1 Introduction Information Literacy Is the Ability to Know When Information Is Needed by an Individual Or Community of Individua

Home , Daura

ELK ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF MARKETING AND RETAIL MANAGEMENT ISSN 0976-7193 (Print) ISSN2349-2317 (Online); DOI: 10.16962/EAPJMRM/ISSN.2349-2317/2014,Volume 11 Issue 1

AN APPRAISAL OF INFORMATION LITERACY ON FLOODING REGIMES IN KATSINA STATE

Lawal Iro Sani Muhammad Tukur Lawal department of library and information science, umaru department of library and information science, umaru musa ‘yar’adua university, katsina state musa ‘yar’adua university, katsina state [email protected] [email protected]

ABSTRACT

This study is on appraisal of information literacy among rural populace in Katsina state as it affects flood regimes. The specific objectives of the study are to identify the intensity of the hazard, the remote causes of the flood and to find out if there is any effort by all the three tiers of government in combatting the flooding hazard. A total of 9 local governments in three senatorial districts were surveyed. Out of these local governments, the researcher draws the target population of the study which comprises of 10 house hold participant, making a total of 90 respondents. Questionnaires were distributed and interview was conducted to obtain data from the respondents. The result of the study indicated that there exist serious flood in the study area due to lack of or none utilization of adequate information which was attributed to poor communication channels. The study recommends information literacy campaign, adequate sensitization of the populace, compliance with building and construction ethics among others to be some of the solutions to these problems.

Keywords: Flood, information, literacy, Katsina, Nigeria

1 Introduction Information literacy is the ability to know based on information and knowledge. In when information is needed by Nigeria and especially in North Western an individual or community of individuals; Nigeria, we are in an increasingly complex to be able to find the information, evaluate society which needs adequate and timely the information and utilized the information information. Information is now available that has been generated and found. in a variety of formats but it may not be Information literacy has the following necessarily of the same quality. Despite the features which require specific skills and fact that information has been generated abilities to seek for information. It has to and is freely made available through many start also with the recognition that an sources, yet, rural populace are not utilizing individual/community of people need the information adequately and this may information for both decision making and have an adverse consequences. In order for task completion (Okogwu & Nnman, 2015) the society to survive physically and [1,] . economically, information and knowledge Accordingly, the world has changed from a skills therefore become paramount. The society with an economy based on labour main objective of this study is to appraise and capital to an economy how information literacy will enhance the utilization of information by rural populace

ELK ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF MARKETING AND RETAIL MANAGEMENT ISSN 0976-7193 (Print) ISSN2349-2317 (Online); DOI: 10.16962/EAPJMRM/ISSN.2349-2317/2014,Volume 11 Issue 1 as it affects flooding and its repercussion on westwards or north. Rivers in the south the society. include Karadua, Bunsuru, Gagare, Turami, The study is very relevant considering the and Sokoto. Dams in Katsina include Jibia, fact that most of the rural populace do not Zobe and Daberan. In the southern parts of utilized the information that emanates from the State, the covering material is largely government and other bodies when it came clay soil about 5 meters in depth and fine in to the issue of natural disasters. These texture. The soil becomes waterlogged with studies will sensitized and awaken the heavy rains, dries out and cracks down society on the need to seek and utilized during the dry season. The subsistence rain- information generated and disseminated to fed farming is the common economic them through whatever means. activity in the area and fragmented farmland form the dominant feature of land 2 Description of the study area use pattern. As an agrarian State, Katsina State is located on latitude 110 Katsina has more than 800,000 farming 081N and 130 221 N and longitude 60 521 families. Crops cultivated include cotton, E and 90 201 E which covers 24,192 Km2. maize and It shares border with Zamfara to the West, guinea corn. In the north, the drift deposits Kano and Jigawa to the East, Kaduna in the are coarser, resulting in light sandy soils of South and Niger Republic to the North. buff or Katsina has a population of 5,801,584 reddish color of medium fertility suited for (Makama, 2006) [2] and accounts for 4.1% crops such as millet and guinea of Nigeria’s population. With an annual corn(KTSG, 2016) [3] The State spreads growth rate of 2.2%, the population of the across three agro-ecological zones. Its State is currently at about 6 million. extreme northern fringes lie in the arid zone According to the State Ministry of of the Sahel, the vast tropical grasslands of Environment, the average distribution is the Sudan savannah from the north through 245 people per square kilometers. The State most of the south and then guinea savannah is composed of undulating plains that on the southern margins. The State falls generally rise gently from 360m in the into two climatic zones: the tropical northeast around Daura, to 600m around continental and the semi –arid continental. Funtua in the southwest. Generally, the The southern part of the state belongs to the state has two geological regions. The former with annual rainfall ranging from southern and central parts of the state are 1000mm around Funtua to over 800mm underlain by crystalline rocks of the around Dutsinma. The north of Katsina has basement complex, but in the northern parts total rainfall figures ranging from 600mm- cretaceous sediments overlap the 700mm annually. Climate however, varies crystalline rock. The Katsina –Daura plains considerably according to month and year. are at a lower base level than other parts of There is a cool dry (harmattaan) season the state. Southwards of the Katsina-Daura from December to February and a hot dry plains is a flat and gently undulating surface season from March to May. The which is the result of years of erosion on the temperature is generally cool in the surface rock. Major rivers originate in or morning, hot in the afternoon, and very cool traverse the State and these include Koza, in the evening. Maximum temperature Sabke, Tagwai and Gada flowing north- range in Katsina is between 290C and 410

ELK ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF MARKETING AND RETAIL MANAGEMENT ISSN 0976-7193 (Print) ISSN2349-2317 (Online); DOI: 10.16962/EAPJMRM/ISSN.2349-2317/2014,Volume 11 Issue 1 C but harmattaan season (November to form of river floods, coastal floods, flash February) lowers the temperature to about floods, urban floods and sewer floods, and 180 C and 270 C in the noon. can be caused by intense and/or long- The southern part of the State belongs to the lasting precipitation, snowmelt, dam Northern Guinea savannah zone while the failure, or reduced conveyance due to ice North jams or landslides. Impacts, Changes in belongs to the Sudan Savannah zone. The weather affect people globally, especially vegetation in the south consists of those who are already living in vulnerable broadleaved species with tall tussock areas like coastal belts, floodplains, grasses of guinea affinities mixed up with mountains or dry lands (Jurak & David, fine leaved species of thorny trees with 2002) [5,]. Flooding is an increasingly continuous short and feathery grass cover to common event in informal, urban withstand the long dry season and bush settlements, especially those located in low fires. The grass cover has durable roots. The lying areas with sub-standard housing and northern districts consist of trees that grow poor drainage systems. long tap roots and thick barks that make it Information is therefore a fact or details that possible for them, to remain underground tell you something about a situation, person after the stalks have wilted in the dry season and events. It has also been defined by and only to germinate with the first rains. Lawal & Akor (2017) [6] as a stimulus that Only 12% of the state is forested. has meaning in some context for its receiver. While Opara (2013), defined 3 Conceptual Definition information as the output of sensory A disaster is a serious disruption of the experiences, observations, experiments and functioning of a community of a society other human activities. involving widespread human, material, There are some ethical and legal issues that economic or environmental loss and are extremely important part of being impacts, which exceeds the ability of the information literate. Okogwu &Nnam affected community or society to cope (2013) [7] were of the view that ethical and using its own resources. Disasters are seen legal issues have an impact not only on as the consequence of inappropriately whether you may or may not use the managed risk. These risks are the product of information you need, but also on how to a combination of both hazards and use information correctly and according to vulnerability (Gambo, 2016) [4]. Disasters the law. Hence, our rural populace needed triggered by natural hazards are killing to know how to seek and use information more people over time and costing more. within the confinement of the law. Various phenomena like earthquakes, Vulnerability to disaster has been defined landslides, volcanic eruptions, floods, as: The characteristics and circumstances of hurricane etc., are natural hazards that kill a community, system or asset that make it thousands of people and destroyed billions susceptible to the damaging effects of a of Naira of habitat and property each year. hazard (Juraj & Donald,2002) [8] . Most Flood is defined as a ‘relatively high stream disasters, or more correctly, hazards that flow that overtops the stream banks in any lead to disasters, cannot be prevented. But part of its course, covering land that is not their effects can be mitigated. What is clear normally under water.’ This could be in the is that disasters are conditioned by human

ELK ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF MARKETING AND RETAIL MANAGEMENT ISSN 0976-7193 (Print) ISSN2349-2317 (Online); DOI: 10.16962/EAPJMRM/ISSN.2349-2317/2014,Volume 11 Issue 1 activities. Hazards may be natural in origin, respondents had been documented and if but it is the way in which societies have possible the efforts made by the Local, developed that causes them to become State and Federal government in alleviating disaster. and informing the communities was Therefore, in order to avert disaster in any obtained and used in the interpretation of community, there is the need to have a the results of the findings. written procedure prepared in advance by government to deal with an unexpected 5 Results occurrence that has the potential to cause Below are some pictures of the places injury to people or damage to equipment’s affected by flooding as well as the Tabular or properties sufficient to warrant distribution of Local Government affected temporary suspension of lively activities in the year 2017-2018 rainy season from the and services. Hence, this study was an records available and based on the appraisal on how information literacy will interviews conducted to the affected enhance the utilization of information by communities and observation. rural populace as it affects flooding and its repercussion on the society. 6 Discussion From the available records obtained from 4 Methodology/Procedure: the local government and National Mixed method that is the use of Quantitaive Emergency Management Agency in and Qualitative approach (questionnaires, Katsina State, it shows that there are interviews, observations and documentary disasters and people are vulnerable to reviews were applied). Questionnaire was fatalities in the State. For instance, disasters distributed to Head of works of each local in Katsina State vary from natural to government. Interview was held with some artificial form with a number of fatalities. of the affected people in the affected local For instance, available record from FRSC governments in the state, Ten (10) (2017)[9] from January to December 2015 respondents were randomly selected. The indicated that 1217 fatal road traffic local government were drawn from the accidents were recorded involving 300 three senatorial districts of the State. In vehicles killing 170 people. Additionally, each of the senatorial district, three local Government institutions including schools, governments were visited. In Katsina residential areas and markets were engulfed senatorial district, Charanchi, Radda and in fire incidences with attendant loss of Katsina local government were visited. In lives and properties. At the same time the Daura senatorial district, Mashi, Baure and intensity of flooding has increased at a rate Bindawa were visited. While in Funtua beyond comprehension as a result of senatorial district, Malumfashi, Faskari and increased rainfall regime and exacerbated Funtua local government were visited and by human actions (UNDP, 2014) [10] . studied. In addition the researcher makes an Flooding however had a serious observation of the affected places and takes displacement as many people were killed pictures of some of the places affected. and 3620 people were seriously affected Documents were observed from the local across the State in 2016-2018 season government headquarters to validate (SEMA, 2018) [11] . whether the information provided by the

ELK ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF MARKETING AND RETAIL MANAGEMENT ISSN 0976-7193 (Print) ISSN2349-2317 (Online); DOI: 10.16962/EAPJMRM/ISSN.2349-2317/2014,Volume 11 Issue 1 The National Emergency Management occurrence and the vulnerability of such Agency (Establishment, Etc.) Act 12 area as well as the capacity to handle enabled the Establishment of the State disaster situations. The aggregated findings Emergency Management Agency across on the zonal basis indicated that Funtua the country (NEMA,2017) [12] . The State zone experienced disasters such as floods, Government through the State Emergency dam failure and building collapse. In Daura Management Agency (SEMA) shall by the zone, major disasters that occurred include National Disaster Framework perform the flood, desertification and building collapse. following disaster management functions: So also flooding has characterize the (1) Formulate policy on all activities devastating disasters in Katsina zone. relating to emergency management in the Additionally, the areas remain a hotspot of state. (2) Coordinate plans and programs for floods, human and animal epidemics. efficient and effective response to disasters From the data gathered through in the State.(3) Co-ordinate and promote questionnaires distributed and interviews research activities relating to emergency conducted, the results of the study revealed management in the State. (4) Monitor and a growing disconnection between provide feedback to NEMA on the state of information provided by policy makers and preparedness of all organizations and the general populace. From the agencies which may contribute to disaster questionnaires distributed it can be management within the State. (5) Collate observed that, all the local governments in data and report from relevant bodies in the the state suffered from one form of flood state so as to enhance forecasting, planning disaster or the other. Some were fatal so and field operations of disaster much so that there is loss of life, while in management, and supply same to NEMA some local government, no life was lost but for planning purposes. (6) Educate the properties worth millions of Naira were lost public on disaster prevention and control and in some, it was the combination of all. measures within the state. (7) Coordinate All the information has been provided in the and facilitate the provision of necessary tables above. resources for search and rescue operations and other types of emergency curtailment 7 Conclusion activities within the state. Taking into cognizance the distinctive Consequently, the present administration predisposition of each local government has provided visionary leadership and area to a particular disaster and the general shown much political commitment to map of the occurrences and capabilities of ensuring the functionality of the SEMA in the populace so studied, it is recommended line with the National Disaster Framework, that the State Government should: thus, facilitating the Vulnerability and 1. Make an adequate provision of Capacity Assessment of the State. The emergency materials/relief in SEMA stores findings of the exercise indicated that both as envisaged in the National Contingency natural and man-induced disasters are Framework. taking a toll on the lives and properties of 2. Consider the construction of displaced the Katsina State people. The study took the persons’ camp in each senatorial district of time to identify in each Local Government the State to avoid occurrences and Area, the hazard, the reason for its dislodgment academic studies in primary

ELK ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF MARKETING AND RETAIL MANAGEMENT ISSN 0976-7193 (Print) ISSN2349-2317 (Online); DOI: 10.16962/EAPJMRM/ISSN.2349-2317/2014,Volume 11 Issue 1 schools where in cases of emergency, these 15. Government should try to address individuals were always sheltered. infrastructural deficiencies in all the 3. Adhere to and undertake Environmental senatorial districts of the state to a curtail Impact Assessment (EIA) involving dam shortfall on basic requirement of informing construction, inter-local government roads, the populace on the dangers of flooding in building ethics and on water ways and other the state undertakings as provided by EIA Act of 1999. References 4. Direct the Ministry of Works and [1,] Okogwu, F.I & Nnam, M.U (2013) Housing to undertake structural integrity of Information needs and Information seeking the dams, culverts, houses and bridges Behaviour of Social Science Lecturers of across the State. Ebonyi State University Abakaliki. Journal 5. Direct SEMA to link up with the Local of the Nigerian Library Association, Government to share information and seek 46(1). cooperation from Local Councils. [2] Makama, S.D. (2006) National 6. Direct SEMA to operate an Emergency Population Commission. News Magazine number in the State [3] KTSG (2016) Katsina State Ministry of 7. Raise awareness of flood resistant houses Health. Quarterly Bulleting. 2 (2), August. by providing training on suitable [4] Gambo, B. (2016) Vulnerability And construction methods. Capacity Assessment in Katsina State 8. Encourage media (TV, radio jingles, Main Report, August. newspapers) to improve coverage of flood [5,8] Juraj, C & Donald, H.B. (2002) The risks and household preparedness. use of flood regimes information in 9. More sensitization programme before regional flood frequency analysis. rainy season began to avoid fatalities. Hydrological Sciences-Journal, 47 (1). 10. Advocate for safety net programmes to [6] Okogwu, F.I & Nnam, M.U (2013) support the most vulnerable women and Information needs and Information seeking their families. Behaviour of Social Science Lecturers of 11. More and more information need to be Ebonyi State University Abakaliki. Journal disseminated through posters, radio of the Nigerian Library Association, programmes and through public address 46(1). systems in order to inform the local [7] Lawal, I.S. & Akor, P.U (2017) populace about the dangers and risk Enhancing Information and associated to building on water ways. Communication 12. There is the need for town hall meetings Technology Education in a Dwindlin to sensitize the populace about the dangers Economy in Universities in North Western of flooding. Nigeria. Samaru Journal of Information 13. Town criers need to be carried along in Studies, 17 (2). information dissemination using the local [8] Juraj, C & Donald, H.B. (2002) The use language. of flood regimes information in regional 14. Places of worship such as Mosque and flood frequency analysis. Hydrological Churches should be involved in raising Sciences-Journal, 47 (1). awareness on the dangers associated with flooding.

ELK ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF MARKETING AND RETAIL MANAGEMENT ISSN 0976-7193 (Print) ISSN2349-2317 (Online); DOI: 10.16962/EAPJMRM/ISSN.2349-2317/2014,Volume 11 Issue 1 [9] FRSC (2017) Federal Road Safety animals and humans floating on water. So Corps, Katsina State Command. Annual many people (1170) were displaced, over Statistical Records. November. 100 lives were lost, 458 houses were lost [10] UNDP (2014) United Nation not to talk of loss of other properties, farm Development Programme. Human input and various crops. Checks through Development Report. Sustaining Human records of SEMA reveals 4 categories of the Progress: Reducing Vulnerability and hazard in Jibia. Category 1 involves 127 Building ethics. Online : fatal cases of complete devastation of hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-report- households. Category 2 involves a situation en-1.pdf where 145 household were affected, half of [11] SEMA (2017) State Emergency the building was washed away and farm Management Agency, Katsina. Bulletings lands washed away. Category 3 no 4 (15), December. involves129 household were affected but [12] NEMA (2013) National Emergency the intensity was not all that bad, the front Management Agency, Quarterly walls were affected and has fallen down. Bulletings; No 2, (2). June. Then category 4 is those household where structurally the houses are intact but Below is a typical flooding characterised by properties within the households were blockage and building on top of water ways seriously affected. In this respect 57 in some communities in Jibia. One can see households were affected.

Figure 1: Jibia Local Government

ELK ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF MARKETING AND RETAIL MANAGEMENT ISSN 0976-7193 (Print) ISSN2349-2317 (Online); DOI: 10.16962/EAPJMRM/ISSN.2349-2317/2014,Volume 11 Issue 1

Figure 2 Jibia Local Government

Figure 3 Jibia Local Government

ELK ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF MARKETING AND RETAIL MANAGEMENT ISSN 0976-7193 (Print) ISSN2349-2317 (Online); DOI: 10.16962/EAPJMRM/ISSN.2349-2317/2014,Volume 11 Issue 1

Figure 4 Jibia Local Government

Figure 5: Jibia Local Government

Figure 6: Jibia Local Government

ELK ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF MARKETING AND RETAIL MANAGEMENT ISSN 0976-7193 (Print) ISSN2349-2317 (Online); DOI: 10.16962/EAPJMRM/ISSN.2349-2317/2014,Volume 11 Issue 1

Table 1: Analysis of Flooding in Jibia Local Government

Locality Haz Frequ Loca Types of Causes/ Awar Provi Inf. Adeq Sour Interv Most ard ency tion loss/ Reason eness sion Liter uacy ces ention prepared Vulnerabil of of acy of receiv means of ity Buildi drain inf. ed & receiving ng age its information ethics level

Jibia Flo Every Mag Building Blockag Not Not Most Not Radi Yes Radio, od year ama collapse, e of aware enou ly adeq o from Television and & lost of drainage and gh not uate and both and through win Jibia properties, s, Negli infor pers LG, ward heads d- Tow infrastruct building gence med onal SEMA stor n utere and on water and m lives ways FEMA and mud . building s

Table 2: Faskari Local Government

Local Hazar Frequ Locati Types Causes/ Awaren Provi Inf. Adequ Sourc Interve Most ity d ency on of loss/ Reason ess of sion Liter acy of es ntion prepared Vulner Buildin of acy inf. receive means of ability g ethics drain d & its receivin age level g informat ion

Fas Floo Eve Mag Hous Lack Not Not Se Not Pers Rece Radio, kari ding ry amar es, of quite eno mi- adeq onal ived public year Fask Mark draina aware ugh uate but inform

ELK ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF MARKETING AND RETAIL MANAGEMENT ISSN 0976-7193 (Print) ISSN2349-2317 (Online); DOI: 10.16962/EAPJMRM/ISSN.2349-2317/2014,Volume 11 Issue 1 ari et ges and lite sour indeq ation Yank stalls and neglig rate ces uate syste ara and buildi ence ms prope ng on rties water ways

Table 2 above depict the flooding regime at Magamar Faskari and Yankara town in Faskari local government of Katsina State. The result of the study indicated that many houses, market stalls and properties were destroyed as a result of heavy down pour. This could be attributed to lack of good drainage systems and building on water ways. A typical example could be seen in the figure where a mud house gave in though the occupant were affected physically, meaning that there was loss of life.

Figure 8: Yankara village in Faskari Local Government

Table 3: Daura Local Government

Loc Haz Frequ Loca Types Causes/ Awar Prov Inf. Adeq Sou Interv Most ality ard ency tion of loss/ Reason eness ision Liter uacy rces ention prepar Vulner of of acy of receiv ed ability Build drain inf. ed & means ing age its of ethics level receiv ing infor

ELK ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF MARKETING AND RETAIL MANAGEMENT ISSN 0976-7193 (Print) ISSN2349-2317 (Online); DOI: 10.16962/EAPJMRM/ISSN.2349-2317/2014,Volume 11 Issue 1 matio n

Dau Floo Ever Daur Buildi Nature Block Not Ther Not Not Radio, ra ding y a & ngs of soil is age of quite e is adeq adequ T/V, year Kark collaps sandy drain awar but uate ate but local arku e, loss ages, e wron receiv gover of No gly ed nment propert drain used from works ies ages in SEM and Daur A & buildi a. In FEM ng Kark A with arku, clay there is none.

Figure 9: Daura Local Government

Above in figure 9 is a house affected by flooding at Daura town where 5 houses were destroyed due to building on water ways and using mud while building their houses. The incidence occurred at Sabon-layi Area within Daura metropolis and no lives was lost. Here staffs of NEMA were seen here providing quick intervention and assistance to the affected people.

ELK ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF MARKETING AND RETAIL MANAGEMENT ISSN 0976-7193 (Print) ISSN2349-2317 (Online); DOI: 10.16962/EAPJMRM/ISSN.2349-2317/2014,Volume 11 Issue 1 Table 4: Funtua Local Government

Loc Haz Freq Loc Types Causes/ Awar Provis Inf. Adeq Sou Interv Most ality ard uenc atio of loss/ Reason eness ion of Liter uacy rces ention prepar y n Vulner of draina acy of receiv ed ability Build ge inf. ed & means ing its of ethics level receiv ing infor matio n

Fun Floo Not Funt Buildi Drainag Aware Avai Not Not Rad Recei Throu tua ding frequ ua & ngs e but lable adeqa adeq io ved gh ent Daw and blockag ignore utely uatel and but town ana Proper e d due literat y pers not criers, ties to e infor onal timely radio neglig med sour and ence ce. public infor matio n syste ms

Figure 10 : Dawana in Funtua Local Government

Figure 11: Road and bridge collapse at Dawana in Funtua Local Government

ELK ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF MARKETING AND RETAIL MANAGEMENT ISSN 0976-7193 (Print) ISSN2349-2317 (Online); DOI: 10.16962/EAPJMRM/ISSN.2349-2317/2014,Volume 11 Issue 1

Bridge collapse at Dawana in Funtua Local Government. The results of this makes passage to and from the village very difficult for motorist, hence, the villagers could not transport their farming out put to the urban centers.

Table 6: Charanchi Local Government

Loca Ha Freq Locat Types Causes/ Awar Prov Inf. Adeq Sou Interv Most lity zar uenc ion of loss/ Reason eness ision Litera uacy rces ention prepar d y Vulner of of cy of receiv ed ability Build drain inf. ed & means ing age its of ethics level receiv ing infor matio n

Char Flo Ever Kada Proper Lack of Not No Most Not Pers Recei Throu anchi od y ndani ties, drainag aware adeq of the adeq onal ved gh and Year and loss of es and of uate popul uate and from gover win Radd life buildin buildi drain ace radi SEM nment d a and g on ng ages are o A agents stor buildin water ethics not , like m gs ways literat KUP collaps e and DA & e could local not gover get nment any works infor matio n

ELK ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF MARKETING AND RETAIL MANAGEMENT ISSN 0976-7193 (Print) ISSN2349-2317 (Online); DOI: 10.16962/EAPJMRM/ISSN.2349-2317/2014,Volume 11 Issue 1

Figure 12: Radda in Charanchi Local Government in Katsina State.

Figure 12 above shows a mud house that collapse at Radda town in Charanchi local government. No life was lost during the incidence. The walls gave up as a result of lack of cementing it and so it became prone to rainfall and cracks appears.

Table 7: Malumfashi Local Government

Local Hazard Frequ Location Types Causes/ Aware Provi Inf. Adequ Source Interven Most ity ency of loss/ Reason ness sion literacy acy of s tion prepared Vulnera of of inf. received means of bility Buildi drain & its receiving ng age level informati ethics on

M/f Floo Not Malum Loss Wrong Awa Not Literate Not Radi Grossl Radio, ashi ding freq fashi of buildi re quit but uns adeq o, y T/V, uent town buildi ngs but e erious uate pers inade local ngs and igno eno onal quate govern and culvert red ugh sour but ment major s plans ce receiv works culvert ed and s from wards SEM heads A

Figure 13: Malumfashi town

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Gully Erosion and Bridge collapse at Malumfashi town, a road leading to Mahuta an agrarian village. People find it difficult to bring in their farm output to Malumfashi town except by the nearest wards, where they will be transported using head or donkey.

Table 8: Mani Local Government

Loca Haza Freque Locati Types Causes/R Awaren Provi Inf. Adequacy of inf. lity rd ncy on of loss/ eason ess of sion litera Vulnera Buildin of cy bility g ethics drain age

Mani Floodin Every Mani town Houses, Loss Building on Not Not Sem Not g and year & Muduru of life and waterways, awar adeq i adeq high properties lack of e uate liter uate wind drainages ate storm

Figure 14: Mani town in Mani local government.

ELK ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF MARKETING AND RETAIL MANAGEMENT ISSN 0976-7193 (Print) ISSN2349-2317 (Online); DOI: 10.16962/EAPJMRM/ISSN.2349-2317/2014,Volume 11 Issue 1 Gully erosion which washed away roads in Mani town, Mani local government. This was a result of poor drainages at Mani town. Many of the roads were washed away, though, no life was lost. However, passage and other activities were very difficult for people but manageable