Index

A CHA, 5, 13, 16, 89, 93, 95, 109, 111, Ahn Jung-geun, 34, 90, 273, 277 112, 114–116, 124, 162, 175, memorial hall of, 4, 90, 273 178, 191–193, 200, 203, 234, 297 Plaza, 90 Changdeokgung Palace, 54, 63, 64, architectural landscape, 1, 6, 84 93, 126, 163, 166, 266, 267 armed confict, 8 Changgyeonggung Palace, 54, 63, The Association of Korean History 64, 91, 95, 266, 267. See also Teachers. See TAKHT Changgyeongwon Park Changgyeongwon Park, 63 Cheonggyecheon Creek, 70, 195, B 202, 215 Baekbeom Plaza, 90 Cheorwon, 298 Bakmunsa Temple, 14, 80, 82, 271, Chidosaeop, 216 274, 281, 285 Chun Doo-hwan, 91, 105, 119, 122, Battleship Island, 299 145, 173, 176, 228, 263 Bonjeong, 71, 80, 82, 97, 217, City Improvements Planning, 63 286 cityscape, 1, 27, 84 Bumingwan, 14, 81, 272, 276, 278, City Wall Processing Committee, The, 281, 283, 284 63, 218 Byeolgigun, 216 comfort women, 4, 94, 146, 147, 149, 300 commemoration, 4, 31, 122, 141, C 142, 145, 146, 161, 187, 193, Capital Hall, 159, 173, 174, 176, 200, 196, 219, 263, 271, 279, 289, 256 299, 301

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019 305 H. K. Lee, ‘Diffcult Heritage’ in Nation Building, Palgrave Studies in Cultural Heritage and Confict, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66338-8 306 Index

Committee for the Promotion of the Stadium, 6, 16, 32, 211–218, 225, National Independence Memorial 228–240, 242–247, 255, 256, Construction, 122 258, 260, 261, 264, 280. See CRIC, 66 also Gyeongseong Stadium; Cultural Act, 231 Stadium Cultural Heritage Administration. See Dongpyeonggwan, 54 CHA Cultural Heritage and the Re-construction of Identities after E Confict. See CRIC Emperor Gwangmu, 55, 56, 111, 114, cultural heritage protection, 93, 266 148 Cultural Properties Protection Law, era of cultural rule, 59 17, 18

F D feng shui, 6, 12, 47, 49, 50, 53, 54, Daehan Empire, the, 46, 55, 56, 58, 61, 95, 96, 110, 127, 161–163, 62–64, 68–70, 76, 77, 82, 96, 169, 176, 184–188, 200–202, 111, 112, 133, 136, 137, 140, 217, 244, 264, 265, 286, 295 146, 220, 258, 260, 269, 282 Festival for Independence and Dangun, 254 Democracy, 141 dark tourism, 27, 105 Five Elements Theory, 47 DBEPC, 233, 234 forced labour, 8, 299 DDP, 212–214, 230–235, 237–240, Fumio Kishida, 300 242, 243, 246–248, 256, 260 Deconstruction, 24 deliberate targeting, 16, 66, 166, 244, G 265, 269 Geonchunmun Gate, 168 De-militarised zone (DMZ), 298 Geungye-dong, 110 Deoksugung Palace, 76, 77, 266, gi, 48, 169, 184 267 Gojeokjosa, 61 diffcult heritage, 35 goyuje, 186, 187 Dok-do Island disputes, 4 Grand Shrine of , The, 75, Donga ilbo, 109, 117, 122, 124, 125, 77–79, 83, 84, 86, 87, 90, 98, 128, 149, 167, 174, 176, 185, 170, 171, 220, 285, 294 187, 213, 218–220, 224, 248 Great Gyeongseong Project, The, 75, Dongdaemun 77 Baseball Emergency Planning Guksadang, 76, 78, 79, 97 Committee. See DBEPC Gunkanjima, 299 Design Plaza and Park. See DDP Guui Purifcation Plant, 233, 238 Market, 212, 225, 226, 229, 236, Gwanghwamun Square, 161, 187, 240, 242, 243, 246 192–199 Index 307

Gwanghwamuntong Street, 71, 77 Hanyang, 10, 11, 46–48, 50, 54, 55, Gwangmu Reform, 55 77, 79, 163, 214, 215, 231, 232, Gyeongbokgung Palace, 53, 54, 242, 256, 261, 266, 267. See also 56, 63, 64, 70, 76, 77, 82, 89, Gyeongseong; Hwangseong; Seoul 93, 95, 159, 160, 162–166, City Wall, 10, 12, 16, 50, 53, 63, 89, 168–170, 172, 174–181, 188, 214, 215, 231, 232, 242, 261, 191–194, 196, 197, 199–201, 266, 267. See also Seoul City Wall 256, 260, 266, 267, 273, Park, 76, 77, 79, 89 285 Hashima Island, 299, 300. See also Gyeonghuigung Palace, 54, 63, 64, Battleship Island; Gunkanjima 91, 266, 267 heritage Gyeongseong, 12, 14, 58, 63, 67, 68, colonial, 2, 3, 7–10, 28, 30, 34, 75, 76, 79–84, 86, 92, 98, 148, 86, 90, 92, 93, 147, 253, 269, 165, 170, 173, 213, 218–220, 279, 298 222–225, 247, 271–273, 275, confict, 1, 5, 7–9, 16, 17, 25, 26, 276, 281, 283, 284, 288, 302. 29, 33, 93, 108, 121, 134, See also Hanyang 147, 161, 193, 230, 238, 246, Gyeongseong City Hall, 14, 67, 68, 261, 265, 296, 300, 301 75, 76, 90, 271, 273, 281, 282, contested, 1, 27, 28 302 dark, 26–28, 34, 105 Gyeongseong Imperial University, 14, designated, 13, 17, 89, 91, 92, 106, 75, 76, 92, 98, 272, 276–278, 122, 138, 231, 233, 234, 238, 281, 283 266, 267, 273, 275, 278, 280, Gyeongseong Isacheong, 14, 67, 68, 284, 297, 300 70, 271, 273, 288 dissonant, 27, 28, 289 Gyeongseong Middle School, 63 negative, 1, 4, 26–28, 94, 127, 231, Gyeongseong Mitsukoshi Department 246, 262, 264, 280, 286, 288, Store, 14, 272, 275, 284 296 Gyeongseong Stadium, 14, 75, 76, post-confict, 7–9, 26, 134, 269 218–220, 222–225, 247, 272, that hurts, 27, 28, 277, 289 276, 281, 284 undesirable, 28, 29 Gyeongseong Station, 14, 75, 76, 90, unwelcome, 28 220, 272, 275, 277, 278, 281, heritage process, 24 282 heritage-scape, 6, 33, 95, 108, 135, Gyeongseong Supreme Court, 14, 136, 140, 161, 193, 194, 213, 75–77, 271, 273, 278, 281, 283 239, 253, 265, 295 Gyeongungung Palace, 54, 56, 58, 63, Heritage Studies, 2, 7, 10, 18, 26, 29, 64, 77, 95, 164, 266, 267 33, 34 heritagisation, 7, 9, 17, 24, 25, 34, 108, 120, 121, 124, 127, 128, H 136, 143, 145, 146, 201, 213, han, 138, 187, 188, 211 214, 230, 278, 280, 295 308 Index

Hwanggeunjeong, 83 Japanese Government-General Hwangseong, 55, 57, 58 Building. See JGGB Hwangudan Altar, 56–58, 63, 64, 69, Japanese Government-Residency 77, 266, 267, 269 Building, 68, 70 Japanese imperialism, 9, 16, 30–32, 59, 60, 76, 160, 167, 172, 174, I 220, 278, 279, 296 Imjin Waeran, 45, 163 Japanese Military Camp, 14, 68, 97, Independence Gate, 56–58, 63, 64, 270, 271, 274, 281, 284 68, 90, 111, 124, 126, 135–138, Japanese military rule, 59, 70 140, 256, 266, 267 Japanese modernisation, 261 Independence Gate station, 135, 136, Japanese Residency-General, 14, 66, 138, 140 67, 169, 271, 273, 288 Independence Park, 109, 111, Japan– Annexation Treaty, 58, 218 124–130, 135–138, 140, 142, Japan–Korea Protectorate Treaty, 58 145, 146, 258, 273 Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876, 10, 55 invented tradition, 20 JCO, 3–6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 16, 17, Itō Hirobumi, 4 23, 25, 29, 31–34, 46, 58, 59, 61–70, 75–80, 82, 84, 85, 87, 89, 91–95, 97, 105, 108, 109, J 113–115, 118, 120, 123, 125– Jangchungdan Altar, 82 132, 134, 136, 140–142, 144, Jangchungdan Park, 82 146–149, 159, 160, 165–175, Japan and Korea as one entity, 59 177, 179, 181, 182, 184, 186, Japanese authorities, 4, 5, 12, 13, 31, 188, 189, 191, 193, 194, 197, 58–63, 66, 67, 70, 77–79, 86, 199–202, 211, 213, 214, 217, 89, 91, 92, 94, 95, 105, 110, 218, 220–223, 227, 231, 239, 112–115, 117, 119, 120, 123, 244–246, 253–261, 263–267, 124, 126–129, 131–133, 136, 269–271, 273, 277, 278, 280– 140, 141, 144, 146–148, 162, 286, 288, 289, 295–298, 301 165, 166, 169, 170, 172, 176, heritage, 3, 5, 17, 29 181, 184, 188, 202, 214, 218, JCOA, 5–10, 12–14, 16–18, 23, 220–222, 234, 244, 259, 264, 25, 27, 29, 31–34, 46, 59, 67, 265, 271, 286, 293, 296, 297 68, 70, 71, 75–84, 90, 92, 94, Japanese colonial occupation architec- 167, 168, 171, 182, 200, 232, ture. See JCOA 244–246, 253, 254, 260, 262, Japanese colonial occupation heritage. 264, 265, 270, 271, 277–288, See JCO, heritage 293, 295–299 Japanese colonial occupation of Korea. JCPI, 215–219, 226, 228, 229, 231, See JCO 232 Index 309

JGGB, 13, 14, 17, 159–162, Kim Gu, 87, 98, 118, 226 165–173, 175–191, 193, 194, Kim Young-sam, 93, 119, 259 199–203, 255, 258–260, 263, King Gojong. See Emperor Gwangmu 264, 270, 273, 278, 285, 289, King Sejong the Great, 195, 197 293–295. See also Capital Hall; Korean Baseball Association. See KBA Japanese Government-Residency Korean Council for the Women, 146, Building 149 Jiwonbyeong Hunryeonso, 271, 274 Korean independence activists, 68, Shrine, 50, 53, 62, 64, 93, 85, 90, 118, 120, 122–124, 129, 95, 266, 267 135–137, 140–142, 144, 147, Joseon Bank, 14, 68, 83, 272, 274, 259, 261–263 277, 278, 281, 283 Korean Industrial Exhibition, 63, 166 Joseon Dynasty, 10–13, 25, 31, Korean Liberation Association, 122, 45–50, 52–56, 58, 62–64, 66, 146, 262, 263 68, 70, 76–78, 82, 86, 88, 89, Korean spirit, 127, 174–176, 264, 298 91, 93, 95, 110–113, 162–166, Korean tradition, 12, 16, 17, 31, 32, 169, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 62, 68, 76, 79, 81, 88, 91, 93, 187, 191, 192, 194, 195, 199, 94, 127, 159, 165, 167, 174, 214–217, 231, 232, 242, 246, 175, 177, 181, 201, 241, 244, 254–256, 258–260, 265, 267, 254, 261, 266, 269, 285, 296 269, 270, 278, 296 Korean traditional architecture, 62, Joseon Government-General, 67, 247 64, 90, 265 Joseon Heonbyeongdae Saryeongbu. Korean War, 84, 87, 94, 109, 119, See Joseon Military Police 131, 173, 185, 186, 225, 226, Headquarters 271, 272, 277, 283, 298 Joseon Industrial Bank, 272, 275, Kuni Sato, 300 277, 281, 285 Joseon Military Police Headquarters, 14, 70, 277, 281, 285 L Joseon Oriental Colonial Company, landscape, 11, 13, 31–33, 46, 58, 59, 14, 67, 68, 83, 90, 271, 274, 79, 83, 95, 96, 107, 108, 126, 277, 281, 285 165, 170, 190, 195, 229, 235, Joseon Railway Hotel, 14, 63, 64, 69, 237, 239, 240, 253, 265, 279, 165, 272, 276, 277, 281, 285 282 Joseon Savings Bank, 14, 81, 272, Liberation Day, 87, 91, 110, 123, 275, 281, 282 127, 141, 149, 161, 179, 196, Jungwon Cultural Properties Institute. 263 See JCPI

M K Maeil-shinbo, 109 KBA, 248 mapping, 6, 33, 46, 109, 253, 295 Kim Dae-jung, 93, 119 310 Index

March First Independence Movement, Mt. Bukhan, 1, 184 The, 70, 130, 133, 135, 137, Mt. Inwang, 50, 76, 78, 79, 96, 97, 141, 142, 263 163 Masatake, Terauchi, 67, 97, 169 Mt. Mokmyeok, 50, 54, 96 MCS, 161, 165, 167–169, 177–179, Mt. Nam, 1, 30, 50, 63, 76–79, 82, 182, 184, 186–189, 191, 202, 86, 90, 97, 169, 170, 193, 273 278 Myeongchijwa, 81, 272, 276, 281, Meiji Restoration, 59, 66 284 memory collective, 12, 18, 19, 21–25; formation of, 22–25, 33, 286, N 295, 296, 298 Nambyeolgung, 58, 69 confict, 6, 23, 25, 32, 33, 108, Namdaemuntong Street, 71, 77 120, 121, 146, 161, 201, 211, Name Amendment Committee, 86 213, 232, 246, 254, 257, 262, Nanjing Massacre, 300 295, 298–300 nation, 4, 5, 7, 11, 19–25, 29, 33, 45, construction of, 6, 21, 22, 24, 30, 47, 53, 55, 56, 66, 84, 86–91, 32, 92, 179, 182, 216, 231, 93, 108, 111, 112, 162, 163, 243, 246, 261, 264, 279, 295, 169, 170, 175, 176, 181, 182, 297, 298 184, 186, 188, 195, 199, 200, formation, 5, 23, 29, 143, 147, 216, 217, 223, 225, 227, 228, 201, 217, 257, 284, 286, 296 246, 254, 255, 259, 261–264, individual, 21, 22, 30, 201, 245, 270, 283, 284, 295, 297 296 National Assembly Building, 94, 173, painful and traumatic, 6, 25, 26, 33, 256, 272, 276 200, 246, 258, 262, 283, 284, national body, 53, 185 295, 299, 301 National Historic Site (NHS), 11, public, 91, 109, 122, 143, 185, 122–124, 128, 138, 147, 215, 211, 245, 246, 261, 282, 286, 266 295, 299 national identity, 1, 6, 7, 12, 17–22, ring, 257, 261 24–27, 29, 31–33, 45, 46, 86, Memory of the World, 300 88, 90, 95, 106, 108, 140, Metonymic Landscape, 237, 240 160–162, 181, 184, 193, 199, Ministry of Culture and Sports. See 220, 254, 255, 259–261, 269, MCS 277, 279, 285, 295, 296, 301 Mistreatment Exhibition, 191, 201 formation, 2, 6, 7, 13, 17, 21, 22, modern architectural heritage, 13 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 35, 106, Mohwagwan, 54, 68, 111, 126, 256 108, 213, 253, 255, 262, 265, Moon Jae-in, 119, 198 279, 285, 286, 295, mountain worship ideology, 47 296 Mt. Baegak. See Mt. Bugak formation of, 5, 6, 11, 19, 23, 29, Mt. Bugak, 50 31, 32, 201, 213 Index 311

National Museum of Korea, 93, 159, post JCO, 12, 199, 254, 258, 262, 173, 175–179, 182, 186, 187, 277 200, 255, 273 power struggle, 10, 23, 32, 45, 146, national myth, 33, 85, 90, 295, 297 160, 161, 199, 257 national narrative, 1, 5, 20, 21, 25, 29, pragmatic dismantlement, 285, 286 31, 87–89, 163, 173, 194, 246, Pyeongniwon, 77 254, 262, 264, 295 national spirit, 53, 174, 179, 196, 221, 260, 285 R national symbol, 58, 66, 136 reconstruction, 9, 24, 26, 84, 108, nation building, 5, 18, 33, 108 109, 161, 163, 164, 175, 179, nation-state, 22, 199, 246, 262–264, 191–193, 202, 203, 213, 260, 284, 295 285, 288 neo-Confucianist political philosophy, rectifcation, 126, 191, 279, 285 12 Registered Cultural Heritage, 18, 94, neutralised designation, 286, 288 273, 276, 278 Road Construction Planning, 55 Roh Tae-woo, 177, 191 O obliteration, 201, 279, 285, 286 S Sajikdan Altar, 50, 53, 62, 64, 90, 92, P 266 Pacifc War, The, 80, 81, 84, 109, 224 Sanctifcation, 125, 128, 261, 279 painful and traumatic historic event, 6, Sanctifcation Site Promotion 25, 26, 200, 246, 279, 283, 288 Association, 125 Palgakjeong Pavilion, 79 Sashindo, 50. See also feng shui Park Chung-hee, 87, 88, 105, 119, SCO, 233 139, 140, 173, 197, 227, 266, Sejong-ro, 76, 89, 90, 95, 175, 273, 277 192–194 Park Geun-hye, 4, 140, 193, 196–198 Sekino Dadasi, 62 People’s Revolutionary Party incident, sense of identity, 21 138, 139 Seodaemun-gu District Offce, 109, place biography, 6, 32, 33, 106–108, 129, 130, 134, 136, 139, 141, 135, 160, 213, 239, 253, 295 142, 145, 147–149 place identity, 239, 245 Seodeamun-gu Management post-Cold War, 298 Corporation, 141 post-colonial, 2, 9, 10, 30, 34, 84, Seodaemun Independence and 269, 298 Democracy Festival, 135, post-confict, 7–9, 26, 95, 106, 117, 142 120, 127, 134, 143, 145–147, Seodaemun Independence Park, 105, 244, 245, 269, 295. See also post 121, 136 JCO 312 Index

Seodaemun Prison, 6, 13, 14, 17, 32, Sport Civic Organisation. See SCO 63, 64, 68, 83, 92, 105–110, stakeholder, 29, 30, 32, 200, 211, 112–128, 130, 132–136, 213, 230, 246, 260, 262–264, 141–149, 200, 244, 245, 255, 295, 296, 301 256, 258, 259, 263, 264, 271, Syngman Rhee, 87, 119, 173, 225, 273, 280, 281, 283, 295 265 History Hall, 105, 109, 121, 128–131, 133–136, 138–140, 142, 143, 147–149, T 258, 263, 281 Taepyeonggwan, 54 Seoneunjeon Gwangjang Plaza, 83 Taepyeongjeongtong Street, 71, 77 Seongsan Bridge, 90, 138 TAKHT, 46, 66, 67, 70, 136 Seoul, 1, 2, 5, 6, 11, 13, 18, 27, Temple and Shrine Law, 62 30–33, 46, 54, 55, 58, 59, 63, textbook controversy, 92, 94, 122, 67, 76, 84, 86, 92, 93, 95–97, 123 109–111, 116, 123, 142, 159, 162, 163, 165, 170, 171, 175, 176, 187, 192, 193, 195, 196, U 198, 200, 201, 203, 211, 214– UNESCO, 17, 35, 93, 231, 267, 299, 216, 218, 225–230, 232, 235, 300 236, 238–240, 247, 248, 253, Memory of the World, 300 265–267, 271–273, 275–279, World Heritage Site (WHS), 35, 282, 283, 285, 286, 294, 295. 231, 299 See also Hanyang; Hwangseong; urban planning, 32, 46, 47, 49, Gyeongseong 53–56, 58, 63, 67, 75, 90, 95, Seoul City Hall, 90, 94, 162, 271, 167, 229, 267 273, 294 US military rule, 84, 85, 87, 265, 270 Seoul City Wall, 11, 267 Seoul Metropolitan Government. See SMG V Seoul Museum of History, 1, 30, 203, visual representation, 6, 7, 32, 33, 46, 267 84, 95, 135, 170, 193, 200, 253, Seoul Stadium, 225–228, 248, 276 257, 265, 280 shamanism, 61, 186, 188, 201, 202 Volunteer Training Centre. See signifcant other, 20, 21, 255, 286, Jiwonbyeong Hunryeonso 297 sites of violence and tragedy, 279 SMG, 95, 109, 122, 124–128, 130, W 134, 135, 145, 146, 192–195, Waterway of History. See yoeksa mulgil 214–219, 222, 225, 226, World Heritage Site (WHS), 35, 147, 228–238, 240, 242, 244–248, 231, 248, 267, 299 260, 261, 267, 281 Index 313

Y Yu Gwansun, 122, 131, 134 Yeongeunmun Gate, 58, 111, 256 Yukjo Street, 54, 170 Yin-yang, 47. See also Five Elements Theory Yi Sun-sin, 89, 175, 195, 197, 198 Z YMCA, 220, 221, 224 Zaha Hadid, 237, 238, 240, 241 yoeksa mulgil, 195 Zhouli Kaogongji, 47, 53 Yongsan, 68, 82, 93, 97, 178