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Composite Materials Handbook NOT MEASUREMENT SENSITIVE MIL-HDBK-17-3F Volume 3 of 5 17 JUNE 2002 Superseding MIL-HDBK-17-3E 23 JANUARY 1997 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE HANDBOOK COMPOSITE MATERIALS HANDBOOK VOLUME 3. POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES MATERIALS USAGE, DESIGN, AND ANALYSIS This handbook is for guidance only. Do not cite this document as a requirement. AMSC N/A AREA CMPS DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. MIL-HDBK-17-3F Volume 3, Foreword / Table of Contents FOREWORD 1. This Composite Materials Handbook Series, MIL-HDBK-17, are approved for use by all Departments and Agencies of the Department of Defense. 2. This handbook is for guidance only. This handbook cannot be cited as a requirement. If it is, the con- tractor does not have to comply. This mandate is a DoD requirement only; it is not applicable to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) or other government agencies. 3. Every effort has been made to reflect the latest information on polymer (organic), metal, and ceramic composites. The handbook is continually reviewed and revised to ensure its completeness and cur- rentness. Documentation for the secretariat should be directed to: Materials Sciences Corporation, MIL-HDBK-17 Secretariat, 500 Office Center Drive, Suite 250, Fort Washington, PA 19034. 4. MIL-HDBK-17 provides guidelines and material properties for polymer (organic), metal, and ceramic matrix composite materials. The first three volumes of this handbook currently focus on, but are not limited to, polymeric composites intended for aircraft and aerospace vehicles. Metal matrix compos- ites (MMC) and ceramic matrix composites (CMC), including carbon-carbon composites (C-C) are covered in Volume 4 and Volume 5 , respectively. 5. This standardization handbook has been developed and is being maintained as a joint effort of the Department of Defense and the Federal Aviation Administration. 6. The information contained in this handbook was obtained from materials producers, industry, reports on Government sponsored research, the open literature, and by contact with research laboratories and those who participate in the MIL-HDBK-17 coordination activity. 7. All information and data contained in this handbook have been coordinated with industry and the U.S. Army, Navy, Air Force, NASA, and Federal Aviation Administration prior to publication. 8. Copies of this document and revisions thereto may be obtained from the Document Automation and Production Service (DAPS), Bldg. 4D (DODSSP/ASSIST), 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094. 9. Beneficial comments (recommendations, additions, deletions) and any pertinent data which may be of use in improving this document should be addressed to: U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, Attn: AMSRL-WM-MA, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005- 5069, by using the Standardization Document Improvement Proposal (DD Form 1426) appearing at the end of this document or by letter. ii MIL-HDBK-17-3F Volume 3, Foreword / Table of Contents CONTENTS Foreword........................................................................................................................................................ii Summary of Changes ................................................................................................................................ xvii CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INFORMATION ............................................................................................. 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 PURPOSE, SCOPE, AND ORGANIZATION OF VOLUME 3.................................................... 1 1.3 SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYSTEMS OF UNITS...................................................... 2 1.3.1 Symbols and abbreviations.............................................................................................. 2 1.3.1.1 Constituent properties........................................................................................ 7 1.3.1.2 Laminae and laminates ..................................................................................... 8 1.3.1.3 Subscripts .......................................................................................................... 9 1.3.1.4 Superscripts..................................................................................................... 10 1.3.1.5 Acronyms......................................................................................................... 10 1.3.2 System of units .............................................................................................................. 12 1.4 DEFINITIONS........................................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 2 MATERIALS AND PROCESSES - THE EFFECTS OF VARIABILITY ON COMPOSITE PROPERTIES 1 2.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ 1 2.2 PURPOSE.................................................................................................................................. 1 2.3 SCOPE....................................................................................................................................... 1 2.4 CONSTITUENT MATERIALS .................................................................................................... 1 2.4.1 Fibers ............................................................................................................................... 1 2.4.1.1 Carbon and graphite fibers ................................................................................ 1 2.4.1.1.1 Carbon vs. graphite................................................................................. 2 2.4.1.1.2 General material description................................................................... 4 2.4.1.1.3 Processing .............................................................................................. 4 2.4.1.1.4 Typical properties.................................................................................... 6 2.4.1.2 Aramid ............................................................................................................... 6 2.4.1.3 Glass.................................................................................................................. 8 2.4.1.3.1 Chemical description............................................................................... 8 2.4.1.3.2 Physical forms available ......................................................................... 9 2.4.1.3.3 Advantages and disadvantages............................................................ 12 2.4.1.3.4 Common manufacture methods and variable....................................... 14 2.4.1.4 Boron ............................................................................................................... 15 2.4.1.5 Alumina............................................................................................................ 17 2.4.1.6 Silicon carbide ................................................................................................. 19 2.4.1.7 Quartz .............................................................................................................. 21 2.4.1.8 Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene......................................................... 26 2.4.2 Resins ............................................................................................................................ 29 2.4.2.1 Overview.......................................................................................................... 29 2.4.2.2 Epoxy............................................................................................................... 30 2.4.2.3 Polyester (thermosetting) ................................................................................ 30 2.4.2.4 Phenolic ........................................................................................................... 30 2.4.2.4.1 Resoles ................................................................................................. 31 2.4.2.4.2 Novolacs ............................................................................................... 31 2.4.2.5 Bismaleimide ................................................................................................... 31 2.4.2.6 Polyimides ....................................................................................................... 32 2.4.2.7 Thermoplastic materials .................................................................................. 32 iii MIL-HDBK-17-3F Volume 3, Foreword / Table of Contents 2.4.2.7.1 Semi-crystalline..................................................................................... 32 2.4.2.7.2 Amorphous............................................................................................ 34 2.4.2.8 Specialty and emerging resin systems ............................................................ 36 2.4.2.8.1 Silicone.................................................................................................. 36 2.5 PROCESSING OF PRODUCT FORMS .................................................................................. 36 2.5.1 Fabrics and preforms..................................................................................................... 36 2.5.1.1 Woven fabrics .................................................................................................
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