Einstein and Hilbert: the Creation of General Relativity
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Belated Decision in the Hilbert-Einstein Priority Dispute
(10). As described above, the severely opis- Dinosauria (Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA, However, the overall similarity of the pelvis of Archae- 1990). opteryx to those of the enantiornithine birds, espe- thopubic condition of their pelvis is consis- 10. L. Hou, L. D. Martin, Z. Zhou, A. Feduccia, Science cially the presence of the hypopubic cup, as well as tent with the notion that these birds roost- 274, 1164 (1996). the morphology of the London and Berlin Archae- ed in trees. In contrast, based primarily on 11. Q. Ji and S. Ji, Chin. Geol. 10, 30 (1996); see also V. opteryx specimens, offer support for our interpreta- disputed measurements of claw curvature, Morell, Audubon 99, 36 (1997). tion of the pelvic structure of these early birds [L. D. 12. Rather than representing primitive archosaurian Martin, in Origin of the Higher Groups of Tetrapods, Archaeopteryx has been interpreted as structures, it is probable that the hepatic-piston dia- H. P. Schultze and L. Trueb, Eds. (Cornell Univ. adapted primarily for a terrestrial rather phragm systems in crocodilians and theropods are Press, Ithaca, NY, 1991), pp. 485–540. than an arboreal existence (18). However, convergently derived. Pelvic anatomy in early “pro- 18. D. S. Peters and E. Go¨ rgner, in Proceedings of the II todinosaurs” such as Lagosuchus, as well as in all International Symposium of Avian Paleontology, K. as in the enantiornithines, the morphology ornithischian dinosaurs, shows no evidence of the Campbell, Ed. (Los Angeles Museum of Natural His- of Archaeopteryx’s pelvis is best interpreted pubis having served as a site of origin for similar tory Press, Los Angeles, CA, 1992), pp. -
Richard Phillips Feynman Physicist and Teacher Extraordinary
ARTICLE-IN-A-BOX Richard Phillips Feynman Physicist and Teacher Extraordinary The first three decades of the twentieth century have been among the most momentous in the history of physics. The first saw the appearance of special relativity and the birth of quantum theory; the second the creation of general relativity. And in the third, quantum mechanics proper was discovered. These developments shaped the progress of fundamental physics for the rest of the century and beyond. While the two relativity theories were largely the creation of Albert Einstein, the quantum revolution took much more time and involved about a dozen of the most creative minds of a couple of generations. Of all those who contributed to the consolidation and extension of the quantum ideas in later decades – now from the USA as much as from Europe and elsewhere – it is generally agreed that Richard Phillips Feynman was the most gifted, brilliant and intuitive genius out of many extremely gifted physicists. Here are descriptions of him by leading physicists of his own, and older as well as younger generations: “He is a second Dirac, only this time more human.” – Eugene Wigner …Feynman was not an ordinary genius but a magician, that is one “who does things that nobody else could ever do and that seem completely unexpected.” – Hans Bethe “… an honest man, the outstanding intuitionist of our age and a prime example of what may lie in store for anyone who dares to follow the beat of a different drum..” – Julian Schwinger “… the most original mind of his generation.” – Freeman Dyson Richard Feynman was born on 11 May 1918 in Far Rockaway near New York to Jewish parents Lucille Phillips and Melville Feynman. -
Einstein's Life and Legacy
Reflections Einstein's Life and Legacy Introduction Albert Einstein is the most luminous scientist of the past century, and ranks with Isaac Newton as one among the greatest physicists of all time. There is an enormous amount of material to choose from in talking about Einstein. He is without doubt also the most written about scientist of the past century, may be of all time. The Einstein Archives contain about 43,000 documents, and so far as I know the "Collected Papers of Albert Einstein" have only come upto 1917 with Volume 8 in English translation; another 32 volumes remain to be produced. In the face of all this, this account must be severely selective, and coherent as well. Einstein's life was incredibly rich and intense in the intellectual sense. This will become clear as I go along. In any case let me begin by presenting in Box 1 a brieflisting of a few important dates in his life, howsoever inadequate it may be. He was scientifically active essentially from 1902 upto 1935 at the highest imaginable levels, thus for more than three decades. The Miraculous Year Now let us turn to technical matters. First, a brief mention of his creative outburst of 1905, whose centenary we are celebrating this year. There were four fundamental papers, and the doctoral thesis, all in the six months from March to September. The first paper on the light quantum concept and explanation of the photo electric effect was submitted to Annalen der Physik in March; the second on Brownian Motion in May; and the third setting out the Special Theory of Relativity in June. -
David Hilbert's Contributions to Logical Theory
David Hilbert’s contributions to logical theory CURTIS FRANKS 1. A mathematician’s cast of mind Charles Sanders Peirce famously declared that “no two things could be more directly opposite than the cast of mind of the logician and that of the mathematician” (Peirce 1976, p. 595), and one who would take his word for it could only ascribe to David Hilbert that mindset opposed to the thought of his contemporaries, Frege, Gentzen, Godel,¨ Heyting, Łukasiewicz, and Skolem. They were the logicians par excellence of a generation that saw Hilbert seated at the helm of German mathematical research. Of Hilbert’s numerous scientific achievements, not one properly belongs to the domain of logic. In fact several of the great logical discoveries of the 20th century revealed deep errors in Hilbert’s intuitions—exemplifying, one might say, Peirce’s bald generalization. Yet to Peirce’s addendum that “[i]t is almost inconceivable that a man should be great in both ways” (Ibid.), Hilbert stands as perhaps history’s principle counter-example. It is to Hilbert that we owe the fundamental ideas and goals (indeed, even the name) of proof theory, the first systematic development and application of the methods (even if the field would be named only half a century later) of model theory, and the statement of the first definitive problem in recursion theory. And he did more. Beyond giving shape to the various sub-disciplines of modern logic, Hilbert brought them each under the umbrella of mainstream mathematical activity, so that for the first time in history teams of researchers shared a common sense of logic’s open problems, key concepts, and central techniques. -
Richard P. Feynman Author
Title: The Making of a Genius: Richard P. Feynman Author: Christian Forstner Ernst-Haeckel-Haus Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Berggasse 7 D-07743 Jena Germany Fax: +49 3641 949 502 Email: [email protected] Abstract: In 1965 the Nobel Foundation honored Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger, and Richard Feynman for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics and the consequences for the physics of elementary particles. In contrast to both of his colleagues only Richard Feynman appeared as a genius before the public. In his autobiographies he managed to connect his behavior, which contradicted several social and scientific norms, with the American myth of the “practical man”. This connection led to the image of a common American with extraordinary scientific abilities and contributed extensively to enhance the image of Feynman as genius in the public opinion. Is this image resulting from Feynman’s autobiographies in accordance with historical facts? This question is the starting point for a deeper historical analysis that tries to put Feynman and his actions back into historical context. The image of a “genius” appears then as a construct resulting from the public reception of brilliant scientific research. Introduction Richard Feynman is “half genius and half buffoon”, his colleague Freeman Dyson wrote in a letter to his parents in 1947 shortly after having met Feynman for the first time.1 It was precisely this combination of outstanding scientist of great talent and seeming clown that was conducive to allowing Feynman to appear as a genius amongst the American public. Between Feynman’s image as a genius, which was created significantly through the representation of Feynman in his autobiographical writings, and the historical perspective on his earlier career as a young aspiring physicist, a discrepancy exists that has not been observed in prior biographical literature. -
Foundations of Geometry
California State University, San Bernardino CSUSB ScholarWorks Theses Digitization Project John M. Pfau Library 2008 Foundations of geometry Lawrence Michael Clarke Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project Part of the Geometry and Topology Commons Recommended Citation Clarke, Lawrence Michael, "Foundations of geometry" (2008). Theses Digitization Project. 3419. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3419 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the John M. Pfau Library at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses Digitization Project by an authorized administrator of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Foundations of Geometry A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, San Bernardino In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Mathematics by Lawrence Michael Clarke March 2008 Foundations of Geometry A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, San Bernardino by Lawrence Michael Clarke March 2008 Approved by: 3)?/08 Murran, Committee Chair Date _ ommi^yee Member Susan Addington, Committee Member 1 Peter Williams, Chair, Department of Mathematics Department of Mathematics iii Abstract In this paper, a brief introduction to the history, and development, of Euclidean Geometry will be followed by a biographical background of David Hilbert, highlighting significant events in his educational and professional life. In an attempt to add rigor to the presentation of Geometry, Hilbert defined concepts and presented five groups of axioms that were mutually independent yet compatible, including introducing axioms of congruence in order to present displacement. -
Georg Cantor English Version
GEORG CANTOR (March 3, 1845 – January 6, 1918) by HEINZ KLAUS STRICK, Germany There is hardly another mathematician whose reputation among his contemporary colleagues reflected such a wide disparity of opinion: for some, GEORG FERDINAND LUDWIG PHILIPP CANTOR was a corruptor of youth (KRONECKER), while for others, he was an exceptionally gifted mathematical researcher (DAVID HILBERT 1925: Let no one be allowed to drive us from the paradise that CANTOR created for us.) GEORG CANTOR’s father was a successful merchant and stockbroker in St. Petersburg, where he lived with his family, which included six children, in the large German colony until he was forced by ill health to move to the milder climate of Germany. In Russia, GEORG was instructed by private tutors. He then attended secondary schools in Wiesbaden and Darmstadt. After he had completed his schooling with excellent grades, particularly in mathematics, his father acceded to his son’s request to pursue mathematical studies in Zurich. GEORG CANTOR could equally well have chosen a career as a violinist, in which case he would have continued the tradition of his two grandmothers, both of whom were active as respected professional musicians in St. Petersburg. When in 1863 his father died, CANTOR transferred to Berlin, where he attended lectures by KARL WEIERSTRASS, ERNST EDUARD KUMMER, and LEOPOLD KRONECKER. On completing his doctorate in 1867 with a dissertation on a topic in number theory, CANTOR did not obtain a permanent academic position. He taught for a while at a girls’ school and at an institution for training teachers, all the while working on his habilitation thesis, which led to a teaching position at the university in Halle. -
John Von Neumann's “Impossibility Proof” in a Historical Perspective’, Physis 32 (1995), Pp
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by SAS-SPACE Published: Louis Caruana, ‘John von Neumann's “Impossibility Proof” in a Historical Perspective’, Physis 32 (1995), pp. 109-124. JOHN VON NEUMANN'S ‘IMPOSSIBILITY PROOF’ IN A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ABSTRACT John von Neumann's proof that quantum mechanics is logically incompatible with hidden varibales has been the object of extensive study both by physicists and by historians. The latter have concentrated mainly on the way the proof was interpreted, accepted and rejected between 1932, when it was published, and 1966, when J.S. Bell published the first explicit identification of the mistake it involved. What is proposed in this paper is an investigation into the origins of the proof rather than the aftermath. In the first section, a brief overview of the his personal life and his proof is given to set the scene. There follows a discussion on the merits of using here the historical method employed elsewhere by Andrew Warwick. It will be argued that a study of the origins of von Neumann's proof shows how there is an interaction between the following factors: the broad issues within a specific culture, the learning process of the theoretical physicist concerned, and the conceptual techniques available. In our case, the ‘conceptual technology’ employed by von Neumann is identified as the method of axiomatisation. 1. INTRODUCTION A full biography of John von Neumann is not yet available. Moreover, it seems that there is a lack of extended historical work on the origin of his contributions to quantum mechanics. -
Theory and Experiment in the Quantum-Relativity Revolution
Theory and Experiment in the Quantum-Relativity Revolution expanded version of lecture presented at American Physical Society meeting, 2/14/10 (Abraham Pais History of Physics Prize for 2009) by Stephen G. Brush* Abstract Does new scientific knowledge come from theory (whose predictions are confirmed by experiment) or from experiment (whose results are explained by theory)? Either can happen, depending on whether theory is ahead of experiment or experiment is ahead of theory at a particular time. In the first case, new theoretical hypotheses are made and their predictions are tested by experiments. But even when the predictions are successful, we can’t be sure that some other hypothesis might not have produced the same prediction. In the second case, as in a detective story, there are already enough facts, but several theories have failed to explain them. When a new hypothesis plausibly explains all of the facts, it may be quickly accepted before any further experiments are done. In the quantum-relativity revolution there are examples of both situations. Because of the two-stage development of both relativity (“special,” then “general”) and quantum theory (“old,” then “quantum mechanics”) in the period 1905-1930, we can make a double comparison of acceptance by prediction and by explanation. A curious anti- symmetry is revealed and discussed. _____________ *Distinguished University Professor (Emeritus) of the History of Science, University of Maryland. Home address: 108 Meadowlark Terrace, Glen Mills, PA 19342. Comments welcome. 1 “Science walks forward on two feet, namely theory and experiment. ... Sometimes it is only one foot which is put forward first, sometimes the other, but continuous progress is only made by the use of both – by theorizing and then testing, or by finding new relations in the process of experimenting and then bringing the theoretical foot up and pushing it on beyond, and so on in unending alterations.” Robert A. -
Julian Schwinger (1918-1994)
Julian Schwinger (1918-1994) K. A. Milton Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019 June 15, 2006 Julian Schwinger’s influence on Twentieth Century science is profound and pervasive. Of course, he is most famous for his renormalization theory of quantum electrodynamics, for which he shared the Nobel Prize with Richard Feynman and Sin-itiro Tomonaga. But although this triumph was undoubt- edly his most heroic accomplishment, his legacy lives on chiefly through sub- tle and elegant work in classical electrodynamics, quantum variational princi- ples, proper-time methods, quantum anomalies, dynamical mass generation, partial symmetry, and more. Starting as just a boy, he rapidly became the pre-eminent nuclear physicist in the late 1930s, led the theoretical develop- ment of radar technology at MIT during World War II, and then, soon after the war, conquered quantum electrodynamics, and became the leading quan- tum field theorist for two decades, before taking a more iconoclastic route during his last quarter century. Given his commanding stature in theoretical physics for decades it may seem puzzling why he is relatively unknown now to the educated public, even to many younger physicists, while Feynman is a cult figure with his photograph needing no more introduction than Einstein’s. This relative ob- scurity is even more remarkable, in view of the enormous number of eminent physicists, as well as other leaders in science and industry, who received their Ph.D.’s under Schwinger’s direction, while Feynman had but few. In part, the answer lies in Schwinger’s retiring nature and reserved demeanor. -
David Hilbert and the Axiomatization of Physics (1898–1918) from Grundlagen Der Geometrie to Grundlagen Der Physik
L. Corry David Hilbert and the Axiomatization of Physics (1898–1918) From Grundlagen der Geometrie to Grundlagen der Physik Series: Archimedes, Vol. 10 ▶ Presents a totally fresh and comprehensive picture of Hilbert’s intense, original, well-informed, and highly influential involvement with physics, that spanned his entire career and that constituted a truly main focus of interest in his scientific horizon David Hilbert (1862-1943) was the most influential mathematician of the early twentieth century and, together with Henri Poincaré, the last mathematical universalist. His main known areas of research and influence were in pure mathematics (algebra, number theory, geometry, integral equations and analysis, logic and foundations), but he was also known to have some interest in physical topics. The latter, however, was traditionally conceived as comprising only sporadic incursions into a scientific domain which was 2004, XVII, 513 p. 36 illus. essentially foreign to his mainstream of activity and in which he only made scattered, if important, contributions. Printed book Based on an extensive use of mainly unpublished archival sources, the present book Hardcover presents a totally fresh and comprehensive picture of Hilbert’s intense, original, well- ▶ 249,99 € | £219.99 | $299.99 informed, and highly influential involvement with physics, that spanned his entire career ▶ *267,49 € (D) | 274,99 € (A) | CHF 295.00 and that constituted a truly main focus of interest in his scientific horizon. His program for axiomatizing physical theories provides the connecting link with his research in more eBook purely mathematical fields, especially geometry, and a unifying point of view from which to understand his physical activities in general. -
Ebook Download the Historical Development of Quantum Theory
THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF QUANTUM THEORY PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Jagdish Mehra, Helmut Rechenberg | 878 pages | 28 Dec 2000 | Springer-Verlag New York Inc. | 9780387951744 | English | New York, NY, United States The Historical Development of Quantum Theory - Jagdish Mehra, Helmut Rechenberg - Google Books Other Editions 2. Friend Reviews. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. Lists with This Book. This book is not yet featured on Listopia. Community Reviews. Showing Rating details. More filters. Sort order. Very helpful in trying to follow Heisenberg breakthrough to quantum matrix mechanics. Raiyan Ahsan rated it it was amazing Feb 09, Valentin rated it it was amazing May 14, David Keirsey rated it it was amazing Sep 16, Manny marked it as to-read Apr 06, Katherine L marked it as to-read Apr 15, Charles added it Mar 22, Ahmed Nagy marked it as to-read Oct 01, Renan Virginio marked it as to-read Nov 26, Io marked it as to-read Jan 31, Steve marked it as to-read Jan 29, Alex marked it as to-read Dec 01, Sean marked it as to-read Jan 29, Yasser marked it as to-read Aug 21, Chen Haoyan marked it as to-read Sep 14, CRIZ marked it as to- read Oct 01, Vid Klopcic marked it as to-read Jan 20, Anand Prakash marked it as to-read Jun 28, Suraj Nk marked it as to-read Dec 29, Joan Wang added it Aug 09, David marked it as to-read Dec 07, Angel Ramos vela marked it as to-read Feb 20, Petar Pervan marked it as to-read Aug 23, There are no discussion topics on this book yet.