DOCSLIB.ORG

Microfilms Ihtematiaital

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Microfilms Ihtematiaital Microfilms Ihtematiaital 1.0 Igia im wa III 2.2 I: 1^ IIIII2.0 l.l 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIAL 1010a (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) \ \ University Microfilms Inc. 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a manuscript sent to us for publication and microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to pho­ tograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quality of the reproduction Is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. Pages In any manuscript may have Indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. The following explanation of techniques Is provided to help clarify notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. Manuscripts may not always be complete. Wlien It Is not possible to obtain missing pages, a note appears to Indicate this. 2. When copyrighted materials are removed from the manuscript, a note ap­ pears to Indicate this. 3. Oversize materials (maps, drawings, and charts) are photographed by sec­ tioning the original, beginning at the upper left hand comer and continu­ ing from left to right In equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page Is also filmed as one exposure and Is available, for an additional charge, as a standard 35mm slide or In black and white paper format. * 4. Most photographs reproduce acceptably on positive microfilm or micro­ fiche but lack clarity on xerographic copies made from the microfilm. For an additional charge, all photographs are available In black and white standard 35mm slide format. • *For more information about black and white slides or enlarged paper reproductions, please contact the Dissertations Customer Services Department. IMversMy Mkamhns InteoniffltàQnal 8607159 Bouguerra, Belgacem THE QUESTION OF THE ASIATIC MODE OF PRODUCTION AND PRE­ COLONIAL ALGERIA The American University Ph.D. 1986 University Microfilms I nternstionsi 300 N. zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Copyright 1986 by Bouguerra, Belgacem All Rights Reserved PLEASE NOTE: fn all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible w ay from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V 1. Glossy photographs or pages. 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print______ 3. Photographs with dark background_____ 4. Illustrations are poor copy______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy. 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of p a g e . 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages t / 8. Print exceeds margin requirements______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine_______ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print. 11. Page(s) ___________ lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s)___________ seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages______ 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed as received 16. O t h e r _____________________________ ________________________________________ University Microfilms International THE QUESTION OF THE ASIATIC MODE OF PRODUCTION AND PRE-COLONIAL ALGERIA By Belgacem Bouguerra submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology Signatures of Committee Chairman Dean^V College 1985 , The American University L>0l9^ Washington, D.C. 20016 © COPYRIGHT BY BELGACEM BOUGUERRA 1986 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE QUESTION OF THE ASIATIC MODE OF PRODUCTION AND PRE-COLONIAL ALGERIA by Belgacem Bouguerra ABSTRACT One of the most controversial concepts in Marxism today is that of the Asiatic mode of production. The latter has been used to characterize the social formations of Asia, Africa, and pre-Columbian America. However, studies that connect theory with practice are still far from being realized. Marx's concepts which he developed for the capitalist mode of production are still applied to pre-capitalist modes of production without either criti­ cism or re-examination, and more alarmingly, with revi­ sion. Thus, the present work aims at (1) narrowing the gap between theory and practice, (2) re-examining some of Marx's basic concepts, and (3) formulating a theory of the Asiatic mode of production. In doing so, this dissertation explores in some detail the origin, development, and current status of Marxist historiography in general and the Asiatic mode of production in particular. In the light of this, it examines the social history of pre-colonial North Africa, 11 with an emphasis on Algeria. It outlines the theory of the Asiatic mode of production. Thereby, it suggests that human history cannot be presented as a single sequence of successive stages, each the necessary outcome of its predecessor. Rather, it suggests that the Asiatic mode of production is a stage in the historical development of human society. It evolved from the primitive-communal mode of production and constitutes a stage from which all more developed modes of production evolved, whether directly or through other stages. Ill TABLE OP CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................. il LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS................................. vi LIST OF TABLES ....................................... vii PART ONE THEORIES OF ORIENTAL PRE-CAPITALIST SOCIETIES Chapter I. THE PROBLEMATIC OF THE ASIATIC MODE OF PRODUCTION................................... 2 II. ORIENTAL DESPOTISM VS. THE ASIATIC MODE OF PRODUCTION............................. 17 Oriental Despotism ........................ 17 Marx's and Engels' Views of Oriental Societies ...................... 36 C o n c l u s i o n ................................. 55 III. THE FATE OF THE ASIATIC MODE OF PRODUCTION..................................... 57 The Direct Successors to Marx and E n g e l s ............................... 57 Revival of the Asiatic Mode of Production............................... 70 Conclusion................................. 112 IV. THEORIES OR MODELS OF PRE-COLONIAL ALGERIA ............................... 117 Conclusion................................. 145 PART TWO THE CONCRETE STUDY OF PRE-COLONIAL ALGERIA V. PRE-OTTOMAN ALGERIA ........................... 149 Historical Background of Pre- Islamic Northern Africa ................ 149 Islam in North A f r i c a ..................... 171 iv Islam, Land, and Shari'a (Religious Law) Revenue ............ 175 Islam, Land, and State Revenue in the Maghrib ....................... 178 Islam and Commerce in the M a g h r i b .......... 185 The Crisis of the Fourteenth C e n t u r y ................................. 199 VI. OTTOMAN RULE IN A L G E R I A ....................... 207 Establisïiment of the Turkish State in A l g e r i a ................................. 207 Sociopolitical Structure of Ottoman A l g e r i a ................................... 211 The Economic Structure of Ottoman A l g e r i a ................................... 218 Types of Property....................... 218 Fiscal System and State Revenues ............ 234 VII. AN OUTLINE OF THE ASIATIC MODE OF PRODUCTION................................. 242 Asiatic and Other Modes of Production......... 261 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................. 265 V LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Post-Independence Frontiers of North African States ........................... 150 2. Limits of the Roman Empire in North Africa (First Century A.D.) 153 3. Limits of the Roman Empire in North Africa (Fifth Century A.D.) 156 4. Limits of Islamic Empire in Africa (900 A . D . ) ..................................... 174 5. Limits of Islamic Empire in Africa (1500 A.D.) 174 6. Main Sub-Saharan Trade Routes in the 10th to 12th Century ........................... 186 7. Limits of Almoravid and Almohad Empires (1050-1250) 194 8. Administrative Divisions of Ottoman Algeria (1516-1830) 214 VI LIST OP TABLES 1. The Relationship of the Producer to the Means of Production, Appropriation of the Surplus, Organization of Labor, and the Form of L a b o r ................................... 263 Vll PART ONE THEORIES OF ORIENTAL PRE-CAPITALIST SOCIETIES CHAPTER I THE PROBLEMATIC OF THE ASIATIC MODE OF PRODUCTION The concept of the Asiatic mode of production is one of the most controversial concepts in the history of Marxism. The term was originally developed by Marx in the 1850s to account for a type of society outside the main­ stream of Western development. Neither Marx nor his followers restricted this mode to the geographical region of Asia. It has been used to characterize the social formations of Asia, Africa, and pre-Columbian America. Nevertheless, the theoretical status of the Asiatic mode of production has never been too secure. This is true for three reasons : (1) the unfinished work of Marx on social evolution in general and the Asiatic mode of production in particular, (2) the little or no attention paid by Western scholars to non-European history, and (3) the eagerness of early Marxist orthodoxy to embrace a unilinear and mechan­ ical conception of history. The unfinished work of Marx has opened the door to different interpretations. The scarcity of information on non-European societies forced the discussion to remain at a theoretical level. Finally, the mechanical conception of history condemned the discus­ sion of the Asiatic mode of production. 3 In this atmosphere, the discussion of the concept
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Status of Russian Ethnic Minority in Independent Tajikistan
    Status of Russian Ethnic Minority in Independent Tajikistan DISSERTATION Submitted to the University of Kashmir in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Philosophy (M. Phil) In History By Farooq Ahmad Rather Under the Supervision of Prof. Aijaz A. Bandey CENTRE OF CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES University of Kashmir, Srinagar- 190006 JAMMU AND KASHMIR, INDIA September, 2012 Centre of Central Asian Studies University of Kashmir, Srinagar “A” Grade NAAC Accredited CERTIFICATE Certified that the thesis entitled “Status of Russian Ethnic Minority in Independent Tajikistan” submitted by Farooq Ahmad Rather for the Degree of M. Phil in the discipline of History is an original piece of research work. This work has not been submitted fully or partially so far anywhere for the award of any degree. The scholar worked under my supervision on whole time basis for the period required under statues and has put in the required attendance in the Centre. Prof. Aijaz A. Bandey (Supervisor) Countersigned (Prof. G. R. Jan) Director Declaration I solemnly declare that the Dissertation entitled “Status of Russian Ethnic Minority in Independent Tajikistan” submitted by me in the discipline of History under the supervision of Prof. Aijaz A. Bandey embodies my own contribution. This work, which does not contain piracy, has not been submitted, so far, anywhere for the award of any degree. Dated Signature 5 October 2012 Farooq Ahmad Rather CCAS University of Kashmir, Srinagar CONTENTS Page No. Preface i Chapter-I Introduction 1
    [Show full text]
  • Per La Filosofia, L'epistemologia, Le Scienze Cogn
    Università degli Studi dell’Insubria «Centro Internazionale Insubrico “Carlo Cattaneo” e “Giulio Preti” per la Filosofia, l’Epistemologia, le Scienze cognitive e la Storia della scienza e delle tecniche» Direttore scientifico: prof. Fabio Minazzi Biblioteca Aurelia (Lella) Monti Elenco con numerazione dei 1039 voll. Sezioni LM = logica matematica, filosofia della scienza, epistemologia (206 voll.); C = classici di filosofia (175 voll.); F = filosofia, storia della filosofia (87 voll.); P = pedagogia, psicologia (14 voll.); S = storia, economia, sociologia, diritto (265 voll.); L = letteratura, critica letteraria, teatro (140 voll.); LG = linguistica (14 voll.); A = arte, musica, cinema (17 voll.); E = enciclopedie, dizionari (30 voll.); R = riviste (17 voll.); AT = atti di convegni (6 voll.); Msc = manuali scolastici, testi per la scuola (63 voll.); Misc = miscellanea (5 voll.); Ms = manoscritti, documenti e carte varie. Collocazione Sede del Centro Insubrico “C.Cattaneo e G.Preti” di Villa Toeplitz, II piano. Armadi (1-4) con 5 scaffali l’uno, per es.: 2.4 significa armadio n. 2 scaffale n. 4. LM sta in 2. 2., 2.3, 2.4., 2.5.; P, R, A, AT, Misc in 2.5; C in 3.1, 3.2.; F in 3.3.; Msc in 3.4., E in 3.5; S in 4.1, 4.2, 4.3.; L in 4.4, 4.5; LG in 4.5. LM (logica matematica, filosofia della scienza, epistemologia) 56 1. Aa. Vv., La scienza in tasca. Proposta per una bibliografia di informazione scientifica, a cura della Provincia di Milano, Assessorato alla cultura, Bibliografica, Milano 1982, pp. 306 [a cura di Felice Mondella la sezione: Conoscenza comune, conoscenza scientifica e immagine della natura, pp.
    [Show full text]
  • ROMAN POLITICS DURING the JUGURTHINE WAR by PATRICIA EPPERSON WINGATE Bachelor of Arts in Education Northeastern Oklahoma State
    ROMAN POLITICS DURING THE JUGURTHINE WAR By PATRICIA EPPERSON ,WINGATE Bachelor of Arts in Education Northeastern Oklahoma State University Tahlequah, Oklahoma 1971 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS May, 1975 SEP Ji ·J75 ROMAN POLITICS DURING THE JUGURTHINE WAR Thesis Approved: . Dean of the Graduate College 91648 ~31 ii PREFACE The Jugurthine War occurred within the transitional period of Roman politics between the Gracchi and the rise of military dictators~ The era of the Numidian conflict is significant, for during that inter­ val the equites gained political strength, and the Roman army was transformed into a personal, professional army which no longer served the state, but dedicated itself to its commander. The primary o~jec­ tive of this study is to illustrate the role that political events in Rome during the Jugurthine War played in transforming the Republic into the Principate. I would like to thank my adviser, Dr. Neil Hackett, for his patient guidance and scholarly assistance, and to also acknowledge the aid of the other members of my counnittee, Dr. George Jewsbury and Dr. Michael Smith, in preparing my final draft. Important financial aid to my degree came from the Dr. Courtney W. Shropshire Memorial Scholarship. The Muskogee Civitan Club offered my name to the Civitan International Scholarship Selection Committee, and I am grateful for their ass.istance. A note of thanks is given to the staff of the Oklahoma State Uni­ versity Library, especially Ms. Vicki Withers, for their overall assis­ tance, particularly in securing material from other libraries.
    [Show full text]
  • Looking Into Iraq
    Chaillot Paper July 2005 n°79 Looking into Iraq Martin van Bruinessen, Jean-François Daguzan, Andrzej Kapiszewski, Walter Posch and Álvaro de Vasconcelos Edited by Walter Posch cc79-cover.qxp 28/07/2005 15:27 Page 2 Chaillot Paper Chaillot n° 79 In January 2002 the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) beca- Looking into Iraq me an autonomous Paris-based agency of the European Union. Following an EU Council Joint Action of 20 July 2001, it is now an integral part of the new structures that will support the further development of the CFSP/ESDP. The Institute’s core mission is to provide analyses and recommendations that can be of use and relevance to the formulation of the European security and defence policy. In carrying out that mission, it also acts as an interface between European experts and decision-makers at all levels. Chaillot Papers are monographs on topical questions written either by a member of the ISS research team or by outside authors chosen and commissioned by the Institute. Early drafts are normally discussed at a semi- nar or study group of experts convened by the Institute and publication indicates that the paper is considered Edited by Walter Posch Edited by Walter by the ISS as a useful and authoritative contribution to the debate on CFSP/ESDP. Responsibility for the views expressed in them lies exclusively with authors. Chaillot Papers are also accessible via the Institute’s Website: www.iss-eu.org cc79-Text.qxp 28/07/2005 15:36 Page 1 Chaillot Paper July 2005 n°79 Looking into Iraq Martin van Bruinessen, Jean-François Daguzan, Andrzej Kapiszewski, Walter Posch and Álvaro de Vasconcelos Edited by Walter Posch Institute for Security Studies European Union Paris cc79-Text.qxp 28/07/2005 15:36 Page 2 Institute for Security Studies European Union 43 avenue du Président Wilson 75775 Paris cedex 16 tel.: +33 (0)1 56 89 19 30 fax: +33 (0)1 56 89 19 31 e-mail: [email protected] www.iss-eu.org Director: Nicole Gnesotto © EU Institute for Security Studies 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • Lescahiersfr.Pdf
    SLADD_N8.indb 1 08/12/2014 15:58:40 SLADD_N8.indb 2 08/12/2014 15:58:41 Université Les Frères Mentouri - Constantine Les cahiers du LE PRÉNOM EN ALGÉRIE : UN ENJEU IDENTITAIRE ET IDÉOLOGIQUE Sous la direction de Chérif Sini DES LANGUES ET DES DISCOURS EN QUESTION N°8 Novembre 2015 SLADD_N8.indb 3 08/12/2014 15:58:41 Directrice de la Revue Pr. Cherrad Yasmina Directeur de la Publication Pr. Derradji Yacine Comité de rédaction Pr. Daouia HANACHI Pr. Abdesselem ZETILI Pr. Laarem GUIDOUM Pr. Farida LOGBI Dr. Nedjma CHERRAD Comité scientifique Pr. Dalila MORSLY, U. Angers Pr. Rabah KAHLOUCH, U. Tizi-Ouzou Pr. Yasmina CHERRAD, U. Mentouri Constantine Pr. Foued LAROUSSI, U. Rouen Pr. Valéry DEBOV, U. Ivanovo Pr. Yacine DERRADJI, U. Mentouri Constantine Pr. Mohamed MILIANI, U. Oran Pr. Bah OULD ZEIN, U. Nouakchott Pr. Jean-François SABLAYROLES, U. Parix XIII Pr. Nedjma BENACHOUR, U. Mentouri Constantine 1 Le SLADD, Un pôle d’expression pour les enseignants-chercheurs, doctorants et étudiants en formation postgraduée dont les travaux ont pour centre d’intérêt l’étude des pratiques réelles non seulement de la langue française mais de toutes les langues en présence en Algérie et dans le Maghreb, la didactique du FLE et les discours littéraires. Les Cahiers du SLADD Édité par : Cherrad Yasmina / Derradji Yacine / Morsly Dalila ISSN : 1112-4792 1. Les opinions exprimées dans les articles n'engagent que leurs auteurs. SLADD_N8.indb 4 08/12/2014 15:58:41 • Chérif Sini Présentation 07 • Henia Akir Les prénoms dans l’œuvre de Jean Sénac : l’expression
    [Show full text]
  • Historia Del Marxismo: Teorías De La Evolución, Revolución Y Estado
    Historia del marxismo: teorías de la evolución, revolución y Estado. La crítica de Marx a sus contemporáneos Darwin, Carlyle, Morgan, Maine y Kovalevsky Historia del marxismo: teorías de la evolución, revolución y Estado. La crítica de Marx a sus contemporáneos Darwin, Carlyle, Morgan, Maine y Kovalevsky Lawrence Krader 3 335.4 K73 Krader, Lawrence Historia del marxismo: teorías de la evolución, revolución y estado. La crítica de Marx a sus contemporáneos Darwin, Carlyle, Morgan, Maine y Kovalevsky / Lawrence Krader.-- 1a. Ed.-- Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas: UNICACH, 2016. 54 P. ; 21.5X17cms. ISBN: 978-607-8410-74-3 1. historia - Crítica e interpretación. 2. Estado - sociedad. 3. Economía marxista. Colección , número 3 Primera edición: 2016 D.R. © UNIVERSIDAD DE CIENCIAS Y ARTES DE CHIAPAS 1a Av. Sur Poniente 1460, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México www.unicach.mx CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE MÉXICO Y CENTROAMÉRICA Calle Bugambilia 30, fracc. La Buena Esperanza, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, México Tel. y Fax: 01 (967) 678 69 21 www.cesmeca.unicach.mx ISBN: 978-607-8410-74-3 Impreso en México Traducción del original en inglés: Víctor Manuel Esponda Jimeno Imagen de portada: Emmanuel Malerva González Diseño de portada: Irma Cecilia Medina Villafuerte Corrección de estilo: Roberto Rico Chong y María Isabel Rodríguez Ramos Este libro ha sido publicado con el permiso de Lawrence Krader Reserch Project, institución dependiente de la Universidad McMaster en Hamilton, Ontario, Canadá. Índice Prólogo de Andrés Fábregas Puig y Víctor Manuel Esponda Jimeno 7 Historia del marxismo: teorías de la evolución, revolución y Estado. La crítica de Marx a sus contemporáneos Darwin, Carlyle, Morgan, Maine y Kovalevsky 13 1.
    [Show full text]
  • CEMA Regular Lecture Series, 2011-2012
    Volume 2 November 2012 CEMA Centre d’Études Maghrébines en Algérie Newsletter Letter from the Director, Dr. CEMA Special Lecture Series: CEMA Activities at a Glance Robert P. Parks, and Letter The Saharan Lectures & The Pages 5-9 from Associate Director, Dr. CEMA Public Health Lecture Karim Ouaras Series Outreach, AIMS 2013 CFP, Page 2-3 Page 4 Scholars, Recent Publications Pages 10-14 ; Volume Volume 22 2 NovemberNovember 20122012 Letter from CEMA Director, Dr. Robert P. Parks 2011-2012 has been an exciting year at CEMA. Between November 2011 and October 2012, more than 90 researchers spoke at CEMA activities – at fifteen lectures, two thematic round-table activities, two symposia, one six-week fellowship, and one three-day conference. CEMA assisted the research of 47 American and international scholars. And we received nearly 6,500 walk-in visits to the center. Activity is booming and as CEMA grows, so does its audience. We hope to be able to expand our activities to Algiers and the universities and research institutes of the Center of the country this year. Programmatically, we have been active. This year CEMA organized twelve lectures as part of its regular lecture series, which primarily highlights new or on-going research in history, politics, and sociology. CEMA also organizes three special lecture series: ‘the Oran Lecture,’ ‘the Saharan Lectures,’ and a new series on Public Health. ‘The Oran Lecture,’ which we hope to recommence this year, highlights the research of non-Orani Maghrebi scholars in the social sciences and the humanities. Co- organized with the National Research Center for Social and Cultural Anthropology (CRASC), ‘The Saharan Lectures’ builds from the AIMS-West African Research Association (WARA) Saharan Crossroads Initiative, which seeks to underscore the cultural, economic, and social links between the Maghreb and Sahel region.
    [Show full text]
  • Soft Power Or Illusion of Hegemony: the Case of the Turkish Soap Opera “Colonialism”
    International Journal of Communication 7 (2013), 2361-2385 1932–8036/20130005 Soft Power or Illusion of Hegemony: The Case of the Turkish Soap Opera “Colonialism” ZAFER YÖRÜK PANTELIS VATIKIOTIS Izmir University of Economics The article develops two simultaneous arguments; one is theoretical, and the other is analytic. The theoretical argument is based on an assessment of the utility of the concept of “soft power” in comparison to the Gramscian concept of hegemony in understanding the developments in the recent regional power games in the geographical area consisting of Eastern Europe and the near and Middle East. The analytic argument examines the popularity of Turkish soap operas, both among a cross-cultural audience and within the wider context of cultural, economic, and political influences, and in so doing, it points out challenges and limits for Turkey’s regional power. Introduction This article notes the recent boom in the popularity of Turkish soap operas in the Middle East, the Balkans, and some (predominantly “Turkic”) former Soviet Republics in Asia, and examines the discourse of Turkish “soft power” that has developed upon this cultural development. The research focuses here on the analysis of two case studies—of the Middle East and Greece— where the Turkish series are very popular. Both cases are able to contribute different perspectives and explanations of this “cultural penetration” across both sides of a geographical area containing Eastern Europe and the near and Middle East, evaluating Turkey’s “influence” accordingly.1 1 In this regard, the limits of the analysis of the present study are set. Although a general framework of the perception of the Turkish series is provided along both case studies (popularity; aspirations and identifications), further research is needed in order to provide a detailed account of the impact of Turkish series on the related societies.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Turkish People
    June IJPSS Volume 2, Issue 6 ISSN: 2249-5894 2012 _________________________________________________________ History of the Turkish people Vahid Rashidvash* __________________________________________________________ Abstract The Turkish people also known as "Turks" (Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a first language. In the Republic of Turkey, an early history text provided the definition of being a Turk as "any individual within the Republic of Turkey, whatever his faith who speaks Turkish, grows up with Turkish culture and adopts the Turkish ideal is a Turk." Today the word is primarily used for the inhabitants of Turkey, but may also refer to the members of sizeable Turkish-speaking populations of the former lands of the Ottoman Empire and large Turkish communities which been established in Europe (particularly in Germany, France, and the Netherlands), as well as North America, and Australia. Key words: Turkish people. History. Culture. Language. Genetic. Racial characteristics of Turkish people. * Department of Iranian Studies, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Republic of Armeni. A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 118 June IJPSS Volume 2, Issue 6 ISSN: 2249-5894 2012 _________________________________________________________ 1. Introduction The Turks (Turkish people), whose name was first used in history in the 6th century by the Chinese, are a society whose language belongs to the Turkic language family (which in turn some classify as a subbranch of Altaic linguistic family.
    [Show full text]
  • A Thesis Entitled a Framework for the Study of the Spread of English In
    A Thesis entitled A Framework for the Study of the Spread of English in Algeria: A Peaceful Transition to a Better Linguistic Environment by Kamal Belmihoub Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in English as a Second Language _________________________________________ Melinda Reichelt, PhD, Committee Chair _________________________________________ Mohamed Benrabah, PhD, Committee Member _________________________________________ Ruth A. Hottell, PhD, Committee Member _________________________________________ Patricia R. Komuniecki, PhD, Dean College of Graduate Studies The University of Toledo May 2012 Copyright 2012, Kamal Belmihoub This document is copyrighted material. Under copyright law, no parts of this document may be reproduced without the expressed permission of the author. An Abstract of A Framework for the Study of the Spread of English in Algeria: A Peaceful Transition to a Better Linguistic Environment by Kamal Belmihoub Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in English as a Second Language The University of Toledo May 2012 The first chapter of this thesis provides an overview of Algeria‟s history of linguistic diversity. The same chapter describes the language policy of Arabization, which has dominated Algeria‟s linguistic situation since independence from France in 1962. In the second chapter, this thesis presents a theoretical framework for the study of the spread of English in Algeria, where this language has been making inroads. It is argued that English should play a positive role in promoting a peaceful linguistic environment in the North African country. In the third and final chapter, the above- mentioned framework is applied to Algeria‟s context, analyzing this environment through the lenses of the theoretical considerations suggested by the framework.
    [Show full text]
  • A Complete Bibliography of Publications in Isis, 1970–1979
    A Complete Bibliography of Publications in Isis, 1970{1979 Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 26 February 2019 Version 0.14 Title word cross-reference ⊃ [521]. 1 [511]. 1050 [362]. 10th [521]. 11th [1186, 521]. 125th [737]. 1350 [1250]. 1485 [566]. 14th [1409]. 1524 [1554]. 1528 [1484]. 1537 [660]. 1561 [794]. 15th [245]. 1600 [983, 1526, 261]. 1617 [528]. 1632 [805]. 1643 [1058]. 1645 [1776]. 1650 [864]. 1660 [1361]. 1671 [372]. 1672 [1654]. 1674 [1654]. 1675 [88]. 1680 [889]. 1687 [1147]. 1691 [1148]. 1692 [888, 371]. 1695 [296]. 16th [1823]. 1700 [864]. 1700-talets [890]. 1704 [476]. 1708 [265]. 1713 [1415]. 1733 [756]. 1741 [1494]. 1751 [1197]. 1760 [1258]. 1774 [1558]. 1777 [1909, 572]. 1780 [314, 663]. 1792 [269]. 1794 [266]. 1796 [1195, 840]. 1799 [128]. 1799/1804 [128]. 17th [1256, 623, 1813]. 1800 [1641, 100, 1343, 1044, 1655, 248, 1331]. 1802 [127, 437]. 1803 [405, 1778]. 1804 [128]. 1807 [625]. 1814 [668]. 1815 [1777]. 1820 [1660]. 1826 [1857]. 1832 [668]. 1841 [1362]. 1844 [1913, 946]. 1848 [1708]. 185 [1327]. 1850 [1230, 1391]. 1855 [442]. 1860 [301, 1232, 1917, 1367]. 1865 [445, 1263]. 1 2 1866 [253, 71]. 1868 [1019]. 1870's [674]. 1875 [1364]. 1878 [25]. 1880 [1427, 807, 1894]. 1882 [381]. 1889 [1428]. 1893 [1588]. 1894 [1921]. 1895 [896].
    [Show full text]
  • 119 Los Orígenes Del Reino De Mauretania (Marruecos)
    POLIS. Revista de ideas y formas políticas de la Antigüedad Clásica 22, 2010, pp. 119-144. LOS ORÍGENES DEL REINO DE MAURETANIA (MARRUECOS) Enrique Gozalbes Cravioto Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha La Historia del reino de las Mauretaniae (Marruecos y Argelia) es relativamente bien conocida en la época del Principado de Augusto y comienzos del Imperio. Bogud, rey de la Mauretania occidental, había pasado a Hispania a luchar en el marco de las guerras civiles romanas, y una de sus acciones había sido el ataque al famoso templo gaditano del Herakleion en el año 38 a. C.1. Los habitantes de la ciudad y región de Tingi aprovecharon su ausencia para rebelarse frente a él, con lo que perdió totalmente el control de su reino2. De esta forma Bochus II de la Mauretania oriental con facilidad, con el beneplácito total de Roma, pudo anexionarse el territorio, volviendo a reunificar los dos reinos. Bogud no tuvo otra solución que huir a Oriente donde fallecería en combate algunos años más tarde. El rey Bochus II (o “el Joven”) falleció poco tiempo más tarde, en el año 33 a. C., sin tener una descendencia conocida, y en su testamento había decidido legar sus territorios al pueblo romano3. Octavio Augusto planificó entonces con sumo cuidado el establecimiento de lo que en terminología moderna, quizás excesiva, se ha denominado un “protectorado”, buscando con ello un control indirecto del territorio, una actitud elogiada como muy prudente por parte de la mayoría de los historiadores contemporáneos. En el 1 Porfirio, De Abst. I, 25. 2 Dion Cassio XLIII, 45, 8.
    [Show full text]