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Têåpååå San Phêåtååå Hoåcååå Online TÊÅP SAN PHÊÅT HOÅC ONLINE No. 04, Vol. I October-November 2008 www.chuaphatgiaovietnam.com 1 Editor’s Words Buddhist Study Magazine online, presented by Vietnam Buddhist Temple – Los Angeles, will be issued on the first Monday of every month and posted on the website: www.chuaphatgiaovietnam.com The Magazine focuses on various issuesof Buddhist Study, including: Buddhist Literature, History of Buddhism, Buddhist Scriptures, and Translations… Thank you. 2 MỤC LỤC PHẬT THỪA TRONG KINH PHÁP HOA 5 Thích Như Minh ðẶC CHẤT CỦA PHẬT GIÁO NHẬT BẢN 22 Thích Nguyên Tâm Dịch và Chú Thích THIỀN VÀ NÃO BỘ 75 Thích Tâm Thành, MD Dịch TỪ ðẶC HỮU DÙNG TRONG PHIÊN DỊCH KINH ðIỂN 92 Thích Như Minh 3 4 PHẬT THỪA (BUDDHAYANA) TRONG KINH PHÁP HOA THÍCH NHƯ MINH Pháp Hoa là tên gọi vắn tắt của bộ kinh Diệu Pháp Liên Hoa 妙 法 蓮 華 經 (Saddharmapundarikasutram) (1) Pháp Hoa là bộ kinh tối thượng thừa, vì kinh này chuyển tải áo nghĩa siêu vượt hơn tất cả các kinh (2); là pháp mầu nhiệm có thể thống nhiếp tất cả các pháp chứa ñựng quan ñiểm chủ yếu của Ðại thừa, ñó là giáo pháp về sự chuyển hóa của Phật tính và khả năng giải thoát (3), và Kinh Pháp Hoa là môn ñại ðà la ni, cho nên người tu thậm chí chỉ cần niệm ñề kinh Nam mô Diệu Pháp Liên Hoa kinh là tiêu trừ ñược tất cả tội chướng và thành tựu Vô thượng bồ ñề theo quan ñiểm Nhật Liên Tông của Nhật Bản. (4) Trong Kinh Pháp Hoa , ðức Phật Bổn Sư Thích Ca Mâu Ni tuyên thuyết rằng chư Phật trong quá khứ cũng như ðức Phật ðấng Như Lai, Bậc A La Hán Chánh ðẳng Chánh Giác xuất hiện trong thế gian là ñể “chỉ bày cho tất cả chúng sanh thấy tri kiến của Như Lai, làm cho chúng sanh nhập vào tri kiến Như Lai, chứng ngộ tri kiến Như Lai”. Nhất Thừa hay Phật Thừa (Buddhayana) là cổ xe duy nhất ñể ñưa chúng sanh ñạt ñến Phật quả Vô Thượng Chánh ðẳng Chánh Giác. (5) Cái “ñại sự nhân duyên” này Ngài chỉ rõ trong ñoạn kinh trích từ trong Phẩm 2 Phương tiện (upāyakauśalyaparivarta ḥ) sau ñây: [……] bhagavānetadavocat-kadācit karhicicchāriputra tathāgata eva ṁrūpā ṁ dharmadeśanā ṁ kathayati| tadyathāpi nāma śāriputra udumbarapu ṣpa ṁ kadācit karhicit sa ṁdṛśyate, evameva śāriputra tathāgato'pi kadācit karhicit eva ṁrūpā ṁ dharmadeśanā ṁ kathayati| śraddadhata me śāriputra, bhūtavādyahamasmi, tathāvādyahamasmi, ananyathāvādyahamasmi| durbodhya ṁ śāriputra tathāgatasya sa ṁdhābhā ṣyam| 5 tatkasya heto ḥ? nānāniruktinirdeśābhilāpanirdeśanairmayā śāriputra vividhairupāyakauśalyaśatasahasrairdharma ḥ sa ṁprakāśita ḥ| atarko'tarkāvacarastathāgatavijñeya ḥ śāriputra saddharma ḥ| tatkasya heto ḥ? ekak ṛtyena śāriputra ekakara ṇīyena tathāgato'rhan samyaksa ṁbuddho loka utpadyate mahāk ṛtyena mahākara ṇīyena| katama ṁ ca śāriputra tathāgatasya ekak ṛtyamekakara ṇīya ṁ mahāk ṛtya ṁ mahākara ṇīya ṁ yena k ṛtyena tathāgato'rhan samyaksa ṁbuddho loka utpadyate? yadida ṁ tathāgatajñānadarśanasamādāpanahetunimitta ṁ sattvānā ṁ tathāgato'rhan samyaksa ṁbuddho loka utpadyate| tathāgatajñānadarśanasa ṁdarśanahetunimitta ṁ sattvānā ṁ tathāgato'rhan samyaksa ṁbuddho loka utpadyate| tathāgatajñānadarśanāvatāra ṇahetunimitta ṁ sattvānā ṁ tathāgato'rhan samyaksa ṁbuddho loka utpadyate| tathāgatajñānapratibodhanahetunimitta ṁ sattvānā ṁ tathāgato'rhan samyaksa ṁbuddho loka utpadyate| tathāgatajñānadarśanamārgāvatāra ṇahetunimitta ṁ sattvānā ṁ tathāgato'rhan samyaksa ṁbuddho loka utpadyate| ida ṁ tacchāriputra tathāgatasya ekak ṛtyamekakara ṇīya ṁ mahāk ṛtya ṁ mahākara ṇīyamekaprayojana ṁ loke prādurbhāvāya| iti hi śāriputra yattathāgatasya ekak ṛtyamekakara ṇīya ṁ mahāk ṛtya ṁ mahākara ṇīyam, tattathāgata ḥ karoti| tatkasya heto ḥ? tathāgatajñānadarśanasamādāpaka evāha ṁ śāriputra, tathāgatajñānadarśanasa ṁdarśaka evāha ṁ śāriputra, tathāgatajñānadarśanāvatāraka evāha ṁ śāriputra, tathāgatajñānadarśanapratibodhaka evāha ṁ śāriputra, tathāgatajñānadarśanamārgāvatāraka evāhaṁ śāriputra| ekamevāha ṁ śāriputra yānamārabhya sattvānā ṁ dharma deśayāmi yadida ṁ buddhayānam| na ki ṁcicchāriputra dvitīya ṁ vā t ṛtīya ṁ vā yāna ṁ sa ṁvidyate| sarvatrai ṣā śāriputra dharmatā daśadigloke| tatkasya heto ḥ? ye'pi tu śāriputra atīta'dhvanyabhūvan 6 daśasu dik ṣvaprameye ṣvasa ṁkhyeye ṣu lokadhātu ṣu tathāgatā arhanta ḥ samyaksa ṁbuddhā bahujanahitāya bahujanasukhāya lokānukampāyai mahato janakāyasyārthāya hitāya sukhāya devānā ṁ ca manu ṣyā ṇāṁ ca| ye nānābhinirhāranirdeśavividhahetukāra ṇanidarśanāramba ṇaniruktyupāyakauśalyairnānādhimuktānā ṁ sattvānāṁ nānādhātvāśayānāmāśaya ṁ viditvā dharma ṁ deśitavanta ḥ| te'pi sarve śāriputra buddhā bhagavanta ekameva yānamārabhya sattvānā ṁ dharma ṁ deśitavanta ḥ, yadida ṁ buddhayāna ṁ sarvajñatāparyavasānam, yadida ṁ tathāgatajñānadarśanasamādāpanameva sattvānā ṁ tathāgatajñānadarśanasa ṁdarśanameva tathāgatajñānadarśanāvatāra ṇameva tathāgatajñānadarśanapratibodhanameva tathāgatajñānadarśanamārgāvatāra ṇameva sattvānā ṁ dharma ṁ deśitavanta ḥ| yairapi śāriputra sattvaiste ṣāmatītānā ṁ tathāgatānāmarhatā ṁ samyaksa ṁbuddhānāmantikāt saddharma ḥ śruta ḥ, te'pi sarve'nuttarāyā ḥ samyaksa ṁbodherlābhino'bhūvan|| [……] (6) “....Này Xá Lợi Phất, lúc bấy giờ Như Lai thuyết giảng hình thức như vậy, Chánh Pháp ñược chỉ bày có hình thức như vậy. Cũng vậy, như ñóa hoa udumbara nở rực rỡ, này Xá Lợi Phất, bây giờ Như Lai thuyết giảng giống như vậy, Chánh Pháp ñược chỉ bày có hình thức như vậy. Này Xá Lợi Phất, hãy tin lời Ta, ðiều Ta nói là thật, ñiều Ta nói là chân lý, ñiều ta nói là không hư dối. Thật là khó hiểu sự diễn giải tạng bí mật của Như Lai, Này Xá Lợi Phất, vì làm sáng tỏ Chánh Pháp, Này Xá Lợi Phất, ta dùng hàng trăm ngàn phương tiện thiện xảo, như là nhiều cách giải thích, nhiều cách chỉ bày, nhiều sự giảng giải, nhiều minh họa khác nhau. Này Xá Lợi Phất, không phải bởi lý luận mà Chánh Pháp ñược tìm ra: nó vượt ra ngoài giới hạn của lý luận, nhưng Chánh Pháp phải ñược Như Lai chỉ bày. 7 Này Xá Lợi Phất, Vì cớ sao ? Vì một ñối tượng duy nhất gì, một mục ñích duy nhất gì, chắc chắn là vì một ñối tượng cao thượng gì, một mục ñích cao thượng gì mà ðức Phật, ðấng Như Lai, Bậc A La Hán, Chánh ðẳng Chánh Giác xuất hiện trong thế gian ? ðó là ñể chỉ bày cho tất cả chúng sanh thấy tri kiến của Như Lai mà ðức Phật, ðấng Như Lai, Bậc A La Hán Chánh ðẳng Chánh Giác xuất hiện trong thế gian. Này Xá Lợi Phất, ñây là ñối tượng duy nhất, mục ñích duy nhất, mục tiêu duy nhất của sự xuất hiện của Ngài trong thế gian. Này Xá Lợi Phất, như vậy ñó là ñối tượng duy nhất, mục ñích duy nhất, ñối tượng cao thượng, mục ñích cao thượng của ðức Như Lai. Lại nữa, nó ñược thành tựu bởi ðức Như Lai. Vì cớ sao? này Xá Lợi Phất, Ta chỉ cho tất cả chúng sanh thấy cái tri kiến của Như Lai, Ta làm mở mắt cho tất cả chúng sanh thấy ñược tri kiến của Như Lai; Này Xá Lợi Phất, Ta thiết lập vững chắc Giáo Pháp về tri kiến của Như Lai; Này Xá Lợi Phất, Ta dẫn dắt ñến giáo Pháp của Như Lai bằng con ñường chân chánh. Này Xá Lợi Phất, vì những ý nghĩa nhất thừa, Phật thừa, ñể dẫn dụ Ta giảng cho chúng sanh Diệu Pháp; không có thừa thứ hai, cũng không có thừa thứ ba. Này Xá Lợi Phất, ñây là Pháp Tánh phổ quát trong thế gian, trong mọi phương hướng. Vì cớ sao ? Này Xá Lợi Phất, tất cả ðức Như Lai, Bậc A La Hán, Chánh ðẳng Chánh Giác trong thời quá khứ ñã xuất hiện trong vô số vô lượng thế giới hệ trong mọi phương hướng vì lợi ích cho số ñông, vì hạnh phúc cho số ñông chúng sanh, Ngài giảng Diệu Pháp cho chư thiên và loài người bằng những phương tiện có thể, như nhiều phương cách, nhiều sự chỉ dẫn, nhiều lý lẽ, nhiều lý luận, nhiều minh họa, nhiều ý tưởng nền tảng, nhiều sự giải thích, tôn trọng những căn cơ của chúng sanh, những sở thích của chúng sanh, những tính khí của chúng sanh có quá nhiều hiển lộ, này Xá Lợi Phất, mà tất cả Chư Phật và Thế Tôn ñã thuyết giảng Chánh Pháp cho chúng sanh bằng nhiều phương tiện khéo léo của một thừa duy nhất, Phật Thừa, và cuối cùng dẫn ñến Nhất Thiết Chủng Trí; Cũng hệt như vậy, với sự phô bày cho tất cả chúng sanh thấy Tri kiến Như Lai; với sự mở mắt cho chúng sanh thấy Tri kiến của Như Lai, 8 với sự thức tĩnh nhờ thấy ñược tri kiến của Như Lai, với sự dẫn dắt ñến giáo thuyết tri kiến của Như Lai bằng con ñường chân chánh. Cũng vậy, ñó là Diệu Pháp mà chư Phật ñã thuyết giảng cho chúng sanh. Này Xá Lợi Phất, những chúng sanh ñã nghe Chánh Pháp từ những ðức Như Lai, Bậc A La Hán, Chánh ðẳng Chánh Giác trong quá khứ, tất cả chúng sanh ñó ñều ñạt ñược Vô Thượng Chánh ðẳng Chánh Giác.” (7) Tất cả chúng sanh ñều sở hữu chủng tử Phật, và ñều có khả năng trở thành một vị Phật như lời tuyên thuyết trong phẩm Phương Tiện của Kinh Diệu Pháp Liên Hoa vừa dẫn ra ở phần trên. Nhưng chúng sanh vẫn mãi mê ngụp lặn trong ngôi nhà lửa như những ñứa con mãi mê chơi trong ngôi nhà cháy. Ẩn dụ 3 xe: xe nai, xe dê, và xe trâu và ngôi nhà cháy là một trong bảy ẩn dụ của Kinh Pháp Hoa, (8) ñược ðức Phật quyền xảo ñể lập ra 3 thừa: Thanh Văn thừa tương ứng xe nai, Duyên Giác thừa tương ứng xe dê, và Bồ Tát thừa tương ứng với xe trâu phù hợp với từng căn tánh dị biệt của chúng sanh như sự mô tả trong những bài kệ của Phẩm 3 Thí du (aupamyaparivarta ḥ) sau ñây: […..] śrutvā ca so tatra pravi ṣṭ u k ṣipra ṁ pramocanārthāya tadātmajānām| mā mahya bālā imi sarva dārakā dahyeyu naśyeyu ca k ṣiprameva||64|| sa bhā ṣate te ṣamagārado ṣān du ḥkha ṁ ida ṁ bho ḥ kulaputra dāru ṇam| vividhāśca sattveha aya ṁ ca agni mahantikā du ḥkhapara ṁparā tu||65|| āśīvi ṣā yak ṣa suraudracittā ḥ kumbhā ṇḍ a pretā bahavo vasanti| bheru ṇḍ akā ḥ śvānaś ṛgālasa ṁghā gṛdhrāśca āhāra gave ṣamā ṇāḥ||66|| etād ṛśāsmin bahavo vasanti 9 vināpi cāgne ḥ parama ṁ subhairavam| du ḥkha ṁ ida ṁ kevalamevarūpa ṁ samantataścāgniraya ṁ pradīpta ḥ||67|| te codyamānāstatha bālabuddhaya
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