now situated thr University of Marathwada. Other means of recreation are gossiping or spending time at 8c»e friend*s place, sitting there • for hours. TaHdng aimlessly and laaying away time is a common hobby. Ta living for a long time is taken as a gesture of friendliness. This, most of the people can do, not because they can afford it, but because they have been brought up in feudal style, where wofk is not c(^sldered so important as to plan it out carefully in terms of time. There are no social clubs in the city worth mentioning, except the Sneh Vikas Mandal and the Lalit Kala Mandal« exempt Of these, the Sneh Vikas Mandal gradually became lifeless; and all efforts to bring it back to life were of no avail. It was started by a group of persons from Hydera bad. People in Aurangr bad dlu not take initiative in keeping it 33 active, and so these atsociations, established after the disintegra^ tion of Hyderabad state, heTc now become life-less. Lack of social and cultural activities is a aark of Hualia wajr of life. All that they do is offer prayers, if aales, both at hosie and in the nosciiies and if females, prayers are offered only at hoae. Because of lack of social and cultural activities, aany Muslim wooen take th( oppor- ttinity of going out of their houses, to visit gardens, or accompany a sick person to the hospital, and otik the oceasioo of th» urus, participate in it, and if their purse allows t^iea see a movie from the ladies section a special arrangement provided in almost ell theatres, except two theatres which are recently built in the city. Comparatively Hindu women enjoy more freedom. They can mix freely in society during religious functions like the festival seasons of Chaturmas, Mahalaxmi festival, Diwali, Jatras and Melas, marriage ceremonies, or visit temples etc. Muslim women dk> not get such opportunities. They evc^n are not allowed to visit mosque, though quran allows it. They have no clubs for social get-together. Ri>cently ladies have started forming small associations but they are still rsther small in sise, activities and numberst anci also they are of the Hindu commntty, (Xily since last few years, lady students of schools and colleges hive started taking active part in sports. Even today, it is rare to find ladies al th«^re with yt Illng babies and children. Mostly Muslla ladies use the Iadi« 8 section for seeing ttie mories. It provides thra soae opportunity of seeing the world around thea, which otherwlsf is shut by the custota of purdah* In the field of education too, the Muslims have rMiained behind. &inc€ the Nisaa stayed in Hyderabad, he took interest In dercloping his capital. He nrver cared for the developaent of Marathvtda. Educttion was thus ouch neglected. In his regiise, Urdu was aade the medium of instructiixi. 80 in the early stages, the tiindus were in a way handicapped. There was, besides, only on^ ooll Under the Nisaa rule, trmeAom of thought and expression was ouch curbed, though in other ttati,ers, the goTemment assuowd an attitiade of non-interference, as in relation, to social custo«s and private personal life. 7his laay explain » XAiring Id and Diwali, it is a custom esj^ecially in the business communities, to send 'tohfa* (i.e. good will gifts), as a token of good relatiomships. Fraa mingling in the business circles is a common feature, which suggests the cordiality in business matters. It was 3 8 only when the Razakar aovenent startsdt that bittenttes: tinged the cordiality ana in its place, en;£mity, suspiaion and hatred, ruled the hearts of the Hindus. The outcoae of this feeling was the eaer- gence of the separate region of xMarathvaaa, in 1956, with Aurangabad as its capital place, attached to the nainly Harathi speaking state of Haharashtra. It is iaportent to note that this city had not witn<»8s«d any cotuffiunal riot since its long past until 1968. The only exception was that of the reactionary aovement of the Raxakars before the Poller Action of 19^8. It is necessary to aention that the Razakar elenent was not indigeneous; it was purposefully introduced for poli tical/ reasons in the former state of Hyderabad. This historical city of Aurangtbad, looked into by itself gives a clear picture of quiet, settled and peaceful social life. For the first tiae It wit nessed a eootiimal riot on the 6th of June, 1968, which was said to be due to a bitter personal row between two individuals. After the quarrel a few days lapsed. In ShahaganJ, there is a baker's shop, the owner of t)» shop is a Msulia. When tm had gone hone for Uinch, a wondering cow (stray cattle is a coauon scene on the roads in Aurangabad) attempted to grab scMie eatables frcua the baker*s shop. So the baker's serrant happened to slightly hurt the cow with the knife in his hand, angrily trying to ^ drive her away. This incident of hurting the cow, turned out to be the iasMidiate cause for sparking a cooauoal riot. It began in a pred<»iinantly Muslia area of Shahaganj, A few shops were burnt and a ffw looted. The riot was brought under control within a few hours of its outijurstx and did not thertfore create a very grave situation. It did nc^t disturb the life of ths whole olty. During the riot, soae Hindu and Huslia citisens also 37 pertonally went around In th« riot-striken ar«a and calned down the angr/ alements. HoweTer, the instanca of the riot haa injected a srnse of bitterness in th« ainds of the Hindus and the Muslias. Nov, the town planning sohemc, industrial development plans and the increased interest in developing this still backward region, is gradually changing the face of this place. In 1>7^, a violent demon stration by the students of Marathwada, particularly of Aurangabad, had brought to the notice of the Maharashtra goT«^msent, the dissatis faction of the people of Harathwada, as a result of what thsy felt to be the step-«otherly attitude of th« gov&maent. In this student agi tation, iiindu students actively participated, and arranged for deaon- stretions, a^etings and aorchas, deaanding attention of the %m govrrn- sent for developing this regicm speedily, and for that purpose asking for broad-gusge railway for I4arathw&da, establishaent of industries for absorbing labour here, and giving it a due place in the develop ment plans. Kow the Marai-hwBda Developaent Corporation has been esta blished. Twin Aurangebad is speedily coming up. A few five star hotels have been built, the Chikalthana civil aerodrome is being developed, quite a few industrials have t^en set up. Rec«i>ntly, the city has received a Kadio staticm to meet the cultural and educational needs of the people, long denied to them. Changes, thus, in different dirtctiMfis are gradually tailing shape. It is bound to show a new picture of Aurangabad. In a decaOe or two, Aurangabad of today, may slowly wipe out its fcaudal origin and may have a new, sophisticated apperance. Just now, Aurangabad is on the threshold of this change. 38 i tulpulG &.G«y i.«el& Chfti*it7E (Hftffttlsl)i Simelier HFt^bthf^ 'MMuif tmmtf 1966, p,aa m& p.35. i •^Kst&lc*' also m^uB a eity. 6 Ifeii* ¥©l* II, p»58a. 2 life Int. i>^6r«f4® 8 lUssJu^n •* 11 msm • ** ia rJteJrfli©!* * 13 !i^iiiui3a& * or tt9m mtrm^mt B^s* 9 1^ If are ncm ^loeked* the rtfimlalng ere still ^ mts^* H^ msmti »f t^ «atiM»ettS ^ewr tli* imrnt* 10 xt4a»» p,St% 11 iaoport of tlj«r ^t&Us Ee^orgiiai:;)^tioii Comie^Uni {'nblieetims 39 Popular Frekashan, Bctal^yt 196?- p*112« 16 ^^Bhaganai^f^ lis ti^ ol^ a^m of £^«»i^4. IB tl^ i^»a@t of M«^lij& (mll$i3P» on ^i» SSodne BM ti^ m»Umin^ It i& eoliil^rated lijr ^ti^ tkm MlMns «» veil as %im ir .••^