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Downloaded from Brill.Com09/25/2021 12:48:51AM Via Free Access T  E,  143, 2000 MARTIN SPIES Munich, Germany A CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF HOLARCTIC PARACHIRONOMUS LENZ (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE), WITH TWO NEW SPECIES AND A PROVISIONAL KEY TO NEARCTIC ADULT MALES Spies, M. 2000. A contribution to the knowledge of Holarctic Parachironomus Lenz (Diptera: Chironomidae), with two new species and a provisional key to Nearctic adult males. – Tijd- schrift voor Entomologie: 143: 125-143, figs. 1-13, tables 1-5. [ISSN 0040-7496]. Published 5 July 2000. The Palaearctic Parachironomus monochromus (van der Wulp, 1874) and the Holarctic P. tenuicaudatus (Malloch, 1915) are redescribed in the male adult, pupal and larval stages. North American records of monochromus are shown to be misidentifications, and two new Nearctic species are described: P. hazelriggi, sp. n. (adult male, pupa, larva), and P. gillespieae, sp. n. (adult male). P. pediformis Lenz, 1951 is a new junior synonym of P. tenuicaudatus. A provisional key is given for Nearctic adult males of the genus, including several unnamed species. P. digitalis (Edwards, 1929), guarani Spies, Fittkau & Reiss, 1994, and parilis (Walker, 1856) are newly recorded from the Nearctic region. Correspondence: Martin Spies, Schrämelstr. 151, D-81247 München, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] Key words. – Diptera; Chironomidae; Parachironomus; Holarctic; taxonomy; description; key. During studies on nuisance Chironomidae in the autapomorphies or simple character sets have been greater Los Angeles urban area (USA, California), identified distinguishing them from all their con- adult males of the genus Parachironomus Lenz were geners. Thus, the selection of species for the present encountered, which according to the North Ameri- work perhaps does not form a monophyletic group- can reference literature represented the originally Eu- ing, but is rather a result of the author’s interpretation ropean species monochromus (van der Wulp, 1874). of the available information. More associations of still Simultaneously collected pupal exuviae, however, did undiscovered or poorly known Parachironomus imma- not match the descriptions of monochromus, but ap- ture stages, and the integration of data on all stages are peared to be P. tenuicaudatus (Malloch, 1915). Cer- required for an authoritative Holarctic revision. tain transatlantic differences in monochromus male hypopygial morphology – first noticed by Goetghe- MATERIAL AND METHODS buer (1951) – were also apparent. A wide array of material and references has been The species analyzed here have in the course of 140 studied to resolve these inconsistencies and identify years been mentioned in many publications. For prac- the southern Californian species, extending the origi- tical reasons it is not possible to evaluate all that mate- nal problem. The North American Parachironomus rial. Analogously, the historic listings under each fauna clearly is not as well described as assumed, and species heading below do not contain all known refer- a full review of Holarctic scope is required. As a first ences, but instead only those essential to finding nec- step, the present study attempts to resolve a limited essary information. For example, since most authors set of outstanding problems, and identifies others. treating North American material followed Townes’ The species treated here are presently inseparable as (1945) concepts, such contributions are only cited in larvae (3 of 4 known), and differ little to moderately in special cases. Unverified records are indicated by a ‘?’. pupal and adult male morphologies (P. monochromus Relevant details are discussed in ‘Notes’ sections fol- more noticeably in both stages). However, no shared lowing the historic listings. 125 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 12:48:51AM via free access T E, 143, 2000 Wherever possible, standard morphological termi- INHS Illinois Natural History Survey (Cham- nology is followed (combined from Sæther 1980, paign) Cranston & Reiss 1983, Coffman 1986, Pinder & ISNB Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Reiss 1986, and Oliver & Dillon 1989). Some special Belgique (Brussels, Belgium) adult characters are evaluated according to Spies et al. JES James E. Sublette (Tucson, Arizona) (1994: 62). Pupal setae showing at least partial lamel- JHE John H. Epler (Crawfordville, Florida) lar widening are called ‘semi-taeniate’ or ‘taeniate’ af- MJB Michael J. Bolton (Columbus, Ohio) ter a suggestion by Langton (1994). The whorl of OCVCD Orange County Vector Control District clear spines in the ventral, postero-lateral corners of (Garden Grove, California) some abdominal segments on the pupa is called ‘vor- PHL Peter H. Langton (Coleraine, Northern tex’ (plural ‘vortices’) after Langton (1999). Also see Ireland) the latter reference for definitions of the pupal WFBM W. F. Barr Entomological Museum, Uni- paratergites and parasternites. versity of Idaho (Moscow) Two new terms are here introduced to facilitate de- USNM United States National Museum of Natural scription of group- or species-diagnostic character History (Washington, D.C.) states. ‘Caudal’ setae of the adult male anal tergite are ZMAN Zoölogisch Museum, Universiteit van Am- those grouped around the origin of the anal point sterdam (Netherlands) and/or lining a proximal stretch of the latter. ‘Portal se- ZSM Zoologische Staatssammlung München tae’ identifies a bilaterally paired set often clearly distin- (Germany) guishable anterior to the ventralmost caudal setae, on a ledge or prominence(s) posteroventral to (‘at the en- SYSTEMATIC PART trance of’) the inner genital area (see figs. 1-5). Outside of the present study, examples for portal setae and their Parachironomus monochromus (van der Wulp) taxonomic value (see Spies et al. 1994) are Parachirono- (figs. 1, 3) mus manaos Spies, Fittkau & Reiss, 1994, P. puberulus (Edwards, 1931), and P. vistosus Paggi, 1979. Chironomus unicolor van der Wulp, 1859a: 5, 1859b: 5, For the adult male stage, table 5 allows direct com- 1859c: 32, 1859d: 162 (primary homonym of C. unicolor parisons of non-hypopygial characters. The text de- Walker, 1848; adult male). Chironomus monochromus van der Wulp, 1874: 129 (re- scriptions give features not listed in the table, but also placement name for C. unicolor van der Wulp, 1859 nec repeat those warranting special mention. Walker, 1848). Meristic data are generally presented in the format: Chironomus (Cryptochironomus) claviforceps Edwards, 1929: value range (number of values). If the value distribu- 389 (adult male; see below under ‘Notes’, item 1). tion is significantly skewed, n is preceded by the me- Tendipes (Parachironomus) monochromus: Kruseman, 1933: 192 (synonymization of claviforceps Edwards; adult dian value: x-y (M; n). male). Data on bilaterally paired and discrete structures Tendipes (Cryptochironomus) monochromus: Goetghebuer, (e.g. number of thoracic dorsocentral setae) are given 1937-1954: 46 (adult male). for one body side only. Structures interpretable as ? ‘Parachironomus monochromus v. d. Wulp. var. Goetgh.’: fused pairs without a distinct gap are evaluated in full Lenz, 1938: 712 (larva, pupa; see below under ‘Notes’, (e.g. caudal setae around anal point origin). item 2). Parachironomus monochromus: Lehmann, 1970: 146 (adult male); ? Rodova, 1978: 99 (adult female); Albu, 1980: Abbreviations of life stages: ex = exuviae, L = larva, 131 (adult male; see below under ‘Notes’, item 4); Lang- P = pupa, ph = pharate. ton, 1991: 274 (pupa); Kobayashi & Suzuki, 1999: 82 Abbreviations of names and institutions (USA un- (adult male; see below under ‘Notes’, item 4). less otherwise stated): AEI American Entomological Institute (Gaines- Notes on nomenclature and identification ville, Florida) 1. Goetghebuer (1921) was the first subsequent au- ANSP Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- thor to apply the name monochromus van der Wulp to phia (Pennsylvania) a morphological concept. He used it for specimens BAC Broughton A. Caldwell (Lawrenceville, clearly belonging to P. tenuicaudatus (Malloch), and Georgia) for that reason later (1928: 81, 155) called baciliger BMNH The Natural History Museum (London, Kieffer a junior synonym. Edwards (1929) followed UK) Goetghebuer’s opinion, and separately described his FAMU Florida A&M University (Tallahassee) new claviforceps. Kruseman (1933) verified that van GLACVCD Greater Los Angeles County Vector der Wulp’s type of monochromus was lost, and reinter- Control District (Santa Fe Springs, Califor- preted the species because Goetghebuer’s specimens nia) had the legs unicolorous, not partially darkened as 126 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 12:48:51AM via free access S: Holarctic Parachironomus van der Wulp had described them. Thus, claviforceps Pex+(; Bavaria, pond nr. Wolfsegg E of Landshut, 14.v.1983, F. Reiss (ZSM). 2(; Bavaria, Inn river at Perach, Edwards, instead of baciliger Kieffer, became a junior 9.vi.1977, leg. Utschick (ZSM). – NETHERLANDS: 3(; synonym of monochromus. Goetghebuer (1937-1954) Voorst, ‘Yselarm’, 18.viii.1930, M. C. Jansen & G. Kruse- accepted Kruseman’s solution which has been the ba- man (ZMAN, author’s coll.). – UNITED KINGDOM: 1(; Eng- sis of the Palaearctic concept for monochromus van der land, Hertfordshire, Letchworth, vi.1918, F. W. Edwards Wulp ever since. (syntype claviforceps Edwards; at BMNH). 1(; England, The author has slide-mounted three males from the Cambridgeshire, March, fishpond in Maple Grove, 4.v.1973, G. W. Simpson (PHL). 1 LexPex; as previous exc. Kruseman collection at ZMAN, as well as the male 5.vi.1973 (PHL). 1 Pex;
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