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Translation Series No.1592 t(bRCHIVES FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA Translation Series No.1592 Progress in Shorygin's investigations on food habits and food relations in fiSh (from "Problems of commercial hydrobiology") By M. V. Zheltenkova Original title: Raboty A.A.'Shorygina po issledovaniyu pitaniya i pishchevykh otnoshenii ryb i razvitie etikh issledovanii ("Problemy Promyslovoi Gidrobiologii".) From: Trudy Vsesoyuznogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo instituta Morskogo Rybnogo Khozyaistva i Okeanografii (VNIRO) (Proceedings of the All-,Union Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography). Publ. by Pishchevaya Promyshlennost, Moscow, Vol. 65, p. 26-40, 1969. Translated by the Translation Bureau( JP) Foreign Languages Division Department of the Secretary of State of Canada Fisheries Research Board of Canada Biological Station, St. Andrews, N.B. Marine Ecology Laboratory,.Dartmouth, N.S. 1970 42 pages typescript OEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT TRANSLATION BUREAU BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS FOREIGN LANGUAGES DIVISION DES LANGUES DIVISION '77" ÉTRANGÈRES .TRANSLATED FROM - TRADUCTION• DE INTO - EN Russian English AUTHOR - AUTEUR Zheltenkova, M. V. TITLE IN ENGLISH - TITRE ANGLAIS Progress in Shorygin's investigations on food habits and food relations in fish. Title in foreign language (transliterate fe-reign characters.) • Raboty A. A. Shorygina po issledovaniyu pitaniya i pishchevykh otnoshenii ryb i razvitie etikh issledovanii. R5FRENCE IN FOREIGN I,ANGUAGE (NAME OF BOOK OR PUBLICATION) IN FULL. TRANSLITERATE FOREIGN CHAIRACTERS. REFERENCE EN LANGUE ETRANGÉRE . (NOM DU LIVRE OU PUBLICATION), AU COMPLET.TRANSCRIRE EN CARACTERES PHONETIQUES. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo nauchno-issledovatel'skogo instituta • morskogo rybnogo khozyaistva i okeanografii (VNIRO) REFERENCE IN ENGLISH - RÉFRENCE EN ANGLAIS Proceedings of the A11/Union Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography PUBL ISH ER - ÉDITEUR PAGE NUMBERS IN ORIGINAL DATE OF PUBLICATION NUMÉROS DES PAGES DANS DATE DE PUBLICATION L'ORIGINAL Pishchevaya Promyshlenost YEAR ISSUE NO. 26 - Affl VOLUME PLACE OF ANNEE NUMÉRO PUBLICATION NUMBER OF TYPED PAGES LIEU DE PUBLICATION NOMBRE DE PAGTS DACTYLOGRAPHIEES Moscow 1969 65 4'2 REQUE.STING DEPARTMENT Fisheries and Forestry TRANSLATION BUREAU NO. 2015 MIN ISTERE-CLIENT NOTRE DOSSIER NC) Fisheries Research Board BRANCH OR DIVISION TRANSLATOR (INITIALS) DIRECTION OU DIVISION 134olslgical Station TRADUCTEUR (INITIALES) J.P. PERSON eEQUESTING DATE SOMPLETED DEMANDE PAR Dr. A. V. Tyler NOV 1 7 1970 ACHEVE 1. INED1TLD DRAl-T 1 YOUR NUMBER Only for information • 769-18-14 VOTRE DOSSIER N 0 TRADUCTION NON REVIS4 Information seulemere DAT E OF REQUEST DATE DE LA DEMANDE 15 July 1970 505-200.10.6 (R EV. 2/681 , feeg j2: V DiPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT TRANSLATION BUREAU • BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS FOREIGN LANGUAGES DIVISION DIVISION DES LANGUES ÉTRANGÈRES. • CANADA CLIEN1"S NO. DEPARTMENT DIVISION/BRANCH CITY No DU CLIENT MINISTERE DIVISION/DI RECTION VILLE Fisheries Research Board 769-18-14 Fisheries and Forestry Biological Station St. Andrews, N.B BUREAU NO. LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR (INITIALS) DATE No DU BUREAU LANGUE TRADUCTEUR (INITIALES) 'NOV 1 7 1970 2015 . Russian J.P. Progress in Shorygin's investigation on food habits and food relations UNEDITED DRAFT TRANSLATION in fish. Only for heonneon TRADUCTION Zheltenkova, M. V. NON REVISÉE Information soulement For almost 10 years, beginning in 1935, A. A. Shorygin was engaged in the study of the food habits and food relations of fish and directed a group of coworkers which assisted in thèse efforts. • The work was conducted at the laboratory of the food base and commercial invertebrates VNIRO, which at that time went under the name of benthos laboratory and later was called the laboratory of hydrobiology. All investigations by A. A. Shorygin into the sphere of food habits and food relations of fish were linked to the Caspian Sea, mostly with fish feeding on benthos. The doctorate dissertation and four special articles by A. A. Shorygin were devoted to these investigations. Besides this, in his last article inmereW "0 he.ere4 biotsenozakh" (About biocoenoses),4a loattern for catching sea fish according to their type of food habit. The doctorate dissertation "Food habits and'food relations of fish of the Caspian Sea" was defended by A. A. Shorygin in 1939. The dissertation was prepared for print and published in 1952 after the death of A. A. Shorygin; articles devoted to these problems were publishèd during the lifetime of A. A. Shorygin in the SOS-200-10-31 • period from 1939-1948. The article "0 biotse- nozakh" (Of biocoenosese was published peieelumbué 1955. (Shorygin, 1939a, 1946, 1948, 1948a, 1952, 1955). In his dèssertation A.A. sworyelnl made a" aarveY of all basic investigations'at tilome and abroad into te food habits and food relations of fish; he .listed :bout 1500 titles (Shorygin, 1939). Shorygin examined' the basic methods and directions of these investigations, cCndacted an analysis of food habits of 19 species. of fish of the Caspian Sea, and after devising a method of quarititative analySià or food: relations ti$) of fish he investigated the dynamics'of food - comPetitlon of . fish of . the Caspian Sea and peculiarities- of utilizatiOn 'Of ivailable .food reserves. • Shorygin . introduced . quantitative indioes of food Selecti-.; vity, food competition and food plasticity, feeding-activity and food potential of fish. While comparing the index values of food selectivity and the role (according to % Of weight) Of different organisms in the food of fish,Shorygin came to the conclusion that it is necessary to differentiate between categories-of food organisms, of fish which should be based on the preference for certain . .. food by the fish 'as well as on its cance as fish food. After inVestigating 5 categories of fish food, suggested by . Schiemehz (1905, 1924) ShorYgin - (1939, 1939a, 1952) introducéd'6'categories of.fifh food —' 3 according to preference (favourite, substitute, enforced)' • 3 . and the same number according to actuai importance (main food, secondary and incicbùfta1Y2. It was found that under natural conditions favourite organisms are often unavailable to the 'fish and its main food consists of substitute organisms. While investigating the comp&tition for food by fish iborygin (1939-1952) distinguished between 3 indices — volume, intensity and strength of competition. The strength of compe- tition consists of the product of the volume of competitionby the intensity of competition, so that its numerical value is more constant than that of either of its components. An analysis of the regularity which governs the change of these three values showed how the food competition softens, how species exit from food competition and how in some cases food competition'changes from one that can be observed into a potential form. According to A.A. Shorygin, the outcome of competition for food betweenitwo species of fish is subject to the magni- tude of their feeding activity ( ability to remain on prefe- rential food) and food plasticity (ability to change the food spectrum with changing external conditions). The food poten- tial of fish is the product of feeding activity by the food plasticity. Shorygin also confirmed from factual material under natural conditions by analyzing the food competition of fish of the easpian Sea Darwin's proposition that competition is fiercest betwein closely related forms. Tn the Caspian Sea, as a rule, the more numerous fish belonging to the same or closely related genus have different types of feeding; while 'the basic food of one or the other species consists of a li- mitted number of organisms (2-3 organilims). The same was found to be the case for fish with the same typelof feedihg-- carniuo--v rous, planktonfeeding and benthosfeeding fish of the Caspian Sea. This is caused by food competition which leads to dispersion into different feeding niches of those forms which are . genetically or ecologically close to each other. The same phenomenon can be observed in fish of other seas, as shown by Shorygin (1955), which points to the limitation of food resources and to the competition for thee by the fish. It is also of significance that the main catch in . each separate Water reservoir consists generallylof a limited number of species. Shorygin investigated 22 instances of citches in sea reservoirs and found thatrspecies of fish make up about 84% of the catch (the total number'of counted àpecies fluctuated from 10 to 118) e.g., 4% of species make up more than_4/5 of the catch of sea fish, but 96% of species of commercial fish pro— vide only 16% of the catch. (Shorygin, 1955). Having provided a method of numerical evaluatioh of ' the feeding activity, feeding plasticity and the food poten- tial of fish, Shorygin showed that the sturgeon and the seeryuga of the Caspian Sea are noted for their high feeding activity and high food plasticity, the bream is noted for high feeding activity and low food plasticity, the Caspian roach on the other hand has loW activity and high food plasticity. On the basis of these observations Shorygin (1939, 1952)advanced the proposition that it is advisable to promote the breeding of the sturgeon type of fish in the Caspian Sea, because they have high feeding activity and plasticity and as a result of a high food potential will be able to withstand successfully the competi- tion with other species of fish as well as to stand against the unfavourable reactions to the changing hydrological condi- tions of tpdhe Caspian Sea. The works of Shorygin have a high theoretical signifi- -- canoe. In the case of the fish of the Caspian Sea there were developed, for the first time in the history of science,quanti- tative indices Suitable for the study of food compétition of living organisms under natural conditions.' These studies are also an important contribution to the fish industry, because they represent a pattern of investigations of the food habits and food relations of fish which could be carried out in water reservoirs of any type and which would have for its aim the discovery of ways in which a rational fish econimy could be built.
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