DOCSLIB.ORG

S5 P210/1 African National Movements and New States

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
S5 P210/1 African National Movements and New States S5 P210/1 AFRICAN NATIONAL MOVEMENTS AND NEW STATES READ, COPY AND RESEARCH ON THE QUESTIONS IN THE PACKAGE This work is for term 1 and 2 A level History Syllabus P210/1 AFRICAN NATIONAL MOVEMENTS AND NEW STATES OBJECTIVES: 1. Understand and identify National movements, which led to the New States in Africa. 2. Understand and develop sympathy in various efforts being made to overcome problems on African continent. 3. To stimulate discussion by use of history case studies selected from different parts of Africa. S.5 TERM I 1. Meaning of African Nationalism 2. Background of African Nationalism 3. Characteristics of African Nationalism 4. Factors for the growth of African Nationalism 5. The Colonial policies in the Decolonisation 6. Italo-Ethiopian crisis 1935-1941: - Background - Causes of the crisis - Reasons for defeat of Ethiopia in 1936 - Effects on Ethiopia - Effects on African nationalism - Reasons for defeat of Italy in 1941 - Emperor Haille Selassie 7. The Second World War 1939-1945 in growth of African Nationalism 8. Atlantic Charter 1941 in the in growth of African Nationalism 9. The Brazzaville conference 1944 in the Decolonisation of Africa 10. The role of ex-servicemen in rise of African Nationalism 11. The role of UNO in growth of African Nationalism 12. The super powers in the Decolonisation S.5 TERM 2 1. Role of Education/ African Elites in the Decolonisation of Africa 2. The political parties in the decolonisation of Africa 3. Asian nationalism in the growth of African Nationalism 4. Indian independence in the growth of African Nationalism 5. The Egyptian Revolution 1952: - Background - Causes of the Revolution - Reasons for the success of Revolution - Effects on Egypt - Effects on African nationalism 6. Suez Canal crisis: Background -Causes of the Nationalisation of the Suez Canal - Effects of the Nationalisation of the Suez Canal - Causes and effects of Suez Canal crisis - Abdel Nasser Ghammal 7. Ghana’s independence in 1957 in the Decolonisation of Africa: - Background - Causes of the Revolution - Reasons for the success of Revolution - Effects on Ghana - Effects on African nationalism 8. Pan Africanism in the growth of African Nationalism: Aims and objectives, factors for development, Achievements and failures - Manchester conference 1945 -Accra conference 1958 9. OAU: Aims and objectives, Achievements and failures 10. Non-Alignment policy/ Bandung conference 1955: Aims and objectives, Achievements and failures, why it is still useful. 11. The Mau-Mau rebellion 1952-1960: Causes, effects, failures, role of Kenyatta and KANU S 5 TERM 3 1. Malagasy Uprising 1947: Causes, effects, failure 2. Algeria Revolution 1954: Causes, effects, success of the revolution, Ben Bella 3. Rwanda Revolution 1959: Causes, effects 4. Rwanda Re-invasion 1990-1994: Causes, effects 5. The Zanzibar Revolution 1964: Causes, effects, success of the revolution, John Okello 6. Libyan Revolution 1969: Causes, effects, success of the revolution, Gaddafi Muammar 7. Ethiopian Revolution 1974: Causes, effects, success of the revolution, Mariam Mengistu 8. African culture : effects of colonialism on culture, revival, African writers in revival of culture 9. Neo- Colonialism: Manifestations, effects, solutions 10. Interstate conflicts: Causes, effects, solutions 11. Military coups in Africa: Causes, effects - Uganda coup 1971: Amin, Economic war/ Expulsion of Asians in 1972 - Ghana coup 1966 - Ghana coup 1972 - Nigeria coup 1966 - Zaire coup 1965 - Algeria coup 1965 - Liberian coup 1980 - Etc.(some revolutions were military coups as well) S 6 TERM 1 1. Social-economic problems: - Famine : causes, effects, solutions - Corruption : causes, effects, solutions - Unemployment : causes, effects, solutions - Poverty : causes, effects, solutions - Refugee crisis : causes, effects, solutions - Rural-urban migration : causes, effects, solutions - Population explosion : causes, effects, solutions - Foreign Aid : Roles, problems 2. African unity - East African Attempted Federation : causes and failure - Central African Federation 1953-1963: reasons for formation, effects, why took long, collapse - French West African Federation : reasons for formation, effects, collapse - East African community 1967-1977 : Aims and objectives, reasons for formation, Achievements and failures - Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) : Aims and objectives, reasons for formation, Achievements and failures - COMESA : Aims and objectives, reasons for formation, Achievements and failures - SADC : Aims and objectives, reasons for formation, Achievements and failures - Preferential Trade Area (PTA) : Aims and objectives, reasons for formation, Achievements and failures - African Union (AU) - Etc. 3. Political Party System: Definition, Types, Reasons for, Advantages and Disadvantages of Multi-Party system. Reasons for, Advantages and Disadvantages of Single Party system. 4. African Socialism : Aims and objectives, reasons for adoption, Achievements and failures , key features of African Socialism - Tanzania Socialism /Ujamaa policy/Arusha Declaration 1967: Background, Aims and objectives, reasons for adoption, Achievements and failures , Nyerere - Uganda Common man’s Charter 1969: Aims and objectives, reasons for adoption, Achievements and failures, Obote - Harambee Philosophy 1963: Aims and objectives, reasons for adoption, Achievements and failures - Guinea Conakry under Sekou Toure: Aims and objectives, reasons for adoption, Achievements and failures 5. Capitalism ideology: strength and weakness 6. Wars of liberation: - Portuguese colonies: Angola , Mozambique, Guinea Bissau - Morocco and Tunisia liberation S 6 TERM 2 1. South Africa liberation war : - Background of Apartheid African reaction to Apartheid - Impact of Apartheid - Success of independence struggle - Role of OAU in Decolonisation of South of Africa - Role of UNO in Decolonisation of South of Africa - Role of the Front line states in Decolonisation of South of Africa - Role of Nelson Mandela in Decolonisation of South of Africa 2. Namibia liberation: - Background of Namibia - Reasons for the struggle - Effects of liberation - Reasons for delayed independence - Success of independence war - Sam Nujoma 3. Zimbabwe liberation: - Background of Zimbabwe - Why UDI was launched in Zimbabwe - Impact of UDI - Delayed independence - Success of war - Robert Mugabe 4. Western Sahara (POLISARIO) Background ,Reasons for the struggle, Effects, Reasons for delayed independence, Success of independence war 5. Uganda war of liberation 1978-1979: Background of Namibia - Reasons for the struggle - Effects of liberation - Role of UNLF 6. Civil wars and Secession wars: causes, effects, failure - Katanga crisis 1960-1963 - Nigeria civil war (Biafra) 1967-1970 - Buganda crisis 1966 - Chadian civil war 1965 - Sudan civil war - South Sudan civil war - Somalia civil war - Eritrea civil war - Instability in the Horn of Africa - Angola civil war - Mozambique civil war - Etc. S 6 TERM 3 REVISION AND DISCUSSIONS NB: Check your notes and hand-outs to find out what is missing and not clear. Use summary and questions to revise. How to present a good essay A good essay or presentation must be a logical sequence presentation i.e. it should or must have an introduction, body and the conclusion 1. An introduction An introduction is the precise information in the 1st paragraph of the essay that briefly talks about the item or topic in the question before presenting the guist of the entire essay It is the opening remark of the essay. It sets the tone of the question It gives the reader the sense of direction It gives the impression and therefore determines the mark essay can fetch For the questions that requires the stand point the stand point should be presented first in the introduction before it is reflected in the body and the conclusion An essay without a corresponding introduction is a fairly good essay and fetches a maximum of 15 marks How to introduce an essay Identify the main topic or sub-theme or subject of the question Give brief definitions of the major concepts or sub-theme in the question For an event with a clear time frame, (period when an event occurred) give the available information like dates and years in the introduction. It is necessary to mention key parties i.e. countries, powers, and personality, in an event where they exist. For questions about achievements or failures of a concept, idea or an organisation whose aims and objectives are clear, show awareness of the aims and objectives by mentioning at least one or two in the introduction. State a clear standpoint in the introduction for a question that requires it. Note: An introduction is not a summary of the points to be presented in the essay. It must therefore, be brief and precise. It should be about 5-7 lines. 2. The body The body comprises the relevant points presented, well stated, explained, illustrated and linked to the question. It is important that you start every paragraph with the point, well linked to the question i.e. present a paragraph point. Avoid starting your paragraphs with such words and phrases like first and foremost, also, to begin with, to add on the above, as if that is not enough, I am still coming, etcetera. Such phrases may bias the examiner. Use very simple English when explaining your points; avoid complicated vocabularies and slangs. Where possible, give an example for every point you present. Examples may range from dates and years of historical events, places of events, parties involved in the events i.e. countries,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Institutional Legacy of African Independence Movements∗
    The Institutional Legacy of African Independence Movements∗ Leonard Wantchekon† Omar García-Ponce‡ This draft: September 2011 Abstract We show that current cross-country differences in levels of democracy in Africa originate in most part from the nature of independence movements. We find that countries that experienced anti- colonial "rural insurgencies" (e.g., Cameroon and Kenya) tend to have autocratic regimes, while those that experienced "urban insurgencies" (e.g., Senegal and Ghana) tend to have democratic institutions. We provide evidence for causality of this relationship by using terrain ruggedness as an instrument for rural insurgency and by performing a number of falsification tests. Finally, we find that urban social movements against colonial rule facilitated post-Cold War democratization by generating more inclusive governments and stronger civil societies during the Cold War. More generally, our results indicate that democratization in Africa may result from the legacy of historical events, specifically from the forms of political dissent under colonial rule. ∗We are grateful to Karen Ferree, Elisabeth Fink, Romain Houssa, David Lake, Nathan Nunn, Kaare Strom, David Stasavage, Devesh Tiwari, and seminar participants at Georgetown, UCSD, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Univer- sity of Namur, Université de Toulouse, and APSA Annual Meeting 2011 for helpful comments and suggestions. Excellent research assistance was provided by Nami Patel, Laura Roberts, Rachel Shapiro, Jennifer Velasquez, and Camilla White.The usual caveat applies. †Department of Politics, Princeton University. [email protected] ‡Department of Politics, New York University. [email protected] 1 1Introduction Modernization theory remains one of the most intense and open research questions in the social sciences.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chair of the African Union
    Th e Chair of the African Union What prospect for institutionalisation? THE EVOLVING PHENOMENA of the Pan-African organisation to react timeously to OF THE CHAIR continental and international events. Th e Moroccan delegation asserted that when an event occurred on the Th e chair of the Pan-African organisation is one position international scene, member states could fail to react as that can be scrutinised and defi ned with diffi culty. Its they would give priority to their national concerns, or real political and institutional signifi cance can only be would make a diff erent assessment of such continental appraised through a historical analysis because it is an and international events, the reason being that, con- institution that has evolved and acquired its current trary to the United Nations, the OAU did not have any shape and weight through practical engagements. Th e permanent representatives that could be convened at any expansion of the powers of the chairperson is the result time to make a timely decision on a given situation.2 of a process dating back to the era of the Organisation of Th e delegation from Sierra Leone, a former member African Unity (OAU) and continuing under the African of the Monrovia group, considered the hypothesis of Union (AU). the loss of powers of the chairperson3 by alluding to the Indeed, the desirability or otherwise of creating eff ect of the possible political fragility of the continent on a chair position had been debated among members the so-called chair function. since the creation of the Pan-African organisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Initial Measures of New Regime. President Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, While on a Visit to Communist China, Was Deposed on Feb
    Keesing's Record of World Events (formerly Keesing's Contemporary Archives), Volume 12, March, 1966 Ghana, Page 21273 © 1931-2006 Keesing's Worldwide, LLC - All Rights Reserved. Initial Measures of New Regime. President Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, while on a visit to Communist China, was deposed on Feb. 24 as the result of swift action in an Army coup which established in power a National Liberation Council led by Major-General Joseph A. Ankrah, the former Chief of Defence Staff of the Army. In the early hours of Feb. 24 units of the Ghanaian Army occupied key installations in Accra and the other principal towns and attacked President Nkrumah's presidential guard of about 200 men at Flagstaff House, the President's strongly fortified palace in Accra; many of the guard surrendered by 11 a.m. and were arrested, but others continued to resist until the following day. One of the coup leaders, Brigadier A. K. Ocran [see below], said on March 7 that the action had been carried out by two brigades totalling 3,000 men, and that no more than 27 persons had lost their lives, including seven members of the Army and between 10 and 20 presidential guards at Flagstaff House. Among those killed was Major-General Charles M. Barwah, the Deputy Chief of Staff. The leader of the military action, Colonel Emmanuel Kwashie Kotoka (the commander of the 2nd Army Brigade stationed in Kumasi) announced in a broadcast on Feb. 24: “The myth surrounding Kwame Nkrumah has been broken.” President Nkrumah and all his Ministers, Colonel Kotoka stated, had been dismissed, his Convention People's Party (C.P.P.) declared illegal, and Parliament dissolved.
    [Show full text]
  • The Clove Tree of Madagascar : a Success Story with an Unpredictable
    BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2014, N° 320 (2) SYZYGIUM AROMATICUM / FORUM 83 Pascal Danthu1, 2, 9 Eric Penot3, 2 The clove tree of Madagascar : Karen Mahafaka Ranoarisoa4 Jean Chrysostôme Rakotondravelo4 a success story with Isabelle Michel5 Marine Tiollier5 Thierry Michels6 an unpredictable future Fréderic Normand6 Gaylor Razafimamonjison2, 4, 7 Fanja Fawbush4 Michel Jahiel2, 7, 8 1 Cirad UR 105 Bsef 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5 France 2 Cirad DP Forêts et Biodiversité BP 853, Antananarivo Madagascar 3 Cirad UMR Innovations BP 853, Antananarivo Madagascar 4 École Supérieure des Sciences Agronomique Université d’Antananarivo BP 175, Antananarivo Madagascar 5 Montpellier Supagro Institut des Régions Chaudes UMR Innovation 1101 avenue d’Agropolis BP 5098 34093 Montpellier Cedex 05 France 6 Cirad UR HortSys Station de Bassin Plat, BP 180 97455 Saint-Pierre Cedex France 7 Centre Technique Horticole de Tamatave BP 11, Tamatave Madagascar 8 Cirad UR HortSys BP 11, Tamatave Madagascar 9 Cirad Direction régionale à Madagascar BP 853, Antananarivo Madagascar Photo 1. Young clove trees near Tamatave. Photograph P. Danthu. BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2014, N° 320 (2) P. Danthu, E. Penot, K. M. Ranoarisoa, 84 FORUM / SYZYGIUM AROMATICUM J. C. Rakotondravelo, I. Michel, M. Tiollier, T. Michels, F. Normand, G. Razafimamonjison, F. Fawbush, M. Jahiel RÉSUMÉ ABSTRACT RESUMEN LE GIROFLIER DE MADAGASCAR : THE CLOVE TREE OF MADAGASCAR: A SUCCESS EL CLAVERO DE MADAGASCAR: UNE INTRODUCTION RÉUSSIE, STORY WITH AN UNPREDICTABLE FUTURE UNA INTRODUCCIÓN EXITOSA, UN AVENIR À CONSTRUIRE UN FUTURO POR CONSTRUIR Introduit à Madagascar au début du 19e siècle, The clove tree was introduced to Madagascar El clavero, introducido en Madagascar a princi- le giroflier est originaire des îles Moluques en from the Maluku Islands in Indonesia at the pios del s.
    [Show full text]
  • Architects from Socialist Countries in Ghana (1957–67): Modern Architecture and Mondialisation
    4 74 December 2015 Architects from Social- ist Countries in Ghana (1957–67) Figure 1 Vic Adegbite (chief architect), Jacek Chyrosz (design architect), Stanisław Rymaszewski (design architect), International Trade Fair, Accra, 1967 (photo by Jacek Chyrosz, 1967; Jacek Chyrosz Archive, Warsaw; courtesy of Jacek Chyrosz). This content downloaded from 23.235.32.0 on Thu, 3 Dec 2015 04:27:30 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Architects from Socialist Countries in Ghana (1957– 67): Modern Architecture and Mondialisation łukasz stanek University of Manchester hen seen from Labadi Road, the buildings of were employed by the GNCC on a contract with Polservice, Accra’s International Trade Fair (ITF) appear the so-called central agency of foreign trade, which mediated W among abandoned billboards, scarce trees that the export of labor from socialist Poland.4 At the GNCC, offer shade to resting taxi drivers, and tables where coconuts, they worked together with Ghanaian architects and foreign bottled water, sweets, and telephone cards are sold next to the professionals, many from socialist countries. road.1 The buildings neighbor the La settlement, where streets This collaboration reflected the alliance of Nkrumah’s meander between houses, shops, bars, schools, and shrines, government with socialist countries, which was demon- while on the other side of Labadi Road, at the seashore, a luxuri- strated at the fair by the exhibitions of Czechoslovakia, the ous housing estate is under construction next to upscale hotels German Democratic Republic (GDR), Hungary, and Poland that overlook Labadi Beach. Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana’s leader (Figure 3). At the same time, the Ankrah administration used after the country achieved independence (1957), initiated the the fair to facilitate Ghana’s reopening toward the West.
    [Show full text]
  • Democracies Waging Counterinsurgency in a Foreign Context: the Past and Present
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-2015 Democracies Waging Counterinsurgency in a Foreign Context: The Past and Present Scott J. Winslow Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Winslow, Scott J., "Democracies Waging Counterinsurgency in a Foreign Context: The Past and Present" (2015). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 4475. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4475 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DEMOCRACIES WAGING WAR IN A FOREIGN CONTEXT: THE PAST AND PRESENT by Scott J. Winslow A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in Political Science Approved: ________________________ _______________________ Dr. Veronica Ward Dr. Jeannie Johnson Major Professor Committee Member ________________________ ________________________ Dr. Abdulkafi Albirini Dr. Mark McLellan Committee Member Vice President for Research and Dean of the School of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2015 ii Copyright © Scott Winslow 2015 All Right Reserved iii ABSTRACT Democracies Waging Counterinsurgency in a Foreign Context: The Past and Present by Scott J. Winslow, Master of Arts Utah State University, 2015 Major Professor: Dr. Veronica Ward Department: Political Science Why have Western democracies been successful in conducting external counterinsurgency operations in the past and unsuccessful recently? This thesis conducts a comparison between two successful past interventions, and a recent unsuccessful one using three variable groupings.
    [Show full text]
  • Mau Mau Crucible of War: Statehood, National Identity and Politics in Postcolonial Kenya
    Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2014 Mau Mau crucible of war: Statehood, national identity and politics in postcolonial Kenya Nicholas Kariuki Githuku Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Githuku, Nicholas Kariuki, "Mau Mau crucible of war: Statehood, national identity and politics in postcolonial Kenya" (2014). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 5677. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/5677 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MAU MAU CRUCIBLE OF WAR: STATEHOOD, NATIONAL IDENTITY AND POLITICS IN POSTCOLONIAL KENYA by Nicholas Kariuki Githuku Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Approved by Dr. Robert Maxon, Committee Chairperson Dr. Joseph Hodge Dr. Robert Blobaum Dr. Jeremia Njeru Dr. Tamba M’bayo Department of History Morgantown, West Virginia 2014 Keywords: war, statehood, stateness, security, mentalité, national identity, psychosociological anxieties Copyright 2014 Nicholas Kariuki Githuku Abstract The postcolonial African state has been the subject of extensive study and scrutiny by various scholars of great repute such as Colin Legum, Crawford Young, Robert H.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Final Reginald M.J. Oduor Justifying Non-Violent Civil
    Justifying Non-Violent Civil Disobedience within the Kenyan Context: A Moral Perspective 21 Justifying Non-Violent Civil Disobedience within the Kenyan Context: A Moral Perspective Reginald M.J. Oduor Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies University of Nairobi, Kenya [email protected] Thought and Practice: A Journal of the Philosophical Association of Kenya (PAK) New Series, Vol.3 No.1, June 2011, pp.21-59 [email protected] http://ajol.info/index.php/tp/index Abstract This paper employs the critical and analytical techniques of philosophical reflection to present a moral justification for the use of non-violent civil disobedience by Kenyan citizens in pursuit of their aspirations. It sets out with a brief review of political disobedience in Kenya from the advent of the British invasion and domination of the country in the late nineteenth century to the present. Next, it examines the nature of non-violent civil disobedience, outlining the views of four of its most influential advocates, namely, Étienne de La Boétie, 22 Reginald M.J. Oduor Henry David Thoreau, Mohandas Karmachand Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr. It then offers a moral justification for non-violent civil disobedience by presenting nine arguments in its favour, with special reference to the Kenyan context. Thereafter, it answers six objections to non-violent civil disobedience. The paper concludes that it is high time that Kenyans gave serious consideration to a commitment to non-violent civil disobedience. Key Words. Civil disobedience, moral justification, violence, Kenya 1. Introduction Since political life is about competing interests, dissent is part and parcel of it.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mau Mau: Myths and Misrepresentations in US News Media, London School of Economics Undergraduate Political Review, 4(1), 27-42
    Silvia Hernandez Benito (2021), The Mau Mau: Myths and Misrepresentations in US News Media, London School of Economics Undergraduate Political Review, 4(1), 27-42 The Mau Mau: Myths and Misrepresentations in US News Media Silvia Hernandez Benito1 1American University, [email protected] Abstract The purpose of this research is to analyze the meanings and ideas evoked by discourses on Africa and the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya in The New York Times (NYT) in order to demonstrate structural biases and operating frameworks that perpetuate negative attitudes towards Africa by representing Africa as synonymous with terror, hopelessness, and conflict. These representations are perpetrated by stereotypes and myths, the four Structural Media biases, and colonial discourses. These biases, in turn, make it difficult to present news from Africa in ways that counter stereotypical ideas. This research paper provides the case of media coverage of the Mau Mau movement in 1950s Kenya, which focused on discrediting the movement by representing them as terrorists, a criminal enterprise, and with links to communism, while never properly explaining the movement. Elite United States (US) newspapers saw national liberation movements as products of the communist influence that threatened US interests post-World War II. This analysis utilizes a methodology rooted in genealogical media approaches, media and post-colonialist theory, structural media framework biases, and African political thought. Such trends help visualize representations of the Mau Mau Uprising and Africa as continuous, while advancing the claim that US news media prioritized the delegitimization of the Mau Mau Uprising. The implications of these representations are the shifting behavior and cultural attitudes towards Africa, and more specifically Kenya.
    [Show full text]
  • Myths and Realities of Minimum Force in British Counterinsurgency Doctrine and Practice
    Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2013-03 MYTHS AND REALITIES OF MINIMUM FORCE IN BRITISH COUNTERINSURGENCY DOCTRINE AND PRACTICE Boer, Christopher B. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/32796 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS MYTHS AND REALITIES OF MINIMUM FORCE IN BRITISH COUNTERINSURGENCY DOCTRINE AND PRACTICE by Christopher B. Boer March 2013 Thesis Advisor: Douglas Porch Second Reader: Arturo Sotomayor Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704–0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202–4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704–0188) Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED March 2013 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS MYTHS AND REALITIES OF MINIMUM FORCE IN BRITISH COUNTERINSURGENCY DOCTRINE AND PRACTICE 6. AUTHOR(S) Christopher B. Boer 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943–5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Returns to Public Agricultural Spending in the Cocoa and Noncocoa Subsectors of Ghana
    RETURNS TO PUBLIC AGRICULTURAL SPENDING IN THE COCOA AND NONCOCOA SUBSECTORS OF GHANA Samuel Benin ([email protected]) International Food Policy Research Institute Paper submitted for the The Annual Bank Conference on Africa Berkeley, California June 5 – 6, 2017 The Challenges and Opportunities of Transforming African Agriculture 1 RETURNS TO PUBLIC AGRICULTURAL SPENDING IN THE COCOA AND NONCOCOA SUBSECTORS OF GHANA ABSTRACT Using public expenditure and agricultural production data on Ghana from 1961 to 2012, this paper assesses the returns to public spending in the agricultural sector, taking into consideration expenditures on agriculture as a whole and then separately for expenditures in the cocoa versus the noncocoa subsectors. Different regression methods and related diagnostic tests are used to address potential endogeneity of agricultural expenditure, cross- subsector dependence of the production function error terms, and within-subsector serial correlation of the error terms. The estimated elasticities are then used to calculate the rate of return to expenditures in the sector as a whole and within the two subsectors. The elasticity of land productivity with respect to total agricultural expenditure is estimated at 0.33–0.34. For the noncocoa subsector, the estimated elasticity is 0.66–0.81. And in the cocoa subsector, it is 0.36–0.43. The returns to total agricultural expenditure are estimated at 82–84 percent for the aggregate analysis. For the disaggregated sectorial analysis, the returns to expenditure in the noncocoa subsector are estimated at 437–524 percent, whereas the returns to expenditure in the cocoa subsector are estimated at 11–14 percent. Implications are discussed for raising overall productivity of expenditure in the sector, as well as for further studies.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles the Red Star State
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles The Red Star State: State-Capitalism, Socialism, and Black Internationalism in Ghana, 1957-1966 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Kwadwo Osei-Opare © Copyright by Kwadwo Osei-Opare The Red Star State: State-Capitalism, Socialism, and Black Internationalism in Ghana, 1957-1966 by Kwadwo Osei-Opare Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Los Angeles, 2019 Professor Andrew Apter, Chair The Red Star State charts a new history of global capitalism and socialism in relation to Ghana and Ghana’s first postcolonial leader, Kwame Nkrumah. By tracing how Soviet connections shaped Ghana’s post-colonial economic ideologies, its Pan-African program, and its modalities of citizenship, this dissertation contradicts literature that portrays African leaders as misguided political-economic theorists, ideologically inconsistent, or ignorant Marxist-Leninists. Rather, I argue that Nkrumah and Ghana’s postcolonial government actively formed new political economic ideologies by drawing from Lenin’s state-capitalist framework and the Soviet Economic Policy (NEP) to reconcile capitalist policies under a decolonial socialist umbrella. Moreover, I investigate how ordinary Africans—the working poor, party members, local and cabinet-level government officials, economic planners, and the informal sector—grappled with ii and reshaped the state’s role and duty to its citizens, conceptions of race, Ghana’s place within the Cold War, state-capitalism, and the functions of state-corporations. Consequently, The Red Star State attends both to the intricacies of local politics while tracing how global ideas and conceptions of socialism, citizenship, governmentality, capitalism, and decolonization impacted the first independent sub-Saharan African state.
    [Show full text]