Lezgiyeva Umbc 0434M 11812.Pdf

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Lezgiyeva Umbc 0434M 11812.Pdf ABSTRACT Title of Document: WITHOUT A COUNTRY: STATELESS ARMENIAN REFUGEES IN THE U.S.S.R AND RUSSIA, 1987-2003 Sudaba Lezgiyeva, Master of Historical Studies, 2018 Directed By: Dr. Kate Brown, History Department The focus of this thesis is the inter-ethnic conflict in Azerbaijan that led to the exile of Armenian refugees and subsequently their struggle to gain citizenship rights in the newly formed Russian Federation. The political tensions in the Nagorno-Karabakh region were relatively calm until they exploded in late February 1988, leading to an inter-ethnic conflict in Sumgait, Azerbaijan. Almost seven months later, in November 1988, the vigorous unrest intensified in the town of Kirovabad, leading again to the massacre of Armenian minorities. As a result, the pogroms coincided with increased anti-Armenian feelings in the capitol of Azerbaijan, Baku. On January 20th, 1990, pogroms broke out in Baku and continued for seven days, during which the majority of the ethnic Armenian population in Azerbaijan was beaten, tortured, or murdered. Some Armenians managed to flee before the pogroms took place, but many were trapped in the city until Soviet authorities evacuated them. Seeking refuge, many Armenians fled to the capitol of the Soviet Union, Moscow, where they remained in temporary accommodations in hotels and dormitories. In 1991, when the Soviet Union, as an internationalist state, suddenly broke up into smaller national formations, the legal status of internal refugees like the Armenians was left in doubt. The research looks at a significant trend of refugees who fled directly to the capital of the Soviet Union, Moscow as a means for understanding why, while trapped in social and economic circumstances, they were deemed ineligible for citizenship of the newly formed Russian Republic. Armenian refugees in Moscow fell into a legal gap and became effectively stateless, hence, they were not recognized as citizens of any country. The intent of this thesis is to emphasize the fact that deprived of citizenship and human dignity, Armenia refugees in Moscow were persecuted because of a growing nationalism, xenophobia and racism in Russia. While focusing on ethnicity policy during the Soviet era and the Russian Federation, I will emphasize the fact that the Soviet government used citizenship to maintain power, whereas officials of the new Russia privileged ethnicity in a new way. In the new Russia, ethnicity was essentialized and became the defining factor for citizenship. WITHOUT A COUNTRY: STATELESS ARMENIAN REFUGEES IN THE U.S.S.R AND RUSSIA, 1987-2003 By Sudaba Lezgiyeva Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, Baltimore Country, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 2018 ©Copyright by Sudaba Lezgiyeva 2018 DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my mother and sister Margarita and Aygyun Lezgiyeva, whose passion for history helped me to complete this research. And to the many individuals who supported me during the difficult times. A special dedication is to my sweet and loving child, Aylar Damavandi who was always next to me. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my thesis advisor Dr. Kate Brown of the History Department at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. Dr. Brown inspired me to write about a historical event, that has a personal connection to me. She consistently worked with me and was available to my quick chats about the process of my research. I would like to thank also Dr. Nolan and Dr. Boehling to being my supplemental readers. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication ii Acknowledgement iii Table of Contents iv Introduction 1 Azerbaijan and Armenia Before and During the Soviet Era 4 Literature Review 6 Methodology 12 Chapter 1: The Anti-Armenian Pogroms in Sumgait, Ganja and Baku 18 Chapter 2: The Soviet Paradox: Playing the National and Ethnic Cards 43 Chapter 3: Moscow Free From Refugees 61 Chapter 4: Welcomed 78 Conclusion: 93 Bibliography 99 iv INTRODUCTION The focus of this thesis is the inter-ethnic conflict in Azerbaijan that led to the exile of Armenian refugees and subsequently their struggle to gain citizenship rights in the newly formed Russian Federation. Between 1987 and 1990 approximately 44,433 ethnic Armenians were 1 registered in Russia as refugees. In 1987 Armenian leaders began sending a series of petitions to Moscow protesting the Azerbaijani restrictions on the Karabakh Armenian cultural and economic influence the Nagorno-Karabakh region. The political tensions in the region, located in the southeastern part of Caucasus Minor, were relatively calm until they exploded in late February 1988. At that time, an inter-ethnic conflict took place in Sumgait, Azerbaijan, a Soviet Republic until August, 1991. During the conflict, Azerbaijanis singled out, attacked and murdered a segment of the Armenian population. Almost seven months later, in November 1988, the vigorous unrest intensified in the town of Kirovabad, leading to the massacre of Armenian minorities. As a result, the pogroms coincided with increased anti-Armenian feelings in the capitol of Azerbaijan, Baku. On January 20th, 1990, pogroms broke out in Baku and continued for seven days, during which the majority of the ethnic Armenian population in Azerbaijan was beaten, tortured, or murdered. Some Armenians managed to flee before the pogroms took place, but many were trapped in the city until Soviet authorities evacuated them. Seeking refuge, many Armenians fled to the capitol of the Soviet Union, Moscow, where they remained in temporary accommodations in hotels and dormitories. 1 Bill Frelick, “Faultlines of Nationality Conflict: Refugees and Displaced Persons from Armenia and Azerbaijan,” U.S. Committee For Refugees, March 1994, 32. 1 A year later in 1991, when the U.S.S.R., as an internationalist state, suddenly broke up into smaller national formations, the legal status of internal refugees like the Armenians was left in doubt. A significant trend of refugees fled directly to the capital of the U.S.S.R. The reasons they sought refuge in Moscow were various. The first reason was that the International Committee of the Red Cross was only located in Moscow. The Red Cross granted people refugee status. Second, the majority of ethnic Armenians spoke only Russian, therefore, it was difficult for them to integrate into Armenian society. Due to a devastating earthquake in 1988 and socio-economic instability, Armenia could not adequately accommodate refugees from Azerbaijan. The third and the most significant reason was that there were many mixed marriages among the refugees. Thus, Azerbaijanis would be discriminated in Armenia. Trapped in social and economic circumstances, refugees were stranded in Moscow at the collapse of the U.S.S.R. As a result of the absence of refugee legislation, in 1991 the Moscow Committee of Labor and Employment began to register and provide refugees with temporary registrations, which indicated that they were forcibly displaced individuals from Azerbaijan. The registrations clearly stated that it was a refugee ID card and required an annual renewal with the presence of a Soviet passport. According to article 13 of the 1991 citizenship law, all former Soviet citizens should be recognized as Russian citizens. Russian authorities did not apply the law to the Armenian refugees because they were deemed ineligible for citizenship of the newly formed Russian Republic. Armenians in Moscow fell into a legal gap and became effectively stateless. Hence, they were not recognized as citizens of any country. Most Armenian refugees in Moscow were stateless for over one decade. In 1993, the mayor of Moscow institutionalized their refugee status when he implemented the propiska system, a formal registration system necessary to live and work in the city. The propiska was instigated for 2 economic and law enforcement purposes. Without this document, refugees and other residents could not work legally in Moscow or receive social assistance. The evidence that will be presented in my thesis will show the reasons for Armenian refugees in Moscow being stateless for almost fifteen years and help readers to understand the ethnic limits of citizenship in the late U.S.S.R/Russian Federation. In this thesis, I argue that deprived of citizenship and human dignity, Armenian refugees in Moscow were persecuted because of a growing nationalism, xenophobia and racism in Russia. While focusing on ethnicity policy during the Soviet era and the Russian Federation, I will emphasize the fact that the Soviet government used citizenship to maintain power, whereas officials of the new Russia privileged ethnicity in a new way. In the new Russia, ethnicity was essentialized and became the defining factor for citizenship. For this project, I will investigate questions related to the resentment between Azerbaijanis and Armenians: Were the pogroms carefully planned or impulsively undertaken by the Azerbaijani radical nationalists? While analyzing the anti-Armenian pogroms, it is important to analyze and understand why Community Party leaders failed to prevent the bloodshed and protect Armenians in Sumgait, Kirovobad, and Baku. How did the Soviet nationality and ethnicity policies affect the rights of Armenian refugees if they were Soviet citizens? Importantly for understanding the attitudes of the Muscovite citizens toward non-Slavic citizens, I will focus on how xenophobic practices and ethnic prejudices continued to shape nationality policy in the newly formed Russian Federation.
Recommended publications
  • Xenophobia As a Challenge to Positive Peace in Russia: Inter-Group Relations Within the Academia
    Xenophobia as a Challenge to Positive Peace in Russia: Inter-group Relations Within The Academia Master’s Thesis in Peace, Mediation and Conflict Research Developmental Psychology Nikita Kordashenko, 1902049 Supervisor: Karin Österman Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies Åbo Akademi University, Finland Spring 2021 Nikita Kordashenko Abstract Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate positive attitudes towards integrating immigrant minorities, intense group identification, and psychological concomitants among Russian university students. Method: A questionnaire was completed by 129 females, 48 males, and three respondents who reported “other” as sex. The mean age was 19.8 (SD 2.6) for females and 21.8 (SD 2.9) for males. The age difference was significant. Results: Of females, 55.8 % and of males 66.7% reported that they knew some foreign student in person. Female students had a significantly more positive attitude towards integration immigrant minorities compared to male students. Male students scored slightly higher than female students on intense group identification. Respondents with low scores on positive attitudes towards integrating immigrants scored significantly higher on intense group identification. No significant differences were found for level of positive attitudes and anxiety and depression. Conclusions: More than half of the students knew some foreign student in person. Positive attitudes towards integrating immigrant minorities were overall high. There was a negative association between positive attitudes towards
    [Show full text]
  • Racism in Russia and Its Effects on the Caucasian TESAM Akademi Dergisi - Turkish Journalregion of TESAM and Academy Peoples Ocak - January 2019
    Can KAKIŞIM / Racism in Russia and its Effects on the Caucasian TESAM Akademi Dergisi - Turkish JournalRegion of TESAM and Academy Peoples Ocak - January 2019. 6(1). 97 - 121 ISSN: 2148 – 2462 RACISM IN RUSSIA AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE CAUCASIAN REGION AND PEOPLES1 Can KAKIŞIM2 Abstract Nowadays, Russia is one of those countries which crucially suffer from the racist sentiments and movements. In this country, radical right has an extensive social base and both ruling party and some other political entities can put forward examples of extreme nationalism. Caucasian-origin people have been the most negatively Caucasian immigrants from Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan asinfluenced well as group the Northernfrom these Caucasians approaches already since the holding beginning. Russian The citizenship have been target of numerous violent attacks especially in the 2000s. At the same time, rising racism in Russia strengthens expectations from the government to follow more active imperialist policies as racist groups more intensely defend and voice the rights of the Russians living in the former Soviet republics. Furthermore, between Russia and post-Soviet countries and in this sense, they these groups provide an additional fighting power in the clashes geography. compose a significant dimension of the interstate relations in this Keywords: Russia, Racism, Caucasia, Immigration, United Russia 1 Makalenin Geliş Tarihi: 15.04.2018 [email protected] Kabul Tarihi: 22.01.2019 2 Dr. Öğr. Üyesi, Karabük Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Uluslararası Atıf:İlişkiler Bölümü Öğretim Üyesi. e-mail: peoples. Tesam Akademi Dergisi - Kakışım C. (2019). Racism in Russia and its effects on the caucasian region and , 6(1), 97-121.
    [Show full text]
  • Constructions and Instrumentalization of the Past: a Comparative Study on Memory Management in the Region
    CBEES State of the Region Report 2020 Constructions and Instrumentalization of the Past A Comparative Study on Memory Management in the Region Published with support from the Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies (Östersjstiftelsen) Constructions and Instrumentalization of the Past A Comparative Study on Memory Management in the Region December 2020 Publisher Centre for Baltic and East European Studies, CBEES, Sdertrn University © CBEES, Sdertrn University and the authors Editor Ninna Mrner Editorial Board Joakim Ekman, Florence Frhlig, David Gaunt, Tora Lane, Per Anders Rudling, Irina Sandomirskaja Layout Lena Fredriksson, Serpentin Media Proofreading Bridget Schaefer, Semantix Print Elanders Sverige AB ISBN 978-91-85139-12-5 4 Contents 7 Preface. A New Annual CBEES Publication, Ulla Manns and Joakim Ekman 9 Introduction. Constructions and Instrumentalization of the Past, David Gaunt and Tora Lane 15 Background. Eastern and Central Europe as a Region of Memory. Some Common Traits, Barbara Trnquist-Plewa ESSAYS 23 Victimhood and Building Identities on Past Suffering, Florence Frhlig 29 Image, Afterimage, Counter-Image: Communist Visuality without Communism, Irina Sandomirskaja 37 The Toxic Memory Politics in the Post-Soviet Caucasus, Thomas de Waal 45 The Flag Revolution. Understanding the Political Symbols of Belarus, Andrej Kotljarchuk 55 Institutes of Trauma Re-production in a Borderland: Poland, Ukraine, and Lithuania, Per Anders Rudling COUNTRY BY COUNTRY 69 Germany. The Multi-Level Governance of Memory as a Policy Field, Jenny Wstenberg 80 Lithuania. Fractured and Contested Memory Regimes, Violeta Davoliūtė 87 Belarus. The Politics of Memory in Belarus: Narratives and Institutions, Aliaksei Lastouski 94 Ukraine. Memory Nodes Loaded with Potential to Mobilize People, Yuliya Yurchuk 106 Czech Republic.
    [Show full text]
  • EXTENSIONS of REMARKS 24939 EXTENSIONS of REMARKS ARMS RACE RESOLUTION Ty Are Often More Visible Than Signs of Hope
    September 20, 1983 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 24939 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS ARMS RACE RESOLUTION ty are often more visible than signs of hope. Recent studies reveal that during the We are called to see beyond our own limited period from 1978 to 1982 conventional arms HON. BOB EDGAR horizons, to view the world through the transfer agreements between developing eyes of Christ. countries and the arms suppliers have to­ OF PENNSYLVANIA When, as Christ's people, we see the taled $120 billion. The non-Communist IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES burden of the arms race on the creation, on world has accounted for $76 billion of this nations, and on all peoples, we are com­ Tuesday, September 20, 1983 total, the Communist world $44 billion. The pelled to renew our commitment to achiev­ Soviet Union has sold $33 billion and the •Mr. EDGAR. Mr. Speaker, this past ing disarmament in ways that will guaran­ United States, $30 billion. While sales and week I received-as did all my congres­ tee the peace, security, and integrity of all agreements vary from year to year, the sional colleages-a most powerful and peoples. trend has been ever upward. Each super­ Numerous aspects of the arms race, with compelling resolution on the many di­ far-reaching implications for our own socie­ power has its preferred clients, depending mensions of the arms race. It comes ty and the whole world, challenge us in this on its ideological and strategic interest. from the general assembly of the Pres­ witness. There are factors that disturb the For the merchants the arms trade has the byterian Church U.S.A.
    [Show full text]
  • CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— Extensions of Remarks E221 HON
    February 26, 2018 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks E221 In recent years, the Urban League of Great- 131 fatalities, over 600 injuries, 841 arrests Through his excellent leadership, Mark has er Madison has been at the forefront of fight- where detainees were subject to torture, and been an invaluable resource to the Granite ing for equality in our community with its vision to this day an unknown number are still miss- State and improved the lives of thousands to make Greater Madison the ‘‘Best in the ing. These horrific acts did not have their de- who have relied on projects championed by Midwest’’ for everyone to live, learn, and work sired effect in the slightest on Azerbaijan who the Commission. by 2020. Last year, the organization launched won independence less than two years later. On behalf of my constituents in New Hamp- a campaign to place 1,500 low-income job The second occurred on this day, February shire’s Second Congressional District, I thank seekers into career pathway employment by 26, twenty-six years ago in the city of Khojaly Mark for his many years of dedicated service 2020, continuing its long legacy of advocating where several thousand ethnic Azerbaijani to the Granite State and the Northeast. His for economic justice and opportunity. people were trapped in a blockade by Arme- achievements will continue to benefit our state Through its efforts to pursue education, em- nian troops seeking to lay claim to the for years to come. I am honored to recognize ployment, and empowerment, the Urban Nagorno-Karabakh region.
    [Show full text]
  • Nagorno-Karabakh: the Endless Conflict in the Black Garden—Backgr…S of a Seemingly “Unsolvable” Dispute | Toynbee Prize Foundation 24/05/2021, 716 PM
    Nagorno-Karabakh: The endless conflict in the Black Garden—Backgr…s of a seemingly “unsolvable” dispute | Toynbee Prize Foundation 24/05/2021, 7*16 PM Toynbee Prize Foundation Article |May 20, 2021 Nagorno-Karabakh: The endless conflict in the Black Garden—Backgrounds and perspectives of a seemingly “unsolvable” dispute Roland Benedikter is a Toynbee Prize Foundation Trustee, Co-Head of the Center for Advanced Studies of Eurac Research Bozen-Bolzano, Autonomous Province of South Tyrol, Italy, and Research Professor for Multidisciplinary Policy Analysis in residence at the Willy Brandt Center of the University of Wroclaw-Breslau, Poland. https://toynbeeprize.org/posts/nagorno-karabakh-backgrounds-and-perspectives-of-a-seemingly-unsolvable-dispute/ Page 1 of 15 Nagorno-Karabakh: The endless conflict in the Black Garden—Backgr…s of a seemingly “unsolvable” dispute | Toynbee Prize Foundation 24/05/2021, 7*16 PM Following U.S. President Joe Biden’s April 2021 recognition of the mass murder of Armenians in the 20th century as genocide, there is new movement in the Caucasus. Both Turkey and Armenia are involved in the conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, the “mountainous black garden” in the South Caucasus. In 2020, the latest war between Azerbaijan and Armenia occurred in a seemingly endless history of conflict. The situation seems intractable to many. The war over the territory has hardened the fronts and plunged Armenia, the losing nation, into chaos. Many questions remain unresolved. Nevertheless, there are (limited) prospects, including the diplomatic initiatives of the OSCE as well as individual states such as Russia. A very special institutional-regulatory model of pacification has been repeatedly brought into play since the 1990s: South Tyrol.
    [Show full text]
  • Soviet Crackdown
    CONFLICT IN THE SOVIET UNION Black January in Azerbaidzhan Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (formerly Helsinki Watch) The InterInter----RepublicRepublic Memorial Society CONFLICT IN THE SOVIET UNION Black January in Azerbaidzhan Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (formerly Helsinki Watch) The InterInter----RepublicRepublic Memorial Society Human Rights Watch New York $$$ Washington $$$ Los Angeles $$$ London Copyright (c) May 1991 by Human Rights Watch. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN: 1-56432-027-8 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 91-72672 Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (formerly Helsinki Watch) Human Rights Watch/Helsinki was established in 1978 to monitor and promote domestic and international compliance with the human rights provisions of the 1975 Helsinki Accords. It is affiliated with the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights, which is based in Vienna, Austria. Jeri Laber is the executive director; Lois Whitman is the deputy director; Holly Cartner and Julie Mertus are counsel; Erika Dailey, Rachel Denber, Ivana Nizich and Christopher Panico are research associates; Christina Derry, Ivan Lupis, Alexander Petrov and Isabelle Tin-Aung are associates; ðeljka MarkiÉ and Vlatka MiheliÉ are consultants. Jonathan Fanton is the chair of the advisory committee and Alice Henkin is vice chair. International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights Helsinki Watch is an affiliate of the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights, a human rights organization that links Helsinki Committees in the following countries of Europe and North America: Austria, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, England, the Federal Republic of Germany, Finland, France, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, the Soviet Union, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United States, Yugoslavia.
    [Show full text]
  • Hate Crimes.Pdf
    110th CONGRESS Printed for the use of the 1st Session Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe HATE CRIMES November 6, 2007 Briefing of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe Washington: 2010 VerDate Nov 24 2008 11:15 Dec 30, 2010 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 3191 Sfmt 3191 E:\WORK\110607.TXT HAROLD PsN: HAROLD LOGO-BIG.EPS Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe 234 Ford House Office Building Washington, DC 20515 202–225–1901 [email protected] http://www.csce.gov Legislative Branch Commissioners HOUSE SENATE ALCEE L. HASTINGS, FLORIDA, BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, MARYLAND, Chairman Co-Chairman LOUISE MCINTOSH SLAUGHTER, RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, WISCONSIN NEW YORK CHRISTOPHER J. DODD, CONNECTICUT MIKE MCINTYRE, NORTH CAROLINA HILLARY RODHAM CLINTON, NEW YORK HILDA L. SOLIS, CALIFORNIA JOHN F. KERRY, MASSACHUSETTS G.K. BUTTERFIELD, NORTH CAROLINA SAM BROWNBACK, KANSAS CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, NEW JERSEY GORDON SMITH, OREGON ROBERT B. ADERHOLT, ALABAMA SAXBY CHAMBLISS, GEORGIA JOSEPH R. PITTS, PENNSYLVANIA RICHARD BURR, NORTH CAROLINA MIKE PENCE, INDIANA Executive Branch Commissioners VACANT, DEPARTMENT OF STATE VACANT, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE VACANT, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (II) VerDate Nov 24 2008 11:15 Dec 30, 2010 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 3193(2) Sfmt 3193 E:\WORK\110607.TXT HAROLD PsN: HAROLD ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE The Helsinki process, formally titled the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, traces its origin to the signing of the Helsinki Final Act in Finland on August 1, 1975, by the leaders of 33 European countries, the United States and Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Central Asia and the Caucasus: a Vulnerable Crescent
    Central Asia and the Caucasus: A Vulnerable Crescent Coping with Crisis Working Paper Series Thomas de Waal and Anna Matveeva February 2007 International Peace Academy About the Author Thomas de Waal is Caucasus Editor at the Institute for War and Peace Reporting, London and writes about the Caucasus and Russia. He completed a degree in Russian and Modern Greek at Oxford, before working for the BBC, The Moscow Times and The Times in London and Moscow. He is co-author with Carlotta Gall of Chechnya: A Small Victorious War, and is author of Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War, the first thorough book in English about the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. He writes and broadcasts for a number of media outlets. Anna Matveeva is an Associate Fellow at the Crisis States Research Centre at the London School of Economics. She has previously worked as a UNDP Regional Adviser on Peace and Development for Central Asia, and as a Research Fellow at the Royal Institute of International Affairs. She has published extensively, including a Chaillot Paper for the EU Institute for Security Studies on the “EU Stakes in Central Asia,” a Chatham House Paper on “The North Caucasus: Russia’s Fragile Borderland,” and a recent report for International Alert on “Central Asia: Strategic Framework for Peacebuilding.” Acknowledgements IPA owes a great debt of thanks to its many donors to Coping with Crisis. Their support for this Program reflects a widespread demand for innovative thinking on practical solutions to international challenges. In particular, IPA is grateful to the Governments of Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Global Racisms and Racism in Russia: an Introduction 2 Race And
    Notes 1 Global Racisms and Racism in Russia: An Introduction 1. All translations from Russian and German are by the author unless otherwise indicated. 2. Sik became a prisoner of war of the Russians during World War One. He chose to stay in Russia after being released, joined the Soviet Communist Party in 1920, and lived as an Hungarian émigré in the Soviet Union until 1945, when he returned to Hungary. He later served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Hungary from 1958 to 1961. 3. http://www.sova-center.ru/en/. 2 Race and Racism in the Russian Past 1. The film featured the following song by Pavel German: ‘Before all enemies are known / While at least one of them is still alive / Every honest and simple Soviet citizen / Has to be an NKVD officer (chekist). / Our fortresses are ever stronger / The chekists of today / Are all the 170 million / Of my Fatherland’s Patriots!’ 2. Stalin composed his Marksizm i natsional’nyi vopros [Marxism and the Nationalities Question] in opposition to Otto Bauer’s Die Nationalitätenfrage und die Sozialdemokratie. Bauer emphasized that ‘commonality of des- tiny’ defines national character (aus Schicksalsgemeinschaft erwachsende Charaktergemeinschaft), and he pointed to ‘commonality of origin’ and ‘natural heredity’ as the important factors in this regard. He nevertheless maintained that ‘cultural commonality’ is the factor which defines the repro- duction of national differences. Bauer’s position may be defined as cultural racism in the language used by some contemporary scholars of racism. 3 Race, Racialization and Racism: A New Theoretical Framework 1. Although only Kant’s Kritik der Urteilskraft is cited here, two different English translations are chosen to use, namely, Pluhar’s and the most recent Cambridge University Press edition.
    [Show full text]
  • In Search of Happy Gypsies
    Norway Artctic Ocean Sweden Finland Belarus Ukraine Pacifc Ocean RUSSIA In Search of Kazahstan China Japan Mongolia Happy Gypsies Persecution of Pariah Minorities in Russia COUNTRY REPORTS SERIES NO. 14 Moscow MAY 2005 A REPORT BY THE EUROPEAN ROMA RIGHTS CENTRE European Roma Rights Centre IN SEARCH OF HAPPY GYPSIES Persecution of Pariah Minorities in Russia Country Report Series, No. 14 May 2005 Table of Contents Copyright: © European Roma Rights Centre, May 2005 All rights reserved. ISBN 963 218 338 X ISSN 1416-7409 Graphic Design: Createch Ltd./Judit Kovács Printed in Budapest, Hungary. For information on reprint policy, please contact the ERRC 5 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements....................................................................................................7 1. Executive Summary.............................................................................................9 2. Introduction: Anti-Romani Racism....................................................................19 3. A Short History of Roma in Russia ...................................................................43 4. Racially-Motivated Violence and Abuse of Roma by Law Enforcement Officials..............................................................................................................55 4.1 Racial Profiling ..........................................................................................57 4.2 Arbitrary Detention....................................................................................61 4.3 Torture
    [Show full text]
  • Conference On
    INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ARMENIA/THE SOUTH CAUCASUS AND FOREIGN POLICY CHALLENGES OCTOBER 21-23, 2004 Organized by the Armenian Studies Program Co-Sponsored by the Center for Middle Eastern and North African Studies Center for Russian and East European Studies Department of History Department of Near Eastern Studies International Institute Political Science Department ALL SESSIONS WILL CONVENE AT THE ALUMNI CENTER ON THE MAIN CAMPUS UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR 2 CONTENTS . Sponsors of the Conference 4 . Program 7 . Biographical Sketches of Speakers 14 . Select Bibliography 25 . Websites of Interest 33 . Chronology of Key Events Since Independence 34 . Maps 44 3 SPONSORS THE ARMENIAN STUDIES PROGRAM The origins of the Armenian Studies Program (ASP) at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, lie in the Armenian language and later history classes taught beginning in 1976 by a number of known scholars and teachers. In 1981, Mr. and Mrs. Alex and Marie Manoogian endowed the Alex Manoogian Chair in Modern Armenian History and Dr. Ronald Suny became its first holder. In 1987, the Manoogians endowed a second position, the Marie Manoogian Chair in Armenian Language and Literature and Dr. Kevork Bardakjian became its first holder. In 1988, Professor Bardakjian founded the Summer Armenian Language Institute in Yerevan. The Summer Program offers introductory courses in Classical, Eastern and Western Armenian. In 1994, Professor Suny resigned from his position and Dr. Stephanie Platz was appointed to the Chair (1997-2000). Following two years of one-semester teaching, Dr. Gerard Libaridian was appointed in 2003 the Visiting Alex Manoogian Professor of Modern Armenian History. In 1997, Professor Bardakjian moved the Marie Manoogian Chair from the Slavic to the Department of Near Eastern Studies, which became the home Department for the ASP.
    [Show full text]