Constructing Pathways to Translation: a Study in Translation Pedagogy and Process [From English Into Urdu and Vice Versa]

i CONSTRUCTING PATHWAYS TO TRANSLATION: A STUDY IN TRANSLATION PEDAGOGY AND PROCESS [FROM ENGLISH INTO URDU AND VICE VERSA] PART II By Nighat Shakur NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MODERN LANGUAGES ISLAMABAD May 2008 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter 05 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DATA ANALYSIS----------01 5.1 Methodology-----------------------------------------------------------------------------01 5.1.1 Types of Research------------------------------------------------------------------02 5.1.2 Content Analysis------------------------------------------------------------------02 5.1.3 Objectives of Research-----------------------------------------------------------02 5.1.4 Unit of Data Analysis-------------------------------------------------------------02 5.1.5 Rationale of Data Analysis-------------------------------------------------------03 5.1.6 Sampling: Purposive Sampling; Maximum Variation Sampling-----------03 5.1.7 Size of Sample---------------------------------------------------------------------04 5.1.8 Data Collection Method: Data Triangulation---------------------------------04 5.1.9 Coding Categories-----------------------------------------------------------------05 5.1.10 Standards of Data Collection and Data Analysis----------------------------05 5.2 ANALYSIS OF THE NOVEL: THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA (THE SOURCE TEXT)-------------------------------------------------------------------------07 5.3 The Author: Ernest Hemingway--------------------------------------------------------07 5.4 Themes in the ‘Old Man and the Sea’-------------------------------------------------08 5.5 Translation analysis of ‘The Old Man and the Sea’ as translated by Prof Salim Ahmed Siddiqui under the title ‘Boorah aur Samandar’ (The Target Text)-----10 5.6 Theoretical Analysis of the Source Text and the Target text-----------------------10 5.7 Findings of Theoretical Analysis of the Source Text and the Target text-------- 42 5.8 Conclusion--------------------------------------------------------------------------------46 iii Page Chapter 06 ANALYSIS OF THE NOVEL: ‘THE RED BADGE OF COURAGE’ (THE SOURCE TEXT)----------------------------------------------------------47 6.1 The Author: Stephen Crane--------------------------------------------------------------47 6.2 The Novel: ‘The Red Badge of Courage’----------------------------------------------48 6.2.1 Themes in ‘ The Red Badge of Courage’-----------------------------------------50 6.3 Translation Analysis of ‘The Red Badge of Courage’ as translated by Intizar Hussein under the title ‘ Surkh Tamgha’ ( The Target Text)-----------------------51 6.4 Theoretical Analysis of the Source Text and the Target Text----------------------52 6.5 Findings of Theoretical Analysis of the Source Text and the Target Text-------79 6.6 Conclusion---------------------------------------------------------------------------------82 Chapter 07 ANALYSIS OF THE NOVEL: ‘KHUDA KI BASTI’ (THE SOURCE TEXT) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------83 7.1 The Author: Shoukat Siddiqui-------------------------------------------------------------83 7.2 The Novel: ‘Khuda ki Basti’---------------------------------------------------------------84 7.2.1 Themes in ‘ Khuda ki Basti’--------------------------------------------------------86 7.3 Translation Analysis of ‘ Khuda ki Basti’ as translated by David Matthews under the title ‘Gods Own Land: A Novel of Pakistan (The Target Text)----------------88 7.4 Theoretical Analysis of the Source Text and the Target Text------------------------88 7.5 Findings of theoretical Analysis of the Source Text and the Target Text--------125 7.6 Conclusion---------------------------------------------------------------------------------128 iv Page Chapter 08 ANALYSIS OF THE NOVEL: ‘ODDAS NASLEIN’ (THE SOURCE TEXT)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------129 8.1 The Author: Abdullah Hussein-----------------------------------------------------------129 8.2 The Novel; Main Themes : ‘Oddas Naslein’------------------------------------------129 8.3 Translation Analysis of ‘Oddas Naslein’ as translated by Abdullah Hussein under the title ‘ The Weary Generations’ (The Target Text)-------------------------------131 8.4 Theoretical Analysis of the Source Text and the Target Text----------------------132 8.5 Finding of Theoretical Analysis of the Source Text and the Target Text--------136 8.6 Conclusion---------------------------------------------------------------------------------150 Chapter 09 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND RESEARCH SURVEY-----151 9.1 Methodology-------------------------------------------------------------------------------151 9.1.1 Purpose/Justification----------------------------------------------------------151 9.1.2 Types of Survey---------------------------------------------------------------151 9.1.3 Data Gathering Techniques--------------------------------------------------151 9.1.4 Target Population-------------------------------------------------------------152 9.1.5 Sampling----------------------------------------------------------------------154 9.1.6 Construction of Instrument--------------------------------------------------154 9.1.7 Coding Categories------------------------------------------------------------154 9.1.8 Measurement Scale----------------------------------------------------------154 9.1.9 Standards of Survey Research----------------------------------------------155 9.2 FINDINGS OF THE RESEARCH SURVEY : QUESTIONNAIRE-----------155 9.2.1 Translation Theory-----------------------------------------------------------155 9.2.2 Cognition and Thinking in Translation------------------------------------157 9.2.3 The Role of the Translator---------------------------------------------------158 v Page 9.2.4 Practical Situation in Pakistan----------------------------------------------159 9.2.5 Suggestions and Recommendations----------------------------------------161 Chapter 10 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS--------------------163 10.1 Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------163 10.2 Findings of the Research: Central Issues----------------------------------------165 10.2.1 The Role and Responsibilities of the Translator---------------------166 10.2.2 Prolegomenon to a Theory of Translation----------------------------166 10.2.3 Translation Theory and Literary Theory------------------------------170 10.2.4 The Un translatability Theory------------------------------------------172 10.2.5 Quality in Translation---------------------------------------------------177 10.2.6 Language of Fiction------------------------------------------------------180 10.2.7 Translation and Linguistic Bridge building and Bilingualism------183 10.2.8 The use of Cognitive Powers and Sixth sense in Translation Process---------------------------------------------------------------------186 10.2.9 Translation; A Science, a craft or an Art-------------------------------187 10.2 10 Translation Training and Translation Institutes-----------------------190 10.2.11 The Power Network of Publishing Industry--------------------------192 10.2 12 Translation Studies as an Interdisciplinary---------------------------193 10.2.13 Translation as National Service---------------------------------------195 10.2.14 Conclusion: The Future: Co-operation or Fragmentation----------197 Chapter 11 TOWARDS CURRICULUM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT-----------------199 11.1 Models for Change in Translation Pedagogy-------------------------------------200 11.2 The Implications of second Language education---------------------------------202 vi Page 11.3 Initial steps that help fill the pedagogical gap in Translation Teaching-------203 11.4 Contribution of the Research: A model for Curriculum Designing-----------205 11.5 The Researcher’s Suggested Model for Translation Curriculum--------------207 11.6 Translation Studies Curriculum: Post-graduate Level: M.A/M.S-------------208 11.7 Limitations of Research-------------------------------------------------------------212 11.8 Suggestions for Further Research--------------------------------------------------212 11.9 Conclusion : A Final Word---------------------------------------------------------213 References----------------------------------------------------------------------215 Appendices Appendix A -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------i Appendix B-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------xi Appendix C-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------xiv Appendix D----------------------------------------------------------------------------------xxi vii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES FIGURES 1.1 Translation Process 1.2 Perception and Enquiry in Translation Research 1.3 Frame work of Translation Studies 1.4 Medium restricted theories 1.5 Applied Translation Studies 2.1 Translation Theory/ Pedagogy 2.2 Text Processing 2.3 Reception and Production of the text 2.4 A Model of the Translation Process 2.5 Thematic and Information Flow 2.6 Modality and Modulation 2.7 Markers of Cohesive Relationships 2.8 Discourse parameters 2.9 Variation: Use and User 2.10 Types of Medium Relationship 2.11 Relationship between Language Varieties 2.12 Degrees of cultural transposition 2.13 Text versus context: Intertextuality 2.14 Intertextual References 2.15 Prose Text design 3.1 Five Elements of Cross Cultural Differences 3.2 Information Processing: An outline model 3.3 Human Information

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