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A Actio finium regundorum, 155 Aberratio ictus, 262n Actio furti, 144n, 148, 252, 256 Absentia trinoctium, 103 Actio furti concepti, 256n Acceptilatio, 273 Actio furti manifesti, 256 Accessio, 141–147 Actio furti nec manifesti, 256, 257 Accessio possessionum (temporum), 135 Actio furti non exhibiti, 256n Accessory stipulations, 217 Actio furti oblati, 256n Accusatio suspecti tutoris, 114 Actio furti prohibiti, 256n Actio ad exhibendum, 150–151 Actio hypothecaria, 113n, 180 Actio ad supplendam legitimam, 294 Actio in factum, 191n, 261n, 318 Actio aquae pluviae arcendae, 154 Actio iniuriarum, 265 Actio auctoritatis, 129, 225 Actio institoria, 202 Actio commodati, 210 Actio iudicati, 329 Actio communi dividundo, 156, 237 Actio legis Aquiliae, 253, 260 Actio conducti, 229 Actio legis Laetoriae, 320n Actio confessoria, 173, 325 Actio locati, 229 Actio damni infecti, 154n Actio mandati, 239 Actio de albo corrupto, 320n Actio metus causa, 268 Actio de in rem verso, 201, 243n Actio negatoria, 148, 152 Actio de modo agri, 129 Actio negotiorum gestorum, 241 Actio de pastu pecoris, 258 Actio noxalis, 90, 270 Actio de pauperie, 271 Actio Pauliana, 253n Actio de peculio, 201 Actio pigneraticia, 179, 213 Actio de rationibus distrahendis, 113 Actio pluviae arcendae, 258 Actio de recepto, 246n Actio praescriptis verbis, 245 Actio de tigno iuncto, 146 Actio pro socio, 236 Actio de vitibus succisis, 258 Actio Publiciana, 127n, 151–152, 319 Actio depositi, 211 Actio quanti minoris, 227 Actio depositi sequestraria, 212 Actio quasi Serviana, 178, 180 Actio doli, 194, 269–270 Actio quod iussu, 201 Actio dotis, 106 Actio redhibitoria, 227 Actio empti, 221, 226–228 Actio rei uxoriae, 106 Actio ex stipulatu, 215 Actio Rutiliana, 34, 330 Actio exercitoria, 202 Actio Serviana, 178, 180, 330 Actio familiae erciscundae, 155, 298 Actio tributoria, 201n Actio fictitia, 318–319 Actio tutelae, 113 Actio fiduciae, 129n, 177 Actio utilis, 261n, 318

G. Mousourakis, Fundamentals of Roman Private Law, 349 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-29311-5, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 350 Index

Actio vectigalis, 175 Animals, 122 See also Liability for damage; Actio venditi, 221 ; Res mancipi; Actio vi bonorum raptorum, 257, 258 Animus furandi, 254 Actiones adiecticiae qualitatis, 86, 90n, 201 Animus iniuriandi, 264 Actiones arbitrariae, 320n Animus domini, 160n Actiones bonae fidei, 319 possidendi, 160n Actiones civiles, 318 Annus luctus, 99, 100 Actiones famosae, 320n Antecessores,66 Actiones honorariae, 318 Antioch III, King of Syria, 19 Actiones in personam, 125, 184, 312n Antonines, 36 Actiones in rem, 125, 312n Antoninus Pius, Emperor of Rome, 36 Actiones mixtae, 252 Appeal (appellatio), 340 Actiones perpetuae, 320n Aquaeductus, 165 Actiones poenales, 252 Aquaehaustus, 165 Actiones populares, 197n, 320n Aquilius, G.G., 33, 269n, 273n Actiones praeiudiciales, 320n Arbiter, 246, 341 Actiones rei persecutoriae, 252 Arbitration (arbitrium), 341 Actiones stricti iuris, 319 Arbitrium boni viri, 190n, 235n Actiones temporales, 320n Arcadius, Emperor of the East, 58, 63 Actions (actiones), 125 Archaic period, dates of, 2 Actus, 165 Aristotle, 5n, 30n Adfinitas,99 Arra, 221 Aditio hereditatis, 296 Arra sponsalicia,98 Adiudicatio, 128n Ascendants (adscendentes), 283 Adiudicatio, 320 See also Formula (structure) Assemblies (comitia), 7, 8, 22, 23, 38, 42, 43 Adnotatio,63 Athenian law, 12n Adoptio, 70, 91–93 Attalus III, King of Pergamum, 19–20 minus plena,93 patrum,23 plena,93 Auctoritas, of the princeps,40 Adoptive emperorship, system of, 41 Auctoritas, of the tutor, 112 Adpromissio, 217 Augustus, Emperor of Rome (Octavian, Adrogatio, 91, 284n Julius Octavianus), 20, 23, Adstipulatio, 217 35–36, 37, 41, 91n, 97, 108, 251 Adulterini,94 Aurelian, Emperor of Rome, 56 Advocates (oratores), 315 326n Authenticum/liber Authenticorum,79 Advocati,66 Avulsio, 141 Aelius Paetus Catus, S., 18 Aequitas. See Equity Aestimatum, 244 B Affectio maritalis, 100 Basil I, Byzantine Emperor, 81 Ager publicus, 123, 124, 157 Basilica (basilica nomima), 77, 81 Ager vectigalis, 175, 176 See also Beirut, law school, 66, 68, 72, 74, 77 Emphyteusis Beneficium cedendarum actionum, 250 Agere, 31, 49 Beneficium legis Corneliae, 287n Agnatio, 89, 98 Beneficium competentiae, 236n, 330 Alaric II, King of Visigoths, 82n Beneficium divisionis, 250 Album iudicum, 310n Beneficium excussionis, 250 Alieni iuris, 92–93 Beneficium inventarii, 298 Alluvio, 141 Beneficium separationis, 297n Alveus derelictus, 142 Betrothal (sponsalia), 97–98 Anastasius, Emperor of the East, 94 Bluhme, F., 76 Anatolius, 72 Bologna, University of, 83 Angles, 59 Bona fides, 34, 136, 186, 194, 198, 220, 232 Index 351

Bona materna,90 Civis optimo iure,3,88 Bona vacantia, 282 Civitas Romana. See Citizenship Bonitary (praetorian) ownership, 126, 151, 281 Clans. See Gentes Bonorum distractio, 330, 341 Classical period, dates of, 2 Bonorum emptor, 330 Claudius, G., Emperor of Rome, 56 Bonorum possessio, 281–282, 285 Claudius, A., 18 Bonorum venditio, 330 Claudius, Emperor of Rome, 36, 251 Bonus et diligens paterfamilias, 169n Clientes,3 Breviary of Alaric (Breviarium Alarici), 82n Code of Hammurabi, 12 Brutus, M.J., 33 , 73–74 Burden. See Iura in re aliena, servitudes Codex Florentinus,77 Burgundians, 59 Codex Gregorianus (Gregorian Code), 64 Buyer, duties of, 223 Codex Hermogenianus (Hermogenian Byzantine Empire, 81–82 Code), 64 , 79, 80, 81 Codex repetitae praelectionis,73 (Theodosian Code), 64–65, 72 C Codex vetus/Codex Iustinianus,73 Caesar, J., 20, 286n Codicil (codicillus), 295–296 Caligula, Emperor of Rome, 36 testamento confirmatus, 295 Canon law, 82, 84 testamento non confirmatus, 295 Capitis deminutio,96 Codification of civil law in Europe, 84 maxima,96 Codification of Roman law media (minor), 96 early codifications, 64 minima,96 of Justinian, 70–80 Capito, G.A., 53 Germanic codes, 81–82 (see also Codex Caput 96 Theodosianus , Twelve Tables, Law of ) Caracalla, Emperor of Rome, 37, 88, 216n See Coemptio, 102 See also Marriage cum manu also Constitutio Antoniniana Coercitio maior,6 Carthage,19 Coercitio minor,6 Cassius Longinus, 53 See also Sabinians Cognatio, 89, 98, 110n, 282 Casuistic method, 35, 50 Cognitio extraordinaria Casus fortuitus, 198, 224 under the , 334–337 Cato Censorius, M.P., 33 in late imperial age, 337–341 Cato Licinianus, M.P., 33 Cognitor. See Procurator Causa contractus, 188 Co-heirs, 298 Cautio damni infecti, 154 Coins, 3, 143n Cautio Muciana,33 Collatio (Legum Mosaicarum Cavere, 31, 49 et Romanarum), 67 Celsus, P.I. (the Younger), 54 Collatio bonorum, 298–299 Celts, 4, 19 Collatio dotis, 299 Censors (censores), 6, 108n, 153 Collectio Graeca,79 Centumviri, 310n Comitia calata, 8n, 284 Cessio bonorum, 330, 341n Comitia centuriata,7,23 Cession, 276–277 Comitia curiata (), 4, 7, Chirographum, 219 10, 284 Christian Church, 58, 60, 71 Comitia. See Assemblies Christianity, 58, 60 Comitia tributa,7,23 , M.T., 12n, 24, 30–32, 35n, 258n Commentators, 83 Citizenship, 87–88 Commixtio, 143 distinction between patricians and Commodatum, 209–210 plebeians, 3 Communio pro indiviso (condominium), 155 expansion under the Principate, 37 Compensatio (set-off), 274–275 352 Index

Compromissum, 246n, 247, 341 conditions and terms in, 195–197 Conceptus,85 content and classification of, 187–189 Concilium plebis, 7–8, 23 defects in, 192–195 Concubinate (concubinatus), 94, 95 in favour of third party, 203 Condemnatio, 321 See also Formula formation of, 190–192 (structure) imperfectly bilateral, 188 Condicio (condition), 195–196 involving more than one debtor and/or Condicio casualis, 196 creditor, 204 Condicio mixta, 196 unilateral, 188 Condicio potestativa, 196 Contractual capacity, 190 Condictio, 208, 215, 218, 242–243 Contractual liability, 198–200 Condictio causa data causa non secuta, 243 Contractus, 185 Condictio certae creditae pecuniae, 208 Contractus consensu (consensual contracts), Condictio certi, 243n 188, 219–239 Condictio ex lege, 243n Contractus emphyteuticarius, 175 Condictio furtiva, 144n, 148, 243n, 252, Contractus innominati, 244–245 257, 258 Contractus litteris (literal contracts), 188, Condictio indebiti, 242 218–219 Condictio ob turpem vel iniustam causam, 243 Contractus re (real contracts), 188, 207–213 Condictio sine causa, 243 Contractus verbis (verbal contracts), 188, Condictio triticaria, 208 214–217 Conditional sales, 228 Contrectatio, 254 Confarreatio, 8n, 102 See also Marriage cum Contumacia, 336n, 338 manu Contumelia, 263 Confession, (confessio), 325, 339 Conubium. See conubii Confusio, 143 See also Accessio Convicium, 263n Consensus (in marriage), 100 Corpus Iuris Civilis,79 of the curator, 116 Crime (crimen) in contracts, 185, 187–188, 192–193, 214, definition of, 251–252 219, 221, 234 distinguished from delict, 251–252 Consilium domesticum, 89n Criminal law, 251–252 Consilium principis,41 Culpa, 198, 253 Consortium ercto non cito, 155, 234n, 298 Culpa lata, 199 Constantine (Constantinus I, the Great), Culpa levis Emperor of Rome, 56–58, 62–63, in abstracto, 199 68–70, 113, 179 in concreto, 200 , 58 Cura, 114–118 Constantius Chlorus, Emperor of Rome, 57 furiosi, 117 Constantius II, Emperor of, Rome, 58 minorum, 115–116 Constitutio Antoniniana, 37, 47, 69, 88 prodigi, 117–118 Constitutio Imperatoriam maiestatem,78 Curator, 114–118 Constitutio Tanta (Dedoken), 75, 78 Curator distrahendorum bonorum Constitution, republican, 4–8, 22–23 gratia, 330 Constitutiones principum, 46, 62–63 See also Curatorship. See Cura Decreta; Edicta imperatorum Curiae,4 (imperial); Mandata; Rescripta Curiales. See Decuriones Constitutum debiti, 246 Curiate assembly. See Comitia curiata Constitutum possessorium,133See also Traditio ,6 Consuls (consules), 5 Curule , 6, 26 Contracts Custodia, 198 bilateral (synallagmatic), 188 Custom, 8–9, 69–70 See also Vulgar law breach of, 205–207 Customary law. See Custom Index 353

D Domitian, Emperor of Rome, 36 Damage to property, 258–262 Donation (donatio), 247 Damnum infectum, 317n donatio ante nuptias, 106n Damnum iniuria datum, 258–262 mortis causa, 307–308 De agricultura,33 propter nuptias, 70, 106 De iuris disciplina,33 , 72 Debt, 187 Dos, 104–106 legibus scribundis,12 Dotis dictio, 214n Decemviri stlitibus iudicandis, 310n Dowry. See Dos Decreta, 46, 62, 63 Dublicatio, 323 Decuriones, 59, 95n Deductio servitutis, 172 Defendant (reus), 311n E Defenses, 262, 264 Ecclesiastical courts, 337n Defensor civitatis/plebis,61 Ecloga Legum,81 Definitiones (jurists), 50 Edict of Prices (edictum de pretiis), 62 Delatio hereditatis, 296 Edicta (of the magistrates/), Delegation (delegatio), 276 25–27, 335 Delict (delictum) Edicta imperatorum (imperial), 46, 62–63 definition of, 185, 251–252 Edicta praefectorum praetorio,63 distinguished from crime, 251–252 Edictal mass, 76 Demonstratio, 320 See also Formula Edictum perpetuum, 26, 43, 334n (structure) Edictum provinciale,33 Denegatio actionis, 324 Edictum repentinum,25 Depositum irregulare, 212 Edictum Theoderici,82 Depositum necessarium, 212 Edictum tralaticium,26 Depositum, 211–212 Edictum unde vir et uxor, 282 de Saxoferrato, Bartolus, 83 Editio actionis, 324 Descendants (descendentes), 283 Education, legal, 32–33 See also Law schools Detentio, 158–159 Eisagoge/Epanagoge,81 Detentor, 149n, 159 Emancipation (emancipatio), 93–94 de Ubaldis, Baldus, 83 Emancipatus,93 Diarchy, principle of, 37, 40n Emblemata Triboniani,76 Dictator, 5 Emperorship under , 60 Dies (time clause), 196–197 Emphyteusis, 140, 174–176 Dies fasti, 311n Emphyteuta, 140, 176 Diffarreatio, 107n Empire Digest of Justinian (Digesta/Pandectae), 74–77 collapse in the West, 59 Digesta (jurists), 50 dates of, 2 Diligentia boni patrisfamilias, 198 first and second centuries, AD, 36–37 Diligentia quam suis rebus, 200 survival in the East, 59–60, 70 Dio, C., 53 Empirical method. See Casuistic method Dioceses, 57 Emptio venditio, 220–228 Diocletian, Emperor of Rome, 56–57, 62 Enchiridia (jurists), 50 Disinheritance, 291–292 Enchiridium (Pomponius), 54 Divorce (divortium), 107–108 Epicureanism, 21–22 Dolus, 33, 193–194, 198, 253, 254, 269–270 Epistulae (imperial), 47 Dominate (dominatus), 2, 57 Epistulae (jurists), 50 organs of administration, 60–62 Epitome Iuliani,79 social structure, 58–59 Epitome Legum,81 Dominium ex iure Quiritium, 126 Equites/ordo equester (equestrian order), 20 Dominus (master), 86, 201, 270 Equity (aequitas), 30, 34, 51 Dominus. See Ownership Eremodicium. See Contumacia 354 Index

Error (mistake), 192–193 Formula, 25–26, 318 Error in corpore, 193 examples, 323–324 Error in negotio, 192–193 structure, 320–323 Error in nomine, 193 Formulary procedure, 25, 324–330, 333–334 Error in persona, 193 abolition of, 337 Error in pretio, 193 Fragmenta Vaticana (Vatican Fragments), 67 Error in quantitate, 193 Franks, 59 Error in substantia, 193 Fraud. See Dolus Etruscans, 4 Fraus creditorum, 253n Eviction (evictio), 225–226 Freedmen (libertini), 21, 87 Evidence, 315n, 324, 337, 339 French Civil Code, 148n Exceptio doli, 144n, 194, 269, 322 Fruits (fructus), 124, 140 Exceptio doli generalis, 194n naturales, 140 Exceptio doli specialis, 194n percepti, 140 Exceptio iusti dominii, 152n, 178n pendentes, 140 Exceptio metus causa, 194, 268 separati, 140 Exceptio non adimpleti contractus, 188n Furtum, 185, 254–257 Exceptio non numeratae pecuniae, 219 Furtum manifestum, 255 Exceptio pacti conventi, 195n, 197n, 273 Furtum nec manifestum, 255 Exceptio rei iudicatae, 340 Furtum possessionis, 255 Exceptio rei sibi ante pigneratae, 181n Furtum rei, 255 Exceptio rei venditae ac traditae, 127n, 152n Furtum usus, 255 Exceptio senatus consulti Macedoniani, 209 Exceptio senatus consulti Velleiani, 251 Exceptiones, 321–323 G Execution, 329–330, 340–341 Gaius, 18n, 45, 51n, 54–55, 91n, 114, 122n, 129n, 162n, 185, 218–220, 233n, 253, 255, 312 F Galerius, Emperor of Rome, 57 Familia, 2–3, 88 et seq Gauls, 15 Familiae emptor,92 Gellius, A., 53 Farmers, 21 Gentes,2 Fas,9 German Civil Code (BGB), 148n, 243n Fenus nauticum, 208n Germanic invasions, 59 Ficti possessores, 150 Germanic law, 82, 84 Fideicommissarius, 305 Gladiators, 233n Fideicommissum, 305–307 Glossators, 79, 83 hereditatis, 306–307 Gnomon of the Idios Logos, 47n rerum singularum, 306–307 Godofredus, Dionysius, 79 Fideiussio, 249–250 Good faith. See Bona fides Fidepromissio, 248–249 See also Suretyship Greek cities in Italy, 4 Fiducia, 129n, 177 Greek influences, 12, 21–22, 29, 33, 34, 62, 69 Fiducia cum amico contracta, 177n Guardianship. See Tutela Fiduciarius, 305 Gundobad, King Gundobad of the Fifty Decisions (quinquaginta decisiones), 73 Burgundians, 82n Filiusfamilias, 17, 90, 200–201 Fiscus, 41, 140n Flavian emperors, 36 H Flavius, G., 18 Habitatio, 171 Foreigners (peregrini), 28–29. See also Hadrian, Emperor of Rome, 36, 43, 49–50, 139 peregrinus Harmenopoulos, C., 81 Formalism, 11, 24, 316 Harsa, T., 12 Index 355

Heirs Instrumentum dotale, 100 institution of, 289–290 Insula nata remedies of, 299–301 in flumine, 141 substitution of, 290–291 in mari, 139 Hellenistic influences, 69–70, 93, 175n, 216n, Intentio, 320. See also Formula (structure) 219, 221n Intercessio,6,39 Heredes extranei (voluntarii), 296 Interdicta, 161 Heredes necessarii, 296 adipiscendae possessionis, 162 Hereditas iacens, 297 duplicia, 162, 333n Hereditas, 279 exhibitoria, 332 Hereditatis petitio, 299–300 prohibitoria, 162, 332–333 Hermogenian, 69n recuperandae possessionis, 162 Hexabiblos,81 retinendae possessionis (restitutoria), Honestiores, 36, 59 162, 332 Honorius, Flavius, Emperor of the West, 58, 63 simplicia, 333n Humiliores, 36, 59 Interdicts (interdicta), 332–333 Hypothec (hypotheca), 179–182 Interdictum de aqua, 173n tacit, 113 Interdictum de arboribus caedendis, 154 Interdictum de clandestina possessione, 162n Interdictum de cloacis, 173n I Interdictum de glande legenda, 154 Iavolenus, P., 54 Interdictum de itinere actuque privato, 173 Ignominia, 108n Interdictum de precario, 162n Impedimentum superveniens, 107n Interdictum de rivis, 173n Imperial law-making. See Constitutiones Interdictum de superficiebus, 176 principum Interdictum de uxore ducenda, 104n Imperitia, 233 Interdictum demolitorium, 154 Imperium,4,6,38 Interdictum possessorium, 330 Imperium proconsulare, 39–40 Interdictum quem usumfructum, 170 Implantatio, 147 Interdictum quod vi aut clam, 154 Impossibility in contract, 191 Interdictum quorum bonorum, 281, 300–301 Impubes, 109, 253n Interdictum Salvianum, 179 In iudicio (apud iudicem), 310, 314–315, Interdictum unde vi, 162–163 326–329 Interdictum unde vi armata, 163 In iure cessio, 122, 130, 171, 177 Interdictum uti possidetis, 155, 162–163 In iure, 310–311, 324–326, 334 Interdictum utrubi, 162, 163, 164 In ius vocatio, 324 Interpolations (interpolationes), 76 Inaedificatio, 145–146 Interpretation, 10, 17–18 Incestuosi,94 Interregnum,4 Indefensus, 325 Intervalla dilucida, 117n Infamia, 98n, 108n, 113n, 236, 256n Intestate succession, 13, 280–284 Infans/infantes, 109n, 111, 190 in early law, 280–281 Infanti maiores, 109n in Justinian’s law, 283–284 Infanti proximi, 109n praetorian, 281–283 Infirmitas sexus, 114 Irnerius, 79, 83 Iniuria, 9, 185, 263–265 Iter, 165 Iniuria per consequentias, 265 Iudex, 10, 25, 310, 326 Innominate contracts. See Contractus Iudex pedaneus, 335, 337 innominati Iudex qui litem suam facit, 266 Insane persons (furiosi), 117, 190, 253n Iudicia bonae fidei, 189 Institutes of Gaius, 54–55, 77 Iudicia stricti iuris, 189 Institutes of Justinian, 77–78 Iugurtha, King of Numidia, 20 Institutiones (jurists), 50 Iulianus, P.S., 43, 54 356 Index

Iura in re aliena, 125n, 164, 168 J Iura in re propria, 125n, 164 Judge. See Iudex Iura praediorum rusticorum, 165–166 Julian, Emperor of Rome, 58 Iura praediorum urbanorum, 165, 166 Julio-Claudian emperors, 36 Iura publica,3 Juridical literature Iurisdictio,6 under the Dominate, 66–67 Iurisdictio urbana,6 under the Republic, 33–34 Ius, 9–10, 29, 42, 51, 310 under the Principate, 50, 53–56 Ius (jurists’ law), 65 Jurisprudence. See Legal science Ius abstinendi, 296 Jurists (iurisconsulti/iurisprudentes), 30–35, Ius aedificandi,88 48–56 Ius Aelianum,19 classification of work, 50 Ius agendi cum populo,6,88 law of, 65–69 Ius agendi cum senatu,6 methods, 34–35, 50–53 Ius altius tollendi, 164n most important, 33–34, 53–56 Ius calcis coquendae, 166 roles, 31–33, 48–50 Ius civile, 8, 26–29, 42, 127 Justin, Emperor of the East, 106n Ius civitatis, 87–88 , Emperor of the East, 71, 91, 94, 95, Ius coercendi,6 105, 106, 113, 123n, 138, 150, 164; 203, Ius commercii,87 220, 221, 239n, 247n, 251, 253, 276, Ius commune, 83–84, 243n 283, 285, 286, 292 Ius conubii, 87, 98, 101 codification of Roman law, 72–80 Ius dicere,6 Ius distrahendi, 88, 178, 180 K Ius edicendi,6,88 King (rex), 4, 10 Ius Flavianum,18 Kings of Rome, 4 Ius gentium, 29, 51–52, 127 Kruger,€ P., 77, 78 Ius habitandi,88 Ius harenae fodiendae, 166 Ius honorarium, 28–29, 42 L Ius honorum,87 Labeo, M.A., 53 Ius intercessionis,88 Laesio enormis rule, 223 Ius liberorum, 283 Latifundia,21 Ius naturale (natural law), 51–52, 127 League, 3 Ius offerendi et succedendi, 181 Latium, 2 Ius Papirianum,11 , 56, 69, 72 Ius pascendi, 165–166 Law professors, 65–66 Ius pecoris ad aquam adpulsum, 166 Law schools, 65–66 Ius prohibendi, 156 of the kings. See Ius publice respondendi (ius respondendi), 49 Legacy (legatum), 301–305 Ius Quiritium,8.See also Ius civile per damnationem, 302n Ius retentionis, 210n per praeceptionem, 302n Ius stillicidii vel fluminis non recipiendi, per vindicationem, 302n 164n restrictions on, 303–304 Ius suffragii,87 remedies, 304–305 Ius testamenti factio,88 sinendi modo, 302n Ius tollendi, 146 Legal science (jurisprudence), 31–35, 48–56, Ius vetus,62 65–69 Ius vitae necisque, 89, 90 Leges agrariae, 123n Iusiurandum liberti, 214n Leges generales,62 Iusta causa, 136, 137, 158 Leges iulia et titia, 110, 111 Iustae nuptiae (iustum matrimonium), 98. Leges iuliae iudiciorum publicorum See also Marriage et privatorum, 42, 317, 333 Index 357

Leges liciniae sextiae, 16, 123n, 310 Lex Iulia de ambitu,42 Leges provinciarum,27 Lex Iulia de maritandis ordinibus, 42; 97, Leges regiae, 10–11 108, 282n Leges speciales,62 Lex Iulia de senatu habendo,42 Leges/lex, 16, 24 Lex Iulia et Plautia, 135n Leges/lex (imperial law), 43, 62, 65 Lex Laetoria, 24, 115, 322n Legis actio, 310–317 Lex Minicia, 101n Legis actio per condictionem, 314 Lex Ogulnia de auguribus,17 Legis actio per iudicis arbitrive Lex Papia Poppaea, 42, 97, 282n postulationem, 313 Lex Poetelia Papiria, 17, 316n Legis actio per manus iniectionem, 315 Lex Publilia, 249n Legis actio per pignoris capionem, 316 Lex Publilia Philonis, 16, 23 Legis actio sacramento, 312–313 Lex Rhodia de iactu, 234n Legislation, 15–16, 23–24 Lex Romana Burgundionum,82 Legitimation (legitimatio), 94–96 Lex Romana Visigothorum,82 per oblationem curiae,95 Lex Silia, 314 per rescriptum principis,95 Lex talionis. See Talio per subsequens matrimonium,95 Lex Valeria Horatia,16 Legitimi, 282 Lex Voconia, 24, 288n , 304 Lenocidium, 108n Liability for damage, 258–262 Leo I, Emperor of the East, 66n, 216n Libellus appellationis, 340 Leo III, Byzantine Emperor, 81 Libellus contradictionis, 338 Leo VI, the Wise, Byzantine Emperor, 81 Libellus conventionis, 336, 338 Lex Aebutia, 316–317 Liber singularis regularum,67 Lex Aelia Sentia, 42, 87n Liberi naturales,94 Lex Aemilia,16 Liberi, 282 Lex Apuleia, 249n Libertini. See Freedmen Lex Aquilia, 24, 253, 258, 259, 318 Libri (jurists), 50 Lex Atilia, 110–111 Libri mandatorum, 47n Lex Atinia, 24, 135n Literature, legal. See Juridical literature Lex Calpurnia, 314. See also Legis actio per Litigants, 311n condictionem Litis aestimatio, 128n Lex Canuleia, 16, 99n Litis contestatio, 149n, 277n, 311, 325, Lex Cincia, 247n 337n, 339 Lex Cincia de donis et muneribus,24 Litis denuntiatio, 338 Lex Cirereia, 249n Littera Florentina,77 Lex Claudia de tutela mulierum,42 Littera Pisana,77 Lex Cornelia, 26, 249n. See also Edicta Livy (Livius, Titus), 15n (of the magistrates); Suretyship Loan. See Commodatum, mutuum Lex Cornelia de captivis, 287n Locatio conductio, 229–234 Lex Cornelia de iniuriis, 263n Locatio conductio operarum, 232 Lex curiata de imperio,4,45 Locatio conductio operis, 232–234 Lex de imperio Vespasiani, 40n Locatio conductio rei, 229–231 Lex Duilia Menenia,17 Lombards, 82 Lex duodecim tabularum,12 Longi temporis praescriptio, 137 Lex Falcidia, 24, 304, 307, 308 Longissimi temporis praescriptio, 138 Lex Fufia Caninia, 42, 87n Lex Furia, 249n Lex Furia testamentaria, 304 M Lex Genucia,17 Macedonia, 19 Lex Hortensia, 16, 17, 23 Magister officiorum,60 Lex Hostilia, 311n Magisterial law, 24–30, 42–43. See also Ius Lex Iulia de adulteriis, 42, 108 honorarium 358 Index

Magistrature (magistratus), 5, 6, 38, 60 Natural law, School of, 84 Mala fides. See Dolus Nauta, caupo, stabularius, 267 Maleficium. See Delictum Necessity, 262 Malum carmen incantare/ occentare, 263 Neglegentia, 199 Mancipatio, 14, 92n, 122, 128–130, 171, Negotia bonae fidei, 189, 192, 193, 198 172, 177 Negotia stricti iuris, 189, 191, 193, 198 Mandata, 47, 62, 63 Negotiorum gestio, 240–241 Mandatum (mandate), 202, 237–239 Negotium claudicans, 112 Mandatum pecuniae credendae, 238n, 248 Nero, Emperor of Rome, 36 Manilius, M., 33 Nerva, Emperor of Rome, 36, 42 Manumissio, 86–87 Nexum, 14, 185, 208n censu,86 Nomina transcripticia, 218–219 inter amicos,87 Nota censoria, 108n per epistulam,87 Notitia dignitatum, 60n per mensam,87 Novation (novatio), 209n, 275–276 testamento,86 Novels of Justinian (Novellae leges), 78–79 vindicta,86 Noxae deditio, 14, 270. See also Noxal liability Manus, 89n, 101–103 Noxal liability, 270–271 Marcianus, A., 28n, 56 Nuncupationes, 129 Marcus Aurelius, Emperor of Rome, 36, 274n Marriage, 96–108 cum manu, 88–89, 101–104 O dissolution of, 107–108 Obligatio alternativa, 189 sine manu, 89n, 103–104 Obligatio facultativa, 189 requirements of, 98–101 Obligations (obligationes) Matrimonium iuris gentium, 101n bonae fidei, 186 Matrimonium non iustum, 100–101 civiles, 186 Maximian, Emperor of Rome, 57 ex contractu, 185–187 Membrum ruptum, 263 ex delicto, 185–187 Merger (confusio), 275 ex variis causarum figuris, 185 Metus (duress), 194–195, 268–269 honorariae, 186 Minores, 332n naturales, 186 Missio in possessionem, 154, 325, 331 nature of, 183–187 Mithridates, King of Pontus, 20 quasi ex contractu, 186 Modestinus, Herennius, 56, 97 quasi ex delicto, 186 Modus (burden), 197 sources and classifications of, 185–187 Mommsen, T., 77 stricti iuris, 186 Monarchy (regal period) termination of, 271–277 dates of, 2 Occupatio, 52, 138–140 political organization, 4 Octavian (Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus). Mora, 205–207 See Augustus, Emperor of Rome Mora creditoris, 206–207 Ofilius, A., 34 Mora debitoris, 205–206 Omission, (omissio), 189, 253, 260, 262 Mores maiorum,8 Operae servorum vel animalium, 171 Movables. See Res mobiles Oratio principis,44 Mutuum, 207–209 Ordo decurionum, 95n Ordo equester/equites. See Equites/ordo equester N Ordo senatorius (senatorial order), 20 Nasciturus fiction, 85 Os fractum, 263 Natura, 51–52 Ostrogoths, 59, 71 Natural law. See Ius naturale Ottoman Turks, 79 Index 359

Ownership (dominium) Pergamum, kingdom of, 19–20 acquisition of, 127–148 Permutatio (barter), 222n, 244 definition, 126 Persians, 70, 71 forms of, 126–127 Person (persona) joint, 155–156 alieni iuris, 88–89 limitations on, 153–155 in mancipio,92 protection of, 148–152 meaning of, 85 sui iuris,88 Personae incertae, 288 P Personae turpes, 293 Pacta adiecta, 245–246 Personal security, 176 Pacta legitima, 247 Personality principle, 8, 82 Pacta praetoria, 246 Philip V, King of Macedonia, 19 Pactum antichreseos (antichresis), 178, 213n Pictura, 145 Pactum commissorium, 179 Pignus, (pledge), 178–179, 213 Pactum de distrahendo, 177, 178, 213n Plaintiff (actor, petitor), 311n Pactum de iureiurando, 246n Plebeians, 3, 8–9 Pactum de non petendo, 273 Plebiscita, 8, 16, 23–24 Pactum de retrovendendo, 228 Pledge. See Pignus Pactum displicentiae, 228 Pliny the Younger, 53 Pactum donationis, 247 Polybius, Greek historian, 5n Pactum dotis, 247 Pomponius, S., 54 Pactum fiduciae, 129n, 177 Pontiffs, 9–10, 17–18 Pactum/pacta, 186, 245–247 Populus Romanus,4 Pandects. See Digest of Justinian Possessio ad interdicta, 158–159 Papinian mass, 76 Possessio civilis, 158, 159 Papinianus, A., 55 Possessio iuris, 159n Papirius, S., 11 Possessio naturalis, 158, 159 Partnership. See Societas Possession Partum auctoritas,23 acquisition of, 160–161 Pater adrogans,91 definition of, 156–157 Pater emancipans,93 forms of, 157–160 Paterfamilias, 88–91, 126n, 200–202, 270 loss of, 160–161 Patria potestas, 13, 17, 18, 70, 88–91 maintenance of, 160–161 termination of, 90–91 protection of, 161–164 Patricians, 3, 8–9 Post-classical period, dates of, 2 Patronus, 87n Postliminium, 107n, 287n Pauli sententiae,67 Postulatio actionis, 324 Paulus, I., 51n, 55, 139n, 145n, 184n, 254 Postulatio simplex, 338 Pax romana,36 Postumi, 288 Peculium (of filiusfamilias), 89–90, 201 Potentiores,59 Peculium (of slaves), 86n, 201 Potestas (of magistrates), 6 Peculium adventicium,90 Praefectus annonae,41 Peculium castrense, 90, 270n Praefectus praetorio (praetorian ), Peculium profecticium,90 40, 61 Peculium quasi-castrense,90 Praefectus urbi (city prefect), 40, 61 Pecus, 259 Praefectus vigilum,41 Pentateuch Code, 12 Praescriptiones, 321–322 Per capita, 281, 283–284 Praesumptio Muciana, 33, 104 Per stirpes, 283 Praesumptiones, 327, 339 Peregrini dediticii, 37n Praetor de liberalibus causis, 335 Peregrini/peregrines. See Foreigners Praetor fideicomissarius, 305, 335–336 Performance, 188, 189, 272 Praetor peregrinus, 5–6, 29, 39 360 Index

Praetor tutelarius, 335 Reception of Roman law, 1, 83–84 Praetor urbanus,6,39 Receptum arbitri, 246, 341n Praetor’s edict. See Edictum perpetuum Receptum argentarii, 246 Praetorian delicts, 267–270 Receptum nautarum, cauponum, Praetors, 5, 25–27, 334 stabulariorum, 246 Precario tenens, 159 Recuperatores, 310 Precarium, 244 Regal period. See Monarchy Pre-classical period, dates of, 2 Regula Catoniana, 303 Prefectures, 57–58, 61 Regulae (jurists), 50 Priests, 9 Rei vindicatio, 149–150, 257 Princeps, 36, 39, 45 Release, 272–273. See also Obligations Principate (termination of) dates of, 2 Relegatio, 96n end of, 38 Religion (influence of), 9 organs of administration, 39–41 Replicationes, 321 origins of term, 36 Representation, 200–202, 281 Probus, Emperor of Rome, 56 Republic Proconsules,20 crisis and fall, 21–22 Proculians, 53, 147, 302n dates of, 2 Proculus, 53 expansion in Italy, 3–4 Procurator, 161n, 202, 311n expansion into Mediterranean world, 19–20 Procuratores,41 Repudium, 107, 108n Procuratores a rationibus,41 Res communes, 121 Prodigus, 117, 118 Res corporales, 121–122 Propraetores,20 Res cottidianae,77 Provincial administration, 20 Res deiectae vel effusae, 266–267 Provincial governors, 20 Res derelictae, 139 edicts, 26–27 Res divini iuris, 120 mandata,47 Res extra nostrum patrimonium under the dominate, 61 (res extra commercium), 120–121 Provocatio ad populum,7,14 Res fungibiles, 124, 207n Proximi agnati, 280, 281 Res furtivae,24 Proximi cognati, 282 Res humani iuris, 120 Publicani, 20, 235n Res immobiles, 123 Punic wars, 19 Res in nostro patrimonio Pupillus, 109, 135n (res in commercio), 120 Res incorporales, 121–122 Res mancipi, 122–123, 128 Q Res, meaning of, 119–120 Quaestiones (jurists), 50 Res mobiles, 123 sacri palatii, 60, 62 Res nec mancipi, 122–123 , 6 Res non fungibiles, 124 Quasi ususfructus, 170 Res nullius, 121n, 138, 139 Quasi-contract Res publicae, 121 definition of, 239 Res religiosae, 120 forms of, 239–240 Res sacrae, 120 Quasi-delict (quasi-delictum), 266–267 Res suspensae vel positae, 267 Querela inofficiosi testament, 292–294 Res universitatis, 121 Rescripta, 47, 62 Respondere, 31, 49 R Responsa, 32–33, 49, 50, 65 Rapina (robbery), 257–258 Restitutio in integrum, 268, 269, 331–332 Real security, 176–182 Revival of Roman law in the West, 1, 82–83 Index 361

Revocatio in duplum, 329 Servitudes Rex. See King constitution of, 171–173 Rights, personal (iura in personam), 125n, 183 personal, 168–171 Rights, real (iura in rem), 125n praedial (real), 164–168 Robbery. See Rapina protection of, 173 Roman legal history, divisions of, 1–2 termination of, 174 Roman nobility, 5, 20 Servitus altius non tollendi, 166 Augustulus, Emperor of the West, 59 Servitus cloacae immittendae, 166 Rufus, P.R., 34 Servitus fluminis recipiendi, 166 Rufus, S.S., 33 Servitus ne luminibus officiator, 166 Servitus ne prospectui officiator, 166 Servitus oneris ferendi, 166 S Servitus proiciendi protegendive, 166 Sabinian mass, 76 Servitus stillicidii recipiendi, 166 Sabinians (Sabinian School), 53–54, 147, 302n Servitus tigni immittendi, 166 Sabinus, M., 53 Severus Septimius, Emperor of Rome, Sacramentum, 312 37, 216n Sacrum consistorium, 60, 61 Slavery. See Slaves Samnites, 3 Slaves (servi), 21, 44n Sanctio pragmatia,63 acqusition through, 86 Sanctio pragmatica pro petitione Vigilii,63 contracts of, 86, 190 Satio, 147 peculium of, 86n Saxons, 59 release of, 86–87 (see also Manumissio) Scaevola, Q.M., 33, 34, 154n status of, 86 Scholia Sinaitica,68 Social classes, 3, 20–21, 36–37, 59 Scrinia, 41, 60 Societas (partnership), 234––237 Scrinium a cognitionibus,41 Societas leonina, 235n Scrinium a libellis,41 Societas omnium bonorum, 235 Scrinium a memoria,41 Societas unius rei, 235 Scrinium ab epistulis,41 Societas vectigalis, 235n Scriptura, 144 Societates publicanorum, 235n Second life of Roman law, 1, 80–84 Solarium, 176 Self-defence, 262n Solon of Athens, 12, 12n Self-help, 9, 14, 309, 316n Solutio, 272 Seller, duties of, 224–228 Solutio indebiti, 241–242 Senate, 4, 6, 22, 38, 43–44, 61–62 Specificatio, 147–148 Senatorial order. See Ordo senatorius Sponsio, 248–249. See also Suretyship Senatus consulta, 6, 22, 42–44 Sponsio, 97, 214 Iuventianum, 300 Spurii,94 Senatus consultum Macedonianum, 44, 209 Status,85 Senatus consultum Neronianum, 302 Status permutatio,96 Senatus consultum Orfitianum, 283 Stipulatio, 14, 189n, 203n, 214–217, Senatus consultum Pegasianum, 44, 307 225–226, 313n Senatus consultum Silanianum,44 Stipulatio Aquiliana, 273 Senatus consultum Tertullianum, 44, 283 Stipulationes cautionales, 331 Senatus consultum Trebellianum, 44, 306 Stipulationes communes, 331 Senatus consultum ultimum,5 Stipulationes iudiciales, 331 Senatus consultum Velleianum, 44, 251 Stipulationes praetoriae, 331 Sententia, 327, 337, 339 Stoicism, 21–22, 51 Sententiae (jurists), 50 Struggle of the orders, 4–5 Separatio bonorum, 297 Substitution (substitutio), 290–291 Sequester, 159n, 212 Substitutio pupillaris, 290–291 362 Index

Substitutio quasi-pupillaris, 291 Tribuni plebis (), 6, 39 Substitutio vulgaris, 290–291 Tribunicia potestas (tribunician power), 39 Succession under the Principate. See Adoptive Tutela (guardianship) 13, 18n, 108–114 emperorship dativa, 110–111 Sui heredes, 155n, 280 fiduciaria, 110n Sui iuris, 18, 88, 91, 108–109 impuberum, 109–114 Superficies, 159n, 176 legitima, 110 Suretyship, 248–251 mulierum, 114 Syngraphe, 219 praetoria, 111 Synopsis Basilicorum Maior,81 testamentaria, 109 Syrio-Roman book of law, 68 termination of, 114 Tutela legitima parentum, 110 Tutela legitima patronorum, 110 T Tutor praetorius, 111 Tacitus, 53 Tutor Talio, 184, 263 appointment of, 109 Tempus lugendi,99 responsibilities and functions of, 111–114 Tenuiores,59 Twelve Tables, Law of, 9, 12–17, 92, 93, 109, Testa, C.T, 33 113, 117, 123n, 134n, 135n, 146, 153n, Testamentary succession, 284–295 155n, 256, 256n, 258, 263, 271, 279, Testamenti factio, 287–289 280–281, 311, 312n, 314n, 315 Testamentum apud acta conditum, 287 calatis comitiis, 8n, 284 U militare, 286 Ulpiani Epitome,67 per aes et libram, 128, 285 Ulpianus, D., 51n, 55–56, 237n per nuncupationem, 287 Ultima necessitas,5 principi oblatum, 287 Unjust enrichment, 243n in procinctu, 285 Usucapio, 14, 24, 127, 134–137 ruri conditum, 286 (ususfructus), 105n, 169–170 tempore pestis, 286 Usufructuary (usufructuarius), 169 tripertitum, 286 Usus, 8n, 102–103, 170–171. See also , system of, 57 Marriage cum manu; Servitudes Textura, 143–144 (personal) Theft. See Furtum Theodoric II, King of Visigoths, 82n Theodosius I, Emperor of Rome, 58 V Theodosius II, Emperor of Rome, 64, 68 Vadimonium, 324 Theophilus, 72 Valens, Emperor of the East, 58 Thesaurus, 139 Valentinian I, Emperor of Rome, 58 Third century crisis, 37–38 Valentinian III, Emperor of the West, 63, 64, Tiberius, Emperor of Rome, 36, 53 68 Titus, Emperor of Rome, 36 Vandals, 59, 71 Traditio (delivery), 52, 131–134 Varus, P.A., 33 brevi manu, 133 Vatican Fragments. See Fragmenta Vaticana longa manu, 132–133 Venalium vendendorum leges,33 symbolica, 133–134 Venditio bonorum, 330 Traditiones fictae, 132 Venia aetatis, 116 Trajan, Emperor of Rome, 36 Vespasian, Emperor of Rome, 36 Transactio, 273n Via, 165 Tribonianus, 72 Vicarii (vicars), 61 Index 363

Vindex, 311, 316, 324 W Vindicatio servitutis, 173 Wife (uxor), 88 Vindicatory action. See Rei vindicatio gifts between husband and, 104 Vis maior, 198, 224 status of, 101, 103–104 Visigoths, 59, 71 Will. See Testamentum Volenti non fit iniuria, 262n Witnesses, 312, 327n Von Jhering, R., 160n Von Savigny, F.C., 160n Vulgar law (vulgarrecht), 69–70. See also Z Customary law Zeno, Emperor of the East, 175, 233n