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Water Management in Relation to Sdgs and National Guidance

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Water Management in Relation to Sdgs and National Guidance Veera Niemi Water management in relation to SDGs and national guidance in a low-income country Case study Devchuli, Nepal Department of geography and geology, University of Turku Master’s thesis (30 op) 05.03.2021 Instructors: Jukka Käyhkö (University of Turku) & Jarkko Karjalainen ja Varpu Vasko (WaterFinns) Abstract: UNIVERSITY OF TURKU Department of geography and geology VEERA NIEMI: Water management in relation to SDGs and national guidance in a low- income country - Case study Devchuli, Nepal Thesis, 51 pages + 44 attachment pages. Geography March 2021 Nepal is a lower middle-income country that has agreed to reach the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the United Nations (UN) by 2030. In terms of water management, this means providing all the inhabitants of Nepal a safe and affordable water management. Currently some of the rural areas of the country have difficulties in providing good quality of water supply. This research examines the sustainability of Devchuli municipality water management and through that seeks to understand if the SDGs are still reachable by 2030. The research will also consider the impacts of current practises of information sharing in relation to development sustainability. The research was done by conducting nine semi-structured interviews and using thematic coding to analyze the content of those. The interviews revealed that various water management operators had quite different levels of information sharing and emphasis on the guidelines. But all operators highlighted the importance of public and community participation in planning of the water management and implementation. Also, ownership and preparedness for risks were seen as important parts of water management. Overall, Devchuli water management requires a comprehensive investigation on which areas are still without water management and which methods of water supply could be most functional in those areas. There should also be wide scale testing of the water quality in the municipality to find out if some sources need actions of protection or for example water purification systems. Lastly, to achieve financial sustainability and increase resilience, the wards and WUSCs need to start collecting tariffs with a small percentage to cover operation and maintenance but also to repair the damages caused by disasters. Through many collaborative actions can Devchuli become more organized and resilient in terms of water management and provide a safe water supply for all citizens. Keywords: Sustainable development, water supply, information sharing, water management, resilience, disaster preparedness 1 Content Acronyms 3 1 Background 3 2 Objectives 5 3 Theory and Concepts 6 4 Research area 10 5 Material and methods 14 6 Results 17 6. 1 Finnish Nepal WASH experts 23 6.2 International WASH organization expert (WaterAid) 24 6.3 National WASH specialists 27 6.4 Devchuli municipality representatives 29 6.5 Ward leaders in water management 31 6.6 WUSC leaders in the villages 33 7 Discussion 35 8 Conclusion 43 Acknowledgements 46 Literature 46 Attachments 52 Annex 1: List of the used SDG targets 52 Annex 2: Interview 1: Technical advisor for Far West water management projects 53 Annex 3: Interview 2: Expert in development politics, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland 59 Annex 4: Interview 3: Water supply expert, WaterAid Nepal 65 Annex 5: Interview 4: Water User Committee Chairperson 71 Annex 6: Interview 5: Water User Committee manager 73 Annex 7: Interview 6: Chief Administrative Officer of Devachuli Municipality 76 Annex 8: Interview 7: Ward Chairperson, Ward no. 9, Devchuli Municipality 82 Annex 9: Interview 8: Chairperson of FEDWASUN 87 Annex 10: Interview 9: Senior Engineer, Ministry of Infrastructure Development, Gandaki Province 91 2 Acronyms DWSS Department of Water Supply and Sewerage HRBA Human Rights Based Approach INGO International Non-Government Organization LAPA Local Adaptation Plan for Action LSGA Local Self Governance Act NDWQS National Drinking Water Quality Standard NGO Non-Government Organization RVWRMP Rural Village Water Resource Management Project SDG Sustainable Development Goal UN United Nations UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change VMW Village Management Worker WASH Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene WUSC Water User and Sanitation Committee WSP Water Safety Plan 1 Background Nepal is a developing country that in some areas faces shortage in water and lacks efficient ways to secure the safety of drinking water. Even though the water quantity is efficient in most areas throughout the year, the quality generates challenges. In addition, Nepal is prone to various natural hazards such as earthquakes, floods and mudslides that can all destroy water sources and systems. Even on a small scale, those can cause damage to water infrastructure and interrupt water supply. While climate change proceeds, those natural hazards could occur more often (National Climate Change Impact Survey 2016). Because of such development, preparation and resilience building is necessary. Moreover, the damages that various hazards cause in developing countries have increased (Srinivasan et al. 2009: 27). Different conflicts and natural hazards have amplified the migration rates which drives many people to live in even more vulnerable conditions where the preparedness for a hazard is almost impossible. The reason for migration can also be related to economy and work, or lessened natural resources such as water on some areas. In the worst case, migration from these conditions to better ones can take years. During that time the people living in temporary shelters face an increase in vulnerability (Srinivasan et al. 2009: 27). In this type of setting clean water is a key factor in prevention of crowded basic services and health problems such as cholera epidemies (Blanchet et al. 2017). To help countries build resilience with development, the United Nations (UN) has created Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to guide the development of countries in many 3 different stages (The 17 Goals s.a.). SDGs as well as all the relevant concepts that appear in this chapter have been explained more thoroughly in the chapter 3 Theory and Concepts. From all the SDGs, Nepal has gathered the relevant targets to best serve the country’s current stage of development. Many of these SDG targets have synergies with water management (Pradhan et al. 2017), which is why this research cannot only focus on water but also on equality, climate change, culture and sustainable planning of the infrastructure. These themes are also visible in the SDGs 5: Gender equality, 6: Clean water and sanitation, 10: Reduced inequalities, 11: Sustainable cities and communities and 13: Climate action. Based on the national legislation and SDGs, Nepal has gathered a series of national WASH (Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene) plans to provide tools and methods for adding future resilience (National Water Plan 2005; Sanitation and hygiene master plan 2011; National Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Policy 2014). WASH sector plans are the documents that provide all of Nepal with directions for sanitation and water provision. This guidance is then alternatively implemented in the municipalities, water user committees and households. Municipalities have an especially large responsibility in water management due to their mandate to provide safe water for all the inhabitants. Finland has been working in Nepal through different development cooperation projects since 1983 (Finland’s development collaboration… s.a.). The main points of focus of the Finnish development policy are: 1)Strengthening the status and rights of women and girls, with an emphasis on sexual and reproductive health and rights. 2)Strengthening the economic base of developing countries and creating jobs, with an emphasis on innovations and the role of women in the economy and female entrepreneurship. 3)Education, well-functioning societies and democracy, with an emphasis on high-quality education, improved tax systems and support for democracy and the rule of law. 4)Climate change and natural resources, with an emphasis on strengthening adaptation alongside mitigation of climate change, food security and water, meteorology and disaster risk prevention, forests and safeguarding biodiversity (Goals and principles of Finland’s development policy s.a.). Finland is one of the countries that has also agreed to reach the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 and there have also been bilateral projects in between Nepal and Finland to promote that goal. As one of the Finnish development organizations, WaterFinns has been working in Nepal to help the municipalities and villages to implement guidance and improve water management. This thesis research is part of an ongoing project ”Sustainable water supply and capacity building in Devchuli municipality, Nepal (2019- 2020)”. The target of this project is to improve water safety and quality and also to help local government self-maintain the water supplies and systems. This project, focused on Devchuli municipality, is an extension to Finland’s NAPA WASH (Nawalparasi and Palpa Districts Sustainable Water Supply and Sanitation) project in Nepal in 2014-2016 and is therefore referred to as NAPA WASH 2 in some of the interviews. 4 Finland has been implementing foreign development assistance for tens of years. For example, it consists of different country strategies for development cooperation which are specific to each collaboration country (Country Strategy for Development
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