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Ferghana in the Period of Amir Timur's Struggle for Power (1360-1370)

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International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-9, Issue-1, November 2019 Ferghana in the Period of Amir Timur's Struggle for Power (1360-1370) Usmonov Bahriddin Abstract: The article analyzes the political processes that Sources and scientific literature state that on the eve of occurred in the Ferghana Valley during the years of the struggle the formation of the state of Amir Timur in Maverannahr, for the power of Amir Temur. During the analysis, by there was political fragmentation: the country was divided comparative and critical study of the information available in into a number of backs. For example, in Samarkand, the historical sources, the role and importance of the Ferghana Valley in the political life of Maverannakhr were highlighted. As Emir Bayan Sulduz ruled, Keshe - the emir of Haji Barlos, for the studied period of the history of the Ferghana Valley, Shiburgan - Muhammad Khoja Apardi, etc. [Shomiy, 1996, sources only contain information on Khojend, the analysis was p. 28; Samarkandi (manuscript) p. 104, Khondamir, 2013, p. carried out using the example of this property. Attention is drawn 39]. to the fact that the neighborhood with the nomadic state Mogolistan had a great influence on the political reality of the The information cited in the sources about the political Ferghana Valley. Also, on the basis of a critical review of the historical and political events described in the sources, the author fragmentation of that time is almost identical, but they do provides new conclusions. not say anything about the backs that arose in the northeast of Maverannahr. The only becky mentioned in this part of Keywords: Maverannakhr, Mogolistan, Ferghana, Khojend, Maverannahr was the Khojent flight, whose ruler was Emir Amir Temur, Bayazid Jalayir, Zafarname. Bayazid Jalair. The question of which becki included Tashkent, Akhsi, Margilan, Andijan, and what were the I. INTRODUCTION borders of the Khojent beqi remain open. The history of the period of Amir Timur is one of the widely studied topics in historiography. In Uzbekistan, a lot II. METODOLOGY of scientific research on this topic was published during the We considered it appropriate to express our thoughts on years of independence. Despite this, the issues of political, this issue, based on historical sources - the works of socio-economic and cultural development of the Ferghana Sharafiddin Ali Yezdi, Nizamiddin Shami, Muhiddin Valley in the era of Amir Timur still remain poorly Natanzi, Fasih Khawafi, Abdurazzok Samarkandiy, understood. Mirhond and Hondamira. If Nizamiddin Shami in “Zafarnama” is limited to the phrase: “Khojent was under In the scientific literature on the history of the Ferghana the jurisdiction of the Emir Bayazid” [Shomiy, 1996, p. 28], Valley 1360 - 1370 years. only fragmentary information is then Sharafiddin Ali Yezdi in his eponymous work gives found. So, when it comes to political fragmentation during information that “Khojent was ruled by the Emir Bayazid this period, mention is made of the Khojent bekty formed in Dzhalair” [Yazdiy, 1994, p. 60]. And Muhiddin Natanzi in this region [Amir Temur zhanon tarikhida, 2001, p. 60-61; his work “Muntahab ut-tawarikh Muini” claims that Khojent Aхmedov, 1996, p. 302], whose hakim Bayazid Jalayir is the place of residence of the Jalair tribe: “Emir Bayazid during the campaigns of the Khan of Mogolistan Tugluk conquered Khojent, where the Jalair lived” [Natanziy, 2011, Temurkhan in Maverannahr in 1360 and 1361 was one of p. 50]. Although the information in all three works is very the first to obey him, but nevertheless, he was put to death brief, they allow us to draw some conclusions. [Aхmedov, 1996, p. 312-315]. It is also noted that after the separation of the Chagatai ulus into two parts, Ferghana As you know, in 1358 the Emir Abdullah’s son and heir, became part of the Mogolostan [Bartold, 1963, p. 512; Emir Abdullah, was removed from power by the Emir Aхmedov, 1994, p. 178]. Bayan Sulduz and Emir Haji Barlas who rebelled against him [Khawafi, 1980, p. 87]. As a result, political Problems still remain unexplored: the place of Ferghana fragmentation began in Maverannahr, and, as mentioned in the political life of Maverannahr, the gradual expansion above, several independent backs appeared in the country. of the borders of the Khojent beks, the change of beks Since that time, Emir Bayazid Jalair, who ruled Khodzhent (hakims), their participation in internecine wars, the political initially, began to conduct an independent policy. motives for their entry into the state of Amir Temur. Below we will try to state our thoughts on these problems. Revised Manuscript Received on 14, October 2019. Usmonov Bahriddin, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor at Ferghana State University, Ferghana, Uzbekistan. (Email: [email protected]). Published By: Retrieval Number: A9155119119/2019©BEIESP Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering DOI: 10.35940/ijitee.A9155.119119 3180 & Sciences Publication FERGHANA IN THE PERIOD OF AMIR TIMUR'S STRUGGLE FOR POWER (1360-1370) Therefore, the phrase Muhiddin Natanzi: “Khujand holding a council with his emirs and statesmen, he instructs conquered the Emir Bayazid”, should not be taken literally: Tuk Timur, the emir of Khoji Erkuniti, and the emir of as if he had conquered it, coming from another locality. Bekizhak from the Kerayit tribe to go to Maverannahr. He According to the literature, Bayazid was the chief emir of ordered them to submit to Bayazid Jalayir. The emirs, the Khojent Jalairs. having received the order of the khan, hit the road. When they reached the Khojent border, the emir Bayazid Jalayir For example, historians A.Yu. Yakubovsky, A. joined them with his army, and they went towards Akhmedov and H. Bababekov adhere to this opinion Shakhrisyabz [Shomiy, 1996., p. 29]. And Sharafuddin Ali [Yakubovsky, 1946, p. 52-53; see Yazdiy, 1997, p. 316. 75 Yezdi sets forth this episode as follows: “When Tugluk comments.]. V.V. Bartold also claimed that the Jalair tribe Temurkhan reached the place of Chanak Bulak, located in lived in the vicinity of Khojent. In order to show the the Tashkent steppe near Khojent water (Syrdarya - B.U.), political and economic situation of this tribe, he applies the he holds a council with emirs and officials, and it was term “ulus” to their association [Bartold, 1964, p. 34, 49]. decided that Ulug Tuka Timur from the Kerayit clan, Hodzhibek from the Arkanut clan, Bikizhak from the Kangli The fact that from the northeastern territories of clan will go forward as the vanguard. Maverannahr only Khojent is mentioned in the sources testifies to the great influence of the emir of this region All three emirs, according to the order, went forward. Bayazid Jalair in Tashkent and the Ferghana Valley. Indeed, After they crossed Khojent water, Emir Bayazid Jalayir in this region there was no more powerful and powerful embarked on a path of reconciliation and joined them with ruler than Bayazid. No wonder Nizamiddin Shami used the his clan. Together they turned in the direction of expression: “The Khojent state was under the jurisdiction of Shakhrisyabz ”[Yazdiy, 1994, p. 62–63]. Muiniddin Natanzi the emir Bayazid.” Calling the possessions of other Emirs also notes that the emir Bayazid obeyed the khan and, as a Region (provinces), he mentions the possessions of Emir guide, brought the Mughals to Samarkand and Shakhrisyabz Bayazid Jalair as “Khojent State”. [Natanziy, 2011, p. 52]. Also, Abdurazzak Samarkandi, Mirhond and Khondamir give almost the same information This means that its territory was not limited to one [Samarkandi, p. 104; Mirhond, p. fourteen; Khondamir, Khojent province. In this situation, the influence of Emir 2013, p. 39]. Bayazid could expand in the north only towards the Tashkent province, and in the east - towards the central and Analysis of these data allows us to draw some eastern lands of Ferghana. The spread of the influence of conclusions regarding the object of our study. Firstly, it Emir Bayazid Jalaiir in the central regions of Maverannahr should be remembered that at this time, Khojent was the is observed later and only for a short time. largest province on the lands bordering Mogolistan. This is also confirmed by the fact that the Mongol army from When in 1360, 1361 the ruler of Mogolistan Tugluk Mogolistan through the Tashkent province came unhindered Temurkhan invaded Maverannahr, both times he was the to the Syr Darya. Their first council in Chanak Bulak, first to go to meet his emir Bayazid. The sources do not give without crossing the Syr Darya, shows that they passed information about the situation in Tashkent and Ferghana in through these lands both within their territory, and their this situation. influence in the Tashkent oasis was undeniable. Based on reports cited in historical sources about the You should also pay attention to the message of Shami administrative structure and political situation in the that the three emirs, assigned to control the vanguard of the northeast of Maverannahr, in particular, in the Ferghana army, were ordered to submit to Bayazid jalayir. Bayazid Valley, the following facts can be noted. At the time when Jalayir did not participate in the council in Chanak Bulak. Amir Timur entered the political arena, that is, in the middle But, apparently, his envoy expressed the readiness of of the XIV century, in the administrative structure of the Bayazid to obey, since such an order was given on the Ferghana Valley, Khojent province occupied a special place. council. Apparently, Bayazid Jalayir, although he sent his man out of caution to Tugluk Temur, nevertheless, without When in 1360, 1361 the ruler of Mogolistan Tugluk leaving Khojent, he waited for the other emirs of Temurkhan invaded Maverannahr, both times he was the Maverannahr to behave. It was obvious that he alone could first to go to meet his emir Bayazid.
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    THE SHAMANIC EMPIRE AND THE HEAVENLY ASTUTE KHAN: ANALYSIS OF THE SHAMANIC EMPIRE OF THE EARLY QING, ITS ROLE IN INNER ASIAN HEGEMONY, THE NATURE OF SHAMANIC KHANSHIP, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MANCHU IDENTITY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI’I AT MANOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY May 2020 By Stephen Garrett Thesis Committee: Shana Brown, Chairperson Edward Davis Wensheng Wang Keywords: Qing Dynasty, Manchu, Mongol, Inner Asia, Shamanism, Religion and Empire Acknowledgments: I would like to first and foremost show my deepest gratitude to my master’s thesis advisor, Dr. Shana Brown, whose ongoing uplifting support and instrumental advice were central to my academic success, without which I couldn’t have reached the finish line. I would also like to extend deepest thanks to my master’s thesis committee members Dr. Edward Davis and Dr. Wensheng Wang, who freely offered their time, efforts, and expertise to support me during this thesis project. Additionally, I would like to extend thanks to Dr. Mathew Lauzon and Dr. Matthew Romaniello, who both offered a great deal of academic and career advice, for which I am greatly appreciative. Special thanks to my peers: Ryan Fleming, Reed Riggs, Sun Yunhe, Wong Wengpok, and the many other friends and colleagues I have made during my time at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. They have always been a wellspring of academic advice, discussion, and support. While writing my master’s thesis, I have had the pleasure of working with the wonderful professional staff and faculty of the University of Hawaii at Manoa, whose instruction and support were invaluable to my academic success.