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Uusiutuvan Liikenne-Energian Tiekartta

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Uusiutuvan Liikenne-Energian Tiekartta Ari Lampinen Ari Lampinen B Uusiutuvan liikenne-energian tiekartta Tämä julkaisu on ensimmäinen suomenkielinen yleisesitys uusiutuvien energiamuotojen käyttömahdollisuuksista liikenteessä. Tarkoituksena on Lorempalvella ipsum sekä yleistä dolor tiedonsit amet, tarvetta consectetuer tällä alalla kansallisestiadipiscing elit. että Sederityisesti velit Uusiutuvan liikenne-energiantiekartta augue,valmisteilla rhoncus olevaa et, uusiutuvien vehicula liikenteenet, venenatis energiamuotojen sed, velit. Nunckoulutus- diam ja eros,tutkimushanketta bibendum Pohjois-Karjalassa.pellentesque, luctus condimentum, feugiat non, augue. Suspendisse vel urna. Cras condimentum, est eu sceleris- queKaikkien dignissim, liikennemuotojen urna ante temporosalta onpede, mahdollista sed convallis siirtyä lacusuusiutuvien tortor energiamuotojen käyttöön lukuisten olemassaolevien teknologioiden ja non mi. Donec id sapien vitae turpis elementum consequat resurssien kautta. Koottu tieto auttaa niin opiskelijoita kuin päätöksen- tekijöitäkin hahmottamaan kasvihuonekaasupäästöjen ja muiden liiken- Loremteen aiheuttamien ipsum dolor ekologisten sit amet, ongelmien consectetuer ratkaisumahdollisuuksia. adipiscing elit. Sed Tietoa velit augue,tarvitaan, rhoncus kun valmistaudutaan et, vehicula niihin et, venenatis yhteiskunnallisiin sed, velit. vaikutuksiin, Nunc diam jotka eros,aiheutuvat bibendum raakaöljyn pellentesque, globaalin tuotantohuipun luctus condimentum, lähestymisestä. feugiat Teknolo- non, augue.gian tietoisen Suspendisse valinnan merkitysvel urna. korostuu Cras condimentum, tulevan muutoksen est eu hallinnassa. sceleris- que dignissim, urna ante tempor pede, sed convallis lacus tortor nonTarkastelun mi. Donec painopisteessä id sapien vitae on autoliikenne, turpis elementum mutta consequatmyös raide-, vesi-, ilma-, avaruus- ja viestiliikennettä käsitellään. Julkaisussa on historialli- Loremnen tiekartta ipsum 23 dolor liikenteen sit amet, biopolttoaineen consectetuer sukupolven adipiscing ja muidenelit. Sed uusiu- velit tuvien liikenteen energialähteiden teknologioiden käyttöönotosta. Lisäksi augue, rhoncus et, vehicula et, venenatis sed, velit. Nunc diam on katsaus nykyisin käytettävissä oleviin resursseihin ja niiden hyödyn- eros,tämisen bibendum teknologioihin, pellentesque, sekä tiekartta luctus tulevien condimentum, valintojen pohjaksi. feugiat Julkai- non, augue.sussa on Suspendisse runsas kuvitus vel ja urna.paljon Craskäytännön condimentum, esimerkkejä. est eu sceleris- que dignissim, urna ante tempor pede, sed convallis lacus tortor non mi. Donec id sapien vitae turpis elementum consequat Pohjois-Karjalan ammattikorkeakoulun julkaisuja B: 17 ISBN 978-951-604-100-4 ISBN 978-951-604-101-1 (pdf) ISSN 1797-3821 ISSN 1797-383X (pdf) Pohjois-Karjalan ammattikorkeakoulu Pohjois-Karjalan ammattikorkeakoulun julkaisuja B: 17 Uusiutuvan liikenne-energian tiekartta Ari Lampinen Pohjois-Karjalan ammattikorkeakoulu Joensuu 2009 1 Julkaisusarja B: 17 Vastaava toimittaja YTT Anna Liisa Westman Kirjoittaja Ari Lampinen Sivuntaitto Tampereen Yliopistopaino – Juvenes Print Oy Kansi Olga Pletcheva Nina Määttä Tampereen Yliopistopaino – Juvenes Print Oy Kannen kuva Ari Lampinen ISBN 978-951-604-100-4 ISBN 978-951-604-101-1 (pdf) ISSN 1797-3821 ISSN 1797-383X (pdf) Copyright Ari Lampinen Paino Tampereen Yliopistopaino – Juvenes Print Oy, Tampere 2009 441 729 Painotuote 2 Valokuvat: Ari Lampinen (ellei muuta ole kuvatekstissä mainittu). Kuvanottovuosi on merkittynä kuvatekstin lopussa. Kansikuvat: 1. Lihasvoiman käyttöä energiapuun kuljetuksessa Nepalissa. Kävelijän molemmilla puolilla makaa puhveleita, jotka toimivat eläinvoiman läh- teenä ja tuottavat lantaa biokaasureaktoreiden raaka-aineeksi. [1995] 2. Turun Rautateollisuus ja Vaunutehdas Oy:n valmistama puukäyttöinen Kullervo-lokomobiili vuosimallia 1911 sekä IVO:n 1980-luvun prototyyp- pisähköauto tekniikan museossa Helsingissä. [2006] 3. Nantes’n kaupungissa 1800-luvun lopulla käytössä ollut paineilmarai- tiovaunu Pariisin liikennetekniikan museossa. [2007] 4. Transrapidin magneettinen MAGLEV-leijujuna Speyerin teknologiamu- seossa Saksassa. [2007] 5. Brasilialaisen Embraer-yhtiön sarjavalmistuksessa oleva etanolikäyttöi- nen (E100) Ipanema-merkkinen lentokone. [© Embraer 2004]. 6. Biodieselin kuljetukseen tarkoitettu kalifornialaisen biodieselosuuskun- na biodieselkäyttöinen (B100) tankkiauto uusiutuvan energian messu- tapahtumassa Hoplandissa Kaliforniassa. [2004] 7. Tukholman liikenteen (SL) biokaasukäyttöinen (CBG100) Volvo-bussi (vasemmalla) ja polttokennolla varustettu vetykäyttöinen (CH100) MB- bussi (oikealla) bussivarikolla. [2005] 8. Ruotsissa liikennöivä biokaasukäyttöinen (CBG100) juna Linköpingin asemalla. [2006] 3 4 ”Bensan puute! Se saa miehen kyyneliin!” - Kenraali (myöh. marsalkka) Erwin Rommel kirjeessä vaimolleen Pohjois-Afrikan sodan aikana vuonna 1942 (Yergin 1991) 5 6 ESIPUHE Tämä julkaisu on ensimmäinen suomenkielinen yleisesitys uusiutuvien energiamuoto- jen käyttömahdollisuuksista liikenteessä. Tarkoituksena on palvella sekä yleistä tiedon tarvetta tällä alalla kansallisesti että erityisesti valmisteilla olevaa uusiutuvien liikenteen energiamuotojen koulutus- ja tutkimushanketta Pohjois-Karjalassa. Julkaisu on tehty osana Pohjois-Karjalan maakuntaliiton tulevaisuusrahaston rahoitta- maa hanketta ”Liikennebiokaasun ja muiden liikenteen uusiutuvien energialähteiden ja investointien kehittämishanke – osa 1: valmisteluvaihe”. Tulevaisuusrahaston lisäksi han- ketta rahoittivat Joensuun Seudun Jätehuolto Oy, Kontiolahden kunta sekä Joensuun Seudun Kehittämisyhtiö Josek Oy. Pohjois-Karjalan Ammattikorkeakoulu toimi han- kepartnerina ja Pohjois-Karjalan Ammattikorkeakoulun koordinoima Pohjoisen peri- feriaohjelman MicrE-hanke osallistui tämän julkaisun rahoittamiseen. Hankkeen oh- jausryhmässä olivat Erkki Kettunen (pj.) Joensuun Seudun Jätehuolto Oy:stä, Pasi Pit- känen Pohjois-Karjalan maakuntaliitosta, Kimmo Kurkko Josek Oy:stä, Antti Suontama Kontiolahden kunnasta ja Ville Kuittinen Pohjois-Karjalan Ammattikorkeakoulusta. Hankkeen hallinnoija ja toteuttaja oli Joensuun Seudun Jätehuolto Oy. Projektipäällik- könä toimi Ari Lampinen ja projektisihteerinä Anu Laakkonen. Elokuussa 2009 Ari Lampinen 7 8 SISÄLTÖ ESIPUHE ................................................................................................................................ 7 1. JOHDANTO ..................................................................................................................... 17 2. LIIKENTEEN ENERGIANLÄHTEIDEN HISTORIALLINEN TIEKARTTA ........................21 2.1. I SUKUPOLVEN LIIKENNEBIOPOLTTOAINEET: RUOKA (2.000.000 eaa) ..........23 2.1.1 Lihas ..........................................................................................................25 2.2. GRAVITAATIO (2.000.000 eaa) ..............................................................................27 2.3. VESIVOIMA (60.000 eaa) .......................................................................................28 2.4. VUOROVESIVOIMA (60.000 eaa) ..........................................................................30 2.5. MERIVIRTAVOIMA (60.000 eaa) ............................................................................31 2.6. II SUKUPOLVEN LIIKENNEBIOPOLTTOAINEET: REHU (6000 eaa) ....................32 2.7. TUULIVOIMA (3500 eaa) ........................................................................................34 2.7.1. Vesiliikenne ...............................................................................................34 2.7.2. Ilmaliikenne ...............................................................................................36 2.7.3. Maaliikenne ...............................................................................................42 2.7.4. Avaruus-, planeetta- ja kuuliikenne ...........................................................43 2.8. MAAPALLON LIIKE-ENERGIA (3000 eaa) .............................................................44 2.9. III SUKUPOLVEN LIIKENNEBIOPOLTTOAINEET: RUUDIT (900-LUKU) .............45 2.9.1. Rakettimoottori ..........................................................................................45 2.9.1.1 Kiinteät rakettipolttoaineet (ruudit) ...........................................49 2.9.1.2. Nestemäiset rakettipolttoaineet ................................................49 2.9.1.3. Kaasumaiset rakettipolttoaineet ...............................................51 2.9.1.4. Plasma .....................................................................................52 2.9.1.5. Aurinkovoima ja ydinvoima ......................................................52 2.9.1.6. Antimateria ...............................................................................53 2.9.2. Ruudit muissa moottorityypeissä ..............................................................53 2.10. MEKAANINEN VOIMA (1600-luku) ........................................................................54 2.11. IV SUKUPOLVEN LIIKENNEBIOPOLTTOAINEET: PUU JA PUUHIILI (1700-LUKU) .............................................................................56 2.11.1. Höyrykone .................................................................................................59 2.11.2. Kuumailmakoneet ja kuumakaasukoneet .................................................65 2.11.3. Höyryturbiini ..............................................................................................67 2.11.4. Muihin kiertoaineisiin perustuvat koneet ja turbiinit ...................................69
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